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[ "Liberty Island. The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884. The cornerstone was laid on August 5, 1884, and after some funding delays, construction of the pedestal was finished on April 22, 1886. The statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885, on board the French frigate Isère,[23] was stored for eleven months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished, and was then reassembled in four months. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland. The name Liberty Island was made official by Congress in 1956.[24]", "Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty. From November 7, 1982, public announcements were made by project officials that the Statue of Liberty would be completely closed to the public for as long as one year beginning in 1984.[5] The statue had been closed only once before for such an extended period of time, and that was at one point in the late 1930s. Later announcements stated that the erection of the scaffolding surrounding the outside of the statue would begin in the fall of 1983, and it was still believed in July 1983 that the restoration would begin sometime in the fall.[6] NPS representatives retracted and revised the earlier announcement concerning the closure of the Island to the public; Liberty Island would in fact remain open and closings would be intermittent and only for several days at a time at most.[6] The restoration would not begin until January 23, 1984. An article from The New York Times published the day after, indicated that the 30-month project had officially begun the day before, and that visitors would have approximately two weeks remaining before the statue would be completely enshrouded by the tons of extruded aluminum scaffolding that had just been deposited on Liberty Island.[7]", "Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty. The scaffolding contract was awarded to a company called Universal Builders Supply (UBS) Inc. on December 14, 1983.[8] The contract stipulated that the freestanding exterior scaffold was to be completely assembled by April 27, 1984. The 240 feet (73 m) high scaffolding was designed specifically for the statue, and required ingenuity from its designers, as it could only be attached to the granite pedestal and not the statue and had to accommodate the intricate contours of the statue as well. Furthermore, the exterior scaffolding had to maintain a distance of at least 18 inches from any exposed section of the copper sheathing. The 6,000 or so separate components of the scaffold, made of a high load capacity aluminum (alloy 6061 T6), were unloaded onto Liberty Island on January 23, 1984. To prevent possible rust stains from affecting the exterior patina of the statue, the pretext was adopted of using aluminum. Screw jacks were used to brace the aluminum against the granite pedestal of the statue. More easily an interior scaffolding was developed made of interlocking pipes held together with friction clamps and anchored to the central pylon of the statue for structural support. The twenty UBS workers often resorted to assembling the interior scaffolding when the severe winds and dreadful winter weather conditions prevented them from continuing their work outside.", "Statue of Liberty. Even with the success of the fund drive, the pedestal was not completed until April 1886. Immediately thereafter, reassembly of the statue began. Eiffel's iron framework was anchored to steel I-beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled.[94] Once this was done, the sections of skin were carefully attached.[95] Due to the width of the pedestal, it was not possible to erect scaffolding, and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections. Nevertheless, no one died during the construction.[96] Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch's balcony to illuminate it; a week before the dedication, the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal, fearing that ships' pilots passing the statue would be blinded. Instead, Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch—which was covered with gold leaf—and placed the lights inside them.[97] A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs.[98] After the skin was completed, renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, co-designer of New York's Central Park and Brooklyn's Prospect Park, supervised a cleanup of Bedloe's Island in anticipation of the dedication.[99]", "Statue of Liberty. The torch-bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer, of the New York World, started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar. The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland.", "Statue of Liberty. On October 7, 2016, construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island. The new $70 million, 26,000-square-foot (2,400 m2) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island's visitors when it opens in 2019, as opposed to the current museum, which only 20% of the island's visitors can visit.[158] The original torch will be relocated here, and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue's construction and history, there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue.[158][159] The museum, designed by FXFOWLE Architects, will integrate with the parkland around it.[159] It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg, Michael Bloomberg, Jeff Bezos, Coca-Cola, NBCUniversal, the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch, Mellody Hobson, and George Lucas.[160] Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum, and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking.[159]", "Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty. The torch was removed from the statue on July 4, 1984. An article in The New York Times from October 8, 1984, stated that the new torch is to be completed in the same manner that the old torch was made in 14 months by ten craftsmen from Les metalliers Champenois based in Reims, and that a workshop at the statue's base on Liberty Island had been made accessible to the public that month.[13]", "Liberty Island. On October 7, 2016, construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island. The new $70 million, 26,000-square-foot (2,400 m2) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island's visitors when it opens in 2019, as opposed to the current museum, which only 20% of the island's visitors can visit.[25] The original torch will be relocated here, and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue's construction and history, there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue.[25][26] The museum, designed by FXFOWLE Architects, will integrate with the parkland around it.[26] It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg, Michael Bloomberg, Jeff Bezos, Coca-Cola, NBCUniversal, the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch, and Mellody Hobson and George Lucas.[27] Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum, and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking.[26]", "Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty. The preparations for the centennial celebration of the Statue of Liberty began in 1979. Formed by the National Park Service (NPS), the custodians of the statue since 1933, to investigate possible development alternatives. A report titled \"Analysis of Alternatives\", published in December 1980, proposed measures to remedy the certain conditions confronting visitors to the Statue of Liberty, such as the long lines and waiting time to enter the crown of the statue. The proposed measures included the instatement of systems for numbered ticketing and early warnings that would allow visitors to estimate any possible waiting times and to be conveniently advised if and when to visit or enter the statue. The report also discussed ways to streamline ferry access both to and from Liberty Island and Ellis Island. The early report did not address the ever-deteriorating physical condition of the statue, which was already readily apparent.", "Statue of Liberty. In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service (NPS). In 1937, the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe's Island.[107] With the Army's departure, the NPS began to transform the island into a park.[117] The Works Progress Administration (WPA) demolished most of the old buildings, regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island, and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear. The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue, temporarily removing the rays from the statue's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced. Rusted cast-iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete;[118] the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced, as well. Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal.[119] The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938.[118]", "Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.", "Statue of Liberty. The foundation of Bartholdi's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood, a disused army base on Bedloe's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811. Since 1823, it had rarely been used, though during the Civil War, it had served as a recruiting station.[71] The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven-point star. The statue's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast, greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean.[72] In 1881, the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal. Within months, Hunt submitted a detailed plan, indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months.[73] He proposed a pedestal 114 feet (35 m) in height; faced with money problems, the committee reduced that to 89 feet (27 m).[74]", "Statue of Liberty. Although plans for the statue had not been finalized, Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm, bearing the torch, and the head. Work began at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop.[41] In May 1876, Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition,[42] and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities.[43] The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August; because of its late arrival, it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue, and while some reports correctly identified the work, others called it the \"Colossal Arm\" or \"Bartholdi Electric Light\". The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers' interest, including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi.[44] Nevertheless, the arm proved popular in the exhibition's waning days, and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds.[45] After the exhibition closed, the arm was transported to New York, where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue.[45]", "Statue of Liberty. A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976. The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail, a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4, 1976, and sailed around Liberty Island.[126] The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue.[127]", "World Trade Center site. Liberty Park, a new elevated park, was built on top of a parking complex named the Vehicular Security Center at the southwest corner of the site. Construction began in 2013 when the Vehicular Security Center was completed.[132] About $50 million was allocated to the park's construction by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in December 2013.[133] The park opened on June 29, 2016.[134][135] On August 16, 2017, the Port Authority installed the iconic sculpture The Sphere within the park, overlooking its original location in the old World Trade Center. Previously, the damaged sculpture by Fritz Koenig had been located in Battery Park.[136] The underground complex and the checkpoint of the Vehicular Security Center has not yet opened as of 2014[update].[124]", "Statue of Liberty. The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet-le-Duc, who fell ill in 1879. He soon died, leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier.[52] The following year, Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel.[50] Eiffel and his structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin, decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower. Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure, which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking. A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon, then, to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days, he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars[28] which culminated in a mesh of metal straps, known as \"saddles\", that were riveted to the skin, providing firm support. In a labor-intensive process, each saddle had to be crafted individually.[53][54] To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure, Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac.[55]", "Statue of Liberty. In 1956, an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe's Island as Liberty Island, a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier. The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island, which backers took as federal approval of the project, though the government was slow to grant funds for it.[121] Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965.[107] In 1972, the immigration museum, in the statue's base, was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon. The museum's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island.[94]", "Statue of Liberty. In 1984, the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation. Workers erected the world's largest free-standing scaffold,[28] which obscured the statue from view. Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades, leaving two layers of coal tar, originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper.[134] The restorers' work was hampered by the asbestos-based substance that Bartholdi had used—ineffectively, as inspections showed—to prevent galvanic corrosion. Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear, dubbed \"moon suits\", with self-contained breathing circuits.[135] Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired, and new copper was added where necessary.[136] The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs, which had a patina that closely resembled the statue's; in exchange, the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing.[137] The torch, found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations, was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi's unaltered torch.[138] Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead.[139] The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one, whose flame is covered in 24-carat gold.[31] The torch reflects the sun's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night.[31]", "Statue of Liberty. The statue, including the pedestal and base, closed on October 29, 2011, for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities, such as restrooms, up to code. The statue was reopened on October 28, 2012,[1][150][151] only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy.[152] Although the storm did not harm the statue, it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island, severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue. On November 8, 2012, a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done.[153] Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island, a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night. The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument, David Luchsinger, whose home on the island was severely damaged, stated that it would be \"optimistically ... months\" before the island was reopened to the public.[154] The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4, 2013.[155] Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013.[156] For part of October 2013, Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013, along with other federally funded museums, parks, monuments, construction projects and buildings.[157]", "Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty. The conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty spanned from 1984 to 1986. The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi) is a colossal monument on Liberty Island in New York Harbor and is a part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Much of the restoration effort was based on unprecedented restorative methods, owing largely to the fact that metallurgical repair work on such a scale had never been attempted before. Many professional scientists and engineers, government organizations and various consultants were called in to evaluate and deal with the various problems and tasks facing the restoration effort.", "Statue of Liberty. The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986.[128] In 1982, it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration. Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure. It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure. In addition, the head had been installed 2 feet (0.61 m) off center, and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind. The armature structure was badly corroded, and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced.[129] Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936, when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed, much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years.[130]", "Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty. Earlier in 1982, the French American Committee began looking for U.S. consultants to complement the technical work already begun by the four French consultants. They would need to prepare a detailed diagnostic report to investigate the conditions of the Statue in further detail, as many of the French consultants were unfamiliar with the construction procedures and standards, and the design and business practices employed in the United States. The inclusion of American participation was of obvious and pragmatic necessity to the restoration work that lay ahead. Several architects, structural engineers, and representatives from the NPS were brought aboard on the project. Construction work would be assigned to American contractors, and by July 1983, a joint diagnostic report was completed by the newly joint group of consultants and presented to NPS officials. By December 1983, the American group assumed many of the responsibilities concerning the design aspect of the project, and by August 1984, the American team terminated its contract with the French American Committee, owing to the Committee’s considerable fundraising problems and other related matters.", "Statue of Liberty. In a symbolic act, the first rivet placed into the skin, fixing a copper plate onto the statue's big toe, was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton.[61] The skin was not, however, crafted in exact sequence from low to high; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors.[62] Some work was performed by contractors—one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban.[63] By 1882, the statue was complete up to the waist, an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue.[64] Laboulaye died in 1883. He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the Suez Canal. The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4, 1884, and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York.[65] The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal; by January 1885, this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage.[66]", "Statue of Liberty. The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal. The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade. The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money: construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years; it would ultimately take over three-and-a-half decades to complete.[67] There was criticism both of Bartholdi's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal. In the years following the Civil War, most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation's history, rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue.[67] There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works—the selection of Italian-born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism, even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen.[68] Harper's Weekly declared its wish that \"M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had 'gone the whole figure' while they were about it, and given us statue and pedestal at once.\"[69] The New York Times stated that \"no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances.\"[70] Faced with these criticisms, the American committees took little action for several years.[70]", "Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty. A New York Times article from May 31, 1986 reported that inspection crews overseeing the restoration efforts had noticed several months earlier that a five foot long armature bar near one of the arms had been stamped with the forty names of the forty iron workers who had installed the armatures. The bar, which had to be replaced, was paid for by the contractors. Before being replaced, the bar was photographed; the image is in the June 1986 issue of Smithsonian magazine.", "Statue of Liberty. On July 30, 1916, during World War I, German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City, New Jersey, in what is now part of Liberty State Park, close to Bedloe's Island. Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated, and seven people were killed. The statue sustained minor damage, mostly to the torch-bearing right arm, and was closed for ten days. The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US$100,000 (equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017). The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public-safety reasons, and it has remained closed ever since.[104]", "Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty. The French American Committee for the Restoration of the Statue of Liberty was formed in May 1981.[1] The Department of the Interior (of which the National Park Service is a bureau) later that month, on May 26, agreed to a working relationship with the Committee. In June 1981, the Committee was incorporated as a non-profit foundation licensed by the state of New York to raise funds for the restoration effort. The Committee hired four French consultants said to have considerable expertise in their respective fields: an architect-engineer, a metals expert, a structural engineer and a mechanical engineer who were asked to compose a technical report on the physical condition of the statue.[2] The French consultants visited Liberty Island in May, June, October and December 1981, before presenting a preliminary white paper to the National Park Service on the seventeenth of December in Washington D.C., titled \"French Technical Report on Restoring the Statue of Liberty\".[1][3]", "Statue of Liberty. During his second trip to the United States, Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project, and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco-American Union.[46] Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.[47] The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the \"American Committee\".[48] One of its members was 19-year-old Theodore Roosevelt, the future governor of New York and president of the United States.[46] On March 3, 1877, on his final full day in office, President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it. President Rutherford B. Hayes, who took office the following day, selected the Bedloe's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed.[49]", "Gustave Eiffel. In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in need of an engineer to help him to realise the Statue of Liberty. Some work had already been carried out by Eugène Viollet-Le-Duc, but he had died in 1879. Eiffel was selected because of his experience with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of a four-legged pylon to support the copper sheeting which made up the body of the statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel works in Paris before being dismantled and shipped to the United States.[21]", "Statue of Liberty. Even with these efforts, fundraising lagged. Grover Cleveland, the governor of New York, vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884. An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000, sufficient to complete the project, also failed. The New York committee, with only $3,000 in the bank, suspended work on the pedestal. With the project in jeopardy, groups from other American cities, including Boston and Philadelphia, offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it.[84]", "Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty. After the statue was restored, it was reopened during Liberty Weekend, on July 3–6, 1986.", "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty. Set on top of the memorial tomb of \"72 Martyrs of Huanghuagang\" (see Huanghuagang Uprising). The current one was re-built in 1981." ]

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[ "Korean War. According to the data from the U.S. Department of Defense, the United States suffered 33,686 battle deaths, along with 2,830 non-battle deaths, during the Korean War.[273] U.S. battle deaths were 8,516 up to their first engagement with the Chinese on 1 November 1950.[274] South Korea reported some 373,599 civilian and 137,899 military deaths.[17] Western sources estimate the PVA suffered about 400,000 killed and 486,000 wounded, while the KPA suffered 215,000 killed and 303,000 wounded.[33]", "Aftermath of the Korean War. There has been some confusion over the previously reported number of 54,589 Korean War deaths.[citation needed] In 1993, this number was divided by the Defense Department into 33,686 battle deaths, 2,830 non-battle deaths, and 17,730 deaths of Defense Department personnel outside the Korean theatre.[14] There were also 8,142 U.S. personnel listed as Missing In Action (MIA) during the war. U.S. casualties in the war are fewer than in the Vietnam War, but they occurred over three years as opposed to 15 years (1960 to 1975) in Vietnam. However, advances in medical services such as the Mobile Army Surgical Hospital and the use of rapid transport of the wounded to them such as with helicopters led to a lower death rate for U.N. forces than in previous wars.", "Vietnam War. Approximately 320,000 South Korean soldiers were sent to Vietnam,[265] each serving a one-year tour of duty. Maximum troop levels peaked at 50,000 in 1968, however all were withdrawn by 1973.[266] About 5,099 South Koreans were killed and 10,962 wounded during the war. South Korea claimed to have killed 41,000 Viet Cong fighters.[265] The United States paid South Korean soldiers 236 million dollars for their efforts in Vietnam,[265] and South Korean GNP increased five-fold during the war.[265]", "United States in the 1950s. An armistice was finally agreed to by the United Nations Command, the North Korean Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army on July 27, 1953. [10]The war left 33,742 American soldiers dead, 92,134 wounded, and 80,000 missing in action (MIA) or prisoner of war (POW). Estimates place Korean and Chinese casualties at 1,000,000–1,400,000 dead or wounded, and 140,000 MIA or POW.[11]", "Korean War. Recent scholarship puts the full battle death toll on all sides at just over 1.2 million.[277]", "Korean War. CNN reported, citing Encyclopædia Britannica that North Korean civilian casualties were 600,000, while South Korean civilian casualties reached one million.[276]", "Korean War. Total: 398,000–750,000+ dead and 145,000+ missingTotal wounded: 686,500–789,000", "Aftermath of the Korean War. From official Chinese sources, PVA Korean War casualty figures break down as follows: 114,000 killed in action; 380,000 total wounded in action; 21,000 died of wounds; 13,000 died of sickness; and 21,400 POW.[6]", "Korean War. The Chinese and North Koreans estimated that about 390,000 soldiers from the United States, 660,000 soldiers from South Korea and 29,000 other UN soldiers were \"eliminated\" from the battlefield.[275]", "Aftermath of the Korean War. Canada sent 29,791 troops to the war, with 7,000 more remaining to supervise the ceasefire until the end of 1955. Of these 1,558 became casualties, including 516 deaths, most of them through combat.[2] Canada’s participation included a brigade of troops, eight naval vessels, and 22 pilots for U.S. jet squadrons.", "Korean War. Total: 178,405 dead and 32,925 missingTotal wounded: 566,434", "United States in the Korean War. The first battle the Americans entered in the Korean War was the Battle of Osan, where about four hundred U.S. soldiers landed in Pusan airport on the first of July. The American troops were sent off to Taejon the next morning where Major General John H. Church the head of U.S. field headquarters was confident in the US troop's strengths to push back the North Koreans. On July fifth the troops were finally put to the test when North Korean tanks crept towards Osan. The four hundred infantryman of the U.S. also called Task Force Smith opened fire on the North Koreans at 8:16 am. Only four of the North Korean tanks were destroyed and twenty-nine kept moving forward breaking the US line. At the end of the battle only two more North Korean Tanks and two regiments of North Korean infantry were destroyed. The US had lost the battle, revealing that the mere sight of US troops would not reverse the military balance in Korea. By early August, the North Korean troops had pushed back the US and South Korean troops all the way to Naktong River, which is located about thirty miles from Pusan. The two weeks of fighting following this resulted in the most casualties of US troops than any other equivalent period of this war. However, during this time the US pushed supplies and personnel to Korea and by the end of July South Koreans and US troops outnumbered the North Koreans, although the North had pushed back the US and South by an amazing amount the North had suffered over fifty thousand casualties. Also because North Koreas supply lines were so lengthy and with the US in control of the water and air replenishing their losses were slow.[2]", "Vietnam veteran. Throughout the Vietnam War, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) sent approximately 320,000 servicemen to Vietnam. At the peak of their commitment, in 1968, the ROK maintained a force of approximately 48,000 men in the country. All troops were withdrawn in 1973. \nAbout 5,099 South Koreans were killed and 10,962 wounded during the war.", "United States Marine Corps. The Korean War saw the Corps expand from 75,000 regulars to a force of 261,000 Marines, mostly reservists. 30,544 Marines were killed or wounded during the war and 42 were awarded the Medal of Honor.[58]", "Korean War. After the war, Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954, to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead. The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead, and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner-of-war camps were delivered to the South Korean government.[259] After Operation Glory, 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (The Punchbowl), on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office (DPMO) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names, of which 858 were correct. From 4,167 containers of returned remains, forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals. Of these, 2,944 were identified as from the U.S., and all but 416 were identified by name.[260] From 1996 to 2006, the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino-Korean border.[261]", "From Up on Poppy Hill. According to estimates, 56 Japanese sailors and labourers were killed in the Korean War zone in the first six months of the war alone; 23 of the deaths occurred when Japanese-crewed ships were sunk by mines. Official estimates of the total number of Japanese killed in the Korean War have never been published, nor have the U.S. or Japanese governments officially recognised the role of Japanese non-combatants in the Korean War.[11]", "Battle of Pork Chop Hill. Four of the thirteen U.S. company commanders were killed. Total U.S. casualties were 243 killed, 916 wounded, and 9 captured. 163 of the dead were never recovered. Of the Republic of Korea troops (\"KATUSA\") attached to the 7th, approximately 15 were killed and 120 wounded. Chinese casualties were estimated at 1,500 dead and 4,000 wounded.[8]", "Korean War. The KPA killed POWs at the battles for Hill 312, Hill 303, the Pusan Perimeter, and Daejeon; these massacres were discovered afterwards by the UN forces. Later, a U.S. Congress war crimes investigation, the United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee of the Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, reported that \"two-thirds of all American prisoners of war in Korea died as a result of war crimes\".[365][366][367]", "Timeline of United States military operations. 1950–1953: Korean War: The United States responded to the North Korean invasion of South Korea by going to its assistance, pursuant to United Nations Security Council resolutions. US forces deployed in Korea exceeded 300,000 during the last year of the active conflict (1953). Over 36,600 US military were killed in action.[RL30172]", "Impact of the Korean War on the economy of the United States. While military spending in the US was high prior to the Korean War due to ongoing tensions with the Soviet Union, the Korean War further increased it.[15] The Korean War cost the US$30 billion in 1953, which is equivalent to US$341 billion in 2011.[1] During the last year of the war, annual war expenditure comprised about 14.1 percent of GDP.[1] Approximately 34,000 Americans were killed in battle and about another 2,800 died from disease or injury, with total US casualties, which includes dead, wounded, and missing in action, adding up to 139,860.[16] The \"Korean War GI Bill\" was implemented in 1952, eventually covering veterans between June 27, 1950 and February 1, 1955.[17] It offered the same benefits as the World War II G.I. Bill, including mustering-out pay, financial support for education, home and business loan guarantees, unemployment compensation, and job placement.[17]", "Korean War. The Commission verified over 14,000 civilians were killed in the Jeju uprising (1948–49) that involved South Korean military and paramilitary units against pro-North Korean guerrillas. Although most of the fighting subsided by 1949, it continued until 1950. The Commission estimates 86% of the civilians were killed by South Korean forces. The Americans on the island documented the events, but never intervened.[353]", "Korean War. Data from official Chinese sources, on the other hand, reported that the Chinese PVA had suffered 114,000 battle deaths, 34,000 non-battle deaths, 340,000 wounded, 7,600 missing and during the war. 7,110 Chinese POWs were repatriated to China.[275] Chinese sources also reported that North Korea had suffered 290,000 casualties, 90,000 captured and a large number of civilian deaths.[275]", "Korean War. In contrast, the Republic of Korea population totaled 20,188,641,[citation needed] and its army was unprepared and ill-equipped. As of 25 June 1950 the ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the U.S. military, but requests were denied), and a 22-piece air force comprising 12 liaison-type and 10 AT6 advanced-trainer airplanes. Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan,[119] but only 200–300 American troops were in Korea.[120]", "Korean War. The Battle of Osan, the first significant U.S. engagement of the Korean War, involved the 540-soldier Task Force Smith, which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan.[153] On 5 July 1950, Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans' tanks. They were unsuccessful; the result was 180 dead, wounded, or taken prisoner. The KPA progressed southwards, pushing back the U.S. force at Pyongtaek, Chonan, and Chochiwon, forcing the 24th Division's retreat to Taejeon, which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured, including its commander, Major General William F. Dean.[154]", "Battle of Pusan Perimeter. Both the UN and North Korean forces suffered massive casualties. The US 5th Regimental Combat Team had 269 killed, 574 wounded and four captured during the battle.[177] The US 1st Cavalry Division suffered 770 killed, 2,613 wounded and 62 captured.[178] The 2nd Infantry Division suffered 1,120 killed, 2,563 wounded, 67 captured and 69 missing.[172] The 24th Infantry Division suffered 402 killed, 1,086 wounded, five captured and 29 missing.[179] The 29th Infantry Regimental Combat Team suffered 86 killed, 341 wounded, 1 captured and 7 missing.[180] The 25th Infantry Division suffered 650 killed, 1,866 wounded, four captured and 10 missing.[181] With other non-divisional units, the US Army's total casualty count for the battle was 3,390 killed, 9,326 wounded, 97 captured (9 of whom died in captivity) and 174 missing, adding up to 12,987 casualties.[182] The US Marine Corps suffered 185 killed, the US Navy suffered 14 killed and the US Air Force suffered 53 killed.[171] Another 736 were killed, 2,919 wounded and 12 missing during the breakout offensive from the perimeter.[183] The official count for US casualties was 4,599 killed, 12,058 wounded, 2,701 missing, 401 captured.[142][4] South Korean casualty numbers are nearly impossible to estimate, but are known to be at least twice the total UN casualty count, or at least 40,000.[3] The US also lost 60 tanks in the fight, bringing the total number lost in the war to that date to 136.[184]", "Korean War. In five days, the South Korean forces, which had 95,000 men on 25 June, was down to less than 22,000 men. In early July, when U.S. forces arrived, what was left of the South Korean forces were placed under U.S. operational command of the United Nations Command.[131]", "History of women in the United States. The Korean War was fought from 1950-53.[60] Many servicewomen who had joined the Reserves following World War II were involuntarily recalled to active duty during the Korean War.[60] 540 Army nurses (all military nurses during the Korean War were female) served in the combat zone and many more were assigned to large hospitals in Japan during the war.[60][254] One Army nurse (Genevieve Smith) died in a plane crash en route to Korea on July 27, 1950, shortly after hostilities began.[60][254] Navy nurses served on hospital ships in the Korean theater of war as well as at Navy hospitals stateside.[60] Eleven Navy nurses died en route to Korea when their plane crashed in the Marshall Islands.[60] Air Force nurses served stateside, in Japan and as flight nurses in the Korean theater during the war.[60] Three Air Force nurses were killed in plane crashes while on duty.[60] Many other servicewomen were assigned to duty in the theater of operations in Japan and Okinawa.[60]", "Missing in action. The US Department of Defense DPAA gives dates for the Korean Conflict from June 27,1950 to January 31,1955.[61]Between June to October 1950, an estimated 700 civilian and US military POWs had been captured by the North Koreans. By August 1953 only 262 were still alive; one of the survivors was Private First Class Wayne A. \"Johnnie\" Johnson, who secretly documented the deaths of 496 military and civilian POWs. Johnson would later be awarded the Silver Star medal for valor in 1996.[62][63] In August 1953, General James Van Fleet, who had led US and UN forces in Korea, estimated that \"a large percentage\" of those service members listed as missing in action were alive.[64] (Coincidentally, General Van Fleet's own son Captain James Alward Van Fleet Jr was MIA from a United States Air Force mission over North Korea April 4, 1952.)", "Atherosclerosis. Case studies have included autopsies of U.S. soldiers killed in World War II and the Korean War. A much-cited report involved autopsies of 300 U.S. soldiers killed in Korea. Although the average age of the men was 22.1 years, 77.3 percent had \"gross evidence of coronary arteriosclerosis\".[19] Other studies done of soldiers in the Vietnam War showed similar results, although often worse than the ones from the earlier wars. Theories include high rates of tobacco use and (in the case of the Vietnam soldiers) the advent of processed foods after World War II.", "National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific. After their retreat in 1950, dead Soldiers and Marines were buried at a temporary military cemetery near Hungnam, North Korea. During Operation Glory, which occurred from July to November 1954, the dead of each side were exchanged; remains of 4,167 US soldiers/Marines were exchanged for 13,528 North Korean/Chinese dead. In addition 546 civilians who died in United Nations prisoner of war camps were turned over to the South Korean Government.[1] After \"Operation Glory\" 416 Korean War \"unknowns\" were buried in the Punchbowl Cemetery. According to one report,[2] 1,394 names were also transmitted during \"Operation Glory\" from the Chinese and North Koreans (of which 858 names proved to be correct); of the 4,167 returned remains were found to be 4,219 individuals of whom 2,944 were found to be Americans of whom all but 416 were identified by name. Of 239 Korean War unaccounted for: 186 not associated with Punchbowl unknowns (176 were identified and of the remaining 10 cases four were non-Americans of Asiatic descent; one was British; three were identified and two cases unconfirmed).[3] Fifty-seven years after the Korean War, remains of two of the \"Punchbowl unknowns\" were identified—both from the 1st Marine Division. One was Pfc. Donald Morris Walker of Support Company/1st Service Battalion/1st Marine Division who was KIA December 7, 1950[4] and the other was Pfc. Carl West of Weapons Company/1st Battalion/7th Regiment/1st Marine Division who was KIA December 10, 1950.[5]", "Vietnam War. Between 240,000[61][62] and 300,000[60] Cambodians died during the war. 20,000–62,000 Laotians also died,[59] and 58,222 U.S. military personnel were killed, of which 1,596 are still listed as missing as of 2015[update].[391]", "Australia in the Korean War. The Australians reported approximately 150 enemy had been killed, 239 wounded and 200 captured as a result of its action at a cost of seven wounded. The operations in Sunchon had achieved much more. The American 187 RCT claimed, 3818 North Korean prisoners, 805 enemy killed and 681 wounded for the loss of 46 jump casualties and 65 battle casualties. Despite heavy casualties several hundred North Koreans remained in and around the battlefield. However, with the link up complete, re-deployment for the continuation of the advance commenced. Within the British Commonwealth Brigade, 1st Battalion of the British Middlesex Regiment passed through and assumed the lead in the drive towards the Yalu River. The Americans reassembled and drove north to rejoin their regiment which returned to Pyongyang by the other route." ]

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[ "Authorship of the Bible. According to tradition, first attested by Irenaeus, the author was Luke the Evangelist, the companion of the Apostle Paul, but many modern scholars have expressed doubt and opinion on the subject is evenly divided.[90] Instead, they believe Luke-Acts was written by an anonymous Christian author who may not have been an eyewitness to any of the events recorded within the text. Some of the evidence cited comes from the text of Luke-Acts itself. In the preface to Luke, the author refers to having eyewitness testimony \"handed down to us\" and to having undertaken a \"careful investigation\", but the author does not mention his own name or explicitly claim to be an eyewitness to any of the events, except for the we passages. And in the we passages, the narrative is written in the first person plural— the author never refers to himself as \"I\" or \"me\". To those who are skeptical of an eyewitness author, the we passages are usually regarded as fragments of a second document, part of some earlier account, which was later incorporated into Acts by the later author of Luke-Acts, or simply a Greek rhetorical device used for sea voyages.[91]", "Authorship of the Bible. The author of the Book of Revelation was traditionally believed to be the same person as both John, the apostle of Jesus and John the Evangelist, the traditional author of the Fourth Gospel – the tradition can be traced to Justin Martyr, writing in the early 2nd century.[100] Most biblical scholars now believe that these were separate individuals.[101][102] The name \"John\" suggests that the author was a Christian of Jewish descent, and although he never explicitly identifies himself as a prophet it is likely that he belonged to a group of Christian prophets and was known as such to members of the churches in Asia Minor. Since the 2nd century the author has been identified with one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. This is commonly linked with an assumption that the same author wrote the Gospel of John. Others, however, have argued that the author could have been John the Elder of Ephesus, a view which depends on whether a tradition cited by Eusebius was referring to someone other than the apostle. The precise identity of \"John\" therefore remains unknown.[103]", "Authorship of the Bible. According to Rabbinic tradition the five books of the Torah were written by Moses, with the exception of the last eight verses of Deuteronomy which describe his death.[7] Most Jews and Christians believed Mosaic authorship until the 17th century. Today, the majority of scholars agree that the Pentateuch does not have a single author, and that its composition took place over centuries.[8]", "Authorship of the Bible. Early Christian tradition, first attested by Papias of Hierapolis, held that the Gospel of Matthew was written in \"Hebrew\" (Aramaic, the language of Judea) by the apostle Matthew, the tax-collector and disciple of Jesus,[81] but according to the majority of modern scholars it is unlikely that this Gospel was written by an eyewitness.[82] Modern scholars interpret the tradition to mean that Papias, writing about 125–150 CE, believed that Matthew had made a collection of the sayings of Jesus.[83] Papias's description does not correspond well with what is known of the gospel: it was most probably written in Greek, not Aramaic or Hebrew, it depends on the Greek Gospel of Mark and on the hypothetical Q document, and it is not a collection of sayings.[84] Although the identity of the author is unknown, the internal evidence of the Gospel suggests that he was an ethnic Jewish male scribe from a Hellenised city, possibly Antioch in Syria,[85] and that he wrote between 70 and 100 CE[86] using a variety of oral traditions and written sources about Jesus.[87]", "Authorship of the Bible. The traditional authors are: Peter the apostle (First and Second Peter); the author of the Gospel of John (First, Second and Third John), writing in advanced age; \"Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and a brother of James\" (Epistle of Jude); and James the Just, \"a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ\" (James). In fact 1 John is anonymous, and 2 and 3 John identify their author only as \"the Elder.\" Though 2 Peter states its author as \"Simon Peter, a servant and apostle of Jesus Christ\", most scholars today regard this as pseudonymous, and many hold the same opinion of James, 1 Peter and Jude.[96]", "Authorship of the Bible. The Prayer of Manasseh presents itself as a prayer from the wicked, but now penitent, king Manasseh (or Manassas) from his exile in Babylon. The actual author is unknown, and the date of composition is probably the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE.[64]", "Authorship of the Bible. The rabbis of the Babylonian Talmud held that God wrote the Torah in heaven in letters of black fire on parchment of white fire before the world was created, and that Moses received it by divine dictation.[3] The early Church Fathers agreed that the scriptures were inspired or dictated by God, but not on which writings were scriptural: as a result, the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches treat some books (the Apocrypha) as inspired, but the Protestant tradition does not.[4] In the 20th century the vast majority of theologians, both Catholic and Protestant, moved away from the divine dictation model and emphasised the role of the human authors.[5] As a result, even many conservative scholars now accept, for example, that the Book of Isaiah has multiple authors and that 2 Corinthians is two letters joined together.[6]", "Isaac Newton. In the 1690s, Newton wrote a number of religious tracts dealing with the literal and symbolic interpretation of the Bible. A manuscript Newton sent to John Locke in which he disputed the fidelity of 1 John 5:7 and its fidelity to the original manuscripts of the New Testament, remained unpublished until 1785.[65][66]", "Authorship of the Bible. According to tradition and early church fathers, first attested by Papias of Hierapolis, the author is Mark the Evangelist, the companion of the apostle Peter.[78] The gospel, however, appears to rely on several underlying sources, varying in form and in theology, which tells against the tradition that the gospel was based on Peter's preaching.[79] Various elements within the gospel, including the importance of the authority of Peter and the broadness of the basic theology, suggest that the author wrote in Syria or Palestine for a non-Jewish Christian community which had earlier absorbed the influence of pre-Pauline beliefs and then developed them further independent of Paul.[80]", "Authorship of the Bible. The anonymous author of 1 Maccabees was an educated Jew and a serious historian; a date around 100 BCE is most likely.[59] 2 Maccabees is a revised and condensed version of a work by an otherwise unknown author called Jason of Cyrene, plus passages by the anonymous editor who made the condensation (called \"the Epitomist\"). Jason most probably wrote in the mid to late 2nd century BCE, and the Epitomist before 63 BCE.[60] 3 Maccabees concerns itself with the Jewish community in Egypt a half-century before the revolt, suggesting that the author was an Egyptian Jew, and probably a native of Alexandria. A date of c. 100–75 BCE is \"very probable\".[61] 4 Maccabees was probably composed in the middle half of the 1st century CE, by a Jew living in Syria or Asia Minor.[62]", "Authorship of the Bible. According to Jewish tradition dating from at least the 2nd century CE, the Book of Joshua was by Joshua, the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel were by the prophet Samuel (with some passages by the prophets Gad and Nathan), while the two Books of Kings were by Jeremiah.[16] Since 1943 most scholars have accepted Martin Noth's argument that Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings make up a single work, the so-called \"Deuteronomistic history.\"[17] Noth believed that the history was the work of a single author writing in the time of the Babylonian exile (586–539 BCE). This author/editor took as his starting point an early version of the book of Deuteronomy, which had already been composed during the reign of Josiah (last quarter of the 7th century), selecting, editing and composing it to produce a coherent work.[18] Frank Moore Cross later proposed that an earlier version of the history was composed in Jerusalem in Josiah's time; this first version, Dtr1, was then revised and expanded to create Noth's second edition, or Dtr2. Still later scholars have discovered further layers and further author-editors.[19] In the 1990s some scholars began to question the existence of a Deuteronomistic history[20] and the question of the origin of these books continues to be debated.[21]", "Authorship of the Bible. The Book of Daniel presents itself as the work of a prophet named Daniel who lived during the 6th century BCE; the overwhelming majority of modern scholars date it to the 2nd century BCE.[50] The author, writing in the time of the Maccabees to assure his fellow-Jews that their persecution by the Syrians would come to an end and see them victorious, seems to have constructed his book around the legendary Daniel mentioned in Ezekiel, a figure ranked with Noah and Job for his wisdom and righteousness.[51]", "Authorship of the Bible. Jeremiah lived in the late 7th and early 6th centuries BCE. The Book of Jeremiah presents Baruch ben Neriah as the prophet's companion who writes his words on several occasions, and there has accordingly been much speculation that Baruch could have composed an early edition of the book.[26] In the early 20th century Sigmund Mowinckel identified three types of material in the book, Jeremiah 1–25 (Type A) being the words of Jeremiah himself, the biographic prose material (Type B) by an admirer writing c. 580–480 BCE, and the remainder (Type C) from later periods.[27] There has been considerable debate over Mowinckel's ideas, notably the extent of the Jeremiah material and the role of Baruch, who may have been the author of the Type B material.[27] It is generally agreed that the book has strong connections with the Deuteronomistic layers from the Former Prophets, recapitulating in modern terms the traditional idea that Jeremiah wrote both his own book and the Books of Kings.[28]", "Authorship of the Bible. The Church included the Letter to the Hebrews as the fourteenth letter of Paul until the Reformation. Pauline authorship is now generally rejected, and the real author is unknown.[99]", "New Testament. Some scholars today maintain the traditional claim that Luke the Evangelist, an associate of St. Paul who was probably not an eyewitness to Jesus' ministry, wrote the Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles.[64][65] Scholars are also divided on the traditional claim that Mark the Evangelist, an associate of St. Peter who may have been an eyewitness to Jesus' ministry, wrote the Gospel of Mark.[66] Scholars are more divided over the traditional claim that Matthew the Apostle wrote the Gospel of Matthew[67][68] and that John the Apostle wrote the Gospel of John.[69][70][71] Opinion, however, is widely divided on this issue and there is no widespread consensus.[72][73]", "Authorship of the Bible. The Book of Ezekiel describes itself as the words of Ezekiel ben-Buzi, a priest living in exile in the city of Babylon between 593 and 571 BCE.[29] The various manuscripts, however, differ markedly from each other, and it is clear that the book has been subjected to extensive editing.[30] While Ezekiel himself may have been responsible for some of this revision, there is general agreement that the book as we have it today is the product of a highly educated priestly circle that owed allegiance to the historical Ezekiel and was closely associated with the Temple.[31]", "Authorship of the Bible. The Letter of Jeremiah is not by Jeremiah; the author apparently appropriated the name of the prophet to lend authority to his composition. Nor is it by Jeremiah's secretary Baruch, although it appears as the last chapter of Baruch in the Catholic Bible and the KJV. Internal evidence points to a date around 317 BCE, with the author possibly a Jew in Palestine addressing Jews of the diaspora.[63]", "Ancient Hebrew writings. The traditional Judeo-Christian view regarding the authorship of the Pentateuch, except the last eight verses of Deuteronomy, is that it was written by Moses under God's order. In secular scholarly circles by the end of the 19th century, a popular proposition regarding the authorship was the documentary hypothesis, which has remained quite influential to this day, despite criticism.[citation needed] The books of the prophets are entitled in accordance with the alleged authorship. Some books in the Ketuvim are attributed to important historical figures (e.g., the Proverbs to King Solomon, many of the Psalms to King David), but it is generally agreed that verification of such authorship claims is extremely difficult if not impossible, and many believe some or even all of the attributions in the canon and the apocrypha to be pseudepigraphal.", "Authorship of the Bible. There is much disagreement within biblical scholarship today over the origin of the Bible.[1] The majority of scholars believe that most of the books of the Bible are the work of multiple authors and that all have been edited to produce the works known today.[2] The following article outlines the conclusions of the majority of contemporary scholars, along with the traditional views, both Jewish and Christian.", "Authorship of the Bible. From the late 19th century there was a consensus among scholars around the documentary hypothesis, which suggests that the first four books (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers) were created by combining four originally independent documents, known as the Jahwist, the Elohist, the Deuteronomist, and the Priestly sources.[9] This approach has since seen various revisions,[10] yet while the identification of distinctive Deuteronomistic and Priestly theologies and vocabularies remains widespread, they are used to form new approaches suggesting that the books were combined gradually over time by the slow accumulation of \"fragments\" of text, or that a basic text was \"supplemented\" by later authors/editors.[11] At the same time there has been a tendency to bring the origins of the Pentateuch further forward in time, and the most recent proposals place it in 5th century BCE Judah under the Persian empire.[12]", "Mosaic authorship. Authorship was not considered important by the society that produced the Hebrew Bible (the Protestant Old Testament), and the Torah never names an author.[2][3] According to many scholars it was only after c. 300 BCE, when Jews came into intense contact with author-centric Greek culture, that the rabbis began to feel compelled to find authors for their books,[2][Notes 3] and the process which led to Moses becoming identified as the author of the Torah may have been influenced by three factors: first, by a number of passages in which he is said to write something, frequently at the command of God, although these passages never appear to apply to the entire five books; second, by his key role in four of the five books (Genesis is the exception); and finally, by the way in which his authority as lawgiver and liberator of Israel united the story and laws of the Pentateuch.[19][Notes 4]", "Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews. Other possible authors were suggested as early as the third century CE. Origen of Alexandria (c. 240) suggested either Luke the Evangelist or Clement of Rome.[33] Martin Luther proposed Apollos, described as an Alexandrian and \"a learned man\", popular in Corinth, and adept at using the scriptures and arguing for Christianity while \"refuting the Jews\".[34][35][36]", "Authorship of the Bible. There is general agreement among scholars that the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark and Luke) show a high level of cross-reference. The usual explanation, the Two-source hypothesis, is that Mark was written first and that the authors of Matthew and Luke relied on Mark and the hypothetical Q document. Scholars agree that the Gospel of John was written last, using a different tradition and body of testimony. In addition, most scholars agree that the author of Luke also wrote the Acts of the Apostles, making Luke-Acts two halves of a single work.[73][74][75][76][77]", "Isaac Newton. Along with his scientific fame, Newton's studies of the Bible and of the early Church Fathers were also noteworthy. Newton wrote works on textual criticism, most notably An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture and Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John.[128] He placed the crucifixion of Jesus Christ at 3 April, AD 33, which agrees with one traditionally accepted date.[129]", "Apostles. According to Church tradition, Luke the Evangelist, the companion of Paul, is believed to have authored the Gospel of Luke, though anonymously written and lacking an author's name; but while this view is still occasionally put forward the scholarly consensus emphasises the many contradictions between Acts and the authentic Pauline letters.[43][44] The most probable date for its composition is around 80–110 AD, and there is evidence that it was still being revised well into the 2nd century.[45]", "Authorship of the Bible. The unknown author of the Book of Job is unlikely to have written earlier than the 6th century BCE, and the cumulative evidence suggests a post-Exilic date.[38] It contains some 1,000 lines, of which about 750 form the original core.[39]", "Authorship of the Bible. There is general acceptance that the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles originated as a two-volume work by a single author addressed to an otherwise unknown individual named Theophilus.[88] This author was an \"amateur Hellenistic historian\" versed in Greek rhetoric, that being the standard training for historians in the ancient world.[89]", "Mosaic authorship. Mosaic authorship is the Jewish and Christian tradition that Moses was the author of the Torah, the first five books of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament.[1] The books do not name any author, as authorship was not considered important by the society that produced them,[2][3] and it was only after Jews came into intense contact with author-centric Hellenistic culture in the late Second Temple period that the rabbis began to find authors for their scriptures.[2] The tradition probably began with the law-code of Deuteronomy, and was then gradually extended until Moses, as the central character, came to be regarded not just as the mediator of law but as author of both laws and narrative.[4][5]", "John the Baptist. The Italian Renaissance poet Lucrezia Tornabuoni chose John the Baptist as one of biblical figures on which she wrote poetry.[146]", "Authorship of the Bible. The author of the Book of Baruch is traditionally held to be Baruch the companion of Jeremiah, but this is considered unlikely. Some scholars propose that it was written during or shortly after the period of the Maccabees.[58]", "New Testament. There is a tradition that the Apostle John was the author of the Gospel of John. Traditionalists (such as Biblical commentators Albert Barnes and Matthew Henry) claim that the writer of the Gospel of John himself claimed to be an eyewitness in their commentaries of John 21:24 and therefore the gospel was written by an eyewitness;[52][53] however, this idea is rejected by the majority of modern scholars.[54]", "New Testament. The author of the Epistle of James identifies himself in the opening verse as \"James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ\". From the middle of the 3rd century, patristic authors cited the Epistle as written by James the Just.[82] Ancient and modern scholars have always been divided on the issue of authorship. Many consider the epistle to be written in the late 1st or early 2nd centuries.[83]" ]

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[ "Gir Forest National Park. Gir Forest National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, also known as Sasan Gir, is a forest and wildlife sanctuary near Talala Gir in Gujarat, India. It is located 43 km (27 mi) north-east of Somnath, 65 km (40 mi) south-east of Junagadh and 60 km (37 mi) south-west of Amreli. It was established in 1965, with a total area of 1,412 km2 (545 sq mi), of which 258 km2 (100 sq mi) is fully protected as national park and 1,153 km2 (445 sq mi) as wildlife sanctuary.[1] It is part of the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion.[2][3]", "Gir Forest National Park. Among the smaller mammals, porcupine and hare are common, but the pangolin is rare. The reptiles are represented by the mugger crocodile,[4][7] tortoise and monitor lizard which inhabit the sanctuary's bodies of water. Snakes are found in the bush and forest. Pythons are sighted at times along the stream banks. Gir has been used by the Gujarat State Forest Department which formed the Indian Crocodile Conservation Project in 1977 and released close to 1000 marsh crocodiles into Lake Kamaleshwar and other small bodies of water in and around Gir.", "Gir Forest National Park. In the 19th century, the rulers of Indian princely states used to invite the British colonists for hunting expeditions. At the end of the 19th century, only about a dozen Asiatic lions were left in India, all of them in the Gir Forest, which was part of the Nawab of Junagarh's private hunting grounds. Today, it is the only area in Asia, where Asiatic lions occur, and is considered one of the most important protected areas in Asia due to its supported species. The Gir ecosystem with its diverse flora and fauna is protected as a result of the efforts of the government forest department, wildlife activists and NGOs. However, faced with a drastic drop in the lion population in Gir, after British viceroys brought to his attention the plight of the lion in Asia, the sanctuary is the jewel of Gujarat's ecological resources. His son, Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khan III[4] later assisted in the conservation of the lions whose population had plummeted to only 20 through slaughter for trophy hunting.[1]", "Gir Forest National Park. Teak bearing areas are mainly in the eastern portion of the forest, which constitutes nearly half of the total area. Several species of acacia are found. Also found here are ber, jamun, babul(acacia), flame of the forest, zizyphus, tendu and dhak. Also plants like karanj, umlo, amli, sirus, kalam, charal and an occasional vad or banyan tree are found. These broadleaf trees provide a cool shade and moisture content to the region. As part of the afforestation programme casuarina and prosopis have been planted along the coast borders of gir.", "Gir Forest National Park. More than 400 plant species were recorded in the survey of Gir forest by Samtapau & Raizada in 1955. The Botany department of M.S. University of Baroda has revised the count to 507 during their survey. According to the 1964 forest type classification by Champion & Sheth, the Gir forest falls under \"5A/C-1a—very dry teak forest\" classification. Teak occurs mixed with dry deciduous species. The degradation stages (DS) sub-types are thus derived as:", "Gir Forest National Park. Gir National Park and Sanctuary does not have a designated area for tourists. However, to reduce the tourism hazard to the wildlife and to promote nature education, an Interpretation Zone has been created at Devalia within the sanctuary. Within its chained fences, it covers all habitat types and wildlife of Gir with its feeding-cum-living cages for the carnivores and a double-gate entry system.", "Gir Forest National Park. The forest is an important biological research area with considerable scientific, educational, aesthetic and recreational values. It provides nearly 5 million kilograms of green grass by annual harvesting, which is valued approximately at Rs. 500 million (US$10 million). The forest provides nearly 123,000 metric tons worth of fuel wood annually.", "Tourism in India by state. Asiatic lions are found only in Gir Forest National Park", "Gir Forest National Park. The seven major perennial rivers of the Gir region are Hiran, Shetrunji, Datardi, Shingoda, Machhundri, Godavari and Raval. The four reservoirs of the area are at four dams, one each on Hiran, Machhundri, Raval and Shingoda rivers, including the biggest reservoir in the area, the Kamleshwar Dam, dubbed 'the lifeline of Gir'. It is located at 21°08′08″N 70°47′48″E.", "Gir Forest National Park. The Asiatic lion's habitat is dry scrub land and open deciduous forest. These lions were once found across northern Africa, south west Asia and northern Greece. The lion population which was 411 in 2010 has increased to 523 in 2015 and all of them are in or around the Gir Forest National Park. The first modern day count of lions was done by Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth, the principal of Rajkumar College, Rajkot and R.S. Dharmakumarsinhji sometime between 1948 and 1963, probably early in his tenure as the principal during that period. Even though the Gir Forest is well protected, there are instances of Asiatic lions being poached. They have also been poisoned for attacking livestock. Some of the other threats include floods, fires and the possibility of epidemics and natural calamities. Gir nonetheless remains the most promising long term preserve for them. While most would see the lions as aggressive and dangerous, the lions of Gir rarely attack people. They live in a very close proximity to people, which makes their behavior different almost as if they have an acquaintanceship with the neighboring people. The lions who remember being hunted have now taken the higher road and stopped the circle of life.[8]", "Gir Forest National Park. The main herbivores of Gir are chital, nilgai, sambar, four-horned antelope, chinkara and wild boar. Blackbucks from the surrounding area are sometimes seen in the sanctuary.[1]", "Gir Forest National Park. The plentiful avifauna population has more than 300 species of birds, most of which are resident. The scavenger group of birds has 6 recorded species of vultures. Some of the typical species of Gir include crested serpent eagle, endangered Bonelli's eagle, crested hawk-eagle, brown fish owl, Indian eagle-owl, rock bush-quail, Indian peafowl, brown-capped pygmy woodpecker, black-headed oriole, crested treeswift and Indian pitta. The Indian grey hornbill was not found from the last census of 2001.[1]", "Gir Forest National Park. The count of 2,375 distinct fauna species of Gir includes about 38 species of mammals, around 300 species of birds, 37 species of reptiles and more than 2,000 species of insects.[1]", "Lion. The Asiatic lion now only survives in and around Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat, western India. Its habitat is a mixture of dry savannah forest and very dry, deciduous scrub forest.[15]", "Forestry in India. Forest cover of Aravalli range in Rajasthan", "Thar Desert. Arid Forest Research Institute, (AFRI) situated at Jodhpur is another national level institute in the region. It is one of the institutes of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education ( ICFRE ) working under the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India. The Objective of the Institute is to carry out scientific research in forestry in order to provide technologies to increase the vegetative cover and to conserve the biodiversity in the hot arid and semi arid region of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Dadara & Nagar Haveli union territory.", "Kathiawar. The natural vegetation on most of the peninsula is xeric scrub, part of the Northwestern thorn scrub forests ecoregion. A range of low hills, known as the Gir Hills, occupies the south-central portion of the peninsula. The highest of these is Girnar. The hills are home to an enclave of tropical dry broadleaf forest, part of the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion. Gir National Park, which includes the forested hills around Girnar, and areas in the region that neighbor it, are home to the last remaining Asiatic lions in the wilderness of the Earth.[2][3][4][5] Other national parks on Kathiawar are Blackbuck National Park (Velavadar) on the Gulf of Cambay, and Marine National Park on the Gulf of Kutch, near Jamnagar.", "North India. The state of Madhya Pradesh has large areas under forest cover, as do Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh.[25]", "Forestry in India. Hinglajgarh Forest in Madhya Pradesh", "Asiatic lion. In the Gir Forest, an area of 1,412.1 km2 (545.2 sq mi) was declared as a sanctuary for Asiatic lion conservation in 1965. This sanctuary and the surrounding areas in Saurashtra, Western India, are the only wild habitats supporting the Asiatic lion.[8] After 1965, a national park covering an area of 258.71 km2 (99.89 sq mi) was established where no human activity is allowed. In the surrounding sanctuary only Maldharis have the right to graze their livestock.[40]", "North India. Kalesar National Park: Kalesar is a sal forest in the Shivalik Hills of eastern Haryana state. Primarily known for birds, it also contains a small number of tigers and panthers.", "Maldhari. In different regions, the Maldharis belong to different castes. The Gir Forest National Park is home to around 8,400 Maldharis as of 2007.[6] The majority of the Maldharis in Gir belong to ,Bharwad, and Rabari castes. Minority castes include Koli, Ahir / Kathi, Bawa, Meghwal and Makranis. The Maldharis of Gir, Alech and Barda have included among the Scheduled Tribes since 1956, although these castes are not classified as Scheduled Tribes outside the forest areas.[2]", "Gir Forest National Park. During the 2010 census 'The Cat Women of Gir Forest' counted more than 411 lions in the park, and 523 in 2015. The women who do the counting are of traditional Muslim tribes in neighboring villages. There are over 40 women van raksha sahayaks, who seek only to protect the animals of the park. These women have worked hard to win cooperation not just from local villagers but also from maaldharis, the semi-nomadic tribal herdsmen who live in the sanctuary. While tourist numbers are increasing people do not seem to understand the phenomena taking place. The lions are almost tame in the presence of these female guards.", "Forestry in India. Forests of Kerala near Athirappalli Waterfalls", "Asiatic lion. The Gir forest and surrounding landscapes are home for the Indian leopard and the striped hyena.[8] The presence of jungle cat, Asiatic wildcat and rusty-spotted cat has also been reported.[52] The golden jackal scavenges on carcasses of large herbivores, and preys on chital fawn and Indian hares.[53]", "Gir Forest National Park. The 14th Asiatic Lion Census 2015 was conducted in May 2015. In 2015, the population has been 523 (27% up compared to previous census in 2010). The population was 411 in 2010 and 359 in 2005. The population of lions in Junagadh District has been 268, Gir Somnath District has been 44, Amreli District has been 174 (highest increase) and Bhavangar District has been 37. There are 109 males, 201 females and 213 young/cubs.[5]", "Lion. The last refuge of the Asiatic lion is the 1,412 km2 (545 sq mi) Gir Forest National Park and surrounding areas in the region of Saurashtra or Kathiawar Peninsula in Gujarat State, India. The population has risen from approximately 180 lions in 1974 to about 400 in 2010.[191] It is geographically isolated, which can lead to inbreeding and reduced genetic diversity. Since 2008, the Asiatic lion has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.[15] By 2015, the population had grown to 523 individuals inhabiting an area of 7,000 km2 (2,700 sq mi) in Saurashtra.[192][193][194] The Asiatic Lion Census conducted in 2017 recorded about 650 individuals.[195]", "Tropical Evergreen forests of India. Tropical Evergreen of India are found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,[A] the Western Ghats,[B] which fringe the Arabian Sea, the coastline of peninsular India, and the greater Assam region in the north-east.[C] Small remnants of evergreen forest are found in Odisha state.[D] Semi-evergreen forest is more extensive than the evergreen formation partly because evergreen forests tend to degrade to semi-evergreen with human interference. There are substantial differences in both the flora and fauna between the three major evergreen forest regions.[1]", "Garo Hills. The Garo Hills (Pron: ˈgɑ:rəʊ) are part of the Garo-Khasi range in Meghalaya, India.[1] They are inhabited mainly by tribal dwellers, the majority of whom are Garo people.[2] It is one of the wettest places in the world. The range is part of the Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion.[3][4]", "Forest Research Institute (India). FRI and College Area campus is a census town, between Kaulagarh in the north and the Indian Military Academy to the south. The Tons River forms its Western Boundary.", "Rajgir. Rajgir (originally known as Girivraj) is a city and a notified area in Nalanda district in the Indian state of Bihar. The city of Rajgir (ancient Rājagṛha; Pali: Rājagaha was the first capital of the kingdom of Magadha, a state that would eventually evolve into the Mauryan Empire. Its date of origin is unknown, although ceramics dating to about 1000 BC have been found in the city. This area is also notable in Jainism and Buddhism[3] as one of the favorite places for Lord Mahavira and Gautama Buddha and the well known \"Atanatiya\" conference was held at Vulture's Peak mountain.", "Forest Research Institute (India). The Forest Research Institute (FRI) वन अनुसन्धान संस्थान देहरादून is an institute of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education and is a premier institution in the field of forestry research in India. It is located at Dehradun in Uttarakhand, and is one of the oldest institutions of its kind. In 1991, it was declared a deemed university by the University Grants Commission.[1]" ]

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[ "Black Ink Crew: Chicago. Black Ink Crew: Chicago is an American reality television series that airs on VH1 and debuted on October 26, 2015. It is the Chicago-based spin-off of Black Ink Crew. It chronicles the daily operations and staff drama at an African American owned and operated tattoo shop, 9MAG, located in Chicago, Illinois.[1] On April 19, 2017, VH1 announced the show's return for a third season, which premiered on July 19, 2017. Black Ink Crew: Chicago was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on Q4 2018.", "Black Ink Crew. Black Ink Crew is an American reality television series that airs on VH1 and debuted on January 7, 2013.[1] It chronicles the daily operations and staff drama at an African American-owned and operated tattoo shop in Harlem, New York.[2] The spinoff Black Ink Crew: Chicago premiered October 26, 2015. On October 31, 2017, Black Ink Crew was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on December 6, 2017.[3]", "Black Ink Crew. Black Ink Crew's second season premiered on September 23, 2013,[4] with the season returning on March 31, 2014, for five more episodes.[5] The third season premiered on January 26, 2015,[6] with the season returning August 24, 2015 for eight more episodes and a reunion special on October 19, 2015.[7] The show was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on April 4, 2016.[8]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4). The fourth season of Chicago P.D., an American police drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, premiered September 21, 2016 and concluded on May 17, 2017. The season contained 23 episodes.", "Chicago Med. On May 9, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a fourth season.[1] The season premiered on September 26, 2018.[2]", "Chicago Fire (season 4). The fourth season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on February 5, 2015, by NBC,[1] and premiered on October 13, 2015 and concluded on May 17, 2016.[2] The season contained 23 episodes.[3]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4). A crossover starting on Chicago Fire and concluding on Chicago PD aired on January 3, 2017.", "Chicago P.D. (season 4). Nick Wechsler joins the cast as Kenny Rixton, a former protégé of Voight's, for a multi-episode arc.[26] On February 7, 2017, it was revealed that Esai Morales will join the cast as Chief Lugo, a veteran of the Police Department who is trying to steer the CPD into a new style of policing. His first appearance will be in the three-way crossover with Chicago Fire and Chicago Justice, before recurring throughout the remainder of the season.[27]", "Black Ink Crew. Marie's best friend.", "Chicago P.D. (TV series). On November 9, 2015, NBC renewed the series for a fourth season,[32] which premiered on September 21, 2016.[33] On May 10, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on September 27, 2017.[34][35]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4). Li Jun Li joins the cast as Officer Julie Tay for a three episode guest spot. She is set to replace Brian Geraghty's character Officer Sean Roman as Officer Kim Burgess' (Marina Squerciati) partner, after he left the series at the end of last season.[23] On September 28, it was reported that Jon Seda as character Antonio Dawson would move from P.D. to Justice, where Antonio will become an investigator for the SA's office.[24] It was further reported on October 5 that Seda's last episode of P.D. will be episode 8.[25]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4). A three-way crossover between Chicago Fire, Chicago PD and the premiere of Chicago Justice aired on March 1, 2017, with heavy involvement from Chicago Med.", "Chicago P.D. (season 4). The DVD release of season four is set to be released in Region 1 on September 12, 2017.", "Black-ish (season 4). The fourth season of Black-ish aired from October 3, 2017 on ABC in the United States. It is produced by Khalabo Ink Society, Cinema Gypsy Productions, Principato-Young Entertainment and ABC Studios, with creator Kenya Barris, who also serves as executive producer alongside Anthony Anderson, Brian Dobbins, Jonathan Groff and Helen Sugland.", "Chicago Fire (season 4). The show follows the lives of the firefighters and paramedics working at the Chicago Fire Department at the firehouse of Engine 51, Truck 81, Squad 3, Ambulance 61 and Battalion 25.", "Chicago P.D. (season 4). Intelligence investigates in the wake of the warehouse fire that left Olinsky's daughter Lexi in critical condition. The team is on edge as they race to find the person responsible for starting the fire. After Lexi succumbs to her injuries, a grief-stricken Olinsky pitches in to track down the suspect. During a candlelight vigil for the 39 victims, Lindsay spots the suspect and, after taking him into custody, they hand the case over to Antonio Dawson (guest star Jon Seda) and Peter Stone (guest star Philip Winchester) at the State's Attorney's Office.", "Chicago P.D. (season 4). Set to recur as Hailey Upton, a robbery homicide Detective, Tracy Spiridakos joins the cast, with her first episode slated to air in early May.[28] Squerciati took maternity leave from the show in March 2017, and Kim made her temporary departure in \"Last Minute Resistance\".[29]", "Ink Master. In June 2017, Spike announced a new spin off series titled Ink Master: Angels. The premise follows four female contestants from the eighth season of Ink Master - season winner Ryan Ashley, Kelly Doty, Nikki Simpson and Gia Rose - as they travel around the United States to face other artists in tattoo challenges with a spot on season ten of Ink Master on the line.[10] The show premiered on October 3, 2017.", "Chicago (franchise). In Fall 2018, NBC broadcast all three Chicago franchise series that were airing at the time on Wednesday nights.[3]", "Chicago Fire (TV series). On November 9, 2015, NBC renewed the series for a fifth season.[30][31] The season premiered on October 11, 2016.[32]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series). On May 9, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a sixth season.[1] The season is set to premiere on September 26, 2018.[2]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series). At the 2016 Television Critics Association winter press tour, NBC Entertainment president Jennifer Salke revealed that the network had discussions with Dick Wolf about a fourth series in the Chicago franchise centered on the legal system. The working title was Chicago Law.[15] Salke has since confirmed that the series was officially in development.[16] The series will be a spin-off of Chicago P.D. by introducing Assistant State's Attorney (ASA) characters in the 21st episode of P.D.'s third season.[17] Philip Winchester was the first to be cast.[18] Nazneen Contractor joined the series in March 2016 and the title was changed to Chicago Justice.[19] Rocky alum Carl Weathers will play Cook County State's Attorney Mark Jefferies, while Joelle Carter will also star.[20] Lorraine Toussaint reprised her role as defense attorney Shambala Green, who appeared in seven episodes of Law & Order.[21] On May 12, 2016, NBC gave Chicago Justice a series order.[22] On September 28, it was reported that Jon Seda would join the cast and that his character Antonio would become an investigator for the DA's office.[23] The series premiered on March 1, 2017. NBC canceled the series after one season.[24] In July 2017, it was announced that Seda would rejoin Chicago P.D. full time.[25][26]", "Chicago Fire (season 5). The fifth season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on November 9, 2015, by NBC.[1] The season premiered on October 11, 2016 and contained 22 episodes.[2][3] The season concluded on May 16, 2017.", "Black Hood. A fourth series was released under the Archie Comics' imprint Dark Circle Comics in February 2015. In this version the man under the hood is Officer Gregory Hettinger who takes up the mantle of the Black Hood after accidentally killing the Thomas \"Kip\" Burland version. The series is a much darker and serious take on the character and has a modern, violent spin as it examines cops and criminals in the city of Philadelphia. The series is written by Duane Swierczynski with issues 1 through 5 and 7 drawn by Michael Gaydos. Howard Chaykin guest-illustrated issue 6 and Robert Hack will guest-illustrate issue 8. Greg Scott will start as the series new artist in February 2016 beginning with issue 9.[1][needs update]", "The L Word. On July 11, 2017, it was announced a sequel season was in the works with Showtime.[2] Marja-Lewis Ryan has been selected to serve as executive producer and showrunner.[2][32][33]", "Tracy Spiridakos. In 2017 Spiridakos appeared in the three final episodes of the fourth season of the NBC police drama series Chicago P.D., before being promoted to a series regular for the series' fifth season.[18]", "Chicago Crossover. The showrunners mention in their interviews that the same togetherness the cast showed on-screen, they had it behind the scenes as well. \"The most unexpected and rewarding development in filming the crossover episodes was seeing how close the actors from the different shows became,\" says CPD's Olmstead, \"Between set-ups they stuck together as a group and they socialized after wrap. It brought the shows closer.\"[4] In TV Guide Olmstead continued, \"One thing that I didn't really expect was the camaraderie with the actors, you never saw actors standing by themselves, waiting for their line. They were always in groups. They hung out as a group after they filmed. There was a lot of travel and working weekends, but the feedback I got from everybody was what a special event it was for them just as actors. I know that when we do it again — and I'm sure that we'll do it at some point down the road — it will not be a hard sell.\"[3]", "Chicago Fire (TV series). On May 10, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a sixth season, which premiered on September 28, 2017.[1][2]", "Chicago Crossover. There is a slow-burning relationship between Detectives Lindsay and Halstead, Olmstead teased, \"[There will be] further slow burning, because, as has been made clear to them by Voight, he doesn't tolerate in house romances.\" And showrunner Leight teased about sexual tension in TV Guide on November 11, \"Lindsay and Halstead have this unrequited crush on each other, and you have Rollins and Amaro with a down-low affair going on. There's a moment or two when it seems like one group notices something about the other. We tease a little bit with that.\" Leight adds that going to Chicago will bring out a new side to the characters, particularly Amaro. \"[He is] much more physical than he gets to be on our show,\" he adds.[5]", "Broad City. Broad City's fourth season premiered on September 13, 2017.[5] The series is contracted for a fifth season.[6]", "Chicago Med. On February 1, 2016, NBC renewed the series for a second season.[19] On May 15, 2016, it was announced that the series would be moving to Thursdays.[20] The second season premiered on September 22, 2016.[21]", "The Bitch Is Back (Veronica Mars). Before cancellation, Thomas proposed his idea for season four to take place in the FBI Academy.[8] Prior to the airing of \"Un-American Graffiti\", Enrico Colantoni stated that The CW had seen the filmed first ten pages and reacted negatively.[9] However, Thomas denied this assertion and commented that The CW had not yet seen the FBI pitch. He added that it would be presented on May 2, the day after the series came off a two-month hiatus. Thomas's statement was confirmed by a representative for the network.[10]" ]

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[ "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In August 1945 American military air forces dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima (6 August) and of Nagasaki (9 August). These bombings were not caused by military necessity, and served primarily political aims. They inflicted enormous damage on the peaceable population.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people, most of whom were civilians. They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare.", "Yalta Conference. Four months after the death of Roosevelt, President Truman ordered the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.", "Surrender of Japan. On August 6 at 8:15 AM local time, the Enola Gay, a Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets, dropped an atomic bomb (code-named Little Boy by the U.S.) on the city of Hiroshima in southwest Honshū.[84] Throughout the day, confused reports reached Tokyo that Hiroshima had been the target of an air raid, which had leveled the city with a \"blinding flash and violent blast\". Later that day, they received U.S. President Truman's broadcast announcing the first use of an atomic bomb, and promising:", "Nuclear arms race. In August 1945, on Truman's orders, two atomic bombs were dropped on Japanese cities. The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, and the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki by the B-29 bombers named Enola Gay and Bockscar respectively.", "Military history of the United States during World War II. As victory for the United States slowly approached, casualties mounted. A fear in the American high command was that an invasion of mainland Japan would lead to enormous losses on the part of the Allies, as casualty estimates for the planned Operation Downfall demonstrate. President Harry Truman gave the order to drop the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, hoping that the destruction of the city would break Japanese resolve and end the war. A second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on 9 August after it appeared that the Japanese high command was not planning to surrender. Approximately 140,000 people died in Hiroshima from the bomb and its aftereffects by the end of 1945, and approximately 74,000 in Nagasaki.", "Little Boy. The bomb was dropped at approximately 08:15  (JST) 6 August 1945. After falling for 44.4 seconds, the time and barometric triggers started the firing mechanism. The detonation happened at an altitude of 1,968 ± 50 feet (600 ± 15 m). It was less powerful than the Fat Man, which was dropped on Nagasaki, but the damage and the number of victims at Hiroshima were much higher, as Hiroshima was on flat terrain, while the hypocenter of Nagasaki lay in a small valley. According to figures published in 1945, 66,000 people were killed as a direct result of the Hiroshima blast, and 69,000 were injured to varying degrees.[32] Of those deaths, 20,000 were members of the Imperial Japanese Army.[33]", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. American approval of the US dropping the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki has decreased steadily since 1945. A 1945 Gallup poll showed that 85% of Americans approved of using atomic weapons on Japanese cities, while only 10% disapproved.[190] Forty five years later in 1990, Gallup conducted another poll and recorded 53% of Americans approving the bombings with 41% disapproving the bombings.[190] Another 2005 Gallup poll echoes the findings of the 2015 Pew Research Center study by finding 57% of Americans approved the bombings while 38% disapproved.[190] While the poll data from The Pew Research Center and Gallup show a stark drop in support for the bombings over the last half century, Stanford political scientists have conducted research supporting their hypothesis that US public support for the use of nuclear force would be just as high today as in 1945 if a similar yet contemporary real life scenario presented itself.[191]", "Boeing B-29 Superfortress. Enola Gay, flown by Tibbets, dropped the first bomb, called Little Boy, on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Enola Gay is fully restored and on display at the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, outside Dulles Airport in Washington, D.C. Bockscar dropped the second bomb, called Fat Man, on Nagasaki three days later. Bockscar is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.", "Pacific War. On 6 August 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the first nuclear attack in history. In a press release issued after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Truman warned Japan to surrender or \"...expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.\"[172] Three days later, on 9 August, the US dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki, the last nuclear attack in history. More than 140,000–240,000 people died as a direct result of these two bombings.[173] The necessity of the atomic bombings has long been debated, with detractors claiming that a naval blockade and aerial bombing campaign had already made invasion, hence the atomic bomb, unnecessary.[174] However, other scholars have argued that the bombings shocked the Japanese government into surrender, with Emperor finally indicating his wish to stop the war. Another argument in favor of the atomic bombs is that they helped avoid Operation Downfall, or a prolonged blockade and bombing campaign, any of which would have exacted much higher casualties among Japanese civilians.[173] Historian Richard B. Frank wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was never likely because they had insufficient naval capability to mount an amphibious invasion of Hokkaidō.[175]", "Nuclear weapons of the United States. Faced with a planned invasion of the Japanese home islands scheduled to begin on 1 November 1945 and with Japan not surrendering, President Harry S. Truman ordered the atomic raids on Japan. On 6 August 1945, the U.S. detonated a uranium-gun design bomb, Little Boy, over the Japanese city of Hiroshima with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT, killing approximately 70,000 people, among them 20,000 Japanese combatants and 20,000 Korean slave laborers, and destroying nearly 50,000 buildings (including the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division headquarters). Three days later, on 9 August, the U.S. attacked Nagasaki using a plutonium implosion-design bomb, Fat Man, with the explosion equivalent to about 20 kilotons of TNT, destroying 60% of the city and killing approximately 35,000 people, among them 23,200–28,200 Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese combatants.[13]", "Little Boy. \"Little Boy\" was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare. The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the Trinity test, and the first uranium-based detonation. It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ). The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima and its occupants.", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On 30 June 2007, Japan's defense minister Fumio Kyūma said the dropping of atomic bombs on Japan by the United States during World War II was an inevitable way to end the war. Kyūma said: \"I now have come to accept in my mind that in order to end the war, it could not be helped (shikata ga nai) that an atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki and that countless numbers of people suffered great tragedy.\" Kyūma, who is from Nagasaki, said the bombing caused great suffering in the city, but he does not resent the U.S. because it prevented the Soviet Union from entering the war with Japan.[54] Kyūma's comments were similar to those made by Emperor Hirohito when, in his first ever press conference given in Tokyo in 1975, he was asked what he thought of the bombing of Hiroshima, and answered: \"It's very regrettable that nuclear bombs were dropped and I feel sorry for the citizens of Hiroshima but it couldn't be helped (shikata ga nai) because that happened in wartime.\"[55]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the Oppenheimer-led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning. Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership.[90] No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped.[91] Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb. Robert Jay Lifton wrote that it was July 27,[91] and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was July 30.[90] The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27, but Hiroshima was not one of them, and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30.[88] Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4. Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August, as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped.[91] Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing; a total of 33 cities listed. With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese \"...we cannot promise that only these cities will be among those attacked...\"[87] Hiroshima was not listed.[92][93]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Little Boy bomb, except for the uranium payload, was ready at the beginning of May 1945.[106] There were two uranium-235 components, a hollow cylindrical projectile and a cylindrical target insert. The projectile was completed on June 15, and the target insert on July 24.[107] The projectile and eight bomb pre-assemblies (partly assembled bombs without the powder charge and fissile components) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, California, on July 16 aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis, and arrived on Tinian on July 26.[108] The target insert followed by air on July 30, accompanied by Commander Francis Birch from Project Alberta.[107] Responding to concerns expressed by the 509th Composite Group about the possibility of a B-29 crashing on takeoff, Birch had modified the Little Boy design to incorporate a removable breech plug that would permit the bomb to be armed in flight.[106]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. By August 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb, and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands. Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25. On August 6, one of its B-29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun-type bomb on Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a Fat Man plutonium implosion-type bomb was dropped by another B-29 on Nagasaki. The bombs immediately devastated their targets. Over the next two to four months, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000–146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000–80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition, for many months afterward. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison.", "Empire of Japan. After securing airfields in Saipan and Guam in the summer of 1944, the United States Army Air Forces undertook an intense strategic bombing campaign, using incendiary bombs, burning Japanese cities in an effort to pulverize Japan's industry and shatter its morale. The Operation Meetinghouse raid on Tokyo on the night of March 9–10, 1945, led to the deaths of approximately 100,000 civilians. Approximately 350,000–500,000 civilians died in 66 other Japanese cities as a result of the incendiary bombing campaign on Japan. Concurrent to these attacks, Japan's vital coastal shipping operations were severely hampered with extensive aerial mining by the U.S.'s Operation Starvation. Regardless, these efforts did not succeed in persuading the Japanese military to surrender. In mid-August 1945, the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These atomic bombings were the first and only used against another nation in warfare. These two bombs killed approximately 120,000 to 140,000 people in a matter of minutes, and as many as a result of nuclear radiation in the following weeks, months and years. The bombs killed as many as 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945.", "Nuclear weapon. Nuclear weapons have been used twice in war, both times by the United States against Japan near the end of World War II. On August 6, 1945, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a uranium gun-type fission bomb nicknamed \"Little Boy\" over the Japanese city of Hiroshima; three days later, on August 9, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a plutonium implosion-type fission bomb nicknamed \"Fat Man\" over the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 civilians and military personnel from injuries sustained from the explosions.[3] The ethics of these bombings and their role in Japan's surrender are subjects of debate.", "Robert A. Lewis. Robert Alvin Lewis (October 18, 1917 – June 18, 1983) was a United States Army Air Forces officer serving in the Pacific Theatre during World War II. He was the co-pilot of the Enola Gay, the B-29 Superfortress bomber which dropped the atomic bomb Little Boy on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945.", "Nuclear warfare. On July 26, 1945, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Republic of China issued a Potsdam Declaration that called for the unconditional surrender of Japan. It stated that if Japan did not surrender, it would face \"prompt and utter destruction\".[27][28] The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum, sending a message that they were not going to surrender. In response to the rejection, President Truman authorized the dropping of the atomic bombs. At the time of its use, there were only two atomic bombs available, and despite the fact that more were in production back in mainland U.S., the third bomb wouldn't be available for combat until September.[29][30]", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In 1945 Secretary of War Stimson, visiting my headquarters in Germany, informed me that our government was preparing to drop an atomic bomb on Japan. I was one of those who felt that there were a number of cogent reasons to question the wisdom of such an act. During his recitation of the relevant facts, I had been conscious of a feeling of depression and so I voiced to him my grave misgivings, first on the basis of my belief that Japan was already defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary, and secondly because I thought that our country should avoid shocking world opinion by the use of a weapon whose employment was, I thought, no longer mandatory as a measure to save American lives.[86]", "Second Sino-Japanese War. The United States and the Soviet Union put an end to the Second World War by attacking the Japanese with a new weapon (on the United States' part) and an incursion into Manchuria (on the Soviet Union's part). On August 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, dropped the first atomic bomb used in combat on Hiroshima, killing tens of thousands and leveling the city. On August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union renounced its non-aggression pact with Japan and attacked the Japanese in Manchuria, fulfilling its Yalta Conference pledge to attack the Japanese within three months after the end of the war in Europe. The attack was made by three Soviet army groups. On that same day, a second equally destructive atomic bomb was dropped by the United States on Nagasaki.", "Robert A. Lewis. On August 6, 1945 – August 5 in the United States, due to the International Date Line – Lewis was the co-pilot of the Enola Gay when it dropped Little Boy on Hiroshima. Normally the aircraft commander assigned to the Enola Gay, for this important mission he acted as co-pilot, assisting Enola Gay's new aircraft commander, Colonel Tibbets. Lewis and his crew, minus their original co-pilot Dick McNamara, were Tibbet's crew for the mission, and it included two specialists for the arming of Little Boy, the uranium-235 fission bomb.", "Strategic bombing during World War II. On 6 August 1945, the B-29 bomber Enola Gay flew over the Japanese city of Hiroshima in southwest Honshū and dropped a gun-type uranium-235 atomic bomb (code-named Little Boy by the U.S.) on it. Two other B-29 aircraft were airborne nearby for the purposes of instrumentation and photography. When the planes first approached Hiroshima, Japanese anti-aircraft units in the city initially thought they were reconnaissance aircraft, since they were ordered not to shoot at one or few aircraft that did not pose a threat, in order to conserve their ammunition for large-scale air raids. The bomb killed roughly 90,000–166,000 people; half of these died quickly while the other half suffered lingering deaths.[226] The death toll included an estimated 20,000 Korean slave laborers and 20,000 Japanese soldiers) and destroyed 48,000 buildings (including the headquarters of the Second General Army and Fifth Division).[227] On 9 August, three days later, the B-29 Bockscar flew over the Japanese city of Nagasaki in northwest Kyushu and dropped an implosion-type, plutonium-239 atomic bomb (code-named Fat Man by the U.S.) on it, again accompanied by two other B-29 aircraft for instrumentation and photography. This bomb's effects killed roughly 39,000–80,000 people,[226] including roughly 23,000–28,000 Japanese war industry employees, an estimated 2,000 Korean forced workers, and at least 150 Japanese soldiers. The bomb destroyed 60% of the city.[227][228] The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high, partly owing to the inadvertent targeting of the industrial zone, leaving 68–80% of the non-dock industrial production destroyed.[229]", "USS West Virginia (BB-48). Sailing on 3 August for Okinawa, West Virginia reached Buckner Bay on 6 August—the day Little Boy, the first atomic bomb, was dropped on the city of Hiroshima. At 9:15 pm on 10 August, West Virginia picked up a radio report that the Japanese government agreed to surrender under the terms of the Potsdam Declaration if its people could keep the Emperor of Japan as their ruler. Although the ships in the bay soon began celebrating, on 12 August Pennsylvania was torpedoed; West Virginia sent a whaleboat the next day with pumps for the damaged ship.[6][38]", "Air raids on Japan. Hiroshima was attacked on 6 August. At 8:15 am local time the B-29 Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, dropped the \"Little Boy\" atomic bomb over the center of the city. The resulting explosion killed tens of thousands of people and destroyed about 4.7 square miles (12 km2) of buildings.[231] The six American aircraft involved in this attack returned safely to the Marianas.[232] Postwar estimates of casualties from the attack on Hiroshima range from 66,000 to 80,000 fatalities and 69,000 to 151,000 injured.[233] Tens of thousands more subsequently died as a result of radiation and other injuries from the attack; it has been estimated that 140,000 people had died as a result of the atomic bomb by the end of 1945. Estimates of the total number of fatalities range as high as 230,000.[234][235] Of the survivors of the bombing, 171,000 were rendered homeless.[236]", "Northern Mariana Islands. On June 15, 1944, near the end of World War II, the United States military invaded the Mariana Islands, starting the Battle of Saipan, which ended on July 9. Of the 30,000 Japanese troops defending Saipan, fewer than 1,000 remained alive at the battle's end.[11] Over 20,000 Japanese civilians were also killed, or committed suicide rather than be captured.[citation needed] U.S. forces then recaptured Guam on July 21, and invaded Tinian on July 24; a year later Tinian was the takeoff point for the Enola Gay, the plane that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Rota was left untouched (and isolated) until the Japanese surrender in August 1945, owing to its military insignificance.", "Surrender of Japan. On August 6, 1945, at 8:15 AM local time, the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Sixteen hours later, American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan's surrender, warning them to \"expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.\" Late in the evening of August 8, 1945, in accordance with the Yalta agreements, but in violation of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and soon after midnight on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Later in the day, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Following these events, Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war. After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état, Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15. In the radio address, called the Jewel Voice Broadcast (玉音放送, Gyokuon-hōsō), he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies.", "History of nuclear weapons. On August 6, 1945, a uranium-based weapon, Little Boy, was detonated above the Japanese city of Hiroshima, and three days later, a plutonium-based weapon, Fat Man, was detonated above the Japanese city of Nagasaki. To date, Hiroshima and Nagasaki remain the only two instances of nuclear weapons being used in combat. The atomic raids killed at least one hundred thousand Japanese civilians and military personnel outright, with the heat, radiation, and blast effects. Many tens of thousands would later die of radiation sickness and related cancers.[19][20] Truman promised a \"rain of ruin\" if Japan did not surrender immediately, threatening to systematically eliminate their ability to wage war.[21] On August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced Japan's surrender.[22]", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In 1959, Mitsuo Fuchida, the pilot who led the first wave in the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, met with General Paul Tibbets, who piloted the Enola Gay that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and told him that:", "Harry S. Truman. In August, the Japanese government refused surrender demands as specifically outlined in the Potsdam Declaration. With the invasion of mainland Japan imminent, Truman approved the schedule for dropping the two available bombs. Truman always said that attacking Japan with atomic bombs saved many lives on both sides; military estimates for the invasion of mainland Japan were that it could take a year and result in 250,000 to 500,000 U.S. casualties. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, and Nagasaki three days later, leaving 105,000 dead.[125] The Soviet Union declared war on Japan on August 9 and invaded Manchuria. Japan agreed to surrender the following day.[126][127]", "Little Boy. After being selected in April 1945, Hiroshima was spared conventional bombing to serve as a pristine target, where the effects of a nuclear bomb on an undamaged city could be observed.[41] While damage could be studied later, the energy yield of the untested Little Boy design could be determined only at the moment of detonation, using instruments dropped by parachute from a plane flying in formation with the one that dropped the bomb. Radio-transmitted data from these instruments indicated a yield of about 15 kilotons.[37]" ]

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[ "James Earl Jones. Jones is also known as the voice of Darth Vader in the 1977 film Star Wars: A New Hope and its sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983). Darth Vader was portrayed in costume by David Prowse in the film trilogy, with Jones dubbing Vader's dialogue in postproduction because Prowse's strong West Country accent was deemed unsuitable for the role by George Lucas.[31] At his own request, Jones was uncredited for the original releases of the first two Star Wars films,[32] though he later would be credited for the first film in its 1997 \"Special Edition\" re-release.[33] As he explained in a 2008 interview:", "Darth Vader. Darth Vader was portrayed by bodybuilder David Prowse in the original film trilogy, and by stunt performer Bob Anderson during the character's intense lightsaber fight scenes.[12][38] Lucas originally intended for Orson Welles to voice Vader (after dismissing using Prowse's own voice due to his English West Country accent, leading to the rest of the cast nicknaming him \"Darth Farmer\").[39] After deciding that Welles's voice would be too recognizable, he cast the lesser-known James Earl Jones instead.[40][41] Jones initially felt his contributions to the films were too small to warrant recognition and his role was uncredited at his request until the release of Return of the Jedi (1983).[12] When Jones was specifically asked if he had supplied Vader's voice for Revenge of the Sith—either newly or from a previous recording—Jones answered, \"You'd have to ask Lucas about that. I don't know\".[42] Hayden Christensen and Gene Bryant alternately portray Vader in Revenge of the Sith.[43][44][1] During the production of Revenge of the Sith, Christensen asked Lucas if a special Vader suit could be constructed to fit his own body, rather than have a different actor don one of the original sets of Vader armor worn by Prowse.[45] Brock Peters provided the voice of Darth Vader in the NPR/USC radio series. Both Spencer Wilding[46] and Daniel Naprous portrayed Vader in Rogue One (2016), with Jones reprising his role as the character's voice.[47]", "Sebastian Shaw (actor). In 1982, Shaw was chosen for the small but crucial role of redeemed, unmasked and dying Anakin Skywalker in Return of the Jedi, the third and final film in the original Star Wars trilogy. Although David Prowse played the costumed scenes and James Earl Jones voiced Darth Vader, just as they had in the first two films, Shaw was cast in a single scene with Mark Hamill, during the moment aboard Death Star II when Luke Skywalker unmasks his dying father. Since the scene was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film, the casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role.[7]", "David Prowse. Prowse played the physical form of Darth Vader in the original Star Wars trilogy.[10] Prowse spoke the dialogue during filming, but Lucas claimed he wanted a \"darker voice\"—a deeper, more reverberating voice, and had James Earl Jones provide the voice instead, deeming Prowse's West Country accent unsuitable for the character. Prowse claims he was originally told that he would be seen and heard at the end of Return of the Jedi when Vader's mask was removed. Instead, actor Sebastian Shaw was used. In the 2004 documentary Empire of Dreams, actress Carrie Fisher, who played Princess Leia in the original trilogy films, quipped that they nicknamed Prowse \"Darth Farmer\" (a jibe regarding his urban Bristolian accent). In the lightsaber fight scenes between Vader and Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill), Prowse, who wasn't a very skilled swordsman (he kept breaking the poles that stood in for the lightsabers), was replaced by the scene's fight choreographer, the stuntman and fencing coach Bob Anderson. Prowse felt sidelined by Anderson during the making of Return of the Jedi in particular, and claims that he was only able to persuade director Richard Marquand that he should be the one to throw the Emperor off the balcony after Marquand had tried and failed for a week to film the scene successfully without him.", "David Prowse. David Charles Prowse,[1] MBE (born 1 July 1935) is an English bodybuilder,[2] weightlifter and character actor in British film and television. Worldwide, he is best known for physically portraying Darth Vader in the original Star Wars trilogy (with the character's voice being performed by James Earl Jones), and in 2015 starred in a documentary concerning that role, entitled I Am Your Father. Prior to his role as Vader, Prowse had established himself as a prominent figure in British culture as the first Green Cross Code man, a character used in British road safety advertising aimed at children.[3][4][5]", "Changes in Star Wars re-releases. At the end of Return of the Jedi, Darth Vader is redeemed killing the Emperor to save Luke Skywalker's life, dies of his injuries shortly after, and appears to Luke as Anakin Skywalker alongside the Force ghosts of Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi. In the 1983 theatrical release, Sebastian Shaw plays this Force ghost in addition to an unmasked Vader. Later, Hayden Christensen was cast as Anakin in the prequel trilogy films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. To reflect this, the 2004 DVD release of Return of the Jedi controversially replaced Shaw's appearance as the Force ghost with Christensen.[27]", "Darth Vader. Vader's character has also been portrayed in several video games; in games such as Star Wars: Rebel Assault II: The Hidden Empire and Star Wars: Dark Forces, visual effects artist C. Andrew Nelson appears in short sequences in the Vader costume, voiced by Scott Lawrence. Matt Sloan, who appeared in the YouTube parody Chad Vader, provided the voice of Darth Vader in The Force Unleashed .[2] As a result of his video game appearances, Nelson was cast to appear as Vader in brief sequences inserted into the 1998 special edition of The Empire Strikes Back, in which Vader is seen boarding his shuttle.[1]", "List of changes in Star Wars re-releases. At the end of Return of the Jedi, Darth Vader is redeemed killing the Emperor to save Luke Skywalker's life, dies of his injuries shortly after, and appears to Luke as Anakin Skywalker alongside the Force ghosts of Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi. In the 1983 theatrical release, Sebastian Shaw plays this Force ghost in addition to an unmasked Vader. Later, Hayden Christensen was cast as Anakin in the prequel trilogy films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. To reflect this, the 2004 DVD release of Return of the Jedi replaced Shaw's appearance as the Force ghost with Christensen.[27]", "Darth Vader. During production of Return of the Jedi, the casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role of Anakin Skywalker since his death was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film, and Sebastian Shaw was selected for the role.[48] When Shaw arrived at the set for filming, he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid, the actor playing the Emperor. When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there, Shaw responded, \"I don't know, dear boy, I think it's something to do with science-fiction.\"[49] His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew, and Shaw was contractually obliged not to discuss any film secrets with anyone, even his family. The unmasking scene, directed by Richard Marquand, was filmed in one day and required only a few takes, with no alteration from the original dialogue.[48] Lucas personally directed Shaw for his appearance in the final scene of the film, in which he is a Force Ghost of Anakin. Shaw's image in this scene was replaced with that of Christensen in the 2004 DVD release. This last attempt to tie the prequel and original trilogies together proved to be possibly the most controversial change in the Star Wars re-releases.[50][51] Shaw received more fan mail and autograph requests from Return of the Jedi than he had for any role in the rest of his career. He later reflected that he very much enjoyed his experience filming for Return of the Jedi and expressed particular surprise that an action figure was made of him from the film.[48]", "Sebastian Shaw (actor). Shaw was particularly known for his performances in productions of Shakespeare plays which were considered daring and ahead of their time. In 1966, he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he remained for a decade and delivered some of his most acclaimed performances. He also wrote several poems and a novel, The Christening, in 1975. He is also known for his brief but important performance in Return of the Jedi, the original third installment in the Star Wars franchise, in which he portrayed an unmasked and redeemed Anakin Skywalker (formerly Darth Vader), and his ghost in the original version of the film.", "List of James Earl Jones performances. Jones voiced the antagonist Darth Vader in the Star Wars franchise, first in the 1977 film Star Wars, then again in The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and in Return of the Jedi (1983). During that time, Jones was also in the films The Bushido Blade (1981) with Richard Boone, and Conan the Barbarian (1982) with Arnold Schwarzenegger. In the later part of the 1980s, Jones had co-starring roles in the films Soul Man (1986) with C. Thomas Howell, Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold (1987) with Richard Chamberlain, Matewan (1987) with Chris Cooper, Coming to America (1988) with Eddie Murphy and Field of Dreams (1989) with Kevin Costner. For his role in Matewan, Jones was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male but lost to Morgan Freeman. Jones was first cast as the role of Admiral James Greer in the 1990 action thriller film The Hunt for Red October, a film based on Tom Clancy's novel of the same name. He reprised the role again in Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994), both films he co-starred with Harrison Ford, who was also in the first three Star Wars franchise films. In between the two latter films, Jones played Mr. Mertle in The Sandlot (1993), a role he reprised again in The Sandlot 2 (2005); and voiced the character of Mufasa in the 1994 animated Disney film The Lion King, he voiced that character again in the sequel The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998).", "David Prowse. Prowse reprised his role of Darth Vader for the video games Star Wars: The Interactive Video Board Game (1996) and Monopoly Star Wars (1997).", "Darth Vader. Vader appears in the first anthology film Rogue One, played by Spencer Wilding[63] and Daniel Naprous,[64] with James Earl Jones once again voicing the character.[65] In this film, Vader meets with Imperial weapons engineer Orson Krennic, who asks him for an audience with the Emperor regarding the Death Star which Krennic lost command of to Tarkin. Vader refuses, however, and uses the Force to choke him as a way of putting him in his place and orders him to ensure the Death Star project has not been compromised. At the end of the film, Vader boards the disabled Rebel flagship Profundity with a cadre of Imperial stormtroopers and kills several Rebel soldiers as he attempts to recover the plans. However, the Alderaanian blockade runner Tantive IV (which was docked with the Profundity) escapes with the plans, setting the stage for the events of A New Hope.", "James Earl Jones. Although uncredited, Jones' voice is possibly heard as Vader at the conclusion of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005). When specifically asked whether he had supplied the voice, possibly from a previous recording, Jones told Newsday: \"You'd have to ask Lucas about that. I don't know.\"[32] Jones reprised his voice role of Vader for the character's appearances in the animated TV series Star Wars Rebels,[34][35] and the live-action film Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016).[36]", "Palpatine. Lucas and director Richard Marquand cast McDiarmid to play Emperor Palpatine for Return of the Jedi. He was in his late 30s and had never played a leading role in a feature film, though he had made minor appearances in films like Dragonslayer (1981). After Return of the Jedi, he resumed stage acting in London.[67] In an interview with BackStage, McDiarmid revealed that he \"never had his sights set on a film career and never even auditioned for the role of Palpatine.\" He elaborated, \"I got called in for the interview after a Return of the Jedi casting director saw me perform in the Sam Shepard play Seduced at a studio theatre at the Royal Court. I was playing a dying Howard Hughes.\"[68]", "Ian McDiarmid. After a minor part in the film Dragonslayer,[10] McDiarmid was cast by George Lucas in Return of the Jedi as Emperor Palpatine, the main villain.[11] Sixteen years after appearing in Return of the Jedi, he reprised the role as the character's younger incarnation of Senator Palpatine and Sith Lord Darth Sidious in the prequel films: The Phantom Menace,[12] Attack of the Clones,[13] and Revenge of the Sith. The prequels had him play two faces to his character; he re-created his diabolical interpretation of Palpatine from Return of the Jedi when playing Darth Sidious, the Chancellor's Sith alter ego, but created a pleasant, charming character in Palpatine's public persona.", "James Earl Jones. James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American actor. His career has spanned more than 60 years, and he has been described as \"one of America's most distinguished and versatile\" actors[4] and \"one of the greatest actors in American history.\"[5] Since his Broadway debut in 1957, Jones has won many awards, including a Tony Award and Golden Globe Award for his role in The Great White Hope. Jones has won three Emmy Awards, including two in the same year in 1991, and he also earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role in the film version of The Great White Hope. He is also known for his voice roles as Darth Vader in the Star Wars film series and Mufasa in Disney's The Lion King, as well as many other film, stage and television roles.", "List of James Earl Jones performances. Although uncredited, Jones' voice is possibly heard as Vader at the conclusion of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005). When specifically asked whether he had supplied the voice, possibly from a previous recording, Jones told Newsday: \"You'd have to ask Lucas about that. I don't know.\"[3] He also had an uncredited role in the film Scary Movie 4 (2006),[4] before playing Papa Jenkins in the 2008 comedy film Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins. His later roles include Gimme Shelter (2013) with Rosario Dawson, and The Angriest Man in Brooklyn (2014) with Robin Williams, one of Williams' last films before his death. In 2008 and 2011, Jones won the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award and Academy Honorary Award respectively for his career in film.[5][6]", "Dubbing (filmmaking). Sometimes, a different actor than the original actor on set is used during ADR. One famous example is the Star Wars character Darth Vader portrayed by David Prowse; in post-production, James Earl Jones dubbed the voice of Vader.[9]", "Darth Vader. The character was created by George Lucas and has been portrayed by numerous actors. His appearances span the first six Star Wars films, as well as Rogue One, and his character is referenced in both Star Wars: The Force Awakens and Star Wars: The Last Jedi. He is also an important character in the Star Wars expanded universe of television series, video games, novels, literature and comic books. Originally a Jedi prophesied to bring balance to the Force, Anakin is lured to the dark side of the Force by Palpatine, at the time the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic and secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious. He then serves the Galactic Empire as Vader at the right hand of Emperor Palpatine until his redemption after encountering his son, Luke Skywalker.[6] He is also the father of Princess Leia Organa, the secret husband of Padmé Amidala before his fall, and grandfather of Kylo Ren.", "David Prowse. In 2008, he was one of the cast members featured on Justin Lee Collins's Bring Back...Star Wars. In the film, Prowse commented that he had a dispute with George Lucas after he allegedly leaked reports of Darth Vader's death to the press. Prowse had previously suggested that Darth Vader could be Luke Skywalker’s father in a speech he gave to UC Berkeley in 1978.[16] However, this was shortly after the release of Star Wars and nearly two years before The Empire Strikes Back (which he considers to be his favourite of the trilogy)[17] was released,[18][19] and the script had not even been written at the time. Gary Kurtz, the producer of The Empire Strikes Back, said in the 2015 documentary I Am Your Father that Prowse's apparent plot spoiler was simply \"a good guess.\"", "Return of the Jedi. With the release of Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith, which depicts how and why Anakin Skywalker turned to the dark side of the Force, Lucas once again altered Return of the Jedi to bolster the relationship between the original trilogy and the prequel trilogy. The original and 1997 Special Edition versions of Return of the Jedi featured British theatre actor Sebastian Shaw playing both the dying Anakin Skywalker and his ghost. In the 2004 DVD, Shaw's portrayal of Anakin's ghost is replaced by Hayden Christensen, who portrayed Anakin in Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. All three films in the original unaltered Star Wars trilogy were later released, individually, on DVD on September 12, 2006. These versions were originally slated to only be available until December 31, 2006, although they remained in print until May 2011 and were packaged with the 2004 versions again in a new box set on November 4, 2008.[38] Although the 2004 versions in these sets each feature an audio commentary, no other extra special features were included to commemorate the original cuts. The runtime of the 1997 Special Edition of the film and all subsequent releases is approximately five minutes longer than the original theatrical version.", "Return of the Jedi. Return of the Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi) is a 1983 American epic space opera film directed by Richard Marquand. The screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas was from a story by Lucas, who was also the executive producer. It is the third installment in the original Star Wars trilogy and the first film to use THX technology. The film is set one year after The Empire Strikes Back[10] and was produced by Howard Kazanjian for Lucasfilm Ltd. The film stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Billy Dee Williams, Anthony Daniels, David Prowse, Kenny Baker, Peter Mayhew and Frank Oz.", "Darth Vader. Darth Vader features in the 1981 radio drama adaptation of Star Wars, voiced by the actor Brock Peters. Vader makes his first appearance on the planet Ralltiir, where he treats Princess Leia Organa with suspicion. In later extended scenes, he is heard interrogating and torturing Leia on board his Star Destroyer and aboard the Death Star.[85][86][87]", "Ian McDiarmid. In the 2004 re-release of The Empire Strikes Back, a brief scene between Darth Vader and a hologram of Emperor Palpatine was updated to include McDiarmid. The Emperor was originally voiced by Clive Revill for that scene, and visually portrayed by Marjorie Eaton.[14][15][16] With this addition to The Empire Strikes Back, McDiarmid has now appeared in every live-action film version in which Palpatine appears.", "Changes in Star Wars re-releases. In The Empire Strikes Back, the Emperor appears via hologram.[27] In the original theatrical 1980 release, he was portrayed by a woman under heavy makeup and voiced by Clive Revill. The Emperor was later played by Ian McDiarmid in Return of the Jedi, and McDiarmid reprised the role for the prequel trilogy.[27][28] To reflect this, the 2004 DVD release of The Empire Strikes Back replaced the woman with McDiarmid and new dialogue was written.[27]", "List of changes in Star Wars re-releases. In The Empire Strikes Back, the Emperor appears via hologram.[27] In the original theatrical 1980 release, he was portrayed by a woman under heavy makeup and voiced by Clive Revill. The Emperor was later played by Ian McDiarmid in Return of the Jedi, and McDiarmid reprised the role for the prequel trilogy.[27][28] To reflect this, the 2004 DVD release of The Empire Strikes Back replaced the woman with McDiarmid and new dialogue was written.[27]", "Brock Peters. Between 1981 and 1996, Peters provided the voice of Darth Vader for the radio adaptation of the original Star Wars trilogy for National Public Radio.[3] He also played the role of a Colonial prosecutor trying to make a murder case against Starbuck in an episode of the original Battlestar Galactica.", "Darth Vader. Many films and television series have paid homage to Darth Vader. Marty McFly in Back to the Future (1985), dressed in a radiation suit, calls himself \"Darth Vader from the planet Vulcan\" to convince the past version of his father to ask his mother to a dance. Rick Moranis plays \"Dark Helmet\" in the Star Wars parody Spaceballs (1987). In Chasing Amy (1997), Hooper X speaks at a comic convention about Darth Vader being a metaphor for how poorly the science fiction genre treats black people; he is especially offended that Vader, the \"blackest brother in the galaxy\", reveals himself to be a \"feeble, crusty old white man\" at the end of Return of the Jedi. The character was also parodied in the Nickelodeon cartoon Rocko's Modern Life in the episode \"Teed Off\".[114][better source needed] On another Nickelodeon cartoon, Jimmy Neutron, Darth Vader's infamous line, \"I am your father\", was interpolated in the mini-episode \"New Dog, Old Tricks\".[115] The line was also alluded to in Toy Story, a film franchise also owned by Disney.[116]", "Palpatine. McDiarmid was surprised when Lucas approached him 16 years after Return of the Jedi to reprise the role of Palpatine. In an interview, he stated, \"When we were doing Return of the Jedi there was a rumor that George Lucas had nine films in his head, and he'd clearly just completed three of them.\" McDiarmid added, \"Someone said that, 'Oh, I think what he might do next is go back in time, and show how Vader came to be.' It never occurred to me in a million years that I would be involved in that, because I thought, 'oh well, then he'll get a much younger actor to play Palpatine. That would be obvious.\" However, \"I was the right age, ironically, for the first prequel when it was made. ... So I was in the very strange and rather wonderful paradox of playing myself when young at my own age, having played myself previously when 100-and-I-don't-know-what.\"[69]", "Billy Dee Williams. In early 1980s Williams played Lando Calrissian in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. Calrissian's charm proved to be popular with audiences. He reprised the role when he lent his voice for the character in the 2002 video game Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast, as well as the audio dramatization of Dark Empire, the National Public Radio adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back, two productions for the Star Wars: Battlefront series: Star Wars: Battlefront II and Star Wars Battlefront: Elite Squadron and in two episodes of the animated TV series Star Wars: Rebels. Between his appearances in the Star Wars films, he starred alongside Sylvester Stallone as a cop in the 1981 thriller Nighthawks.", "Luke Skywalker. An alternative ending pitched by George Lucas for Return of the Jedi was Luke assuming his father's role as Darth Vader after the latter's death and intending to rule in his place. Though Lawrence Kasdan favored the idea, Lucas ultimately declined, since the films were made for children.[9] Another conclusion to the film featured the character disappearing into the wilderness akin to \"Clint Eastwood in the spaghetti westerns\".[10]" ]

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[ "Come Back When You Grow Up. \"Come Back When You Grow Up\" is a song written by Martha Sharp and performed by Bobby Vee and The Strangers. The song was a comeback for the 24 year-old Vee, and it reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1967.[1] The song appeared on his 1967 album, Come Back When You Grow Up.[2]", "Come Back When You Grow Up. The song was produced by Dallas Smith and arranged by William Hood.[3]", "Come Back When You Grow Up. The song was ranked #15 on Billboard magazine's Top Hot 100 songs of 1967.[4]", "Come Back When You Grow Up. A slightly longer version from the album features a brief instrumental introduction before Vee comes in, while on the single version, the song begins with Vee's singing.", "Keeley Hawes. Early in her career, Hawes featured in at least four music videos, for the singles \"Saturday Night\" by Suede, \"Marvellous\" by The Lightning Seeds, \"Come Around\" by The Mutton Birds, and \"She's a Star\" by James. She first came into the public eye in the 1990s, having supporting roles in Troublemakers, Dennis Potter's Karaoke (1995),[4] Heartbeat (1995), The Beggar Bride (1997), and as the young Diana Dors in the biopic The Blonde Bombshell (1999).", "Dev (singer). Dev also released two more promotional singles through Twitter, \"Poison\" and \"Call Me\" both covers of Bell Biv Devoe and Blondie respectively. She also featured in EDM artist David Guetta's album, Nothing But the Beat on a song called \"I Just Wanna F\" with Timbaland and Afrojack.[18] Dev has also featured on a single by Swedish singer Eric Saade, \"Hotter Than Fire\" which was released on November 2, 2011 in Sweden. Dev is featured on a remix of Girls' Generation's song \"Bad Girl\" by The Cataracs, featured on their Japanese remix album and Dev was also featured in Timbaland's promotional single \"Break Ya Back\". The American version of The Night the Sun Came Up was released on March 26, 2012 in the United States, which include new tracks compared to previous releases of the album. Dev has teamed up with singer Enrique Iglesias on a track called \"Naked\" which is produced by The Cataracs and was released as the third single of the repackaged album. It reached the first position in Mexico and the second position in the US dance chart.", "IU (singer). On April 23, 2009, IU launched her first studio album, Growing Up, with the lead promotional single, \"Boo\". She began her album promotion the next day, performing \"Boo\" on KBS2's Music Bank.[28] The song was noted for its stark contrast in musical style to \"Lost Child\", which was described as a \"heavy\" and \"dark\" ballad compared to the 1980s \"retro sound\" of \"Boo\".[29][30] Deemed as a \"strategic\" transformation, the dance choreography, stage costume and hairstyle shown in live performances were used to emphasize her youthfulness and project a \"cute\" image.[29][31] Although it drew a favorable response from the public, IU, who was fifteen years old at the time, admitted that the image made her feel awkward.[31] The song was nominated as a number-one contender on the popular music program, Inkigayo. Along with several songs from Lost and Found, \"You Know\" (Korean: 있잖 아) was also featured in Growing Up; a new rock-style arrangement of the song was released as the follow-up single to \"Boo\".", "Roxette. After the release of Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!, a greatest hits record, the duo took a hiatus from the mid-1990s before returning with the albums Have a Nice Day (1999) and Room Service (2001). They continued to chart in other territories, mainly in Europe and Latin America, where they earned various Gold and Platinum awards until the beginning of the new millennium. In 2002, the duo took a break from recording and touring when Fredriksson was diagnosed with a brain tumour.[3] Gessle went on to release solo albums and reunited with Gyllene Tider before Roxette took to the stage together again for the first time in 8 years, in 2009, during Gessle's European Party Crasher tour.[4] In 2011, they released Charm School, their first studio album in ten years. This was followed by Travelling a year later.", "Boom Boom (Let's Go Back to My Room). In 1990, the song was included on Lekakis' first album, Tattoo It, which was released on Sire Records. \"Boom Boom\" has since been re-released and remixed on multiple occasions, most recently in 2007 for the 20th anniversary of the song. This time, the song had a music video (since there was none when the single was originally released), and it features Lekakis hosting a party with some guests invited into his mansion. In the video, Lekakis is surrounded by scantily clad girls who are clearly the objects of his affection and presented in various sexual scenarios with him.", "When You Come Back to Me (Jason Donovan song). CD Single (pwcd 46)", "Room on the 3rd Floor. Sharon Mawer of AllMusic said of the album: \"When a vacancy appears in pop music, it doesn't take long to fill it. As Busted moved out of pure pop into more serious material, the way was left open for McFly to capture teenage girls' hearts with their debut album, Room on the 3rd Floor. Named after the character in the Back to the Future trilogy and sounding like an updated 2000s garage band with close harmonies and raw guitars, McFly opened their album with two number one singles, \"5 Colours in Her Hair\" and \"Obviously,\" so Room on the 3rd Floor really couldn't fail—and it didn't, hitting the top on its first week of release. \"That Girl,\" the third single released, could have sat easily on a Beach Boys album from the 1960s, or possibly even the early Beatles with the count of \"one two three four\" before a guitar crashes in. \"Surfer Babe\" (fairly predictably) and \"Down by the Lake\" were also Beach Boys-sounding tracks. It's not that good, however—just a fun summery mid-2000s pop album from four lads who sound as if they were enjoying themselves singing mostly about girls. \"Met This Girl\" also took its influences from the Rolling Stones of the 1960s with a touch of Manfred Mann's fast-paced blues. \"Everybody likes to party on a Saturday night,\" claim the lads on the track \"Saturday Night,\" and if you were about thirteen years old and female, this was the album of summer 2004.\"[1]", "Baby Come Back (Player song). Actress/singer Vanessa Hudgens sampled the song in her debut single, \"Come Back To Me\" on her debut album, V in 2006.", "I Don't Want to Grow Up. I Don't Want to Grow Up is the second album by the American punk rock band the Descendents, released in 1985 through New Alliance Records. It marked the end of a two-year hiatus for the band, during which singer Milo Aukerman had attended college and drummer Bill Stevenson had joined Black Flag. I Don't Want to Grow Up was the first of two albums the Descendents recorded with guitarist Ray Cooper, and their last with original bassist Tony Lombardo, who quit the group because he did not want to go on tour. Though recorded quickly and without much rehearsal time, I Don't Want to Grow Up received positive reviews from critics, who praised its catchy songs, strong melodies, and pop-influenced love songs.", "Back That Thang Up. \"Back That Thang Up\" (or the uncensored version \"Back That Azz Up\") is a song recorded by American hip-hop artist Juvenile. It was released on February 24, 1999 as the second single from his 1998 album 400 Degreez. The song was Juvenile's biggest hit single until the release of \"Slow Motion\" in 2004, peaking at number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "What Goes Around... Comes Around. British CD maxi single", "Boom Boom (Let's Go Back to My Room). \"Boom Boom (Let's Go Back to My Room)\" is the debut single by American singer and model Paul Lekakis.", "List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1990s. Other hits\nSongs which peaked at number two were \"That Don't Impress Me Much\" by Shania Twain, \"Why Don't You Get a Job?\" by The Offspring, \"We Like to Party\" and \"Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!\" by Vengaboys, \"I Want It That Way\" by Backstreet Boys, \"Sometimes\" by Britney Spears, \"If Ya Gettin' Down\" by Five, \"Genie in a Bottle\" by Christina Aguilera, \"Don't Call Me Baby\" by Madison Avenue, and \"The Millennium Prayer\" by Cliff Richard.", "You'll Always Find Your Way Back Home. \"She's awesome. She's one of the most talented songwriters to work with, if not, the best. For such a young girl, she's so creative and spot-on. She knows the audience, she truly understands the kind of pop music that is from the heart and done in a tasteful way. She knows ways to make things pop and also make you feel it at the same time. We wrote a bunch of songs together and it was a lot of fun.\"[3]", "When I Come Around. \"When I Come Around\" is a song released by American punk rock band Green Day. It is the tenth track on their third studio album, Dookie, and was released as the fourth single from that album in 1995. It was played live as early as 29 August 1992. \"When I Come Around\" was Green Day's most popular radio single in their early career, peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart. This was their highest charting radio single until 2004's \"Boulevard of Broken Dreams\" peaked at No. 2.", "When You Come Back to Me (Jason Donovan song). 7\" single picture disc (pwlx 46)", "When You Come Back to Me (Jason Donovan song). 7\" single (pwl 46)", "When You Come Back to Me (Jason Donovan song). 12\" single (pwlt 46)", "Bowling for Soup. Bowling for Soup (often typeset as ¡Bowling for Soup! and abbreviated as BFS) is an American rock band originally formed in Wichita Falls, Texas, in 1994. The band consists of Jaret Reddick (lead vocals, guitar), Chris Burney (guitar, backing vocals), Erik Chandler (bass, backing vocals, acoustic guitar), and Gary Wiseman (drums, percussion, backing vocals). The band is best known for its singles \"Girl All the Bad Guys Want\", \"1985\", \"Almost\", and \"High School Never Ends\".[1]", "When You Come Back to Me Again. \"When You Come Back to Me Again\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. The other writer on the song was Jenny Yates. The song was recorded for the movie Frequency. It was then released in May 2000 as the lead single from the album, Scarecrow. Trisha Yearwood, who later became Brooks' wife, provides harmony vocals. The song reached number 21 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 23 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.[1] The song received a Golden Globe nomination in the category of Best Original Song.", "Girls Just Want to Have Fun. This song is a new reggae-tinged arrangement of Lauper's own \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" standard, with a musical tip of the hat to Redbone's \"Come and Get Your Love\". The arrangement evolved as she experimented with the song's style over the course of the 1993–94 Hat Full of Stars Tour. The song was a big comeback hit for Lauper, landing in the top 10 and top 40 in many countries. It was also a big dance hit in the United States. It peaked at #4 in the UK and New Zealand, its highest position.", "Second Chance (38 Special song). Although \"Second Chance\" would remain 38 Special's career record, Carlisi stated in 2009: \"To this day when the name 38 Special comes up nobody says 'Second Chance'! It was our biggest hit but people always think of 'Hold On Loosely' or 'Caught Up in You' first.\"[1]", "Want You Back (5 Seconds of Summer song). 5 Seconds of Summer", "Paul Young. In 2010, Young recorded \"Come Back\", a sample of his original hit \"Come Back and Stay\", with the electronic dance music act Chicane.[48]", "I Don't Want to Grow Up. Bill was recording with Black Flag and he invited me up to do backing vocals for Loose Nut. He pulled me aside and he’s like \"Hey, I got these songs, but they’re not Black Flag songs, they're really more Descendents songs\", and I said \"Let me hear them.\" It was just an instrumental track and he sang over it and sang \"Silly Girl\" to me and I was like \"Wow!\" He said \"I can't do these in Black Flag.\" I said \"Well, maybe we should do them!\"[8]", "Get Ur Freak On. Released as the album's first single in 2001, the track reached number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Internationally, \"Get Ur Freak On\" became a top ten success in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, where it became her first solo top ten hit, peaking at number four. A remix of the song featuring Nelly Furtado was a dance club hit during this period, and was used both in the soundtrack and in the background of the movie Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001) starring Angelina Jolie. The song is also heard in The Rundown (2003) starring Dwayne Johnson (remixed with AC/DC's \"Back in Black\") and The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005) starring Steve Carell.", "You Raise Me Up. In 2002, it was released on the Secret Garden album Once in a Red Moon, with the vocals sung by Irish singer Brian Kennedy, and sold well in both Ireland and Norway. Originally, Brian Kennedy was supposed to follow Secret Garden on their Asian tour in 2002, but Curb records couldn't come to an agreement with Universal to release Brian, and he reluctantly could not attend the tour. He was replaced by Norwegian singer Jan Werner Danielsen, who also later recorded the song together with Secret Garden. A demo version of this recording was released in 2010, on Danielsen's posthumous compilation album One More Time - The Very Best Of, which included several previously unpublished recordings.", "Boom Boom (Let's Go Back to My Room). In 1992, the song was covered by Turkish singer Seden Gürel in Turkish as \"Bum Bum\" and in 2001, was covered by synthpop group Freezepop as \"Seven Boom Medley\", which combines the song with The Vengaboys' \"Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom\"." ]

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[ "Tyler Mane. In 2007, he played the iconic starring role of Michael Myers in Rob Zombie's remake of Halloween. After winning the role, he noted that he consecutively watched seven of the eight Halloween films (excluding the third because Michael Myers does not appear) to better understand his character.[4] He is the tallest actor (6' 9\") to portray the character.[5][inconsistent] In 2009, he reprised the role again in Rob Zombie's H2, becoming only the second actor to play Michael Myers more than once, and the only actor to play the role in consecutive films.", "Michael Myers (Halloween). A new version of Michael Myers appears in Rob Zombie's Halloween (2007), a reboot of the franchise.[11] The film follows the basic premise of the original film, with an increased focus on Michael's childhood: ten-year-old Michael (Daeg Faerch) is shown killing animals and suffering verbal abuse from Judith (Hanna R. Hall) and his mother's boyfriend Ronnie (William Forsythe), both of whom he later murders. During his time in Smith's Grove, Michael takes up the hobby of creating papier-mâché masks and receives unsuccessful therapy from Dr. Sam Loomis (Malcolm McDowell). As an adult, Michael (Tyler Mane) returns to Haddonfield to reunite with his beloved younger sister Laurie (Scout Taylor-Compton). Laurie, however, is terrified of him and ends up shooting him in self-defense.[12] Zombie's story is continued in the sequel, Halloween II (2009), which picks up right where the remake leaves off and then jumps ahead one year. Here, Michael (Mane) is presumed dead, but resurfaces after a vision of his deceased mother Deborah (Sheri Moon Zombie) informs him that he must track Laurie (Taylor-Compton) down so that they can \"come home\". In the film, Michael and Laurie have a mental link, with the two sharing visions of their mother. During the film's climax, Laurie apparently kills Michael by stabbing him repeatedly in the chest and face with his own knife.[13]", "Halloween (2007 film). Halloween is a 2007 American slasher film written, directed, and produced by Rob Zombie. The film is a remake/reimagining of the 1978 horror film of the same name; the first in the rebooted Halloween film series and the ninth installment of the Halloween franchise. The film stars Tyler Mane as the adult Michael Myers, Malcolm McDowell as Dr. Sam Loomis, and Scout Taylor-Compton as Laurie Strode; Daeg Faerch portrays a ten-year-old Michael Myers. Rob Zombie's \"reimagining\" follows the premise of John Carpenter's original, with Michael Myers stalking Laurie Strode and her friends on Halloween night. Zombie's film goes deeper into the character's psyche, trying to answer the question of what drove him to kill people, whereas in Carpenter's original film Michael did not have an explicit reason for killing.", "Halloween (2007 film). Peter Hartlaub, of the San Francisco Chronicle, felt Zombie was successful in both \"[putting] his own spin on Halloween, while at the same time paying tribute to Carpenter's film\"; he thought Zombie managed to make Michael Myers almost \"sympathetic\" as a child, but that the last third of the film felt more like a montage of scenes with Halloween slipping into \"slasher-film logic\".[47] Nathan Lee of The Village Voice disagreed in part with Harlaub, feeling that Halloween may have placed too much emphasis on providing sympathy for Michael Myers, but that it succeeded in \"[deepening] Carpenter's vision without rooting out its fear\".[48] The film critic Matthew Turner believed the first half of the film, which featured the prequel elements of Michael as a child, were better played than the remake elements of the second half. In short, Turner stated that performances from the cast were \"superb\", with Malcolm McDowell being perfectly cast as Dr. Loomis, but that the film lacked the scare value of Carpenter’s original.[49] Jamie Russell from the BBC agreed that the first half of the film worked better than the last half; she stated that Zombie’s expanded backstory on Michael was \"surprisingly effective\"—also agreeing that McDowell was perfectly cast as Loomis—but that Zombie failed to deliver the \"supernatural dread\" that Carpenter created for Michael in his 1978 original.[50]", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. For the role of Dr. Terence Wynn, Mitchell Ryan was cast, based on his performance in Lethal Weapon (1987); Farrands originally urged the producers to cast Christopher Lee, having had the veteran horror actor in mind when writing the character. This is a reference on Carpenter's initial choice for role of Dr. Loomis during film making of Halloween from 1978 where he was offered that role, but declined due to low pay, only later to regret in later years.[35] Denise Richards also auditioned for the part of Beth, but the studio passed on her, giving the role to Mariah O'Brien.[36] Stunt performer George P. Wilbur, who portrayed Michael in the fourth installment, reprised his role as Michael Myers. However, once reshoots took place, Wilbur was replaced by A. Michael Lerner as director Joe Chapelle found Wilbur to be \"too bulky.\"[37]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). In Robot Chicken's nineteenth episode, \"That Hurts Me\", Michael Myers (voiced by Seth Green) appears as a housemate of \"Horror Movie Big Brother\", alongside fellow horror movie killers Jason Voorhees, Ghostface, Freddy Krueger, Pinhead, and Leatherface. Myers is evicted from the house, and takes off his mask to reveal himself to be the comedian Mike Myers, and utters his Austin Powers catchphrase, \"I feel randy, baby, yeah!\" He then proceeds to kill the host.[34] Michael appeared on 25 April 2008 episode of Ghost Whisperer, starring Jennifer Love Hewitt, titled \"Horror Show\". Here, a spirit communicates with Hewitt's character by placing her in scenes from the deceased's favorite horror movies, and one of the scenes involved Michael Myers.[35] The Cold Case episode \"Bad Night\" has the main characters reopening a 1978 murder case after new evidence indicates the victim was not killed by a mentally disturbed man who, after seeing Halloween in theatres, went on a killing spree dressed as Michael.[36] Michael Myers makes a cameo appearance in Rob Zombie's The Haunted World of El Superbeasto, released on 22 September 2009.[37] Michael Myers also makes an appearance in the DLC pack for the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts, Onslaught, as a playable character.[38] Myers also makes an appearance in the video game Dead by Daylight as his own playable character.[39]", "Rob Zombie. Zombie opted to focus on his career as a director in 2007, following the release of his third studio album a year prior. It was confirmed in 2006 that Zombie had signed on to write and direct a remake of the horror classic Halloween (1978).[119] Zombie later referred to the film as a \"re-imagining\" of the original John Carpenter film.[120] Zombie's version of the film was officially released on August 31, 2007.[121][122] Thanks to its opening weekend of $30.5 million, the film broke the box-office record for the Labor Day weekend, surpassing the record set in 2005 by Transporter 2 with $20.1 million.[123] It still currently resides as the top Labor Day weekend grosser.[124] The film went on to become Zombie's highest grossing release to date.[125][126] Despite these achievements, the film was generally panned by critics upon its release.[127] Based on 109 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, Halloween received an average 25% overall approval rating based on 110 reviews, with the consensus \"Rob Zombie doesn't bring many new ideas to the table in Halloween, making it another bloody disappointment for fans of the franchise.\"[128] Zombie directed a fictitious trailer for a film Werewolf Women of the SS, which was featured in the film Grindhouse (2007).[129][130] That same year, Zombie released his first live album, Zombie Live.[131]", "Halloween (franchise). After Halloween III was released, Michael Myers was brought back into the franchise with 1988's The Return of Michael Myers, where he has stayed for the remainder of the series. Four more sequels would follow, between 1988 and 2002, before the series would take a break for five years. On June 4, 2006, Dimension Films announced that Rob Zombie, director of House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil's Rejects, would be creating the next installment in the Halloween franchise. Bob Weinstein approached Rob Zombie about making the film, and Zombie, who was a fan of the original Halloween and friend of John Carpenter, jumped at the chance to make a Halloween film for Dimension Films.[17] Before Dimension went public with the news, Zombie felt obligated to inform John Carpenter, out of respect, of the plans to remake his film.[18] Carpenter's request was for Zombie to \"make it his own [film]\".[19] Zombie's film would combine the elements of prequel and remake with the original concept, with considerable original content in the new film.[20] Zombie also wanted to reinvent the character, as he felt Michael, along with Freddy Krueger, Jason Voorhees, and Pinhead, had become too familiar to audiences, and as a result, less scary.[21] Zombie delved deeper into Michael Myers's mythology. Michael's mask was even given its own story to provide an explanation as to why he wears it, instead of having the character simply steal a random mask from a hardware store, as in the original film.[22] Zombie wanted to bring Michael closer to what a psychopath really is, and wanted the mask to be a way for Michael to hide.[18]", "Halloween II (2009 film). Halloween II is a 2009 American slasher film written, directed, and produced by Rob Zombie. The film is a sequel to Zombie's 2007 remake of 1978's Halloween, and the tenth installment of the franchise. Picking up where the 2007 film ended and then jumping ahead two years, Halloween II follows Laurie Strode as she deals with the aftermath of the previous film's events, Dr. Loomis who is trying to capitalize on those events by publishing a new book that chronicles everything that happened, and Michael Myers as he continues his search for Laurie so that he can reunite with his sister. The film sees the return of lead cast members from the 2007 film Malcolm McDowell, Scout Taylor-Compton, and Tyler Mane, who portray Dr. Loomis, Laurie Strode, and Michael Myers, respectively.", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Michael Myers is a fictional character from the Halloween series of slasher films. He first appears in John Carpenter's Halloween (1978) as a young boy who murders his sister and then, fifteen years later, returns home to murder more teenagers. In the original Halloween, the adult Michael Myers, referred to as The Shape in the closing credits, was portrayed by Nick Castle for most of the film, with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in during the final scenes. The character was created by Debra Hill and John Carpenter and has appeared in nine films, as well as novels, multiple video games, and several comic books.", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. Fred Walton (director of When a Stranger Calls and April Fool's Day) was originally attached to direct the film but dropped out.[26][38] Special effects artist John Carl Buechler created the mask for the film, which was based heavily on the mask featured in the poster for Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers.[37] Buechler hand-crafted the mask over actor George P. Wilbur's face.[37]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Ignoring the events of the previous three films, Halloween H20: 20 Years Later (1998) establishes that Michael Myers (Chris Durand) has been missing since the explosion in 1978. Laurie Strode (Curtis) has faked her death to escape her brother, and is now living in California under an assumed name with her teenage son John (Josh Hartnett). On the twentieth anniversary of their last meeting, Michael tracks Laurie and her son to the private boarding school where she is headmistress, and murders John's friends. Getting her son to safety, Laurie willingly goes back to face Michael, and succeeds in decapitating him.[9] Halloween: Resurrection (2002), which picks up three years after H20, retcons Michael's death, establishing that the man Laurie decapitated was a paramedic whom Michael had attacked and swapped clothes with. Michael (Brad Loree) tracks down an institutionalized Laurie (Curtis) and kills her. Returning to Haddonfield, he finds and kills a group of college students filming an internet reality show inside his childhood home. Contestant Sara Moyer (Bianca Kajlich) and show producer Freddie Harris (Busta Rhymes) escape by trapping Michael in a burning garage.[10]", "Halloween (1978 film). The role of \"The Shape\" — as the masked Michael Myers character was billed in the end credits — was played by Nick Castle, who befriended Carpenter while they attended the University of Southern California. After Halloween, Castle became a director, taking the helm of films such as The Last Starfighter (1984), The Boy Who Could Fly (1986), Dennis the Menace (1993), and Major Payne (1995).[22]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). The character is the primary antagonist in the Halloween film series, except Halloween III: Season of the Witch, which is not connected in continuity to the rest of the films. Since Castle, Moran, and Wallace put on the mask in the original film, six people have stepped into the same role. Tyler Mane is the only actor to have portrayed Michael Myers in consecutive films, and one of only two actors to portray the character more than once. Michael Myers is characterized as pure evil, both directly in the films, by the filmmakers who created and developed the character over nine films, as well as by random participants in a survey.[2][3]", "Planet Terror. Planet Terror is a 2007 American zombie film directed by Robert Rodriguez and starring Rose McGowan, Freddy Rodriguez, Josh Brolin, Marley Shelton, Naveen Andrews, Michael Biehn, Jeff Fahey, Stacy Ferguson, and Bruce Willis. It follows a group of people attempting to survive an onslaught of zombie-like creatures as they feud with a military unit. It was released theatrically in North America as part of a double feature with Quentin Tarantino's Death Proof under the title Grindhouse, to emulate the experience of viewing exploitation films in a \"grindhouse\" theater. In addition to directing the film, Rodriguez wrote the script, directed the cinematography, wrote the musical score, co-edited, and produced it.", "Malcolm McDowell. McDowell appeared as Dr. Samuel Loomis in Rob Zombie's remakes of Halloween and Halloween II (in 2007 and 2009, respectively).[17] Although the films were not well received critically, they performed better at the box office and McDowell was widely praised for his performances and for being perfectly cast.[18][19] He also played Desmond LaRochette in Robert Whitlow's The List (2007), and Irish patriarch Enda Doyle in Red Roses and Petrol (2003).[20] His next film is the Canadian vampire comedy rock and roll film Suck (2009) with actor/director Rob Stefaniuk and the upcoming Alex Wright film Two Wolves.[21] In December 2009, he made an appearance in the music video \"Snuff\" by the heavy metal band Slipknot.[22] He appears, uncredited, as the curator Lombardi, in the film The Book of Eli (2010). McDowell portrayed Satan in the Christian comedy thriller film Suing the Devil (2011).[23]", "Halloween (2007 film). On December 19, 2006, Zombie announced to Bloody-Disgusting that Daeg Faerch would play the part of ten-year-old Michael Myers.[12] On December 22, 2006, Malcolm McDowell was officially announced to be playing Dr. Loomis.[13] McDowell stated that he wanted a tremendous ego in Loomis, who is out to get a new book from the ordeal.[9] On December 24, 2006, Zombie announced that Tyler Mane, who had previously worked with Zombie on The Devil's Rejects, would portray the adult Michael Myers.[14] Mane stated that it was very difficult to act only with his eyes.[15] Scout Taylor-Compton endured a long audition process, but as director Zombie explains, \"Scout was my first choice. There was just something about her; she had a genuine quality. She didn't seem actor-y.\"[16] She was one of the final people to be cast for a lead role after Faerch, Mane, McDowell, Forsythe, and Harris.[17] A contest was held for a walk-on role in the film, at the time called Halloween 9; it was won by Heather Bowen.[18] She played a news reporter who covered Michael's arrest, but her scene was cut from the film and does not appear in the deleted scenes.[19]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Michael Myers made his first appearance in the original 1978 film, Halloween, although the masked character is credited as \"The Shape\" in the first two films. In the beginning of Halloween, a 9-year-old Michael (Will Sandin) murders his teenage sister Judith (Sandy Johnson) on Halloween, 1963. Fifteen years later, Michael (Nick Castle) escapes Smith's Grove Sanitarium and returns to his hometown of Haddonfield, Illinois. He stalks teenage babysitter Laurie Strode (Jamie Lee Curtis) on Halloween, while his psychiatrist Dr. Sam Loomis (Donald Pleasence) attempts to track him down. Murdering her friends, Michael finally attacks Laurie, but she manages to fend him off long enough for Loomis to save her. Loomis shoots Michael six times, before Michael falls over the house's second-story balcony ledge; when Loomis goes to check Michael's body, he finds it missing.[4] Michael returns in the sequel, Halloween II (1981). The film picks up directly where the original ends, with Dr. Loomis still looking for Michael. Michael (Dick Warlock) follows Laurie Strode (Curtis) to the local hospital, where he wanders the halls in search of her, killing security guards, doctors, and nurses that get in his way. Loomis learns that Laurie Strode is Michael's younger sister, and rushes to the hospital to find them. He causes an explosion in the operating theater, allowing Laurie to escape as he and Michael are engulfed by the flames.[5]", "Rob Zombie. Zombie directed The Devil's Rejects (2005), a direct sequel to his prior film House of 1000 Corpses. The project received a more positive reception than its predecessor. His third studio album, Educated Horses (2006), was a departure from his earlier recordings. The album became his third to enter the top ten of the Billboard 200, though saw a decrease in sales when compared to his previous releases. Deciding to focus on his directing career, Zombie directed the horror film Halloween (2007), a remake of the 1978 horror classic of the same name. The film became Zombie's highest-grossing film to date, though was met with a lukewarm critical reception. He later directed Halloween II (2009) which failed to match the success of its predecessor. He released the animated film The Haunted World of El Superbeasto that same year. Zombie returned to music with the release of his fourth studio album, Hellbilly Deluxe 2 (2010). The album peaked at number eight in the United States, and sold over 200,000 copies in the country.", "Mystery Science Theater 3000. Actor Adam West, star of the 1960s Batman TV series, co-starred in Zombie Nightmare, another film MST3K mocked. West apparently held no grudges, as he hosted the 1994 \"Turkey Day\" marathon in which the episode featuring Zombie Nightmare had its broadcast premiere. Mamie van Doren (who appeared in episode 112, Untamed Youth, and episode 601, Girls Town), Robert Vaughn (star of episode 315, Teenage Cave Man, which he called the worst movie ever made) and Beverly Garland (who had appeared in many MST3K-featured Roger Corman films) also hosted at the marathon.", "Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. When I first saw the original, I was dating a girl and took her to a theater in Boston to see it. We were the only ones in the place, but she was climbing all over me. When Halloween II came out, I got completely blitzed and saw it, and I had the best time. So when the director, Dwight Little, asked me to write the script, I jumped at the chance. Here I was going to bring the Shape — Michael Myers — back to life. It's a piece of film history. He's truly an icon.[10]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Michael does not speak in the films; the first time audiences ever hear his voice is in the 2007 Rob Zombie reboot. Michael speaks as a child during the beginning of the film, but while in Smith's Grove he stops talking completely. Rob Zombie originally planned to have the adult Michael speak to Laurie in the film's finale, simply saying his childhood nickname for her, \"Boo\". Zombie explained that this version was not used because he was afraid having the character talk at that point would demystify him too much, and because the act of Michael handing Laurie the photograph of them together was enough.[32]", "Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. On October 30, 1988, Michael Myers (George P. Wilbur), who has been in a comatose state for ten years since the explosion at Haddonfield Memorial Hospital, is transferred to Smith's Grove Sanitarium by ambulance. En route, Michael awakens, kills the ambulance personnel, and makes his way to Haddonfield. Michael's former psychiatrist, Dr. Sam Loomis (Donald Pleasence), learns of Michael's escape and gives chase. He follows Michael to a gas station, where he has killed a mechanic for his clothes, along with a clerk and disabled the phones. Michael then escapes in a tow truck and causes an explosion, destroying Loomis's car in the process. Loomis is then forced to catch a ride to Haddonfield.", "Rob Reiner. Robert Reiner (born March 6, 1947) is an American actor, writer, director, producer, and activist. As an actor, Reiner first came to national prominence with the role of Michael Stivic on All in the Family (1971–1979). That role earned him two Emmy Awards during the 1970s. As a director, Reiner was recognized by the Directors Guild of America (DGA) with nominations for the coming of age comedy-drama film Stand by Me (1986), the romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally... (1989), and the military courtroom drama A Few Good Men (1992). He also directed the psychological horror-thriller Misery (1990), the romantic comedy fantasy adventure The Princess Bride (1987), and the heavy metal mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap (1984).", "Halloween (2007 film). On June 4, 2006, Dimension announced that Rob Zombie, director of House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil's Rejects, would be creating the next installment in the Halloween film series.[4] The plan was for Zombie to hold many positions in the production; he would write, direct, produce, and serve as music supervisor.[4] Bob Weinstein approached him about making the film. Zombie, who was a fan of the original Halloween and a friend of John Carpenter, jumped at the chance to make a Halloween film for Dimension Studios.[4] Before Dimension went public with the news, Zombie felt obligated to inform Carpenter, out of respect, of the plans to remake his film.[5] Carpenter's request was for Zombie to \"make it his own\".[3] During a June 16, 2006 interview, Zombie announced that his film would combine the elements of prequel and remake with the original concept, and insisted that there would be considerable original content in the new film as opposed to mere rehashed material.[6] The BBC reported that the new film would disregard the numerous sequels that followed Halloween.[7]", "Rob Zombie. In 2012, Zombie released a second remix album and directed the horror film The Lords of Salem, which was released the following year. He released his fifth studio album Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor the following year (2013). He directed the horror film 31, and has purchased the rights to a film about the NHL team Philadelphia Flyers, titled The Broad Street Bullies; no release date for the film has been announced. Since the beginning of his music career, Zombie's music and lyrics have featured notable horror and sci-fi themes. His live shows have been praised for their elaborate shock rock theatricality.[13] Since beginning his solo career, Zombie has sold an estimated fifteen million albums worldwide.[14]", "Rob Zombie. Zombie later stated that Tyrannosaurus Rex would be his next released film after The Lords of Salem, though the project has since been put on hold for a second time.[180] In 2012, it was confirmed that Zombie would be writing and directing a film titled The Broad Street Bullies, which would be based on the Philadelphia Flyers hockey team.[181][182] The film will be Zombie's first non-horror film.[183][184] He has since stated that the film was in the \"research stages\", and a release date is unknown.[185] Much like Tyrannosaurus Rex, the film, along with Rock Bottom Creek, has been put on hold indefinitely. Zombie released a second remix album, titled Mondo Sex Head, on August 6, 2012.[186] The album featured remixed material from Zombie's first four studio albums, as well as his releases with White Zombie.[187] The album was released through Geffen Records, despite Zombie having left the label.[188] Zombie embarked on the Twins of Evil Tour with American rock band Marilyn Manson beginning on September 28, 2012.[189] The tour concluded following a publicized feud between the artists while on tour, with the two groups often feuding while on stage.[190] The tour officially concluded on December 12, 2012.[190]", "Halloween (2018 film). On December 20, 2017, it was announced that Nick Castle, who had portrayed Michael Myers in the original film, would reprise his role, with actor and stuntman James Jude Courtney set to portray Myers as well.[44][45][46] Courtney was suggested to Malek Akkad and David Gordon Green by stunt coordinator Rawn Hutchinson for his ability to do both physical stunts and genuine acting, auditioning afterwards and receiving a phone call in December 2017 affirming that he had landed the role. Green explained to him his vision for Myers's mannerisms, an amalgamation of Castle's original performance and the addition of an efficient cat-eque style of movement. Courtney tailored his portrayal to those specifications from observing an actual cat, \"I think cats are the most perfect hunting machines on the planet. And the beauty of it is we don't judge a cat for what a cat does. So I sort of carried that movement and the non-judgmental approach to the way I moved as The Shape, which I learned from my cat Parcival.\" He referred to collaborating with Castle as an \"honor\", while Castle described it as a \"passing of the torch\". Courtney used John Carpenter and Castle's work on the original film to determine how the forty years that transpired between the events of the films would inform the character over time.[47]", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers is a 1995 American slasher film directed by Joe Chappelle, written by Daniel Farrands, and starring Paul Rudd, Marianne Hagan, and Donald Pleasence. The sixth installment in the Halloween film series, it follows a young woman living with her family in Michael Myers's childhood home who finds herself stalked by Myers on Halloween. At her aid is Tommy Doyle, a returning character from the original Halloween film, and Dr. Sam Loomis. The plot of the film formally introduced the \"Curse of Thorn\", a mystical symbol first referenced in The Revenge of Michael Myers (1989) and revealed in the film to be the source of Michael Myers's immortality and drive to kill.[4]", "List of Rob Zombie characters. In describing Spaulding for his review for The Devil's Rejects, film critic Roger Ebert wrote \"He is a man whose teeth are so bad, they're more frightening than his clown make-up. He plays such a thoroughly disgusting person, indeed, that I was driven to discover that in real life Sid looks, well, presentable... This was a relief to me, because anyone who really looked like Captain Spaulding would send shoppers screaming from the Wal-Mart.\"[1]", "Halloween (2007 film). Zombie's intention was to reinvent Michael Myers because, in his opinion, the character, along with Freddy Krueger, Jason Voorhees, and Pinhead, had become more familiar to audiences, and as a result, less scary.[7][8] The idea behind the new film was to delve deeper into Michael's back story and add \"new life\" to the character.[6] Michael's mask will be given its own story, to provide an explanation as to why he wears it, instead of having the character simply steal a random mask from a hardware store, as in the original film.[9] Zombie explained that he wanted Michael to be true to what a psychopath really is, and wanted the mask to be a way for Michael to hide. He also wanted the young Michael to have charisma, which would be projected onto the adult Michael. In addition, he decided that Michael's motives for returning to Haddonfield would be more ambiguous, explaining, \"[W]as he trying to kill Laurie, or just find her because he loves her?\"[5]", "List of Rob Zombie characters. The actor who portrayed Dr. Satan (Walter Phalen) also makes an appearance as Tiny in a flashback sequence to when The Professor sets him on fire." ]

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[ "Filet mignon. Filet mignon (/ˌfiːleɪ ˈmiːnjɒ̃/;[1] French for \"tender fillet\" or \"delicate/ fine fillet\") is a steak cut of beef taken from the smaller end of the tenderloin, or psoas major of the beef carcass, usually a steer or heifer. In French this cut can also be called filet de bœuf, which translates in English to beef fillet.", "Beef tenderloin. A beef tenderloin, known as an eye fillet in Australasia, filet in France, and fillet in the United Kingdom and South Africa[1], is cut from the loin of beef.", "Filet mignon. In the U.S., both the central and large end of the tenderloin are often sold as filet mignon in supermarkets and restaurants. The French terms for these cuts are tournedos (the smaller central portion), châteaubriand (the larger central portion), and biftek (cut from the large end known as the tête de filet (lit. \"head of filet\") in French).[2]", "Filet mignon. The tenderloin is the most tender cut of beef and is also arguably the most desirable and therefore the most expensive. The average steer or heifer provides no more than 500 grams of filet mignon. Because the muscle is not weight-bearing, it contains less connective tissue, which makes it tender. However, it is generally not as flavorful as some other cuts of beef (example, primal rib cuts), and is often wrapped in bacon to enhance flavor, and/or is served with a sauce.", "Filet mignon. The tenderloin runs along both sides of the spine, and is usually harvested as two long snake-shaped cuts of beef. The tenderloin is sometimes sold whole. When sliced along the short dimension, creating roughly round cuts, and tube cuts, the cuts (fillets) from the small forward end are considered to be filet mignon. Those from the center are tournedos; however, some butchers in the United States label all types of tenderloin steaks \"filet mignon.\" In fact, the shape of the true filet mignon may be a hindrance when cooking, so most restaurants sell steaks from the wider end of the tenderloin - it is both cheaper and much more presentable.", "Filet-O-Fish. The Filet-O-Fish, otherwise known as the Fish-O-Filet, is a fish sandwich sold by the international fast food restaurant chain McDonald's. It was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen, a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati, Ohio,[1][2] in response to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays.[3] While the fish composition of the sandwich has changed through the years to satisfy taste and supply shortcomings, the framework of its ingredients have remained constant; a fried breaded fish fillet, a steamed bun, tartar sauce and pasteurized processed American cheese.", "Filet mignon. The same cut of beef can also be called:", "Filet-O-Fish. The use of farmed fish in the Filet-O-Fish first came about in 1981, when an owner of a New Zealand fisheries company was dissatisfied with the pollock Filet-O-Fish he purchased at the Courtenay Place, Wellington restaurant. Saying to the manager that he could make a better-tasting fish fillet, he was handed a box of fillets and told to come back with identical, better-tasting fillets. He substituted red cod for the pollock, and after the manager was satisfied with the better-tasting red cod fillets, ended up in agreement to supply the Courtenay Place restaurant (and eventually several other New Zealand restaurants) with the red cod fillets. The similar-tasting hoki was substituted several years later, due to its competitive market value and its boneless fillets, and eventually was introduced widely in the early 1990s when global pollock stocks were facing low numbers.[14] McDonald's removed the Filet-O-Fish from its menus in the United States on September 26, 1996,[15] and replaced it with the Fish Filet Deluxe sandwich, which was part of McDonald's ill-fated Deluxe line of sandwiches. However, the Filet-O-Fish was brought back to its menus on a gradual basis starting in the middle of 1997, due to overwhelming letters and petitions, receiving the larger fish patty from the Fish Filet Deluxe. The Fish Filet Deluxe itself was discontinued at most restaurants early the next year, while others kept it a little longer until the Fish Filet Deluxe was finally removed in the year 2000.[16]", "Beef tenderloin. The three main \"cuts\" of the tenderloin are the butt, the center-cut, and the tail.[5] The butt end is usually suitable for carpaccio, as the eye can be quite large; cutting a whole tenderloin into steaks of equal weight will yield proportionally very thin steaks from the butt end. The center-cut is suitable for portion-controlled steaks, as the diameter of the eye remains relatively consistent. The center-cut can yield the traditional filet mignon or tenderloin steak, as well as the Chateaubriand steak and beef Wellington. The tail, which is generally unsuitable for steaks due to size inconsistency, can be used in recipes where small pieces of a tender cut are called for, such as beef Stroganoff.", "Filet mignon. Traditional cooking calls for the filet mignon to be seared on each side using intense heat for a short time and then transferred to a lower heat to cook the meat all the way through. Filet mignon is often served rarer than other meats. Those preferring a more well-done steak can request a \"butterflied\" filet, meaning that the meat is cut down the middle and opened up to expose more of it to heat during the cooking process.", "Strip steak. In Canada, most meat purveyors refer to this cut as a strip loin;[5] in French it is known as contre-filet.", "Filet-O-Fish. As of December 2014[update], the US Filet-O-Fish contains a battered, fried fish fillet made from Alaska pollock.[4] In the Republic of Ireland either hoki or Alaska pollock may be served.[5] In New Zealand and the United Kingdom Filet-O-Fish contains hoki instead of Alaska pollock.[6] McDonald's Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Portugal, Czech Republic, The Netherlands and Hong Kong use a half slice of cheese in each Filet-O-Fish sandwich.[7][8][9][10]", "Filet-O-Fish. The sandwich was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen, a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati;[1][2] his store was in a predominantly Roman Catholic neighborhood, which led to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays. [3]", "Filet-O-Fish. It has become popular with people with dietary restrictions concerning meat-based products.", "Filet mignon. Filet mignon may be cut into 1- to 2-inch-thick portions, then grilled and served as-is. One also may find filet mignon in stores already cut into portions and wrapped with bacon. High heat is the usual method for cooking the filet mignon, either grilling, pan frying, broiling, or roasting.", "Friday. Traditionally, Roman Catholics were obliged to refrain from eating the meat of warm-blooded animals[11] on Fridays, although fish was allowed. The Filet-O-Fish was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen, a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati, Ohio,[12] [13] in response to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays. [14]", "Sirloin steak. The sirloin steak is cut from the back of the animal.", "T-bone steak. The T-bone and porterhouse are steaks of beef cut from the short loin (called the sirloin in Commonwealth countries). Both steaks include a \"T-shaped\" bone with meat on each side. Porterhouse steaks are cut from the rear end of the short loin and thus include more tenderloin steak, along with (on the other side of the bone) a large strip steak. T-bone steaks are cut closer to the front, and contain a smaller section of tenderloin. The smaller portion of a T-bone, when sold alone, is known as a filet mignon, especially if it's cut from the small forward end of the tenderloin.", "Steak. Steaks are also cut from grazing animals, usually farmed, other than cattle, including bison, camel, goat, horse, kangaroo,[2][3] sheep, ostrich, pigs, reindeer, turkey, deer and zebu as well as various types of fish, especially salmon and large pelagic fish such as swordfish, shark and marlin. For some meats, such as pork, lamb and mutton, chevon and veal, these cuts are often referred to as chops. Some cured meat, such as gammon, is commonly served as steak.", "Filet mignon. Porterhouse steaks and T-bone steaks are large cuts that include the fillet. The small medallion on one side of the bone is the fillet, and the long strip of meat on the other side of the bone is the strip steak—in Commonwealth of Nations usage, only the strip steak is called the porterhouse.", "Filet mignon. Bacon is often used in cooking filet mignon because of the low levels of fat found in the cut (see barding), as fillets have low levels of marbling, or intramuscular fat. Bacon is wrapped around the fillet and pinned closed with a wooden toothpick. This adds flavor and keeps the fillet from drying out during the cooking process.", "Beef tenderloin. The tenderloin is an oblong shape spanning two primal cuts: the short loin (called the sirloin in Commonwealth countries) and the sirloin (called the rump in Commonwealth countries).[3] The tenderloin sits beneath the ribs, next to the backbone. It has two ends: the butt and the \"tail\". The smaller, pointed end—the \"tail\"—starts a little past the ribs, growing in thickness until it ends in the \"sirloin\" primal cut, which is closer to the butt of the cow.[4] This muscle does very little work, so it is the most tender part of the beef.[5]", "Rib eye steak. A rib steak is a beef steak sliced from the rib primal of a beef animal, with rib bone attached. In the United States, the term rib eye steak or Spencer steak is used for a rib steak with the bone removed; however in some areas, and outside the U.S., the terms are often used interchangeably. The term \"cowboy ribeye\" or \"cowboy cut\" is often used in American restaurants for a bone-in rib eye. The rib eye or \"ribeye\" was originally, as the name implies, the center best portion of the rib steak, without the bone.", "Filet-O-Fish. The sandwich was the first non-hamburger menu item brought in by new McDonald's company owner Ray Kroc.[11] Kroc made a deal with Groen: they would sell two non-meat sandwiches on a Friday, Kroc's own Hula Burger (grilled pineapple with cheese on a cold bun) and the Filet-O-Fish, and whichever sold the most would be added to the permanent menu. The Filet-O-Fish \"won hands down\"[12] and was added to menus throughout 1963 until reaching nationwide status in 1965.[13]", "Beef. The Belgian or Dutch dish filet américain is also made of finely chopped ground beef, though it is seasoned differently, and either eaten as a main dish or can be used as a dressing for a sandwich. Kibbeh nayyeh is a similar Lebanese and Syrian dish. And in Ethiopia, a ground raw meat dish called tire siga or kitfo is eaten (upon availability).", "Sirloin steak. In a common British, South African, and Australian butchery, the word sirloin refers to cuts of meat from the upper middle of the animal, similar to the American short loin, while the American sirloin is called the rump. Because of this difference in terminology, in these countries, the T-bone steak is regarded as a cut of the sirloin.", "Filet-O-Fish. As of January 2013 the Marine Stewardship Council stated that the pollock comes from suppliers with sustainable fishing practices, and McDonald's packaging and promotion will reflect that change.[22]", "Sirloin steak. In a common U.S. butchery, the steak is cut from the rear back portion of the animal, continuing off the short loin from which T-bone, porterhouse, and club steaks are cut. The sirloin is actually divided into several types of steak. The top sirloin is the most prized of these and is specifically marked for sale under that name. The bottom sirloin, which is less tender and much larger, is typically marked for sale simply as \"sirloin steak\". The bottom sirloin in turn connects to the sirloin tip roast.", "Tallow. Tallow is a rendered form of beef or mutton fat, and is primarily made up of triglycerides. It is solid at room temperature. Unlike suet, tallow can be stored for extended periods without the need for refrigeration to prevent decomposition, provided it is kept in an airtight container to prevent oxidation.", "Pork chop. The center cut or pork loin chop includes a large T-shaped bone, and is structurally similar to the beef T-bone steak.[5] Rib chops come from the rib portion of the loin, and are similar to rib eye steaks. Blade or shoulder chops come from the spine, and tend to contain much connective tissue. The sirloin chop is taken from the (rear) leg end and also contains much connective tissue. The shoulder end produces chops that are considerably fattier than the chops taken from the loin end.[1]", "Sirloin steak. The word sirloin derives from the Middle English surloine, itself derived from the Old French word surloigne (variant of surlonge), that is, sur for 'above' and longe for 'loin'.[1][2][3] In Modern French, the cut of meat is called aloyau or faux-filet.[4] A commonly-repeated anecdote claims that the name is derived from an occasion when King James I of England, while being entertained at Hoghton Tower during his return from Scotland in 1617, was so impressed by the quality of his steak that he knighted the loin of beef, which was referred to thereafter as \"Sir loin\". There is no reliable evidence for this explanation and scholars generally hold it to be a myth.[5]", "Beef cattle. Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). The meat of mature cattle is mostly known as beef.\nIn beef production there are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. The production cycle of the animals start at cow-calf operations; this operation is designed specifically to breed cows for their offspring. From here the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals not grown for a feedlot are typically female and are commonly known as replacement heifers.\nWhile the principal use of beef cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and beef by-products used in candy, shampoo, cosmetics, insulin and inhalers." ]

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[ "A Game of Thrones. A Game of Thrones is the first novel in A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 1, 1996. The novel won the 1997 Locus Award[2] and was nominated for both the 1997 Nebula Award[2] and the 1997 World Fantasy Award.[3] The novella Blood of the Dragon, comprising the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel, won the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella. In January 2011 the novel became a New York Times bestseller[4] and reached #1 on the list in July 2011.[5]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin. He began the first volume of the series, A Game of Thrones, in 1991 and had it published in 1996. Martin, who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy, has published five out of a planned seven volumes. The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011, A Dance with Dragons, took Martin six years to write. He is still writing the sixth novel, The Winds of Winter.", "Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire. The first issue of the comic book adaptation of the first novel, A Game of Thrones, by fantasy author Daniel Abraham and artist Tommy Patterson, was published by Dynamite Entertainment in September 2011. The series is set to run for 24 issues and is intended to follow the story of the novel closely.", "Game of Thrones. The series began development in January 2007.[2] HBO acquired the TV rights to the novels, with Benioff and Weiss as its executive producers, and Martin as a co-executive producer. The intention was for each novel to yield a season's worth of episodes.[2] Initially, Martin would write one episode per season while Benioff and Weiss would write the rest of the episodes.[2][37] Jane Espenson and Bryan Cogman were later added to write one episode apiece the first season.[4]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long (without the appendices),[35] with the publication following in August 1996.[11] Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book's and hence series' early success with fantasy readers.[36] Blood of the Dragon, a pre-release sample novella drawn from Daenerys's chapters, went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella.[37]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991, he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon. After three chapters, he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow, which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones.[28] Putting Avalon aside, Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story.[29] After a few more chapters, Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story[29] and started making maps and genealogies.[23] However, the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired.[26]", "Game of Thrones. A companion book, Inside HBO's Game of Thrones (ISBN 978-1-4521-1010-3) by series writer Bryan Cogman, was published on September 27, 2012. The 192-page book, illustrated with concept art and behind-the-scenes photographs, covers the creation of the series' first two seasons and its principal characters and families.[292]", "Game of Thrones (season 1). The first season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 17, 2011, at 9.00 pm in the U.S., and concluded on June 19, 2011. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 55 minutes. The series is based on A Game of Thrones, the first novel in the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008; filming began the following year. However, it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles being recast. In March 2010, HBO ordered the first season, which began filming in July 2010, primarily in Belfast, Northern Ireland, with additional filming in Malta.", "A Song of Ice and Fire. The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book, entitled A Clash of Kings.[31] It was released in February 1999 in the United States,[13] with a manuscript length (without appendices) of 1184 pages.[35] A Clash of Kings was the first book of the Ice and Fire series to make the best-seller lists,[26] reaching 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999.[38] After the success of The Lord of the Rings films, Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers.[26]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. The fourth installment, A Feast for Crows, was an immediate best-seller at its 2005 release,[23] hitting number one on \"The New York Times\" hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27, 2005, which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin's books were attracting mainstream readers.[1] The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010, surpassing the one million mark.[128] Before it even premiered, the TV series had boosted sales of the book series, with Ice and Fire approaching triple-digit growth in year-on-year sales. Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie-ins boost sales further,[53] and Martin's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature.[129] With a reported 4.5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011,[53] the four volumes re-appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011.[123][130]", "George R. R. Martin. This would eventually turn into his epic fantasy series: A Song of Ice and Fire, which was inspired by the Wars of the Roses, The Accursed Kings[44] and Ivanhoe. Martin originally conceptualised it as being three volumes.[45] It is currently intended to comprise seven volumes. The first, A Game of Thrones, was published in 1996, followed by A Clash of Kings in 1998 and A Storm of Swords in 2000. In November 2005, A Feast for Crows, the fourth novel in this series, became The New York Times No. 1 Bestseller[46] and also achieved No. 1 ranking on The Wall Street Journal bestseller list.[citation needed] In addition, in September 2006, A Feast for Crows was nominated for both a Quill Award and the British Fantasy Award.[47][not in citation given] The fifth book, A Dance with Dragons, was published July 12, 2011, and quickly became an international bestseller, including achieving a No. 1 spot on the New York Times Bestseller List[48] and many others; it remained on the New York Times list for 88 weeks. The series has received praise from authors, readers, and critics alike. In 2012, A Dance With Dragons made the final ballot for science fiction and fantasy's Hugo Award,[49] World Fantasy Award,[50] Locus Poll Award, and the British Fantasy Award;[51] the novel went on to win the Locus Poll Award for Best Fantasy Novel.[52] Two more novels are planned and still being written in the series: The Winds of Winter and the final volume A Dream of Spring. On April 25, 2018, Martin announced the release date of his new book, Fire & Blood, dealing with the history of House Targaryen, which will be available on November 20, 2018.[53]", "A Dance with Dragons. A Dance with Dragons is the fifth of seven planned novels in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by American author George R. R. Martin. In some areas the paperback edition was published in two parts titled Dreams and Dust and After the Feast. It was the first novel in the series to be published following the commencement of the HBO series adaptation, Game of Thrones, and runs to 1,040 pages.", "A Game of Thrones. In June 2000, Meisha Merlin published a limited edition of the book, fully illustrated by Jeffrey Jones.[11]", "A Clash of Kings. A Clash of Kings is the second novel in A Song of Ice and Fire, an epic fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin expected to consist of seven volumes. It was first published on 16 November 1998 in the United Kingdom, although the first United States edition did not follow until March[citation needed] 1999. Like its predecessor, A Game of Thrones, it won the Locus Award (in 1999) for Best Novel and was nominated for the Nebula Award (also in 1999) for best novel. In May 2005 Meisha Merlin released a limited edition of the novel, fully illustrated by John Howe.", "A Song of Ice and Fire. Martin's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best-seller,[23] but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list.[58] This left Martin unsurprised, as it is \"a fool's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it\".[106] However, the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book's popularity grew by word of mouth.[49] The series' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes,[23] with the second and third volume making The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999[38] and 2000,[40] respectively. The series gained Martin's old writings new attention, and Martin's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out-of-print solo novels.[37]", "A Storm of Swords. A Storm of Swords is the third of seven planned novels in A Song of Ice and Fire, a fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 8, 2000, in the United Kingdom,[1] with a United States edition following in November 2000. Its publication was preceded by a novella called Path of the Dragon, which collects some of the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel into a single book.", "Game of Thrones (season 1). Game of Thrones premiered on HBO in the United States and Canada on April 17, 2011,[130][131] and on Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 18, 2011,[132] with a same-day release on HBO Central Europe.[133] The series premiered in Australia on Showcase on July 17, 2011.[134]", "Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire. A Song of Ice and Fire is an ongoing series of epic fantasy novels by American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin. The first installment of the series, A Game of Thrones, which was originally planned as a trilogy, was published in 1996. The series now consists of five published volumes, and two more volumes are planned. The series is told in the third-person through the eyes of a number of point of view characters. A television series adaptation, Game of Thrones, premiered on HBO in 2011.", "A Game of Thrones. In the novel, recounting events from various points of view, Martin introduces the plot-lines of the noble houses of Westeros, the Wall, and the Targaryens. The novel has inspired several spin-off works, including several games. It is also the namesake and basis for the first season of Game of Thrones, an HBO television series that premiered in April 2011. A March 2013 paperback TV tie-in re-edition was also titled Game of Thrones, excluding the indefinite article \"A\".[6]", "A Feast for Crows. A Feast for Crows is the fourth of seven planned novels in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by American author George R. R. Martin. The novel was first published on October 17, 2005, in the United Kingdom,[1] with a United States edition following on 8 November 2005.[2]", "A Dance with Dragons. The US hardcover was officially published on July 12, 2011, and a few weeks later went to No. 1 on both Publishers Weekly and USA Today bestsellers lists. The novel has been adapted for television as the fifth season of Game of Thrones, although elements of the book have also appeared in the series' third, fourth and sixth seasons.", "A Song of Ice and Fire. With around 1600 pages in manuscript length,[1] A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing,[26] longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels.[23][49] The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two-thirds into the book,[44] but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended, omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff-hangers.[23] Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling \"the Meereenese knot\", which the interviewer understood as \"making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on [Daenerys]\".[50] Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story, but soundly rejected the theories of some of his critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money.[49]", "Game of Thrones (season 1). HBO originally optioned the rights to A Song of Ice and Fire in 2007, at which time David Benioff and D. B. Weiss were identified as the project's writers and executive producers.[37] The first and second drafts of the pilot script, written by Benioff and Weiss, were submitted in August 2007,[38] and June 2008,[39] respectively. While HBO found both drafts to their liking,[39][40] a pilot was not ordered until November 2008,[41] with the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike possibly delaying the process.[40]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. At its point of publication in July 2011, A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650,000 hardbacks in print.[131] It also had the highest single and first-day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point, with 170,000 hardcovers, 110,000 e-books, and 18,000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day.[126] A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31, 2011.[7] Unlike most other big titles, the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on,[72] but nevertheless, Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e-books.[132] All five volumes and the four-volume boxed set were among the top 100 best-selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012.[133]", "A Feast for Crows. Martin released the first four \"Iron Islands\" chapters of A Feast for Crows as a novella called Arms of the Kraken, published in the 305th edition of Dragon magazine, published in May 2003.[13] Another chapbook featuring three Daenerys chapters was published for BookExpo 2005 although, following the geographical division of the book, these chapters were subsequently moved into the fifth volume in the series, A Dance with Dragons.", "Game of Thrones. In January 2006, David Benioff had a phone conversation with George R. R. Martin's literary agent about the books he represented, and became interested in A Song of Ice and Fire as he had been a fan of fantasy fiction when young but had not read the books before. The literary agent then sent the first four books of A Song of Ice and Fire to Benioff.[32] Benioff read a few hundred pages of the first novel, A Game of Thrones, shared his enthusiasm with D. B. Weiss and suggested that they adapt Martin's novels into a television series; Weiss finished the first novel in \"maybe 36 hours\".[33] They pitched the series to HBO after a five-hour meeting with Martin (a veteran screenwriter) in a restaurant on Santa Monica Boulevard. According to Benioff, they won Martin over with their answer to his question, \"Who is Jon Snow's mother?\"[34]", "Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire. The first six issues were published as a trade paperback in March 2012:", "Game of Thrones. The first and second drafts of the pilot script by Benioff and Weiss were submitted in August 2007[38] and June 2008,[39] respectively. Although HBO liked both drafts,[39][40] a pilot was not ordered until November 2008;[41] the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike may have delayed the process.[40] The pilot episode, \"Winter Is Coming\", was first shot in 2009; after a poor reception in a private viewing, HBO demanded an extensive re-shoot (about 90 percent of the episode, with cast and directorial changes).[34][42]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. George R. R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci-fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series.[23] Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977.[24] By the mid-1990s, he had won three Hugo Awards, two Nebula Awards, and other awards for his short fiction.[25] Although his early books were well received within the fantasy fiction community, his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s.[25] He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990, but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts. He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made[25] and that TV-related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes.[26] This pushed Martin back towards writing books, where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination.[25] Admiring the works of J. R. R. Tolkien in his childhood, he wanted to write an epic fantasy, though he did not have any specific ideas.[27]", "A Feast for Crows. In May 2005, Martin announced that the \"sheer size\" of his still-unfinished manuscript for A Feast for Crows had led him and his publishers to split the narrative into two books.[3] Rather than divide the text in half chronologically, Martin opted to instead split the material by character and location, resulting in \"two novels taking place simultaneously\" with different casts of characters.[3] A Feast for Crows was published months later, and the concurrent novel A Dance with Dragons was released on July 12, 2011.[4] Martin also noted that the A Song of Ice and Fire series would now likely total seven novels.[3]", "A Dance with Dragons. On March 3, 2011, the publisher announced that the novel, though at that point still not completed, would be officially published on July 12, 2011.[1][2] Martin claimed this July 2011 publication date was different from the previous publication dates mentioned, in that this was \"real\", as opposed to earlier \"wishful thinking, boundless optimism, cockeyed dreams, [and] honest mistakes\".[21] On March 12, he revealed that the unfinished manuscript had exceeded A Storm of Swords in length, making it the longest volume in the entire series.[22] On March 27, he announced that the manuscript had exceeded 1,600 pages.[23] On April 27, 2011, it was announced that Martin had completed A Dance with Dragons.[24][25] After incorporating requested changes made by his book editor and her staff copy-editors, suggested final draft notes from trusted friends, and his own final \"sweat\" (a line-by-line reread done to tighten and eliminate any unnecessary \"fat\" remaining in the manuscript), the final draft had been reduced to 1,510 pages; this made Dragons the second-longest novel, by a narrow margin, to volume three, A Storm of Swords. The novel was now ready to meet its July 12, 2011 release date.", "Game of Thrones (season 1). The first season of Game of Thrones was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on March 6, 2012.[135] The set includes extra background and behind-the-scenes material, but no deleted scenes, because almost all footage shot for the first season was used in the show.[136]" ]

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[ "Thinking Out Loud. \"Thinking Out Loud\" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran, recorded for his second studio album, × (2014). It was written by Sheeran and Amy Wadge,[2] and produced by frequent collaborator Jake Gosling. It was released in the US on 24 September 2014 as the album's third single.", "Thinking Out Loud. Sheeran wrote \"Thinking Out Loud\" with Amy Wadge,[7] a Wales-based singer-songwriter. He met Wadge when he was 17 years old and they had since written several songs together. Of these, five songs composed the extended play Songs I Wrote with Amy,[8] which Sheeran independently released on 4 April 2010. Wadge also co-wrote the song \"Gold Rush\", a track on the deluxe version of Sheeran's debut album, + (2011).[7]", "Thinking Out Loud. On 10 August 2016, it was announced that Sheeran was getting sued by the family of Ed Townsend for copyright infringement, who claim that \"Thinking Out Loud\" plagiarises elements of Marvin Gaye's \"Let's Get It On\".[5] The claim was voluntarily withdrawn, with the court later saying there was no grounds or evidence of plagiarism even if the claim should have been submitted further in the courts.[6]", "Thinking Out Loud. In the kitchen,[11] Sheeran and Wadge began writing the song at 2:00 am on 4 February 2014, and completed it in 20 minutes.[7] According to Wadge, the lyrical content resulted from her and Sheeran's talking about \"everlasting love\", inspired by the circumstances relevant at that time.[12] Sheeran also revealed that the lyrics were inspired by his then-girlfriend, Athina Andrelos,[13] whom Sheeran met in early 2014. Sheeran would later explain that he wrote the song \"in a relationship at a really, really happy point\".[14] Immediately after writing, Sheeran recorded the song on his phone.[7] He was keen to include \"Thinking Out Loud\" on the second album. He properly recorded the song the following day at the Sticky Studios, a recording facility located in the small Surrey village of Windlesham, and informed Wadge of its inclusion on the album.[7] It became the last song recorded for the album.[7] For \"Thinking Out Loud\", Sheeran sought the assistance of Jake Gosling, who produced much of his debut album and had earlier contributed tracks, four of which appear on the standard version of the second album.", "Thinking Out Loud. In February 2014, Deng visited Sheeran at home for a \"chilling-out time\".[7] Around that time, Sheeran's second studio album, ×, was nearly completed.[9] Wadge revealed that her visit was not supposed to be a songwriting session.[7] While Sheeran was taking a shower, Wadge played a few chords on a guitar. The tune caught the attention of Sheeran and he ran downstairs. Sheeran suggested working with the tune, but only after returning home from dinner, work began.[7] The melody developed from a simple riff. According to Sheeran, he composed the melody on a guitar in a manner which was \"very Van-like\", referring to Van Morrison. The Irish musician has been an inspiration to Sheeran since a young age, and Sheeran wanted to capture that vibe when he composed the song.[10]", "Thinking Out Loud. \"Thinking Out Loud\" is a romantic ballad[15][16] with blue-eyed soul influences.[1] Sheeran referred to it as a \"walking down the aisle song\".[17] In the lyrics, Sheeran reflects on \"getting older and fidelity and love in a fairly conventional context\", according to Eric Clarke, professor of music at University of Oxford.[18]", "Ed Sheeran. Sheeran's second studio album, x (read as \"multiply\"), was released worldwide on 23 June 2014. In a span of three years, Sheeran wrote more than 120 songs for the album,[76] the earliest of which was composed shortly after + was released.[77] The album features tracks produced by Rick Rubin, Pharrell Williams and Benny Blanco,[76] as well as that of Gosling's.[72] x peaked at number one in both the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200. To support the album, Sheeran embarked on a world tour starting on 6 August 2014 at Osaka, Japan. On 27 September 2014, Sheeran was one of the headline acts at the Melbourne Cricket Ground prior to the 2014 AFL Grand Final.[78] Following \"Don't\", \"Thinking Out Loud\" was released on 24 September 2014 as the album's third single. Unlike his previous music videos, Sheeran took the lead role in the single's accompaniment, where he performed a ballroom dance.[79] It became his second single to reach number one in the UK,[80] and it also spent eight weeks at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 (with only \"Uptown Funk\" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars keeping it from top spot).[81] In 2014, combined streams on Sheeran's catalogue in Spotify reached 860 million; Spotify named him the most-streamed artist and x the most-streamed album.[82] In the same year, the album made Sheeran iTunes' best-selling artist in the UK, Ireland and New Zealand.[83][84]", "Thinking Out Loud. In the US, \"Thinking Out Loud\" peaked at number two on the all-encompassing chart Billboard Hot 100; the single became Sheeran's highest charting single until the release of \"Shape of You\" in 2017. It remained the runner-up spot for eight consecutive weeks, a chart feat last held in 2004.[38] \"Thinking Out Loud\" was kept off the top spot by \"Uptown Funk\", although it outperformed the latter song for a week in February 2015 on the Billboard Digital Songs.[39] On other specific US charts, \"Thinking Out Loud\" reached number one on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs for the week ending 21 February 2015, marking Sheeran's first.[40] For the week ending 21 March 2015, \"Thinking Out Loud\" held the top position on the Billboard Pop Songs, Adult Pop Songs, and Adult Contemporary charts, becoming the fourth song in history to lead all three adult charts simultaneously.[41] In celebration of Google Play's 5th anniversary, Google announced \"Thinking Out Loud\" as the top selling song on the platform.[42] \"Thinking Out Loud\" is Sheeran's best-selling song in the United States, with 5,622,000 copies sold as of September 2017.[43]", "Ed Sheeran. In September 2015, Sheeran wrote \"Love Yourself\" for Justin Bieber's fourth album.[94] Sheeran had initially planned to put the song on his third album ÷ and added that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song.[95] On 26 September, Sheeran performed at the 2015 Global Citizen Festival in Central Park's Great Lawn in New York, an event organised by Coldplay lead singer, Chris Martin, that advocates an end to extreme global poverty. Sheeran headlined the festival along with Beyoncé, Coldplay, and Pearl Jam. The festival was broadcast on NBC in the US on 27 September and the BBC in the UK on 28 September.[96] Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards on 25 October in Milan, Italy. He won the awards for Best Live Act and Best Live Stage;[97] the latter was in recognition for his performance at the 2014 V Festival in England.[98] Sheeran won the Breakthrough award at the 2015 Billboard Touring Awards.[99] His single from x, \"Thinking Out Loud\", earned him two Grammy Awards at the 2016 ceremony: Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance. In May 2016, x was named the second best selling album worldwide in 2015, behind 25 by Adele.[100]", "Thinking Out Loud. On 26 October 2014, Sheeran performed the song on third live results show of series 11 of The X Factor.[56] He also performed it on 9 November 2014 in the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards.[57] Sheeran also performed the song as a special guest at The Voice's live finale on 16 December 2014. Furthermore, Sheeran performed the track on the Christmas Special of The Jonathan Ross Show on 20 December 2014. He also performed the song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards on 8 February 2015 along with John Mayer, Questlove, Adam Blackstone, and Herbie Hancock.[58] Sheeran performed \"Thinking Out Loud\" on 13 April 2015 results show of the second series of The X Factor in New Zealand.[59] Sheeran also performed \"Thinking Out Loud\" at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2014.[60]", "Ed Sheeran. His second studio album, x (read as \"multiply\"), was released in June 2014. It peaked at number one in the UK and the US. In 2015, x won the Brit Award for Album of the Year, and he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. His single from x, \"Thinking Out Loud\", earned him two Grammy Awards at the 2016 ceremony: Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance. In May 2016, x was named the second best selling album worldwide in 2015.", "Thinking Out Loud. Lauren Murphy of The Irish Times noted that the \"injection of blue-eyed soul\" on the song is \"enjoyable\", and that it \"makes Sheeran's aptitude for melody difficult to dismiss\".[29] Jim Beviglia of the American Songwriter thought that although \"tidy\", \"Thinking Out Loud\" comes \"toothless\" compared with the \"daring confessionals\" Sheeran made on the other songs.[30]", "Thinking Out Loud. The song was composed in the key of D major with a tempo of 78 beats per minute.[19] Sheeran's vocals range from A2 to B4.[20] In the mix, Sheeran's voice is \"unusually\" loud over the instruments, which, for Mike Senior of the music technology magazine, Sound on Sound, is \"surprisingly rare\" in contemporary records.[21] Senior analysed the vocal elements in which he found that, in spite of several notes sung off pitch, \"the overall framework of the vocal remains fundamentally in tune\".[21]", "Thinking Out Loud. \"Thinking Out Loud\" was initially serviced to Australian radio on 14 August 2014 and later released on 24 September 2014. It served as the third of five singles released from the album; it followed the songs, \"Sing\" and \"Don't\", the first and second single respectively. According to Sheeran, no one from his record label wanted to release \"Thinking Out Loud\" as a single, favouring over \"Photograph\" as the \"big song\".[14] \"Photograph\" was supposed to be the main single, but when \"Thinking Out Loud\" spent several weeks within the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart albeit not receiving rotation,[25] the latter song was kept as the third single. \"Photograph\" was later released as the fifth and final single. \"Thinking Out Loud\" was issued on 7\" vinyl exclusively as part of the Black Friday Record Store Day, which was celebrated on 28 November 2014.[26] The vinyl record included, as a B-side, the live version of \"I'm A Mess\" which Sheeran performed at the Lightship 95 studio.[27] On 26 December 2015, Sheeran released an Irish-language version of \"Thinking Out Loud\" for the Irish album CEOL 2016.[28]", "Thinking Out Loud. On 10 August 2016, it was revealed that the family of Ed Townsend, who wrote Marvin Gaye's \"Let's Get It On\" was suing Ed Sheeran saying \"the melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic compositions of 'Thinking' are substantially and/or strikingly similar to the drum composition of 'Let's [Get It On]'.\"[63] The case was dismissed without prejudice in February 2017.[64] Two years later, on 28 June 2018, Ed Sheeran was again sued on similar grounds, this time for $100 million in damages by Structured Asset Sales, owners of one-third of the copyright to Let's Get It On.[65]", "Thinking Out Loud. Prior to the album release, Sheeran debuted \"Thinking Out Loud\" on 24 May 2014 by performing it live on the British music television show, Later... with Jools Holland. The debut followed the release of the video accompaniment to \"Sing\", the album's lead single. \"Thinking Out Loud\" was immediately perceived as having contrast to \"Sing\", which is a \"high-energy funk/R&B-infused song\".[16][24] \"Thinking Out Loud\" became available on 18 June 2014 as an \"instant grat\" download for consumers who pre-ordered × on the iTunes Store. It served as a promotional single from ×, which was released two days later. On the standard version of the album, \"Thinking Out Loud\" is the next-to-last track,[10] the last being \"Afire Love\".", "Ed Sheeran. Sheeran was in a relationship with Scottish singer-songwriter Nina Nesbitt (who was in his music video for \"Drunk\") in 2012, before breaking up.[163] Nesbitt is the subject of Sheeran's songs \"Nina\" and \"Photograph\", while most of Nesbitt's album, Peroxide, is about Sheeran.[163] In January 2014, Sheeran was in a relationship with Athina Andrelos, who works for chef Jamie Oliver.[164] She is the inspiration of Sheeran's song \"Thinking Out Loud\".[165] They broke up in February 2015.[165] Since July 2015, Sheeran has been in a relationship with childhood friend and former high school classmate Cherry Seaborn.[166] They announced their engagement in January 2018.[167] He is also close friends with singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, and collaborated on her albums Red and Reputation.[133]", "Thinking Out Loud. In October 2015, \"Thinking Out Loud\" set the record of most streams of a song on Spotify, having accumulated over 500 million streams.[49] The company created the \"Sheerio Index\", an interactive graphic map which showed where Sheeran was most popular. The color-based map indicated that Sheeran was most popular in Denmark.[49] It was surpassed a month later by \"Lean On\", a song by Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ.[50]", "Ed Sheeran. x was nominated for Album of the Year at the 57th Grammy Awards.[85] Sheeran performed alongside John Mayer at the ceremony.[86] On 25 February, Sheeran won British Male Solo Artist and British Album of the Year for x at the 2015 Brit Awards.[87] On 21 May he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year.[88] On 21 June, Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 Much Music Video Awards in Toronto, where he performed the singles, \"Thinking Out Loud\" and \"Photograph\"; he also won two awards, Best International Artist and Most Buzzworthy International Artist or Group.[89][90] On 27 June, Sheeran performed as the opening act for The Rolling Stones in their Zip Code Tour date in Kansas City's Arrowhead Stadium.[91] On 10–12 July 2015, Sheeran performed sold-out shows at London's Wembley Stadium. The shows, which were announced in November 2014, were part of his world tour.[92] The concert was documented and aired on 16 August 2015 on NBC; the one-hour special Ed Sheeran – Live at Wembley Stadium also included behind-the-scenes footage.[93]", "Photograph (Ed Sheeran song). \"Photograph\" served as the fifth and last single released from the album.[24] Of the five singles, preceded by two upbeat songs such as the lead single, \"Sing\", \"Photograph\" was the second mellow track released from ×. The first was \"Thinking Out Loud\", the third single, which is a blue-eyed soul record produced by Gosling. According to Sheeran, no one from his label wanted \"Thinking Out Loud\" as a single release; they favoured \"Photograph\" as the \"big song\".[25] \"Photograph\" was supposed to be the main single, but when \"Thinking Out Loud\" spent several weeks within the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart[26] albeit not in radio rotation,[27] the latter song was kept as the third single.", "Thinking Out Loud. In the UK, the song spent 19 weeks within the top 40 before peaking at number 1 in early November 2014; it became Sheeran's second number 1 single there. The single has also reached the top spot in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Denmark, the Netherlands, Slovakia and South Africa, and peaked at number 2 on both the US Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100. It was Sheeran's highest-charting single in North America until \"Shape of You\" topped the charts in both countries in 2017.", "Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo. After the Move tour, Tabitha and Napoleon continued to work on music videos. They choreographed Ed Sheeran's music video for the single \"Thinking Out Loud\".[91] Since its premiere, the video has amassed over 1.5 billion views.[92]", "Love Yourself. For Consequence of Sound editor Janine Schaults, \"all the credit goes to Sheeran’s cherubic magic powers. Refreshingly, just a guitar and a lonely trumpet interlude accompany Bieber’s coy delivery.\"[24] Michelles Geslani of the same publication opined that the track \"sounds exactly what you’d expect from a meeting of these two minds,\" considering it \"'Thinking Out Loud' crossed with low-key, lovelorn Bieber.\"[25] Kitty Empire, writing for The Observer, aprecciated the song for \"strip[ping] everything back very effectively to a guitar line and a vocal.\"[26] Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club was mixed, noting that \"despite being a nicely deadpan kiss-off to a snobby ex, is generic acoustic-pop.\"[27] In a less favorable review, Pitchfork's Brad Nelson wrote that, lyrically, \"it's needlessly mean, neither funny nor clever, and it doesn't do much to justify the severity of its perspective.\"[28] Al Horner of NME noted that the song is \"more traditionally Bieber, and [its] big pop hook [is] out of place amidst the forward-thinking electronic scuttle.\"[29] Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine called the lyrics \"unintentionally hilarious.\"[20] Alex Macpherson of The National called it \"a cloying Ed Sheeran collaboration.\"[30] Billboard ranked \"Love Yourself\" at number 34 on their \"100 Best Pop Songs of 2016\" list.[31]", "Thinking Out Loud. The Washington Post writer, Allison Stewart, has hailed the song as \"a blatant and mercilessly effective bid for 'I'll Be'-style wedding-song immortality\".[31] Billboard magazine's Jason Lipshutz, commented that Sheeran \"pushes this bold stab at romance past its sappiest moments, and ends the album on a likable note\".[23] Jamieson Cox of Time wrote that \"the album’s greatest moment by a country mile is relegated to its penultimate slot\", referring to \"Thinking Out Loud\".[32]", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). In an interview with Zane Lowe, Sheeran said that he needed to write the best love song of his career with \"Perfect\". He said: \"I need to do it 100% me, so everyone will listen to that will be like, \"Ah! He can actually do it!\" ... I wanted to beat \"Thinking Out Loud\", 'cause I know that song was going to define me.\"[12] He also produced the song himself with help from Will Hicks, and strings orchestration from his brother Matthew Sheeran.[12] This is the first time the brothers had collaborated on a song as it was the final wish of their grandmother to see the brothers working together before she died. A fully orchestral version of the song was recorded at Abbey Road Studios although only parts of it were used in the original release of the song.[9][12] The full orchestral version was used in the duet with Andrea Bocelli.[14]", "UK Singles Chart records and statistics. Top 100: \"Thinking Out Loud\" by Ed Sheeran (95 weeks)\nTop 75: \"Rather Be\" by Clean Bandit and \"Thinking Out Loud\" by Ed Sheeran (73 weeks)\nTop 40: \"Thinking Out Loud\" by Ed Sheeran (54 weeks)[27]", "Ed Sheeran. Edward Christopher Sheeran, MBE (born 17 February 1991) is an English singer, songwriter, guitarist, and record producer. Sheeran was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, and raised in Framlingham, Suffolk. He attended the Academy of Contemporary Music in Guildford as an undergraduate from the age of 18 in 2009. In early 2011, Sheeran independently released the extended play, No. 5 Collaborations Project. After signing with Asylum Records, his debut album, + (read as \"plus\"), was released in September 2011. It topped the UK and Australian charts, reached number five in the US, and has since been certified seven-times platinum in the UK. The album contains the single \"The A Team\", which earned him the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. In 2012, Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist and British Breakthrough Act. \"The A Team\" was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards, where he performed the song with Elton John.", "Thinking Out Loud. Unlike Sheeran's earlier videos, where he assumed a low profile, he took the lead role on \"Thinking Out Loud\". In the video, Sheeran executes a ballroom dance with Brittany Cherry, a contestant from the televised American dance competition, So You Think You Can Dance.[52] The routine was choreographed by Nappytabs and with training help from Paul Karmiryan. While on concert tour, Sheeran spent five hours a day for three weeks to practice with Cherry.[14]", "Thinking Out Loud. In the UK, Sheeran's native country, \"Thinking Out Loud\" claimed the record for the most streams in a single week in December 2014. The track accumulated over 1,638,000 streams,[44] and subsequently achieved a personal best of 1,850,000 streams in the week ending 21 December 2014. This record has since been broken by several songs.", "Ed Sheeran. He has also cited The Beatles, Nizlopi and Eminem as his biggest musical influences.[135][136] According to Sheeran, he had a stutter in his speech when he was younger, and he credited rapping along to Eminem's The Marshall Mathers LP for helping him get rid of it.[137] He was also inspired by \"Cannonball\" singer-songwriter Damien Rice in 2002, with Sheeran stating, \"seeing him play this small club in Ireland, I was able to meet him, and he was unbelievably cool. I went straight home and started writing songs. I would not be doing what I'm doing now if he'd been a jerk.\"[138] Sheeran collaborated with his idol Eric Clapton in April 2016, with Sheeran stating to People magazine, \"I sang on Eric Clapton's album [I Still Do]. It's one thing having him on mine, but being his, that's an honour that you can't ever pinpoint on how great that is. I did something for his record, and I was credited as 'Angelo Mysterioso,' [appearing as a guest on Clapton's \"I Will Be There\", in addition to performing the song with Clapton on stage], and he did something for my record [performing a guitar solo on \"Dive\" on Sheeran's album รท] and was credited as 'Angelo Mysterioso.'\"[133]", "Ed Sheeran. Taylor Swift contacted Sheeran after hearing his music while touring Australia in March 2012.[59] He later co-wrote and provided vocals for \"Everything Has Changed\", a single featured on Swift's fourth studio album, Red. Sheeran also contributed two songs to One Direction's second studio album, Take Me Home, released in November 2012; the single \"Little Things\" became the group's second number-one in the UK.[60] Sheeran's album peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard 200, while \"The A Team\" reached No. 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[59] In late 2012 and early 2013, he headlined a US tour of 6,000–9,000 capacity venues.[59] \"The A Team\" received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards.[61] Elton John, who runs Sheeran's management company, canvassed the award organisers to get Sheeran a performance slot at the ceremony but was told that Sheeran alone was not high-profile enough. John decided to appear with Sheeran to circumvent this problem.[62]", "Category:Songs written by Ed Sheeran. Songs written or co-written by Ed Sheeran." ]

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[ "O-type star. O-type stars start to move slowly from the zero-age main sequence almost immediately, gradually becoming cooler and slightly more luminous. Although they may be characterised spectroscopically as giants or supergiants, they continue to burn hydrogen in their cores for several million years and develop in a very different manner from low-mass stars such as the Sun. Most O-type main-sequence stars will evolve more or less horizontally in the HR diagram to cooler temperatures, becoming blue supergiants. Core helium ignition occurs smoothly as the stars expand and cool. There are a number of complex phases depending on the exact mass of the star and other initial conditions, but the lowest mass O-type stars will eventually evolve into red supergiants while still burning helium in their cores. If they do not explode as a supernova first, they will then lose their outer layers and become hotter again, sometimes going through a number of blue loops before finally reaching the Wolf–Rayet stage.", "Star. All stars spend the majority of their existence as main sequence stars, fueled primarily by the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium within their cores. However, stars of different masses have markedly different properties at various stages of their development. The ultimate fate of more massive stars differs from that of less massive stars, as do their luminosities and the impact they have on their environment. Accordingly, astronomers often group stars by their mass:[57]", "Chronology of the universe. The first stars, most likely Population III stars, form and start the process of turning the light elements that were formed in the Big Bang (hydrogen, helium and lithium) into heavier elements. However, as yet there have been no observed Population III stars, and understanding of them is currently based on computational models of their formation and evolution. Fortunately, observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation can be used to date when star formation began in earnest. Analysis of such observations made by the European Space Agency's Planck telescope in 2016 concluded the first generation of stars formed 700 million years after the Big Bang[29].", "National Hockey League All-Star Game. Beginning in 1969, the format was geographic with the Wales/Eastern Conference All-Stars playing the Campbell/Western Conference All-Stars, where the \"first team\", or starting line, including the starting goaltender, voted in by fans, while the remainder of the teams' rosters are chosen by the NHL's Hockey Operations Department in consultation with the teams' general managers. Since 1996, the head coaches for the two All-Star teams have been the coaches of the two teams that are leading their respective conferences in point percentage (i.e. fraction of points obtained out of total possible points). Prior policy saw the two head coaches that appeared in the previous year's Stanley Cup Finals coaching the All-Star teams.[3]", "Pre-main-sequence star. A pre-main-sequence star (also known as a PMS star and PMS object) is a star in the stage when it has not yet reached the main sequence. Earlier in its life, the object is a protostar that grows by acquiring mass from its surrounding envelope of interstellar dust and gas. After the protostar blows away this envelope, it is optically visible, and appears on the stellar birthline in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. At this point, the star has acquired nearly all of its mass but has not yet started hydrogen burning (i.e. nuclear fusion of hydrogen). The star then contracts, its internal temperature rising until it begins hydrogen burning on the zero age main sequence. This period of contraction is the pre-main sequence stage.[1][2][3][4] An observed PMS object can either be a T Tauri star, if it has fewer than 2 solar masses (M☉), or else a Herbig Ae/Be star, if it has 2 to 8 M☉. Yet more massive stars have no pre-main-sequence stage because they contract too quickly as protostars. By the time they become visible, the hydrogen in their centers is already fusing and they are main-sequence objects.", "Formation and evolution of the Solar System. At this point in its evolution, the Sun is thought to have been a T Tauri star.[22] Studies of T Tauri stars show that they are often accompanied by discs of pre-planetary matter with masses of 0.001–0.1 M☉.[23] These discs extend to several hundred AU—the Hubble Space Telescope has observed protoplanetary discs of up to 1000 AU in diameter in star-forming regions such as the Orion Nebula[24]—and are rather cool, reaching a surface temperature of only about 1000 kelvin at their hottest.[25] Within 50 million years, the temperature and pressure at the core of the Sun became so great that its hydrogen began to fuse, creating an internal source of energy that countered gravitational contraction until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved.[26] This marked the Sun's entry into the prime phase of its life, known as the main sequence. Main-sequence stars derive energy from the fusion of hydrogen into helium in their cores. The Sun remains a main-sequence star today.[27]", "Stellar evolution. Stars of roughly 0.5–10 M☉ become red giants, which are large non-main-sequence stars of stellar classification K or M. Red giants lie along the right edge of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram due to their red color and large luminosity. Examples include Aldebaran in the constellation Taurus and Arcturus in the constellation of Boötes.", "Nebular hypothesis. The star formation process naturally results in the appearance of accretion disks around young stellar objects.[12] At the age of about 1 million years, 100% of stars may have such disks.[13] This conclusion is supported by the discovery of the gaseous and dusty disks around protostars and T Tauri stars as well as by theoretical considerations.[14] Observations of these disks show that the dust grains inside them grow in size on short (thousand-year) time scales, producing 1 centimeter sized particles.[15]", "National Hockey League All-Star Game. The Game was moved from the start of the season to mid-season in the 1966–67 season as part of the move to promote the NHL to six new cities who would have their own teams (in October 1967). Because of the move to mid-season, the method of player selection for the All-Stars, largely unchanged for 20 years, was much scrutinized, as playing the All-Star Game mid-season meant that the First and Second All-Star teams were decided almost a full year before the game itself, and that by mid-season, the Cup winners were a vastly different team from the team that had won the Cup some eight or nine months before. The mid-season move also meant that rookies with outstanding first years, such as Bobby Orr, would be shut out of the Game even if they deserved a spot on the All-Stars.", "LeBron James. James earned his first NBA All-Star Game selection in 2004–05, contributing 13 points, 8 rebounds, and 6 assists in a winning effort for the Eastern Conference.[34] Around the league, teams took note of his rapid development, with Denver Nuggets coach George Karl telling Sports Illustrated, \"It's weird talking about a 20-year-old kid being a great player, but he is a great player ... He's the exception to almost every rule.\"[35] On March 20, James scored 56 points against the Toronto Raptors, setting Cleveland's new single-game points record.[36] With final averages of 27.2 points, 7.4 rebounds, 7.2 assists, and 2.2 steals per game, he was named to his first All-NBA Team.[7] Despite a 30–20 record to start the year,[36] the Cavaliers again failed to make the playoffs, finishing the season at 42–40.[37]", "Main sequence. When a protostar is formed from the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of gas and dust in the local interstellar medium, the initial composition is homogeneous throughout, consisting of about 70% hydrogen, 28% helium and trace amounts of other elements, by mass.[15] The initial mass of the star depends on the local conditions within the cloud. (The mass distribution of newly formed stars is described empirically by the initial mass function.)[16] During the initial collapse, this pre-main-sequence star generates energy through gravitational contraction. Upon reaching a suitable density, energy generation is begun at the core using an exothermic nuclear fusion process that converts hydrogen into helium.[14]", "Electron. Roughly one million years after the big bang, the first generation of stars began to form.[140] Within a star, stellar nucleosynthesis results in the production of positrons from the fusion of atomic nuclei. These antimatter particles immediately annihilate with electrons, releasing gamma rays. The net result is a steady reduction in the number of electrons, and a matching increase in the number of neutrons. However, the process of stellar evolution can result in the synthesis of radioactive isotopes. Selected isotopes can subsequently undergo negative beta decay, emitting an electron and antineutrino from the nucleus.[141] An example is the cobalt-60 (60Co) isotope, which decays to form nickel-60 (60Ni).[142]", "Red giant. Red giants are evolved from main-sequence stars with masses in the range from about 0.3 M☉ to around 8 M☉.[5] When a star initially forms from a collapsing molecular cloud in the interstellar medium, it contains primarily hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of \"metals\" (in stellar structure, this simply refers to any element that is not hydrogen or helium i.e. atomic number greater than 2). These elements are all uniformly mixed throughout the star. The star reaches the main sequence when the core reaches a temperature high enough to begin fusing hydrogen (a few million kelvin) and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium. Over its main sequence life, the star slowly converts the hydrogen in the core into helium; its main-sequence life ends when nearly all the hydrogen in the core has been fused. For the Sun, the main-sequence lifetime is approximately 10 billion years. More-massive stars burn disproportionately faster and so have a shorter lifetime than less massive stars.[6]", "Nebular hypothesis. The protoplanetary disk is an accretion disk that feeds the central star. Initially very hot, the disk later cools in what is known as the T tauri star stage; here, formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ice is possible. The grains eventually may coagulate into kilometer-sized planetesimals. If the disk is massive enough, the runaway accretions begin, resulting in the rapid—100,000 to 300,000 years—formation of Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos. Near the star, the planetary embryos go through a stage of violent mergers, producing a few terrestrial planets. The last stage takes approximately 100 million to a billion years.[1]", "Star. Almost everything about a star is determined by its initial mass, including such characteristics as luminosity, size, evolution, lifespan, and its eventual fate.", "Pre-main-sequence star. The energy source of PMS objects is gravitational contraction, as opposed to hydrogen burning in main-sequence stars. In the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, pre-main-sequence stars with more than 0.5 M☉ first move vertically downward along Hayashi tracks, then leftward and horizontally along Henyey tracks, until they finally halt at the main sequence. Pre-main-sequence stars with less than 0.5 M☉ contract vertically along the Hayashi track for their entire evolution.", "Star formation. When the surrounding gas and dust envelope disperses and accretion process stops, the star is considered a pre–main sequence star (PMS star). The energy source of these objects is gravitational contraction, as opposed to hydrogen burning in main sequence stars. The PMS star follows a Hayashi track on the Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) diagram.[31] The contraction will proceed until the Hayashi limit is reached, and thereafter contraction will continue on a Kelvin–Helmholtz timescale with the temperature remaining stable. Stars with less than 0.5 M☉ thereafter join the main sequence. For more massive PMS stars, at the end of the Hayashi track they will slowly collapse in near hydrostatic equilibrium, following the Henyey track.[32]", "Puppy. Puppies develop very quickly during their first three months, particularly after their eyes and ears open and they are no longer completely dependent on their mother. Their coordination and strength improve, they spar with their littermates, and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They play wrestling, chase, dominance, and tug-of-war games.", "Accretion (astrophysics). As the infall of material from the disk continues, the envelope eventually becomes thin and transparent and the young stellar object (YSO) becomes observable, initially in far-infrared light and later in the visible.[9] Around this time the protostar begins to fuse deuterium. If the protostar is sufficiently massive (above 80 MJ), hydrogen fusion follows. Otherwise, if its mass is too low, the object becomes a brown dwarf.[10] This birth of a new star occurs approximately 100,000 years after the collapse begins.[6] Objects at this stage are known as Class I protostars, which are also called young T Tauri stars, evolved protostars, or young stellar objects. By this time, the forming star has already accreted much of its mass; the total mass of the disk and remaining envelope does not exceed 10–20% of the mass of the central YSO.[9]", "Stellar evolution. A protostar continues to grow by accretion of gas and dust from the molecular cloud, becoming a pre-main-sequence star as it reaches its final mass. Further development is determined by its mass. Mass is typically compared to the mass of the Sun: 1.0 M☉ (2.0×1030 kg) means 1 solar mass.", "Supergiant star. Supergiants develop when massive main-sequence stars run out of hydrogen in their cores, at which point they start to expand, just like lower-mass stars. Unlike lower-mass stars, however, they begin to fuse helium in the core smoothly and not long after exhausting their hydrogen. This means that they do not increase their luminosity as dramatically as lower-mass stars, and they progress nearly horizontally across the HR diagram to become red supergiants. Also unlike lower-mass stars, red supergiants are massive enough to fuse elements heavier than helium, so they do not puff off their atmospheres as planetary nebulae after a period of hydrogen and helium shell burning; instead, they continue to burn heavier elements in their cores until they collapse. They cannot lose enough mass to form a white dwarf, so they will leave behind a neutron star or black hole remnant, usually after a core collapse supernova explosion.", "Starfish. Each starfish arm contains two gonads that release gametes through openings called gonoducts, located on the central disc between the arms. Fertilization is generally external but in a few species, internal fertilization takes place. In most species, the buoyant eggs and sperm are simply released into the water (free spawning) and the resulting embryos and larvae live as part of the plankton. In others, the eggs may be stuck to the undersides of rocks.[31] In certain species of starfish, the females brood their eggs – either by simply enveloping them[31] or by holding them in specialised structures. Brooding may be done in pockets on the starfish's aboral surface,[32][33] inside the pyloric stomach (Leptasterias tenera)[34] or even in the interior of the gonads themselves.[29] Those starfish that brood their eggs by \"sitting\" on them usually assume a humped posture with their discs raised off the substrate.[35] Pteraster militaris broods a few of its young and disperses the remaining eggs, that are too numerous to fit into its pouch.[32] In these brooding species, the eggs are relatively large, and supplied with yolk, and they generally develop directly into miniature starfish without an intervening larval stage.[29] The developing young are called lecithotrophic because they obtain their nutrition from the yolk as opposed to \"planktotrophic\" larvae that feed in the water column. In Parvulastra parvivipara, an intragonadal brooder, the young starfish obtain nutrients by eating other eggs and embryos in the brood pouch.[36] Brooding is especially common in polar and deep-sea species that live in environments unfavourable for larval development[33] and in smaller species that produce just a few eggs.[37][38]", "Nebular hypothesis. According to the nebular hypothesis, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen—giant molecular clouds (GMC). These clouds are gravitationally unstable, and matter coalesces within them to smaller denser clumps, which then rotate, collapse, and form stars. Star formation is a complex process, which always produces a gaseous protoplanetary disk, proplyd, around the young star. This may give birth to planets in certain circumstances, which are not well known. Thus the formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation. A Sun-like star usually takes approximately 1 million years to form, with the protoplanetary disk evolving into a planetary system over the next 10–100 million years.[1]", "Crown-of-thorns starfish. Embryonic development begins about 1.5 hours after fertilisation, with the early cell divisions (cleavage) (photograph). By 8–9 hours it has reached the 64-cell stage.", "Stellar nucleosynthesis. Main sequence stars accumulate helium in their cores as a result of hydrogen fusion, but the core does not become hot enough to initiate helium fusion. Helium fusion first begins when a star leaves the red giant branch after accumulating sufficient helium in its core to ignite it. In stars around the mass of the sun, this begins at the tip of the red giant branch with a helium flash from a degenerate helium core and the star moves to the horizontal branch where it burns helium in its core. More massive stars ignite helium in their cores without a flash and execute a blue loop before reaching the asymptotic giant branch. Despite the name, stars on a blue loop from the red giant branch are typically not blue in color, but are rather yellow giants, possibly Cepheid variables. They fuse helium until the core is largely carbon and oxygen. The most massive stars become supergiants when they leave the main sequence and quickly start helium fusion as they become red supergiants. After helium is exhausted in the core of a star, it will continue in a shell around the carbon-oxygen core.[17][20]", "Star. Early stars of less than 2 M☉ are called T Tauri stars, while those with greater mass are Herbig Ae/Be stars. These newly formed stars emit jets of gas along their axis of rotation, which may reduce the angular momentum of the collapsing star and result in small patches of nebulosity known as Herbig–Haro objects.[63][64] These jets, in combination with radiation from nearby massive stars, may help to drive away the surrounding cloud from which the star was formed.[65]", "Chuck Taylor All-Stars. A variety of professional basketball players soon wore All Stars and they became the envy of all aspiring basketball players. Soon after, All Stars were being worn by athletes in the Olympics, and during World War II American soldiers began to wear All Stars while in training.[3]", "Stellar evolution. Stellar evolution is the process by which a star changes over the course of time. Depending on the mass of the star, its lifetime can range from a few million years for the most massive to trillions of years for the least massive, which is considerably longer than the age of the universe. The table shows the lifetimes of stars as a function of their masses.[1] All stars are born from collapsing clouds of gas and dust, often called nebulae or molecular clouds. Over the course of millions of years, these protostars settle down into a state of equilibrium, becoming what is known as a main-sequence star.", "Star. Stars spend about 90% of their existence fusing hydrogen into helium in high-temperature and high-pressure reactions near the core. Such stars are said to be on the main sequence, and are called dwarf stars. Starting at zero-age main sequence, the proportion of helium in a star's core will steadily increase, the rate of nuclear fusion at the core will slowly increase, as will the star's temperature and luminosity.[67] The Sun, for example, is estimated to have increased in luminosity by about 40% since it reached the main sequence 4.6 billion (4.6 × 109) years ago.[68]", "Accretion (astrophysics). Stars form by the gravitational collapse of interstellar gas. Prior to collapse, this gas is mostly in the form of molecular clouds, such as the Orion Nebula. As the cloud collapses, losing potential energy, it heats up, gaining kinetic energy, and the conservation of angular momentum ensures that the cloud forms a flatted disk—the accretion disk.", "Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The first All-Star Game was held on July 6, 1933, as part of the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago, at Comiskey Park (1910–1990) and was initiated by Arch Ward, then sports editor for the Chicago Tribune.[4] Initially intended to be a one-time event, its great success resulted in making the game an annual one.", "Butterfly. Caterpillars mature through a series of developmental stages known as instars. Near the end of each stage, the larva undergoes a process called apolysis, mediated by the release of a series of neurohormones. During this phase, the cuticle, a tough outer layer made of a mixture of chitin and specialized proteins, is released from the softer epidermis beneath, and the epidermis begins to form a new cuticle. At the end of each instar, the larva moults, the old cuticle splits and the new cuticle expands, rapidly hardening and developing pigment.[47] Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar." ]

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[ "Volkswagen Group. The Volkswagen Group comprises 12 principal vehicle manufacturers and their corresponding marques:", "Volkswagen Group. Volkswagen AG (German: [ˈfɔlksˌvaːgn̩]), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, selling 10.7 million vehicles.[9] It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades.[10] It ranked sixth in the 2017 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies. Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and Volkswagen marques; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and commercial vehicles under the marques MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles. It is divided into two primary divisions, the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division, and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies.[11] VW also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries.", "Volkswagen Group. Rooted in Europe, the Volkswagen Group operates in 153 countries.[64] Volkswagen Passenger Cars is the Group's original marque, and the other major subsidiaries include passenger car marques such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, and Škoda. Volkswagen AG also has operations in commercial vehicles, owning Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with controlling stakes in truck, bus and diesel engine manufacturers Scania AB and MAN SE.[65]", "List of Volkswagen Group factories. The German Volkswagen Group is the largest automaker in the world as of 2015. As of February 2010[ref], it has 61 production plants[1] and factories in fifteen European countries,[1] along with six countries in the Americas, Asia, and Africa.[1] The Group employs nearly 370,000 people around the world,[1] who produce a daily output of over 26,600 motor vehicles,[1] and related major components,[1] for sale in over 150 countries around the globe.[1]", "List of Volkswagen Group factories. This list of Volkswagen Group factories details the current[1] and former manufacturing facilities operated by the automotive concern Volkswagen Group, and its subsidiaries. These include its mainstream marques of Volkswagen Passenger Cars,[2] Audi,[3][4] SEAT,[5] Škoda[6][7] and Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, along with their premium marques of Ducati, Lamborghini, Bentley, and Bugatti, and also includes plants of their major controlling interest in the Swedish truck-maker Scania.[8]", "Volkswagen. Volkswagen is the founding and namesake member of the Volkswagen Group, a large international corporation in charge of multiple car and truck brands, including Audi, SEAT, Porsche, Lamborghini, Bentley, Bugatti, Scania, MAN, and Škoda. Volkswagen Group's global headquarters are located in Volkswagen's historic home of Wolfsburg, Germany.[citation needed][43]", "Big Three (automobile manufacturers). Volkswagen Group has long been the largest automaker in Europe. As of 2007 it edged out Ford to rank third in the world after General Motors and Toyota. It is also the parent group of Audi, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda, Bugatti, Lamborghini and Bentley.", "Volkswagen Group. In 2013, Volkswagen Group's largest single country market was China with 3.27 million units delivered, followed by Germany with 1.16 million units. Divided by regions, Western Europe was the largest market of the Volkswagen Group with 3.65 million units in 2013, followed by Asia-Pacific with 3.64 million, and South America with 908,000 units delivered in 2013.[92]", "Volkswagen Group. In 1990 – after purchasing its entire equity – Volkswagen AG took over the full ownership of SEAT, making the company a wholly owned subsidiary, and on 28 March 1991 another step to the expansion of the group's activities was made through the signing of a joint venture partnership agreement with Škoda automobilová a.s. of Czechoslovakia, accompanied with the acquisition of a 30% stake in the Czech car manufacturer,[22] raised later on 19 December 1994 to 60.3% and the year after, on 11 December 1995, to 70% of its shares.[24]", "Volkswagen Group. Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft is a public company and has a primary listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, and secondary listings on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange, SIX Swiss Exchange. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013.[1][12] The state of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it 20% of the voting rights.[13]", "Volkswagen. Volkswagen has factories in many parts of the world, manufacturing or assembling vehicles for local markets. In addition to plants in Germany, Volkswagen has manufacturing or assembly facilities in Mexico, the US, Slovakia, China, India, Indonesia,[52] Russia, Malaysia, Brazil, Argentina, Portugal, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya and South Africa. In 2011, Volkswagen was named in the top 25 largest companies in the world by the Forbes Global 2000.[53][54]", "Volkswagen Group. On 22 September 2015, VW AG admitted that 11 million cars worldwide had been fitted with software intended to deceive emissions testing. The company issued a profit warning, saying it had set aside 7.3 billion dollars to fix the fraud.[54] On 23 September 2015, Martin Winterkorn announced his resignation from the CEO position after a crisis meeting of the company board.[55] On 25 September 2015 Matthias Müller was named CEO.[56] Müller was the head of the Porsche marque within the VW corporate umbrella.[57]", "Volkswagen Group. From 2002 up to 2007, the Volkswagen Group's automotive division was restructured so that two major Brand Groups with different profile would be formed,[25] the Audi Brand Group focused on more sporty values – consisted of Audi, SEAT and Lamborghini – and the Volkswagen Brand Group on the field of classic values – consisted of Volkswagen, Skoda, Bentley and Bugatti[26][27] – with each Brand Group's product vehicles and performance being respectively under the higher responsibility of Audi and Volkswagen brands.", "Volkswagen Group. In order to reflect the company's increasing global diversification from its headquarters and main plant (the Volkswagenwerk in Wolfsburg), on 4 July 1985, the company name was changed again – to Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft (Volkswagen AG).", "Volkswagen Group. Volkswagen was founded in 1937, to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. The company's production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf; the latter became its bestseller. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and acquired control of Å koda in 1994, of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, Scania in 2008 and of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012. The company's operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market.", "Volkswagen Group. On 26 March 2007, after the European Union moved against the Volkswagen law, Porsche took its holding to 30.9 percent, triggering a takeover bid under German law. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group, setting its offer price at the lowest possible legal value, but intended the move to avoid a competitor taking a large stake, or to stop hedge funds dismantling Volkswagen Group, which is Porsche's most important partner.[75] On 16 September 2008, Porsche announced that the company had increased its stake in Volkswagen AG to 35 percent.[citation needed] By October 2008, Porsche held 42.6 percent of Volkswagen AG's ordinary shares, and held stock options on another 31.5 percent.[76] thus, effectively holding over 74 percent; 42.6 percent actual shares, and the rest as convertible options.[77] Volkswagen AG briefly became the world's most valuable company, as the stock price rose to over €1,000 per share as short sellers tried to cover their positions[78] The substantial investment in Volkswagen left Porsche with huge financial burden with its debts accumulating up to 13 billion euros by 2009.[79] Porsche would get emergency infusion of about a billion dollars from Volkswagen.[80] In July 2012, Volkswagen completed takeover of Porsche ending the 4 year saga and formed an integrated automotive group with Porsche. Porsche AG would become the 10th brand of Volkswagen. The holding company Porsche SE owns 31 percent shares of Volkswagen AG while maintaining its 50.7 percent of voting rights in the company.[81]", "Volkswagen Group. In December 2009, Volkswagen AG bought a 49.9% stake in Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG (more commonly known as Porsche AG) in a first step towards an 'integrated automotive group' with Porsche.[30][31][32] The merger of Volkswagen AG and Porsche SE was scheduled to take place during the course of 2011. On 8 September 2011, it was announced that the planned merger \"cannot be implemented within the time frame provided for in the Comprehensive Agreement.\" As reasons, unquantifiable legal risks, including a criminal probe into the holding's former management team were given. Both parties \"remain committed to the goal of creating an integrated automotive group with Porsche and are convinced that this will take place.\"[33][34] On 4 July 2012 Volkswagen group announced they would wrap up the remaining half of Porsche shares for 4.46 billion euros ($5.58 billion) on 1 August 2012 to avoid taxes of as much as 1.5 billion euros, which would have to be paid if the wrap up happened after 31 July 2014.[35] Volkswagen AG purchased the remaining stake in Porsche AG equaling 100% of the shares in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH, effectively becoming its parent company as of 1 August 2012.[36]", "Volkswagen. Volkswagen Group, as a unit, is Europe's largest automaker.[44] For a long time, Volkswagen has had a market share over 20 percent.[45]", "Volkswagen Group. On 18 June 1986, Volkswagen AG acquired a 51% controlling stake in SEAT, making it the first non-German subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. On 23 December the same year, it became the Spanish company's major shareholder by increasing its share up to 75%.[22]", "Porsche SE. As of the end of 2014, the 31.5% stake in Volkswagen AG is the predominant investment by Porsche SE, and Volkswagen AG in turn controls brands and companies such as Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Škoda, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche AG, Ducati, VW Commercial Vehicles, Scania, MAN, as well as Volkswagen Financial Services.[11]", "Volkswagen Group. In 1960, upon the flotation of part of the German federal government's stake in the company on the German stock market, its name became Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft (usually abbreviated to Volkswagenwerk AG).", "Volkswagen Group. Other subsidiaries:", "Volkswagen. In 2010, Volkswagen posted record sales of 6.29 million vehicles, with its global market share at 11.4%.[46] In 2008, Volkswagen became the third largest automaker in the world,[47] and, as of 2012, Volkswagen is the second largest manufacturer worldwide.[44] Volkswagen has aimed to double its US market share from 2% to 4% in 2014,[48] and is aiming to become, sustainably, the world's largest car maker by 2018.[49][50] Volkswagen Group's core markets include Germany and China.[51]", "Volkswagen Group. Volkswagen AG shares are also listed and traded on other major domestic and worldwide stock exchanges. In Germany's domestic exchanges, since 1961 these include those in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. International exchanges include those in Basel (listed in 1967), Geneva (1967), Zürich (1967), Luxembourg (1979), London (1988), and New York (1988).[82]", "Volkswagen Group. As of 31 December 2016[update], share ownership of Volkswagen AG is distributed as follows:[5]", "Volkswagen Group. The company narrowly missed being the top global automaker in the first half of 2014, selling 5.07 million vehicles in the six months ending June 30, 2014, just behind Toyota which notched up 5.1 million vehicle sales.[95]", "Volkswagen. Volkswagen (German pronunciation: [ˈfɔlksˌvaːɡŋ̍] -  listen (help·info)), shortened to VW, is a German automaker founded on 28 May 1937 by the German Labour Front and headquartered in Wolfsburg. It is the flagship marque of the Volkswagen Group, the largest automaker by worldwide sales in 2016.[1]", "Automotive industry in Germany. Currently, five German companies and seven marques dominate the automotive industry in the country: Volkswagen AG (and subsidiaries Audi and Porsche), BMW AG, Daimler AG, Adam Opel AG and Ford-Werke GmbH. Nearly six million vehicles are produced in Germany each year, and approximately 5.5 million are produced overseas by German brands.[14] Alongside the United States, China and Japan, Germany is one of the top 4 automobile manufacturers in the world.[15] The Volkswagen Group is one of the three biggest automotive companies of the world (along with Toyota and General Motors).", "Volkswagen Group. Three prestige automotive marques were added to the Volkswagen portfolio in 1998: Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti.[22]", "List of Volkswagen Group factories. VW Tiguan Allspace", "Volkswagen Group. Volkswagen (\"People's car\" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH (\"Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car\", abbreviated to Gezuvor) by the National Socialist Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labour Front).[14][15][16] The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1, and commonly called the Volkswagen Beetle.[17] This vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsche's consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler.[18] On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed Volkswagenwerk GmbH (\"Volkswagen Factory limited liability company\").[14]", "List of Volkswagen Group factories. Audi RS2 Avant, Porsche 918, Boxster/Cayman, 997, 996, 993, 964, 911, 944, 924, 928, 968" ]

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[ "Byzantine architecture. As early as the building of Constantine's churches in Palestine there were two chief types of plan in use: the basilican, or axial, type, represented by the basilica at the Holy Sepulchre, and the circular, or central, type, represented by the great octagonal church once at Antioch. Those of the latter type we must suppose were nearly always vaulted, for a central dome would seem to furnish their very raison d'etre. The central space was sometimes surrounded by a very thick wall, in which deep recesses, to the interior, were formed, as at the noble Church of Saint George, Thessaloniki (5th century), or by a vaulted aisle, as at Santa Costanza, Rome (4th century); or annexes were thrown out from the central space in such a way as to form a cross, in which these additions helped to counterpoise the central vault, as at the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna (5th century). The most famous church of this type was that of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople. Vaults appear to have been early applied to the basilican type of plan; for instance, at Hagia Irene, Constantinople (6th century), the long body of the church is covered by two domes.", "Byzantine architecture. Early Byzantine architecture drew upon earlier elements of Roman architecture. Stylistic drift, technological advancement, and political and territorial changes meant that a distinct style gradually resulted in the Greek cross plan in church architecture.[3]", "Church architecture. These buildings copied pagan tombs and were square, cruciform with shallow projecting arms or polygonal. They were roofed by domes which came to symbolise heaven. The projecting arms were sometimes roofed with domes or semi-domes that were lower and abutted the central block of the building. Byzantine churches, although centrally planned around a domed space, generally maintained a definite axis towards the apsidal chancel which generally extended further than the other apses. This projection allowed for the erection of an iconostasis, a screen on which icons are hung and which conceals the altar from the worshippers except at those points in the liturgy when its doors are opened.", "Church architecture. Many of the earliest churches of Byzantium have a longitudinal plan. At Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, there is a central dome, frame on one axis by two high semi-domes and on the other by low rectangular transept arms, the overall plan being square. This large church was to influence the building of many later churches, even into the 21st century. A square plan in which the nave, chancel and transept arms are of equal length forming a Greek cross, the crossing generally surmounted by a dome became the common form in the Eastern Orthodox Church, with many churches throughout Eastern Europe and Russia being built in this way. Churches of the Greek Cross form often have a narthex or vestibule which stretches across the front of the church. This type of plan was also to later play a part in the development of church architecture in Western Europe, most notably in Bramante's plan for St. Peter's Basilica.[3][full citation needed][6][full citation needed]", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. By the 5th century, structures with small-scale domed cross plans existed across the Christian world. Examples include the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, the martyrium attached to the Basilica of San Simpliciano, and churches in Macedonia and on the coast of Asia Minor.[94] Small brick domes are also found in towers of Constantinople's early 5th century land walls.[95] Underground cisterns in Constantinople, such as the Cistern of Philoxenos and the Basilica Cistern, were composed of a grid of columns supporting small domes, rather than groin vaults.[96] The square bay with an overhead sail vault or dome on pendentives became the basic unit of architecture in the early Byzantine centuries, found in a variety of combinations.[94]", "Early Christian art and architecture. The usable model at hand, when Emperor Constantine I wanted to memorialize his imperial piety, was the familiar conventional architecture of the basilica. There were several variations of the basic plan of the secular basilica, always some kind of rectangular hall, but the one usually followed for churches had a center nave with one aisle at each side, and an apse at one end opposite to the main door at the other. In, and often also in front of, the apse was a raised platform, where the altar was placed and the clergy officiated. In secular buildings this plan was more typically used for the smaller audience halls of the emperors, governors, and the very rich than for the great public basilicas functioning as law courts and other public purposes.[33] This was the normal pattern used for Roman churches, and generally in the Western Empire, but the Eastern Empire, and Roman Africa, were more adventurous, and their models were sometimes copied in the West, for example in Milan. All variations allowed natural light from windows high in the walls, a departure from the windowless sanctuaries of the temples of most previous religions, and this has remained a consistent feature of Christian church architecture. Formulas giving churches with a large central area were to become preferred in Byzantine architecture, which developed styles of basilica with a dome early on.[34]", "Byzantine architecture. Prime examples of early Byzantine architecture date from the Emperor Justinian I's reign and survive in Ravenna and Istanbul, as well as in Sofia (the Church of St Sophia). One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian's architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square plan of the church to a circular dome (or domes) by means of pendentives.", "Architecture of cathedrals and great churches. Many of the earliest churches of Byzantium have a longitudinal plan. At Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, there is a central dome, framed on one axis by two high semi-domes and on the other by low rectangular transept arms, the overall plan being square. This large church was to influence the building of many later churches, even into the 21st century. A square plan in which the nave, chancel and transept arms are of equal length forming a Greek cross, the crossing generally surmounted by a dome became the common form in the Orthodox Church, with many churches throughout Eastern Europe and Russia being built in this way. Churches of the Greek Cross form often have a narthex or vestibule which stretches across the front of the church. This type of plan was also to later play a part in the development of church architecture in Western Europe, most notably in Bramante's plan for St. Peter's Basilica.[2][8]", "Eastern Orthodox church architecture. The cruciform is the oldest of the two interior layouts and seems to be of Byzantine origin. It comes from the adaptation of two of the earliest Christian architectural forms, the Basilica and the octagonal/circular form. The cruciform church often includes side-aisles similar to the Western Basilica, but they are often very short and cut open in the middle leaving a large cross shape through the middle of the church.\nThe open square/circle is the newer of the two forms. It is most commonly found in Eastern European churches & more modern Greek churches. This church retains the earlier square/circular shape, however the side-aisles have been removed opening the space completely. This has found wider use across the world in more recent years with the invention of steel, as it allows for the dome to be supported without the need for massive arches and columns which were main features of the older cruciform churches.", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. The cross-in-square is the most common church plan from the 10th century until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.[152] This type of plan, with four columns supporting the dome at the crossing, was best suited for domes less than 7 meters (23 ft) wide and, from the 10th to the 14th centuries, a typical Byzantine dome measured less than 6 meters (20 ft) in diameter. For domes beyond that width, variations in the plan were required such as using piers in place of the columns and incorporating further buttressing around the core of the building.[153] The distinctive rippling eaves design for the roofs of domes began in the 10th century. In mainland Greece, circular or octagonal drums became the most common.[146]", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. Constantinople's cultural influence extended from Sicily to Russia.[173] Armenia, as a border state between the Roman-Byzantine and Sasanian empires, was influenced by both.[174] The exact relationship between Byzantine architecture and that of the Caucasus is unclear. Georgia and Armenia produced many central planned, domed buildings in the 7th century and, after a lull during the Arab invasions, the architecture flourished again in the Middle Byzantine Period.[139] Armenian church domes were initially wooden structures. Etchmiadzin Cathedral (c. 483) originally had a wooden dome covered by a wooden pyramidal roof before this was replaced with stone construction in 618. Churches with stone domes became the standard type after the 7th century, perhaps benefiting from a possible exodus of stonecutters from Syria, but the long traditions of wooden construction carried over stylistically. Some examples in stone as late as the 12th century are detailed imitations of clearly wooden prototypes.[175] Armenian church building was prolific in the late 6th and 7th centuries and, by the 7th century, the churches tend to be either central plans or combinations of central and longitudinal plans. Domes were supported by either squinches (which were used in the Sasanian Empire but rarely in the Byzantine) or pendentives like those of the Byzantine empire, and the combination of domed-cross plan with the hall-church plan could have been influenced by the architecture of Justinian. Domes and cross arms were added to the longitudinal cathedral of Dvin from 608 to 615 and a church in Tekor. Other domed examples include Ptghnavank in Ptghni (c. 600), a church in T'alinn (662-85), and the Cathedral of Mren (629-40).[176]", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. The cross-in-square plan, with a single dome at the crossing or five domes in a quincunx pattern, became widely popular in the Middle Byzantine period.[147] Examples include an early 9th century church in Tirilye, now called the Fatih Mosque, and the palace chapel of the Myrelaion, built around 920.[148] The Nea Ekklesia of Emperor Basil I was built in Constantinople around 880 as part of a substantial building renovation and construction program during his reign. It had five domes, which are known from literary sources, but different arrangements for them have been proposed under at least four different plans. One has the domes arranged in a cruciform pattern like those of the contemporaneous Church of St. Andrew at Peristerai or the much older Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Others arrange them in a quincunx pattern, with four minor domes in the corners of a square and a larger fifth in the center, as part of a cross-domed or cross-in-square plan.[149] It is often suggested that the five-domed design of St. Panteleimon at Nerezi, from 1164, is based on that of the Nea Ekklesia.[150]", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. The domed-octagon plan is a variant of the cross-in-square plan.[144] The earliest extant example is the katholikon at the monastery of Hosios Loukas, with a 9-meter (30 ft) wide dome built in the first half of the 11th century.[128] This hemispherical dome was built without a drum and supported by a remarkably open structural system, with the weight of the dome distributed on eight piers, rather than four, and corbelling used to avoid concentrating weight on their corners. The use of squinches to transition from those eight supports to the base of the dome has led to speculation of a design origin in Arab, Sasanian, or Caucasian architecture, although with a Byzantine interpretation. Similar openness in design was used in the earlier Myrelaion church, as originally built, but the katholikon of Hosios Loukas is perhaps the most sophisticated design since the Hagia Sophia.[155] The smaller monastic church at Daphni, c. 1080, uses a simpler version of this plan.[156]", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. In the Middle Byzantine period, more complex plans emerge, such as the integrated chapels of Theotokos of Lips, a monastic church in Constantinople that was built around 907. It included four small chapels on its second floor gallery level that may have been domed.[151]", "Eastern Orthodox church architecture. While sharing many traditions, Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity began to diverge from each other from an early date. Whereas the basilica, a long aisled hall with an apse at one end, was the most common form in the West, a more compact centralised style became predominant in the East.", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. In the second third of the 6th century, church building by the Emperor Justinian used the domed cross unit on a monumental scale, in keeping with Justinian's emphasis on bold architectural innovation. His church architecture emphasized the central dome and his architects made the domed brick-vaulted central plan standard throughout the Roman east. This divergence with the Roman west from the second third of the 6th century may be considered the beginning of a \"Byzantine\" architecture.[106] Timber-roofed basilicas, which had previously been the standard church form, would continue to be so in the medieval west.[107]", "Byzantine architecture. If we draw a square and divide each side into three so that the middle parts are greater than the others, and then divide the area into nine from these points, we approximate to the typical setting out of a plan of this time. Now add three apses on the east side opening from the three divisions, and opposite to the west put a narrow entrance porch running right across the front. Still in front put a square court. The court is the atrium and usually has a fountain in the middle under a canopy resting on pillars. The entrance porch is the narthex. Directly under the center of the dome is the ambo, from which the Scriptures were proclaimed, and beneath the ambo at floor level was the place for the choir of singers. Across the eastern side of the central square was a screen which divided off the bema, where the altar was situated, from the body of the church; this screen, bearing images, is the iconostasis. The altar was protected by a canopy or ciborium resting on pillars. Rows of rising seats around the curve of the apse with the patriarch's throne at the middle eastern point formed the synthronon. The two smaller compartments and apses at the sides of the bema were sacristies, the diaconicon and prothesis. The ambo and bema were connected by the solea, a raised walkway enclosed by a railing or low wall.", "Architecture of cathedrals and great churches. The period of architecture termed Early or Paleo-Christian lasted from the first Christian Church buildings of the early 4th century until the development of a distinctly Byzantine style which emerged in the reign of Justinian I in the 6th century, rather than with the removal of the seat of the Roman Empire to Byzantium by Constantine in 330 CE. Some of the earliest Christian churches were constructed in Armenia where Christianity became the official religion in 301. The small aisless Basilica of the Holy Cross at Aparan is traditionally dated to the 4th century.", "Dome. \"Cross-domed units\", a more secure structural system created by bracing a dome on all four sides with broad arches, became a standard element on a smaller scale in later Byzantine church architecture.[128][129] The Cross-in-square plan, with a single dome at the crossing or five domes in a quincunx pattern, became widely popular in the Middle Byzantine period (c. 843–1204).[130][131][128] It is the most common church plan from the tenth century until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.[132] Resting domes on circular or polygonal drums pierced with windows eventually became the standard style, with regional characteristics.[133]", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. The History of Roman and Byzantine domes traces the architecture of domes throughout the ancient Roman Empire and its medieval continuation, today called the Byzantine Empire. Domes were important architectural elements in both periods and had widespread influence on contemporary and later styles, from Russian and Ottoman architecture to the Italian Renaissance and modern revivals. The domes were customarily hemispherical, although octagonal and segmented shapes are also known, and they developed in form, use, and structure over the centuries. Early examples rested directly on the rotunda walls of round rooms and featured a central oculus for ventilation and light. Pendentives became common in the Byzantine period, provided support for domes over square spaces.", "Byzantine architecture. Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople[1] and continued with his building of churches [2] and the forum of Constantine. This terminology is used by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople rather than the city of Rome and environs. The empire endured for more than a millennium. Its architecture dramatically influenced the later medieval architecture throughout Europe and the Near East, and became the primary progenitor of the Renaissance and Ottoman architectural traditions that followed its collapse.", "Church architecture. Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity began to diverge from each other from an early date. Whereas the basilica was the most common form in the west, a more compact centralised style became predominant in the east. These churches were in origin martyria, constructed as mausoleums housing the tombs of the saints who had died during the persecutions which only fully ended with the conversion of the Emperor Constantine. An important surviving example is the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, which has retained its mosaic decorations. Dating from the 5th century, it may have been briefly used as an oratory before it became a mausoleum.", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. Timber-roofed basilicas, which had been the standard form until the 6th century, would be displaced by domed churches from the 9th century on.[107] In the Middle Byzantine period (c. 843 – 1204), domes were normally built to emphasize separate functional spaces, rather than as the modular ceiling units they had been earlier.[145][139] Resting domes on circular or polygonal drums pierced with windows eventually became the standard style, with regional characteristics.[146]", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. Early examples of Byzantine domes existed over the hexagonal hall of the Palace of Antiochos, the hexagon at Gülhane, the martyium of Sts. Karpos and Papylos, and the rotunda at the Myrelaion.[95] The 5th century St. Mary's church in Ephesus had small rectangular side rooms with sail vaults made of arched brick courses. The brick dome of the baptistery at St. Mary's was composed of a series of tightly arched meridional sections.[97] The Church of Saint Simeon Stylites likely had a wooden polygonal dome over its central 27-meter (89 ft) wide octagon.[98]", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. Byzantium's neighboring Orthodox powers emerged as architectural centers in their own right during the Late Byzantine Period. The Bulgarian churches of Nesebar are similar to those in Constantinople at this time and, following the construction of Gračanica monastery, the architecture of Serbia used the \"so-called Athonite plan\", for example at Ravanica (1375–7). In Romania, Wallachia was influenced by Serbian architecture and Moldavia was more original, such as in the Voroneț Monastery with its small dome.[166] Moscow emerged as the most important center of architecture following the fall of Constantinople in 1453.[186] The Cathedral of the Assumption (1475–79), built in the Kremlin to house the icon of Our Lady of Vladimir, was designed in a traditional Russian style by an Italian architect.[187]", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. With the decline in the empire's resources following losses in population and territory, domes in Byzantine architecture were used as part of more modest new buildings. The large-scale churches of Byzantium were, however, kept in good repair. The upper portion of the Church of Hagia Irene was thoroughly rebuilt after an earthquake in 740. The nave was re-covered with an elliptical domical vault hidden externally by a low cylinder on the roof, in place of the earlier barrel vaulted ceiling, and the original central dome from the Justinian era was replaced with one raised upon a high windowed drum. The barrel vaults supporting these two new domes were also extended out over the side aisles, creating cross-domed units.[128] By bracing the dome with broad arches on all four sides, the cross-domed unit provided a more secure structural system.[139] These units, with most domes raised on drums, became a standard element on a smaller scale in later Byzantine church architecture, and all domes built after the transitional period were braced with bilateral symmetry.[142]", "Byzantine architecture. At the Holy Apostles (6th century) five domes were applied to a cruciform plan; the central dome was the highest. After the 6th century there were no churches built which in any way competed in scale with these great works of Justinian, and the plans more or less tended to approximate to one type. The central area covered by the dome was included in a considerably larger square, of which the four divisions, to the east, west, north and south, were carried up higher in the vaulting and roof system than the four corners, forming in this way a sort of nave and transepts. Sometimes the central space was square, sometimes octagonal, or at least there were eight piers supporting the dome instead of four, and the nave and transepts were narrower in proportion.", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. In the Balkans, where Byzantine rule weakened in the 7th and 8th centuries, domed architecture may represent Byzantine influence or, in the case of the centrally planned churches of 9th-century Dalmatia, the revival of earlier Roman mausoleum types. An interest in Roman models may have been an expression of the religious maneuvering of the region between the Church of Constantinople and that of Rome. Examples include the Church of Sv. Luka in Kotor, the Church of Sv. Trojce (hr) near Split, and the early 9th century Church of Sv. Donat in Zadar. The Church of Sv. Donat, originally domed, may have been built next to a palace and resembles palace churches in the Byzantine tradition. The architectural chronology of the central and eastern Balkans is unsettled during the period of the First Bulgarian Empire, in part because of similarity between Justinian-era churches from the 6th century and what may have been a revival of that style in the late 9th and early 10th centuries under the Christianized Bulgar tsars. Remains of the Round Church in Preslav, a building traditionally associated with the rule Tsar Simeon (893–927), indicate that it was a domed palace chapel. Its construction features, however, resemble instead 3rd and 4th century Roman mausolea, perhaps due to the association of those structures with the imperial idea.[177]", "Cruciform. Christian churches are commonly described as having a cruciform architecture. In Early Christian, Byzantine and other Eastern Orthodox forms of church architecture this is likely to mean a tetraconch plan, a Greek cross, with arms of equal length or, later, a cross-in-square plan.", "Byzantine architecture. Secular structures include the ruins of the Great Palace of Constantinople, the innovative walls of Constantinople (with 192 towers) and Basilica Cistern (with hundreds of recycled classical columns). A frieze in the Ostrogothic palace in Ravenna depicts an early Byzantine palace.", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes. In Thessaloniki, a distinctive type of church dome developed in the first two decades of the 14th century. It is characterized by a polygonal drum with rounded colonnettes at the corners, all brick construction, and faces featuring three arches stepped back within one another around a narrow \"single-light window\".[170] One of the hallmarks of Thessalonian churches was the plan of a domed naos with a peristoon wrapped around three sides.[171] The churches of Hagios Panteleimon, Hagia Aikaterine, and Hagioi Apostoloi have domes on these ambulatory porticoes.[166] The five domes of the Hagioi Apostoloi, or Church of the Holy Apostles, in Thessaloniki (c. 1329) makes it an example of a five-domed cross-in-square church in the Late Byzantine style, as is the Gračanica monastery, built around 1311 in Serbia.[152] The architect and artisans of the Gračanica monastery church probably came from Thessaloniki and its style reflects Byzantine cultural influence.[172] The church has been said to represent \"the culmination of Late Byzantine architectural design.\"[166]", "Mosaic. The Cappella Palatina clearly shows evidence for blending the eastern and western styles. The dome (1142–42) and the eastern end of the church (1143–1154) were decorated with typical Byzantine mosaics i.e. Pantokrator, angels, scenes from the life of Christ. Even the inscriptions are written in Greek. The narrative scenes of the nave (Old Testament, life of Sts Peter and Paul) are resembling to the mosaics of the Old St. Peter's and St. Paul's Basilica in Rome (Latin inscriptions, 1154–66)." ]

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[ "Matthew Lawrence. Lawrence's singing debut was in 1986, when he and Joey performed at the 1986 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. (Matt sang at the 1991 Macy's Parade as well.) Other musical Matt rarities can be found on two Gimme A Break episodes (Nell's Secret Admirer; Johnny B. Goode & The Window; Part 1; Rock & Roll Music), two Brotherly Love episodes (A Roman Holiday; Silent Night, Art Attack; Pigeon On Your Car) and his last musical moment on Boy Meets World (As Time Goes By; This Dame). Except for Silent Night and This Dame, Matt also played guitar on the remaining three.", "Joey Tribbiani. Joey is a member of the Screen Actors Guild,[6] having refused to follow in his father's footsteps and become a pipe fitter.[7] He started his acting profession doing stage work, introduced in the show's pilot episode by Monica and Chandler having seen Joey in a production of Pinocchio. Sometime prior to the start of the series, Joey also had appeared in a porn film, as a fully clothed extra.[8] Joey also mentioned appearing in a play with trolls before getting the leading role of Sigmund Freud in the musical play Freud! where he was first spotted by his talent agent Estelle Leonard. She immediately got him a film role in the same episode as Al Pacino's \"butt double\" — a speechless role he later lost due to taking the part too seriously.[9] Monica and Chandler also once discussed having seen Joey in a version of Macbeth, in which he was unable to pronounce most of the words.", "Gimme a Break!. Five episodes into the sixth and final season, the show changed locales from Glenlawn to New York City, when Nell, concerned for Joey's welfare after he moved there with his absentee father, traveled there to check on him. She subsequently assumed guardianship of Joey and his younger brother Matthew (played by Joey Lawrence's real-life brother Matthew Lawrence) at their father's request and was forced to permanently relocate there after Chief Kanisky's father Stanley (John Hoyt) sold the family's Glenlawn home.", "Gimme a Break!. The episode \"Cat Story\" was performed and broadcast live on March 2, 1985, as a promotional gimmick, which the cast performed without major incident. An earlier episode (from the 1984–85 season), \"Baby of the Family,\" ranked No. 38 on TV Land's list of \"The 100 Most Unexpected TV Moments;\" it depicted Joey dressing and performing in blackface at Nell's church benefit, a plan hatched by Samantha to retaliate for Nell forbidding her to go on an unchaperoned camping trip.[1]", "Joey (TV series). Joey is an American sitcom and a spin-off of Friends starring Matt LeBlanc reprising his role as Joey Tribbiani. It premiered on the NBC television network, on September 9, 2004, in the former time slot of its parent series, Thursday nights at 8:00 p.m.", "Happy Days (season 11). Recurring guest: Steven Baio as Joey.", "Joey (TV series). After the series' cancellation in 2006, Matt LeBlanc took a four-year break from acting before returning in the BBC/Showtime sitcom Episodes. The series was a success for LeBlanc, earning him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in 2012. On the show he plays a fictionalized version of himself. Joey is brought up several times in conversation by characters on the show, including LeBlanc, who praises the show but also laughs at his own real life career in the show, most notably with the line, \"They said Joey was going to be a success,\" to which another character replies \"Joey was ...a, success.\"", "Gimme a Break!. Gimme a Break! is an American sitcom that aired on NBC for six seasons from October 29, 1981 until May 12, 1987. The series starred Nell Carter as the housekeeper for a widowed police chief (Dolph Sweet) and his three daughters.", "Joey (TV series). The series did well in the Nielsen ratings in its first season (2004–2005) and was subsequently renewed for a second season (2005–2006). In the second season, Miguel A. Núñez, Jr. was added to the show as a series regular. Also, Jennifer Coolidge had a more prominent role. The show was pulled from its Thursday-night timeslot in December 2005, and NBC returned the show in a new timeslot (Tuesdays at 8pm) on March 7, 2006. Due in part to being in competition with American Idol, Joey was the lowest-rated prime time program of the week for NBC.[5] The network pulled the series after the first Tuesday broadcast and its cancellation was announced on May 15, 2006. The remaining episodes have never been broadcast by NBC, but have been shown on various other networks around the world. Episode 5 and Episode 13 of season 1 were directed by David Schwimmer, who played Ross Geller in Friends.", "Joey Tribbiani. Joey is extremely promiscuous, often relying on his catchphrase pickup line \"How you doin'?\". He regularly sleeps with attractive women, but can never seem to get into a committed relationship - judging from a conversation he had with Chandler at the latter's bachelor party he seems to regard marriage as depressing and restrictive. He sleeps with many of the interns and extras on shows on which he works. He has apparently been sexually active for a very long time; he undid a 16-year-old girl's bra when he was nine, slept with his teacher in the seventh grade, and had a \"wild spring break\" when he was 13. In the episode \"The One With Joey's Interview\", he slept with the interviewer (played by Sasha Alexander) so what he said about having a life and not watching soaps wasn't published in Soap Opera Digest.", "Gimme a Break!. The sitcom takes place in Glenlawn, a fictional California suburb (certain episodes differ as to of what California city suburb was Glenlawn). Nellie Ruth \"Nell\" Harper (Nell Carter) agrees to look after the Kanisky household as a special favor to her dying friend Margaret Huffman Kanisky (played in flashback by Sharon Spelman), who was the wife of police chief Carl Kanisky (Dolph Sweet), serving as a parental figure to the Chief's three teenage daughters, Katie (Kari Michaelsen), Julie (Lauri Hendler), and Samantha (Lara Jill Miller). A foster son, Joey (Joey Lawrence), was added to the Kanisky household in Season 3.", "Adam Duritz. In addition to his musical pursuits, Duritz was executive producer for the film The Locusts.[10][11] He appeared in the 2007 mockumentary film Farce of the Penguins.[12] Adam teamed with the Broken Lizard comedy troupe in 2009 as Executive Producer for the film Freeloaders (2011).[13][better source needed] The film revolves around \"five guys and a girl who live in the lap of luxury in a rock star's mansion. But their sweet situation is threatened when the rock star decides to sell the home. The friends will do whatever it takes to maintain their rock and roll lifestyle, as hilarity and shenanigans ensue.\"[14] Written by Dan Rosen and Dave Gibbs, the film stars Clifton Collins Jr., Olivia Munn, Jane Seymour and Dave Foley as well as a multitude of stars making brief cameos throughout.", "Joey Buchanan. The role Joey Buchanan was originated by child actor Ryan Morris from 1980 to 1985. Morris was then replaced by John Paul Learn from 1985 to 1990. In 1990, the role was reintroduced by teen actor Chris McKenna, who portrayed the role until 1993. In 1994, actor Nathan Fillion first appeared in the regular role of an 18-year-old Joey on the episode first-run April 28, 1994. Fillion remained on the series until his on-screen departure on February 14, 1998. Fillion's portrayal of Joey earned him a Younger Actor Emmy nomination in 1998.[1] Following Fillion's departure, the role was recast with actor Don Jeffcoat, who stepped into the role on-screen on October 17, 1998.[2]", "Ben Powers. Powers was born in Brooklyn, New York and raised in Providence, Rhode Island. He attended the Rhode Island School of Design.[2] Powers got his first break in the 1970s with Adrian Hall, director at Trinity Repertory Theater in Providence, Rhode Island, his hometown. In addition to stage acting, Powers did stand-up comedy, amazing impressions, and sang standards as well as original music he wrote. He was discovered by a Hollywood agent in Providence, signed on to do movies, and entertained at the Playboy clubs in Las Vegas, New York & Boston. After Good Times, Powers guest starred on a number of popular TV dramas and sitcom shows of the 1980s including Gimme a Break!, Flamingo Road, The Greatest American Hero, The New Odd Couple and Laverne & Shirley. Powers was also a regular on the CBS-TV hit detective drama show Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer in 1984-85, until the star, Stacy Keach, was arrested in London for cocaine smuggling and the show was canceled while Keach did time in England. Powers left the Hollywood scene at the end of 1985, before the detective series was picked up again. In the early 1980s, Powers appeared in a handful of big-screen films which included Cheech & Chong's Next Movie, Things Are Tough All Over and The Man Who Loved Women as well as a number of made-for-TV movies, mostly in smaller supporting roles.", "Patrick Gallagher (actor). Gallagher is known for his television roles as Det. Joe Finn in Da Vinci's Inquest, the alcohol salesman in Entourage, Leon in The Line, Farhod the Fierce in Pair of Kings, and Ken Tanaka in Glee, and his film roles as Awkward Davies in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World and Gary the bartender in Sideways. Gallagher also played Attila the Hun in Night at the Museum and its sequels, Chow in True Blood, Colquitt in Final Destination 3, Anderson in the movie Severed: Forest of the Dead, and the head of security, Hugo, in the short-lived series Endgame.", "Joey Stivic. Joey Stivic was a regular character on the All in the Family spin-off series Gloria in 1982 and 1983. On this series, in which the now-divorced Gloria Bunker character had moved to Upstate New York in order to work as an assistant veterinarian, the part of Joey Stivic was played by ten-year-old actor Christian Jacobs. After Gloria was canceled in 1983, Joey Stivic disappeared from prime time television for 11 years, until the character made one last appearance on 704 Hauser, a short-lived 1994 series about a black family who had moved into the old Bunker home, years after Bunker had sold it. In this appearance, the Joey Stivic character was played by Casey Siemaszko, an actor born in 1961 (14 years before Joey Stivic's fictional birth).", "Joey Zimmerman. Joseph Paul Zimmerman (born June 10, 1986) is an American actor and musician. He is sometimes credited as Joey Zimmerman, Joseph Zimmerman, J. Paul Zimmerman and J.P. Zimmerman.", "Joey (TV series). On Friends, Joey was a womanizer, but we enjoyed his exploits. He was a solid friend, a guy you knew you could count on. Joey was deconstructed to be a guy who couldn't get a job, couldn't ask a girl out. He became a pathetic, mopey character. I felt he was moving in the wrong direction, but I was not heard.", "Chris O'Donnell. Christopher Eugene O'Donnell (born June 26, 1970) is an American actor. He played Charlie Simms in Scent of a Woman, D'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers, Jack Foley in the drama film Circle of Friends, Dick Grayson/Robin in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin, Jason Brown in Robert Altman's Cookie's Fortune, and Peter Garrett in Vertical Limit. O'Donnell currently stars as special Agent G. Callen on the CBS crime drama television series NCIS: Los Angeles, a spin-off of NCIS.", "Gimme a Break!. Over the six-year run, a number of celebrities appeared on the show, including singers Whitney Houston, Andy Gibb, Sammy Davis, Jr., Ray Parker Jr., and The Pointer Sisters. More often than not, the guest singers would perform a song with Nell on the episodes. During the third season, Pat Sajak guest-starred as himself when Nell and her friend Addy (Telma Hopkins) were contestants on Wheel of Fortune. Other notable guest stars included Milton Berle, Danny Glover, Rue McClanahan, Tony Randall, Helen Hunt, Don Rickles, Gwen Verdon, Dennis Haysbert, Ernie Hudson, Gary Collins, and Elizabeth Berkley.", "Jonathan Pryce. Critically lauded for his versatility,[1][2] Pryce has participated in big-budget films including Evita, Tomorrow Never Dies, Pirates of the Caribbean, The New World, GI Joe: The Rise of Cobra, GI Joe: Retaliation as well as independent films including Glengarry Glen Ross and Carrington. His career in theatre has also been prolific, and he has won two Tony Awards—the first in 1977 for his Broadway debut in Comedians, the second for his 1991 role as The Engineer in the musical Miss Saigon.", "Steve Zahn. After his breakout film role in 1994's Reality Bites, Zahn quickly gained a reputation for playing amiable stoners, slackers, and sidekicks in films such as That Thing You Do! (1996), You've Got Mail (1998), and Out of Sight (1998).[9] In the 1990s, Zahn was often approached by fans who assumed that he was an archetypal Generation X slacker, which was not the case. He has said, \"I’m the guy who gets up at six without an alarm clock. I was always that guy.\"[4]", "Melissa & Joey. The show stars two former teen idols who were notable for roles they played in popular 1990s sitcoms, Lawrence for Gimme a Break!, Blossom, and Brotherly Love and Hart for Clarissa Explains It All and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. Hart and Lawrence are both listed as executive producers of the series, and have each directed individual episodes.", "Shaun Cassidy. Shaun Paul Cassidy (born September 27, 1958) is an American television scriptwriter and producer. A retired actor and singer, he is known for starring in the television series The Hardy Boys Mysteries (1977–1979) and Breaking Away (1980–1981), as well as having several hit records in the 1970s. In the 1980s, he had a three-month stint on the daytime soap General Hospital and acted on Broadway and in the West End of London.", "Joey Buchanan. In the summer of 2010, a casting call went out with the prospect of possibly officially recasting the role of Joey Buchanan.[11] On October 5, 2010, it was announced that newcomer Josh Kelly had been cast as Joey Buchanan.[12] Kelly had a projected on-air debut of November 24, 2010.[12] Kelly reportedly beat out several Daytime heavy-weights including Matt Borlenghi, Brody Hutzler, and Austin Peck.[12] However, two days later, it was announced that the role of Joey had been unrecast and then re-recast the role with former As the World Turns actor Tom Degnan, and that Kelly would be cast in another contract role of new character Cutter Wentworth instead.[13] One Life to Live executive producer Frank Valentini released a statement concerning the change-up, stating:[13]", "Joey Tribbiani. Joey had some bad luck in terms of his acting career. In Season Five, he is cast in the independent film Shutter Speed, but it is shut down before filming began in Las Vegas.[15] He is also fired from a Burger King commercial. He filmed a role in a Law & Order episode that was cut from the completed episode—Joey was only \"seen\" as a corpse in a body bag.", "Joey Tribbiani. Joey was presumably born in 1968 as he talks about being 13 in 1981.[2] He comes from an Italian American family of eight children. His father Joseph Tribbiani, Sr. (Robert Costanzo), is a pipefitter and his mother's name is Gloria (Brenda Vaccaro). Joey has seven sisters: Mary Therese (Mimi Lieber) aka Mary Teresa Christina Ricci, Mary Angela (Holly Gagnier), Dina (Marla Sokoloff), Gina (Drea de Matteo), Tina (Lisa Maris),[3] Veronica (Dena Miceli),[3] and Cookie (Alex Meneses). Joey is from Queens, New York. As a child, he was extremely accident prone.[4] He also had an imaginary friend, Maurice, who was a space cowboy.[5]", "Garrett Morris. Garrett Morris (born February 1, 1937) is an American comedian, actor, and singer.[1] He was part of the original cast of the sketch comedy program Saturday Night Live, appearing from 1975 to 1980. Morris also had a role as Junior \"Uncle Junior\" King on the sitcom The Jamie Foxx Show, which aired from 1996–2001. Morris had a starring role as Earl Washington on the CBS sitcom 2 Broke Girls, from 2011–17. He was also in the sitcom Martin as Stan Winters, from 1992–95.", "The Break Up (Glee). Recurring characters in this episode include McKinley guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury (Mays), glee club members Joe Hart (Samuel Larsen), Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell), Marley Rose (Benoist) and Jake Puckerman (Artist), cheerleader Kitty (Tobin), NYADA junior Brody Weston (Geyer)[6] and Vogue.com employee Chase Madison (Dan Domenech).", "Jan-Michael Vincent. Vincent’s career took off in the late 1960s when casting agent Dick Clayton signed him to Universal Studios. He made an appearance on the Dragnet 1968 episode \"The Grenade\" as a muscular high school student who suffered an acid attack by a mentally unstable classmate (played by Mickey Sholdar). He also appeared in the Danger Island segments of Hanna-Barbera's The Banana Splits series as Link (1968–69). Finally, in the fall of 1969 Vincent had a starring role in the prime-time soap opera The Survivors, alongside Lana Turner and George Hamilton; however, the series was canceled mid-season.", "Adam Goldberg. Adam Charles Goldberg (born October 25, 1970) is an American actor, director, producer, and musician. Known for his supporting roles in film and television, Goldberg has appeared in films such as Dazed and Confused, Saving Private Ryan, A Beautiful Mind, and Zodiac. His TV appearances include the shows Friends as Eddie Menuek, Chandler's roommate, Joey, Entourage, The Jim Gaffigan Show, The Unusuals, and his critically acclaimed role as hitman Mr. Numbers in the first season of Fargo.", "Ray Liotta. One of Liotta's earliest roles was as Joey Perrini on the soap opera Another World; he appeared on the show from 1978 to 1981. He quit the show so he could try his luck in the film industry, and moved to Los Angeles. He made his film debut in a sexual assault scene with Pia Zadora and a garden hose in 1983's The Lonely Lady. His first major acting role was Something Wild (1986),[7][15] which earned him his first Golden Globe nomination.[16] In 1989, he costarred alongside Kevin Costner in the fantasy/drama film Field of Dreams—Liotta portrayed Shoeless Joe Jackson, the ghost of the famed baseball player.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "TBS (U.S. TV channel). In the recent past, TBS had frequently aired its prime time movies interspersed with other content and commentary (for example, Dinner and a Movie included cooking segments, while Movie and a Makeover featured fashion content); these wraparound segments later moved to weekend afternoon film presentations, before being dropped entirely by 2011. Since 1997, TBS has broadcast the 1983 film A Christmas Story in a 24-hour marathon from Christmas Eve to Christmas Day, which also runs simultaneously on sister channel TNT. Once each weekend, TBS airs a movie in prime time with limited commercial interruption, branded in promo advertisements under the title \"More Movies, Less Commercials\" (sister channel TNT also runs a prime time movie each weekend, that is telecast with limited commercial interruption).", "A Christmas Story. Due to the increasing popularity of the film, in 1997, TNT began airing a 24-hour marathon dubbed \"24 Hours of A Christmas Story,\" consisting of the film shown twelve consecutive times beginning at 7 or 8 p.m. on Christmas Eve and ending Christmas Day.[46] This was in addition to various other airings earlier in the month of December. In 2004, after TNT switched to a predominantly drama format, sister network TBS, under its comedy-based \"Very Funny\" moniker, took over the marathon. Clark stated that, in 2002, an estimated 38.4 million people tuned into the marathon at one point or another, nearly one sixth of the country.[10] TBS reported 45.4 million viewers in 2005,[47] and 45.5 million in 2006.[48] In 2007, new all-time ratings records were set,[49] with the highest single showing (8 p.m. Christmas Eve) drawing 4.4 million viewers.[49] Viewership increased again in 2008, with 8 p.m. Christmas Eve drawing 4.5 million viewers, and 10 p.m. drawing 4.3 million,[50] and 54.4 million total.[51] As of 2009, the film had been shown 250 times on the Turner family of networks.[51]", "A Christmas Story. In 2007, the marathon continued, and the original tradition was revived. TNT also aired the film twice the Sunday of Thanksgiving weekend (November 25). In 2009, the 24-hour marathon continued on TBS, for the 13th overall year, starting at 8 p.m. eastern on Christmas Eve.[52]", "A Christmas Story. In 2009, the film aired on TBS during a 24-hour marathon on Christmas Eve. The first viewing at 8 p.m. Eastern on December 24 earned a 1.6 rating (18–49) and beat the major broadcast networks (NBC, ABC, CBS, and Fox).[53] In 2010, the marathon averaged 3 million viewers, up 2% from the previous year, ranking TBS as the top cable network for the 24-hour period. The 10 a.m. airing on December 25 was seen by 4.4 million viewers, and the 8 p.m. airing on December 24 was close behind with 4.3 million viewers.[54] The marathons in 2011[55] and 2012[56] continued to see increases in ratings.", "A Christmas Story. For the 2014 and 2015 editions of the marathon, Turner Broadcasting elected to simulcast it on both TNT and TBS, marking the first time since 2003 that TNT aired it as well as the first time the marathon is being carried by multiple stations; the two networks set their airings one hour apart (so that the TNT airings began while TBS was at the middle of the film).[57][58] Both networks were running 24 hour marathons in 2017, as well.[2]", "A Christmas Story. Turner Broadcasting has maintained ownership of the broadcast rights, and since the mid-1990s, aired the film increasingly on TBS, TNT, and TCM. By 1995, it was aired on those networks a combined six times on December 24–26,[46] and in 1996, it was aired eight times over those three days.[46]", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). Along with Tom & Jerry, WTBS began to run The Little Rascals, Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies cartoons released prior to August 1948, theatrical Popeye cartoon shorts, and Three Stooges shorts under the banner The TBS Tom & Jerry Funhouse running for either one hour or 90 minutes during the morning hours and for an hour in the afternoon from 1986 until the mid-1990s. In the late 1980s, WTBS decreased the number of movies broadcast during the day slightly and began to add sitcoms from the 1970s (such as Happy Days, The Jeffersons, Good Times, and One Day at a Time) to the evening lineup; Little House on the Prairie aired during the late mornings continuously from 1986 to 2003.", "A Christmas Story. A Christmas Story is a 1983 American Christmas comedy film directed by Bob Clark and based on Jean Shepherd's semi-fictional anecdotes in his 1966 book In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash, with some elements from his 1971 book Wanda Hickey's Night of Golden Memories. It stars Melinda Dillon, Darren McGavin, and Peter Billingsley. A seasonal classic in North America, it is shown numerous times on television, usually on the networks owned by the Turner Broadcasting System. Since 1997, a marathon of the film titled \"24 Hours of A Christmas Story\" has aired annually on TNT and/or TBS, comprising twelve consecutive airings of the film on both Christmas Eve and Christmas Day each year.[2]", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). During the 1980s, WTBS focused heavily on movies – running two films during the day, and a movie-exclusive schedule during the nighttime hours after 8:00 p.m., with the exception of sports events. At other times, WTBS continued to run mostly classic sitcoms and vintage cartoons. In 1986, when Ted Turner purchased Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists (which he would sell back to previous owner Kirk Kerkorian that October due to debt incurred by the Turner Broadcasting System from its purchase of the film studio),[5] WTBS gained the rights to the entire MGM/UA film library (including certain acquisitions by MGM). It gave WTBS the rights to air many theatrical cartoon shorts such as Tom & Jerry, as well as shows like Gilligan's Island and CHiPs.", "Major League Baseball on TBS. On October 17, 2006, TBS signed an agreement with Major League Baseball which earned the network exclusive rights to all Division Series playoff games, one of the League Championship Series, as well as rights to the All-Star Selection Show held in late June or early July, from 2007 to 2013. A national Sunday afternoon baseball package was also planned starting with the 2008 season.[14] As a part of the deal, the Turner Broadcasting System management decided to limit Braves games to local telecasts within the Atlanta market. On October 1, 2007, the Turner Broadcasting System severed the ties between WTBS and the TBS cable channel, converting the Atlanta station into an in-market independent station that assumed the call letters WPCH-TV, branding on-air as \"Peachtree TV\".", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). On June 29, 1981, TBS (as SuperStation WTBS) began to use an off-time scheduling format for its programming known as \"Turner Time.\"[28] While program offerings on other broadcast and basic cable channels generally began at the top and bottom (:00 and :30 minutes) of each hour, TBS decided to begin airing programs five minutes later, at :05 and  :35 minutes past the hour. Programs seen on TBS were listed under their own time entry in TV Guide, during the period in which the magazine published log listings, as a result of this scheduling, thus enabling the program listings to catch potential viewers' eyes more readily. The use of \"Turner Time\" also encouraged channel surfers who could not find anything interesting to watch at the top of the hour to still be able to watch a program on TBS without missing the first few minutes. Most importantly, since shows ended five minutes later than normal, from a strategic standpoint the off-time scheduling usually encouraged viewers to continue watching TBS rather than turning to another channel to watch a program that would already be airing in progress.", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). In late June 2007, the Turner Broadcasting System announced that WTBS would change its callsign to WPCH-TV, and would be rebranded as \"Peachtree TV\". The rebranded channel 17 would offer sitcoms and movies geared specifically toward the station's Atlanta audience, and would also broadcast 45 Atlanta Braves baseball games starting with the 2008 season. The change occurred on October 1, with the national feed becoming a separate cable channel that retained the TBS name. In addition, the channel 17 changeover allowed cable and satellite subscribers in the Atlanta market – which previously received WTBS's local Atlanta signal – to receive the national TBS feed for the first time since the early 1980s.[7] Following the change, Canadian cable providers were legally required to continue carrying the local Peachtree TV signal, instead of switching to the national TBS feed.[3] Beginning with the 2008 season, TBS began airing Major League Baseball postseason games, with regular season baseball coverage expanding to include games from other MLB teams.", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). Music videos also aired during its late night lineup on weekends from 1983 to 1992 as part of the program Night Tracks, with up to 14 hours of programming (barring pre-emptions from sporting events running overtime). Beginning in 1991, a handful of shows (mostly movies) that were shown nationally were pre-empted in the Atlanta market in order to broadcast FCC-mandated news, public affairs, and children's programming – continuing until the split of the TBS national feed from the Atlanta station.", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). At the 2006 MLB All-Star Game, it was announced that TBS would begin carrying a television package that includes all major league teams beginning with the 2007 season. TBS began carrying all Division Series games and one of the two League Championship Series (assuming the rights from Fox and ESPN) as well as the announcements of the All-Star teams and any possible games to determine division winners and wild card teams (those were also carried previously on ESPN). In 2008, TBS began airing MLB regular season Sunday games, with the provision that no team may appear on the telecasts more than 13 times during the season.", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). A high definition feed of TBS, which broadcasts in 1080i, launched on September 1, 2007. Prior to the launch of the national channel's high definition feed, WTBS's digital signal – which is viewable over-the-air in the Atlanta market – had already transmitted in high definition (although most programs seen on the station, with the exception of Atlanta Braves and Southeastern Conference college football games, were broadcast in upconverted standard definition and pillarboxed until April 3, 2011); it was replaced by the superstation feed's HD simulcast, instead of simulcasting what became Peachtree TV.", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). WTBS's local programming was nearly identical to the national feed, aside from FCC-mandated public affairs and educational programming that only aired on the local signal. By the early 2000s, TBS had begun to focus more intensively on comedic programming, including sitcoms and other series. On October 1, 2007, WTBS and the TBS Superstation feed were separated, with WTBS re-launching as the Atlanta-specific Peachtree TV, and TBS becoming a conventional basic cable network with no over-the-air simulcast as had been previously the case. As of January 2016, 94.3 million households have received TBS.[1]", "WPCH-TV. On July 20, 1980, CNN began producing an hour-long weeknight news program for WTBS; the TBS Evening News – which was originally anchored by David Jensen (who previously served as a host for BBC Radio 1), Kevin Christopher and meteorologist Dallas Raines – usually ran at 10:00 p.m. local time (the airtime sometimes varied depending on the movie or sports presentation that preceded it). Owing to WTBS's national superstation status, rather than focusing on local news, the program focused on national and international news headlines as well as national weather forecasts and sports headlines. The TBS Evening News was cancelled after four years as a result of low ratings due to the frequent programming delays, with the program ending after the July 20, 1984, broadcast. In addition, on July 31, 1980, WTBS also carried a 24-hour simulcast of CNN in place of its regular programming schedule; the simulcast was done in a move to help encourage subscriber demand to force cable systems to begin carrying the cable news channel.[97][98]", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). WTBS continued to run a mix of movies, sitcoms and drama series. By 2001, several sitcoms from the 1980s and 1990s such as Full House, Family Matters, The Cosby Show, Friends, Seinfeld and Home Improvement became part of the schedule, many of them airing as part of the afternoon \"Non-Stop Comedy Block\" by 2002. In 2003, WTBS dropped Little House on the Prairie and other dramatic programming as a part of its new focus on comedic programs, such as sitcom reruns, original reality television series, and theatrically released comedy films. As part of this focus, TBS adopted the slogan \"veryfunny\" and introduced a new logo on June 4, 2004. The refocusing is intended as a direct contrast to sister channel TNT, which had focused on older movies initially but moved toward and now focuses on drama series and films.", "Major League Baseball on TBS. Fans of the Pittsburgh Pirates, which in 2013, had its first winning season as well as its postseason appearance since 1992, took TBS to task for not broadcasting the traditional pre-game player introductions, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", or ceremonial first pitch during their coverage of the National League Wild Card playoff game[46] against the Cincinnati Reds.", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). TBS reduced its use of the \"Turner Time\" scheduling in 1997 and switched entirely to conventional start times at the top and bottom of the hour by 2000. However, unconventional start times continue to be used for movies airing on the channel – whose running times may vary depending on the film's length with commercials added to pad the timeslot (for example, a movie that starts at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time may cause subsequent programming to start within the half-hour, such as at :15 and :45 after the hour). This often causes major disruptions in the start times of programming. In some circumstances, conventional \"top-and-bottom\" start times would not be restored until early the next morning. While this is not exactly related to the \"Turner Time\" format, it may strategically serve the same purposes due to the off-time scheduling. The \"Turner Time\" format is similar to the scheduling applied by most premium channels and certain other movie-oriented services (which schedule the start of programs in variable five-minute increments); other broadcast and cable channels have utilized similar off-time scheduling formats (such as Telemundo – which utilizes a \"Turner Time\"-style scheduling for programs during the first two hours of prime time – and Viacom-owned channels such as Nick at Nite, MTV and TV Land).", "Major League Baseball on TBS. From 2007–2010, when TBS aired every Division Series game, start times were staggered throughout the day from early afternoon to late primetime. The first game was usually scheduled to start at 1:07 and the last game was usually scheduled for 9:07. If a game ran long, the start of the next game would be shifted to TNT (the game would move back to TBS during the first commercial break after the end of the earlier game, with an announcement from the in-studio crew to switch to TBS). For the LCS round, TBS would show all of the games at a start time pre-set by MLB. All coverage was followed by Inside MLB. This schedule was brought back for 2013 only, with the exception that MLB Network aired the two games scheduled for the early afternoon slot.", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). Much like sister channel TNT, TBS airs a moderate amount of program content broadcast in 4:3 standard definition stretched to the 16:9 widescreen format through a non-linear process similar to the \"panorama\" setting on many HDTVs that some viewers have nicknamed Stretch-o-Vision after it was first used by TNT; though other HD simulcast feeds operated by cable channels have also adopted this practice. The non-linear stretching process leaves objects in the center of the screen with approximately their original aspect ratio; objects at the left and right edges are distorted (horizontal panning makes the distortion especially apparent). In addition to true HD content in 16:9, TBS HD also airs unstretched, upconverted standard definition content in its original aspect ratio, but commercials are aired in either format without stretching for ads produced in 480i. TBS launched a HD feed for its Pacific Time Zone feed on June 18, 2010.", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). CNN also produced an hour-long weeknight news program for TBS called the TBS Evening News that usually ran at 10:00 p.m. Eastern Time during the early 1980s. For many years, WTBS also ran a half-hour simulcast of CNN's sister channel Headline News (now HLN) each morning at 6:00 a.m.; this was only carried in the Atlanta area and on cable providers in the market that received the local feed (currently, as WPCH-TV, the Atlanta station runs an hour-long simulcast block of HLN's news programming daily at 6:00 a.m.).", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). During the 2007 transitional year, TBS aired 70 regular-season Braves games. In 2008, the number of Braves telecasts was reduced to only 45 games, with TBS's former Atlanta feed, WPCH-TV solely carrying the telecasts;[29] Turner syndicates the package to other television stations and cable channels for broadcast in the remainder of the Braves' designated market area. The final Braves game to be broadcast on TBS aired on September 30, 2007, with the first divisional playoff game airing the following day on October 1, 2007 (when the TBS/WPCH split occurred).", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). In 1996, the Turner Broadcasting System was acquired by Time Warner; among the programming changes instituted after the merger was the addition of Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies cartoons that were released after August 1, 1948; they began airing in January 1997.", "Major League Baseball. TBS airs Sunday afternoon regular season games (non-exclusive) nationally. In 2007, TBS began its exclusive rights to any tiebreaker games that determine division or wild card champions; it also airs exclusive coverage of the Division Series round of the playoffs.[157] TBS carries the League Championship Series that are not included under Fox's television agreement; TBS shows the NLCS in odd-numbered years and the ALCS in even-numbered years.[158]", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). In its current form, TBS was originally established on December 17, 1976 as a national feed of Turner's local, independent broadcast television station in Atlanta, WTCG. The decision to begin offering WTCG via satellite transmission expanded the small independent station into a national cable channel; with the renaming of the broadcast station in 1979, the feed became known as Superstation WTBS, and later Superstation TBS, TBS Superstation, or simply TBS. The channel broadcast a variety of programming during this era, including films, syndicated series, Atlanta Braves baseball, and professional wrestling (including Georgia Championship Wrestling, and later World Championship Wrestling).", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). Feature films have been a mainstay of TBS since its inception as a superstation. In the present day, most of the films seen on TBS are of the comedy genre; however, some drama and action films continue to air on the channel periodically; movies on the channel generally air during the overnight hours on a daily basis and during much of the day on weekends (except from between 5:00 to 11:00 a.m. and 3:00 to 11:00 p.m. Eastern Time on Saturdays and 5:00 to 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time on Sunday mornings – with the start time subject to variation – due to sitcom blocks that typically air in those timeslots); this is in stark contrast to its existence as a superstation, when movies also filled late morning, early afternoon and prime time slots on weekdays. TBS broadcasts movies from sister companies Warner Bros. Pictures and New Line Cinema, along with films produced by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Lionsgate, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 20th Century Fox, Universal Pictures, and Paramount Pictures.", "A Christmas Story. The film first aired on television on HBO in 1985, and quickly attracted a growing following. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the film began airing quietly on SuperStation WTBS and Superstation WGN.[46] In 1988, then-fledgling Fox aired the film the night after Thanksgiving.[46] In 1989–1990, TBS showed it Thanksgiving night, while in 1991–1992, they aired it the night after.[46]", "Major League Baseball on TBS. Along with this, Comcast and other cable providers within the Atlanta market began carrying the national TBS feed for the first time. WPCH-TV continued to air Braves games, but they were only broadcast within the team's designated market area and throughout Canada; in the latter case, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission never allowed the TBS cable feed to be eligible for carriage on Canadian cable and satellite providers as a superstation, only giving permission for the Atlanta area signal (whose programming largely overlapped with the national version of the channel outside of public affairs and E/I-compliant programming seen only on WTBS). WPCH would lose television rights to the Braves after 40 years in 2013, when Fox Sports South – which took over production responsibilities for the games from Turner Sports after the Meredith Corporation, owner of Atlanta's CBS affiliate WGCL-TV (channel 46), assumed WPCH's operations through a local marketing agreement formed in 2011 – acquired the regional television rights to the station's 45-game package beginning with the 2014 season.[15] Although the channel is not available in the country, TBS's game broadcasts are carried in Canada on Sportsnet. All games include a Spanish language play-by-play feed that is transmitted via the SAP audio channel.", "TBS (U.S. TV channel). TBS originated as a broadcast television station in Atlanta, Georgia that operated on UHF channel 17, and maintained a general entertainment format as an independent station. The station first signed on the air on September 1, 1967, as WJRJ-TV; Ted Turner acquired the station from its founder, Atlanta entrepreneur Jack Rice, Jr., in January 1970 and changed the call letters to WTCG, which officially stood for We're Turner Communications Group (the forerunner to the Turner Broadcasting System), although the station used \"Watch This Channel Grow\" as a promotional slogan. Beginning in the early 1970s, WTCG was microwave-linked to many areas of the Southeastern United States through cable providers who picked up the UHF signal off-air and microwaved the signal (sometimes several times) back to their headends. Early programming included movies from the 1930s and 1940s, sitcoms (such as Father Knows Best, Green Acres, Hazel, I Love Lucy, and The Lucy Show), and Japanese animated series (such as Astro Boy, Kimba the White Lion, Marine Boy, The Space Giants, Speed Racer, and Ultraman). The station also carried sports, such as Atlanta Braves baseball, Atlanta Hawks basketball, Atlanta Flames hockey, and Georgia Championship Wrestling.", "WPCH-TV. In the spring of 1984, WTBS reached an agreement with the NBA to broadcast games from league teams other than the Hawks beginning with the 1984–85 season; under the deal, WTBS/TBS maintained a package of approximately 55 regular season NBA games annually, with games airing on Tuesday and Friday nights.[87] From 1985 until 1989, WTBS/TBS also televised anywhere from 12 to 20 early round conference playoff games beginning with the 1985 NBA Playoffs as well as the NBA Draft.[88][89] Under a joint broadcast contract signed between Turner Broadcasting and the NBA in the summer of 1987, the rights to NBA telecasts began to be split between TBS and upstart sister network TNT beginning with the league's 1988-89 season, with TNT assuming rights to the NBA Draft and most NBA regular season and playoff games and TBS's NBA telecasts being relegated to a single game or a double-headers one night per week.[90][91] In 2001, Turner Sports signed a new television contract with the NBA, in which TNT would become Turner Broadcasting's exclusive rightsholder of NBA telecasts beginning with the 2002–03 season. (ESPN assumed TBS's portion of the league's cable television contract.)" ]

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[ "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Mr. Bean (Rowan Atkinson) drives to a church fete where he wins the first prize in a raffle – a holiday involving a train journey to Cannes, a video camera, and €200.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Following a misunderstanding involving a taxi at Paris railway station Gare du Nord, Bean is forced to make his way unorthodoxly towards the Gare de Lyon from La Defense to board his next train towards Cannes. However, a vending machine prevents him from boarding, and he misses his train. Whilst waiting for the next, he samples French seafood cuisine at the restaurant Le Train Bleu, mistakenly eating a langoustine whole and pouring the oysters he took a dislike to into a woman's handbag.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Attempts at busking, including lip syncing to Puccini's \"O mio babbino caro\", prove successful, and Bean buys the pair food and bus tickets to Cannes. Bean manages to lose his ticket that attaches itself to a chicken's leg, and instead attempts to hitchhike his way there. Bean soon falls asleep, exhausted from walking and wakes up on what appears to be a quaint French village but is actually a film set for a yoghurt advert. Bean ends up as an extra in the advert, directed by Carson Clay (Willem Dafoe). When Bean's camera battery dies, he recharges it, but accidentally ends up destroying the set in an explosion.", "Mr. Bean. The second film, Mr. Bean's Holiday, was announced to be in development in March 2005, and would see Mr. Bean going to France,[43] despite an earlier rumour in February 2001 stating that unproduced script outline by screenwriter Richard Curtis would see him on an Australian misadventure.[44] Work on the film occurred during 2006 and was directed by Steve Bendelack, with its released in the United Kingdom on 30 March 2007; it premiered in North America on 17 July that year, at the Just for Laughs festival in Canada where the character had been launched 20 years earlier,[6] before being released nationwide over a month later on 24 August. The film follows Bean on an eventful journey across France for a holiday in the French Riviera, which after a number of misfortunes culminates in an unscheduled screening of his video diary at the Cannes Film Festival. The film is notable for a mixture of traditional movie filmography, and home-shot video camera filmography. The film grossed nearly US$230 million globally ($33 million in the United States).[45] The second film was the last live-action appearance of the character,[46] until the 2012 London Olympics.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. The movie's official premiere took place at the Odeon Leicester Square, in London on Sunday, 25 March, and helped to raise money for both Comic Relief and the Oxford Children's Hospital Appeal charity. Universal Pictures released a teaser trailer in November 2006, and launched an official website online the following month.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Wendy Ide of The Times gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and said \"It has long been a mystery to the British, who consider Bean to be, at best, an ignoble secret weakness, that Rowan Atkinson's repellent creation is absolutely massive on the Continent.\" Ide said parts of the film are reminiscent of City of God, The Straight Story, and said two scenes are \"clumsily borrowed\" from Pee-wee's Big Adventure. Ide also wrote that the jokes are weak and one gag \"was past its sell-by date ten years ago\".[12]", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film 1½ stars out of 4 and said \"If you've been lobotomised or have the mental age of a kindergartener, Mr. Bean's Holiday is viable comic entertainment\" and also, \"The film, set mostly in France, pays homage to Jacques Tati, but the mostly silent gags feel like watered-down Bean.\"[23]", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Mr. Bean's Holiday is a 2007 British comedy film, directed by Steve Bendelack, music composed by Howard Goodall, produced by Peter Bennett-Jones, Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner, written by Hamish McColl and Robin Driscoll and starring Rowan Atkinson, Max Baldry, Emma de Caunes and Willem Dafoe. It is the second film based on the television series Mr. Bean, following the 1997 Bean.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. In another, Bean carries Stepan all the way through a plaza. In other scenes, Sabine goes off with her emotions and is almost run over by a truck, Bean does silly moves along the road (which are later seen in Carson Clay's Playback Time), plays with the shadows of the morning, mimes his journey to Stepan at the cafeteria, is menaced by a projectionist at the Cannes Film Festival (at the playing of Clay's movie), accidentally cuts the film roll and tries to stick it again, and Carson Clay discovers the film roll accumulating at the projector's room. Finally, Bean is seen dancing at the beach, a scene that was replaced by the characters singing \"La Mer\".", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. After the screening, Bean leaves the building by the back door, and onto the beach, encountering other characters from the film. The film then ends with them all miming a musical finale. After the credits, Bean writes \"fin\" in the sand with his foot. He films it until the sea washes the words away, and the camera's battery dies.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. In February 2001, before filming began on Scooby-Doo, Atkinson was lured into making a second movie starring Mr. Bean, with the promise of an Australian adventure. The working title was Down Under Bean.[6] However, this idea was dropped for Mr. Bean's Holiday. The film began shooting on 15 May 2006. Its working title was French Bean. It was the official film for Red Nose Day 2007, with money from the film going towards the charity Comic Relief.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Bean then tries to hitchhike again and is picked up by a lime-green Mini identical to his, driven by actress Sabine (Emma de Caunes), who offers him a lift to Cannes. She is an aspiring actress on her way to the 59th Cannes Film Festival, where the film in which she makes her debut as an extra will be presented. When they stop at a service station, Bean finds Stepan dancing in a cafe with a band. Sabine agrees to take him with them, assuming that Stepan is Bean's son, while Stepan thinks Sabine is Bean's fiancée. Bean uses Sabine's mobile phone to try to call Emil again, but to no avail, and the trio end up driving through the night.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Back on the platform, Bean asks a man, Emil Duchevsky (Karel Roden), a Russian movie director, to use his camcorder to film his boarding the train, but spends so much time retaking the shot that the train starts to leave. Although Bean manages to get onto the train, the doors close before Emil can get on. Emil's son, Stepan (Max Baldry) is therefore left on board without his father.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Bean attempts without success to befriend the boy. At the next station, the train leaves without him when he disembarks to get his camcorder back from Stepan who had disembarked earlier. The train Emil has boarded does not stop at the station, and he instead holds up a sign showing a mobile number, with the last two digits inadvertently being covered by his fingers. Attempts at calling the number prove fruitless due to mistaken identity from Emil's housekeeper. Bean and Stepan board the next train but get kicked off as Bean had left his wallet and ticket on the telephone box.", "Mr. Bean. The title character, played by Rowan Atkinson, is a childish buffoon who brings various unusual schemes and contrivances to everyday tasks. He lives alone at the address of Flat 2, 12 Arbour Road, Highbury, and is almost always seen in his trademark tweed jacket and a skinny red tie. He also usually wears a digital calculator watch. Mr. Bean rarely speaks, and when he does, it is generally only a few mumbled words which are in a comically low-pitched voice. His first name (he names himself \"Bean\" to others) and profession, if any, are never mentioned. In the first film adaptation, \"Mr.\" appears on his passport in the \"first name\" field, and he is shown employed as a guard at London's National Gallery.[13]", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. The next morning, they reach Cannes. When Sabine goes into a petrol station to change for the premiere, she sees Bean's photo on the television; he is suspected of kidnapping Stepan while Sabine is Bean's accomplice. However, since the premiere in Cannes is scheduled to start in one hour, she decides not to go to the police to clear the misunderstandings. Therefore, to get into the premiere, Stepan and Bean disguise themselves as Sabine's daughter and mother, respectively, and manage to evade the police.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. There are fifteen deleted scenes in the film. In a television commercial from 2007, there was a scene where Bean spills coffee on a laptop. Bean is seen by Stepan for the very first time in the other scene. In another scene, Bean tricks a man to get a train ticket, and stay with Stepan on the train.", "Mr. Bean. Bean appearred in the Chinese film known as 《歡樂喜劇人》先行版電影預告片 郭德綱主演 (Top Funny Comedian: The Movie).[66] \nIn this spin-off of a Chinese variety show of the same name. The plot involves a number of characters getting involved in a series of misadventures during a visit to Macau, as the same time as Mr. Bean.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. BBC film critic Paul Arendt gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, saying \"It's hard to explain the appeal of Mr Bean. At first glance, he seems to be moulded from the primordial clay of nightmares: a leering man-child with a body like a tangle of tweed-coated pipe cleaners and the gurning, window-licking countenance of a suburban sex offender. It's a testament to Rowan Atkinson's skill that, by the end of the film he seems almost cuddly.\"[10] Philip French of The Observer referred to the character of Mr. Bean as a \"dim-witted sub-Hulot loner\" and said the plot involves Atkinson \"getting in touch with his retarded inner child\". French also said \"the best joke is taken directly from Tati's Jour de Fete.\"[11]", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Ty Burr of the Boston Globe said \"Either you'll find [Atkinson] hilarious—or he'll seem like one of those awful, tedious comedians who only thinks he's hilarious.\" Burr also said \"There are also a few gags stolen outright from Tati\", but concluded \"Somewhere, Jacques Tati is smiling.\"[16] Tom Long of The Detroit News said \"Watching 90 minutes of this stuff—we're talking broad, broad comedy here—may seem a bit much, but this film actually picks up steam as it rolls along, becoming ever more absurd.\" and also \"Mr. Bean offers a refreshingly blunt reminder of the simple roots of comedy in these grim, overly manufactured times.\"[17]", "Mr. Bean. Mr. Bean’s car was initially intended to feature as part of the film Bean (1997) under the registration C607 EUW.[23] In the scene the car was driven through Harrods Department Store by Mr. Bean in order to avoid a traffic jam. Although the sequence was filmed, it was not included in the final cut.[24][25] In June 2018 this car was sold for USD 70.000 [26] Mr. Bean’s Mini eventually had its debut on the big-screen when it featured in the film Mr. Bean's Holiday, with the registration YGL 572T. Differently to the Minis before(which use the colour Austin Citron green) this Mini is painted in 'Nissan Amarillo Yellow'.[27] The film featured a second version of the same car, with exactly the same colour scheme, but with left-hand drive, driven by the female character befriended by Bean.[28]", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. In February 2007, Atkinson also said that Mr. Bean's Holiday would most likely be the last Mr. Bean story he appears in. He was quoted as saying \"Never say never\", but went on to add that it was highly unlikely he would appear as Mr. Bean again. Prior to the film's release, a new and exclusive Mr. Bean sketch, Mr. Bean's Wedding, was broadcast on the telethon for Comic Relief on BBC One on 16 March 2007.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. The film was theatrically released on 24 August 2007 by Universal Pictures. The film grossed $229.7 million on a $25 million budget. Mr. Bean's Holiday was released on DVD and HD DVD on 27 November 2007. The film was released in the United Kingdom on March 30, 2007, and topped the country's box office for the next two weekends, before being dethroned by Wild Hogs.[4][5]", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. After sneaking into the premiere, Sabine and Bean are disappointed to see that her scene has been cut from the film. Bean plugs his video camera into the projector, projecting his video diary. The bizarre tale it tells fits director Carson Clay's narration well, and the director, Sabine, and Bean receive standing ovations as Stepan is finally reunited with his father.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Peter Rainer of The Christian Science Monitor gave the film a \"B\" and said, \"Since Mr. Bean rarely speaks a complete sentence, the effect is of watching a silent movie with sound effects. This was also the dramatic ploy of the great French director-performer Jacques Tati, who is clearly the big influence here.\"[14] Amy Biancolli of the Houston Chronicle gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying \"Don't mistake this simpleton hero, or the movie's own simplicity, for a lack of smarts. Mr. Bean's Holiday is quite savvy about filmmaking, landing a few blows for satire.\" Biancolli said the humour is \"all elementally British and more than a touch French. What it isn't, wasn't, should never attempt to be, is American. That's the mistake made by Mel Smith and the ill-advised forces behind 1997's Bean: The Movie.\"[15]", "The Curse of Mr. Bean. After drying and changing back into his clothes, Bean prepares to leave the car park, only to find he must pay £16 in order to raise the barrier over the exit. Not willing to do so, he opts to find a way to avoid this, and suddenly decides to find a way of leaving by the entrance. Using a refuse container in front of the entrance to trick the ticket machine, Bean drives his Mini out, but just as he removes the container to leave, a car drives in and forces him to re-enter the car park. Tentatively waiting to drive at the barrier over the entrance, Bean suddenly spots the blue Reliant about to enter the car park. As the driver takes a ticket and makes the barrier lift, Bean drives his Mini at full speed towards the Reliant, forcing it out of his way and causing it to topple over as he leaves.", "Mr. Bean. Bean is in a police station because his car has been broken into. He wears a red nose and has other red nose items, including a mug and a codpiece. He reveals to the policewoman (Matilda Ziegler), through the use of written signs, that he is doing a sponsored silence, sponsored tea drinking, sponsored codpiece wearing, and sponsored Madonna impression – presumably to raise money for Red Nose Day charities. When the policewoman is out of the room, Bean answers the phone but the caller hangs up since Bean hardly even speaks.", "Mr. Bean. Two films featuring Bean have been released, with Atkinson reprising his role as the character in each. The first film, Bean, was directed by Mel Smith and released in 1997, and followed the misadventures of Mr. Bean, as he oversaw the transfer of Whistler's Mother to a Los Angeles art gallery. The film broke from the programme's traditional narrative, by using a subplot with more developed characters, whereby Bean was not the sole centre of attention but interacted with a suburban Californian family that he stays with during the film. The film grossed more than US$250 million globally ($45 million in the USA)[41] on a budget estimated at $22 million.[42]", "The Curse of Mr. Bean. Driving to meet up with his girlfriend at the Odeon cinema, Bean is temporarily stopped at a junction by a set of traffic lights, but upon seeing a cyclist push his bike manually, he opts to do the same with his car, and push it round to the road he wants to take, before driving off. Arriving at the cinema, Bean prepares to watch a short horror film, which appears to be titled A Nightmare (but the movie poster shown is that of A Nightmare On Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, depicting Freddy Krueger, with the camera placed to cut off the last words) with his girlfriend, Irma Gobb, providing them with popcorn – a large tub for himself, along with a hidden drink in his top, and a small tub for Irma, stealing some from her tub, but scolding her when she tries to do the same. Before the film begins, Bean teases her, scaring her with silly practical jokes. However, as the film begins, he soon finds himself being scared witless, with the various scenes frightening him to the point he tries to avoid watching it, even trying to force Irma to leave with him only to be forced to remain in his seat. Bean then tries to cover his head with his sweater, causing Irma to scream when she thinks his head has been cut off. Finally, Bean manages to find a solution by using some popcorn as earplugs, and using the popcorn tub to cover his eyes from the film. This works, and he manages to avoid the remaining scenes. As everyone begins to leave as the film ends, Irma lets Bean know they are leaving, to which he removes the tub and eats the popcorn earplugs, before trying to tease another of the cinema's customers.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Steve Rose of The Guardian gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, said the film was full of awfully weak gags, and \"In a post-Borat world, surely there's no place for Bean's antiquated fusion of Jacques Tati, Pee-Wee Herman and John Major?\",[13] while Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent said \"the flimsiness of the character, who is essentially a one-trick pony, starts to show\" and his \"continual close-up gurning into the camera\" becomes tiresome.", "Mr. Bean's Holiday. Ruthe Stein of the San Francisco Chronicle said that \"the disasters instigated by Bean's haplessness quickly become tiresome and predictable\" but said that one scene later in the film is worth sticking around for.[20] Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and said \"If you've never been particularly fond of Atkinson's brand of slapstick, you certainly won't be converted by this trifle.\" and also \"If the title sounds familiar, it's because Atkinson intends his movie to be an homage to the 1953 French classic Mr. Hulot's Holiday. Mr. Hulot was played by one of the all-time great physical comedians, Jacques Tati, and that movie is a genuine delight from start to finish. This version offers a few laughs and an admirable commitment to old-fashioned fun.\"[21] Phil Villarreal of the Arizona Daily Star gave the film 2 stars and said \"If you've seen 10 minutes of Rowan Atkinson's Mr. Bean routine, you've seen it all\", and \"The Nazi stuff is a bit out of place in a G-rated movie. Or any movie, really\", later calling Atkinson \"a has-Bean\".[22]", "Mr. Bean. On Friday 4 September [54] Mr Beans celebrates his 25th anniversary. Mr. Bean and his friend Teddy, drove around in London in his Mini, which had a #MrBean25 hashtag sticker on the side. With his car full of presents, there was no more room for Mr. Bean inside the car. So he drives the car from the roof. This recreated a memorable scene from the episode Do-It-Yourself Mr. Bean" ]

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[ "The Durrells. A third series of The Durrells was announced by writer Simon Nye at the BFI and Radio Times Television Festival on 8 April 2017.[10] It began filming in May 2017 and is expected to air on ITV in the Spring of 2018.", "The Durrells. A third series was confirmed to be in production by writer Simon Nye at the BFI and Radio Times Television Festival on 8 April 2017. He described the third series as having \"some exotic new animals\",[10] and that production would begin in three weeks' time, upon Keeley Hawes's arrival in Corfu for filming. It will be set in 1937.[11]", "The Durrells. The Durrells (also known as The Durrells in Corfu on American television) is a British comedy-drama series based on Gerald Durrell's three autobiographical books about his family's four years (1935–1939) on the Greek Island of Corfu,[1] which began airing on 3 April 2016.[2] The series is written by Simon Nye, directed by Steve Barron and Roger Goldby, and produced by Christopher Hall. The executive producers are Lee Morris and Sally Woodward Gentle.[3] Lee Durrell, Gerald Durrell's widow and director of the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, acted as consultant.[4] The series is partly filmed on Corfu and at Ealing Studios in London.[5][6]", "My Family and Other Animals. On 23 April 2017 ITV ran the second series of The Durrells, set in 1936.", "The Durrells. Internationally, the series was acquired in Australia by the Seven Network[20] and premiered on 24 August 2016.[21] In the United States, PBS began airing the show, retitled as The Durrells in Corfu, on 16 October 2016 at 8pm.[22] The Durrells started screening in New Zealand on 26 October 2016 on Prime TV. In Canada, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation began airing Series 1 on 13 September 2017.[23] In Spain, the series has been acquired by the streaming platform Filmin.[24]", "My Family and Other Animals. ITV is due to run the third series of The Durrells, set in 1937.", "The Durrells. The opening episode averaged just under 6.4 million people and was watched by 29% of the audience over the hour, including those watching on ITV's +1 channel, and was the biggest drama launch of any channel so far in 2016[14] and the most-watched show of the day (including +1).[15] Following a seven-day catch-up period, the figure aggregated to just under 8.2 million people.[16] Citing the show as its \"best rating new drama of the year and its highest rating new show since September 2014\", ITV recommissioned the show for a second series on 15 April 2016.[17] Over the course of the first series, ratings averaged out at 6.9 million viewers.[18]", "The Durrells. The series begins in 1935, when Louisa Durrell suddenly announces that she and her four children will move from Bournemouth to the Greek island of Corfu. Her husband has died some years earlier and the family is experiencing financial problems. A Homeric battle ensues as the family adapts to life on the island which, despite a lack of electricity, is cheap and an earthly paradise.", "My Family and Other Animals. On 3 April 2016 ITV began running the six-part series The Durrells, also adapted by Simon Nye. Loosely based on the book, it starred Keeley Hawes[5] as Louisa Durrell and Milo Parker as Gerald Durrell. It was set in 1935.", "The Durrells. (1936)", "The Durrells. (1937)", "The Durrells. (1935)", "The Durrells. Reception to the first episode was positive, with Gerard O'Donovan (The Telegraph) calling it \"a series that's not only sun-drenched and liberating, but also catches its source material's high good humour without labouring it and weaves an authentic sense of the innocent exoticism of the original,\" before awarding it four stars.[12] The Daily Mail's Christoper Stevens bestowed even more praise, giving it five stars and focusing on the cast's performance, primarily Keeley Hawes as widowed mother Louisa Durrell and Milo Parker as young Gerry.[13]", "The Durrells. The show and its episodes attained high ratings on IMDb, around 8/10.[19]", "Things Aren't Simple Any More. David Renwick found writing the fifth series and the 1997 Christmas special \"Endgame\" difficult,[9] and he was becoming increasingly busy with his detective series Jonathan Creek. In early 1998, his concerns appeared in the national press. The Evening Standard quoted him: \"I have no new ideas for Victor Meldrew ... I know that if I tried to write another series it would be even harder than the Christmas one. I don't want the standard to drop [and] there would be no point in doing something I didn't believe in.\"[9] A year later, Renwick agreed to write a final series of One Foot, having found the four-year break after writing the fifth series fruitful.[10] Renwick decided that Victor should die in the final episode because he did not want to be persuaded to write another series. He cites the final episode of the Only Fools and Horses 1996 Christmas specials \"where the fantastic closing scenes of the Trilogy saw the Trotters walking up the Yellow Brick Road, only for them to return a couple of years later\".[10] He did not want to be constantly asked by journalists and fans when Victor was coming back to their screens.[10]", "My Family and Other Animals. Durrell had already written several successful books about his trips collecting animals in the wild for zoos when he published My Family and Other Animals in 1956. Its comic exaggeration of the foibles of his family – especially his eldest brother Lawrence Durrell, who became a celebrated novelist and poet– and his heartfelt appreciation of the natural world made it very successful. Durrell was able to found the Jersey Zoological Park (now known as the Durrell Wildlife Park) in the Channel Islands. He also became known as a novel-writer and television personality. His books helped stimulate the development of tourism in Corfu.[1]", "Gerald Durrell. Durrell's books, both fiction and non-fiction, have a wry, loose style that pokes fun at himself as well as those around him. Perhaps his best-known work is My Family and Other Animals (1956), which tells of his idyllic, if oddball, childhood on Corfu. Later made into a TV series, it is delightfully deprecating about the whole family, especially elder brother Lawrence, who became a famous novelist. Despite Durrell's jokes at the expense of \"brother Larry\", the two were close friends all their lives.", "Gerald Durrell. Gerald Malcolm Durrell, OBE (7 January 1925 – 30 January 1995) was a British naturalist, zookeeper, conservationist, author and television presenter. He founded what is now called the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and the Jersey Zoo on the Channel Island of Jersey in 1959. He wrote a number of books based on his life as an animal collector and enthusiast. The most famous is \"My Family and Other Animals\". He was the youngest brother of novelist Lawrence Durrell.", "List of Six Feet Under characters. Durrell Charles-Fisher, played by Kendré Berry, is David and Keith's adopted 11-year-old son. At first when going back to adopt younger brother Anthony, David and Keith do not realize they will be adopting his older brother also. After two weeks of Durrell testing the waters and Keith's patience, Keith believes it is time for the brothers to go. David then sticks up for the boys in front of Keith and the social worker, and the adoption becomes permanent. Slowly, Durrell becomes comfortable in his surroundings after David and Keith set some boundaries and show Durrell some support and nurturing. At age 11, Durrell expresses interest in becoming a fireman. However, in the last scenes of the last episode, he is shown spending time with his father David in the prep room. He most likely inherits the operation of Fisher and Sons Funeral Home after David's retirement, and is shown conducting Ruth Fisher's funeral in the final minutes of the series. Durrell becomes involved with a woman and has three children with her: Matthew, Keith Jr., and Katie.", "Charlie Quirke. In 2014, Quirke joined the cast of the revived series of Birds of a Feather on ITV[2] playing Travis Stubbs, Tracey's (Linda Robson) son. He also starred in the 2014 Text Santa special of Birds of a Feather, guest starring Paul O'Grady. The show returned for a second series, beginning on 26 December 2014 and running through until 12 February 2015. A third revived series of Birds of a Feather began airing on 7 January 2016 finishing in March with a Christmas special aired in December 2016.[3] He is represented by Q Management.", "Birds of a Feather. In March 2013, Quirke appeared on ITV's This Morning and confirmed that a script for a new series was \"on the desk at the BBC\" and they were just waiting for a decision on whether or not the BBC would commission a new series. The BBC offered to broadcast a one-off special episode, but this was refused by the producers of the show in favour of ITV's offer of a series.[13] Fifteen years after the original series ended, the original cast returned, this time on ITV.[14]", "Tracey Breaks the News. In February 2018, Ullman revealed to writer and broadcaster Claire Fordham that writing on the second series had already begun.[3] Filming on the new series commenced 30 April 2018. On 15 May 2018, it was confirmed that the show would return to BBC One on 1 June with a new series consisting of three episodes.[18] A photo of Ullman made up as a British Conservative politician, and current Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Michael Gove, was released by the BBC on 16 May. It was further revealed that British politician Jacob Rees-Mogg, played by actor Liam Hourican, would be added to the show's long roster of impersonations. Mogg, presented as one-half of a double-act, is accompanied by his \"very long-suffering Nanny.\"[19] Also returning to the series is Ben Miller as Rupert Murdoch playing opposite Ullman as wife Jerry Hall.[20]", "Kevin Can Wait. In October 2015, it was announced Kevin James would star in a new family-comedy television series for CBS, while Rock Reuben will executive produce the series, and Bruce Helford would serve as the show runner.[50]", "Birds of a Feather. Birds of a Feather has been adapted for stage by The Comedy Theatre Company, producers of previous dinnerladies and Keeping Up Appearances UK stage tours. The 2012 Birds of a Feather UK tour includes the original three leading actresses. Quirke and Robson's real-life sons, Charlie Quirke and Louis Dunford, share the role of Travis Stubbs, the son born to Tracey in the final episode of the TV series.[24]", "Gerald Durrell. The family lived on Corfu until 1939. This interval was later the basis of the book My Family and Other Animals and its successors, Birds, Beasts, and Relatives and The Garden of the Gods, plus a few short stories such as \"My Donkey Sally\". Durrell was home-schooled during this time by various family friends and private tutors, mostly friends of his eldest brother Lawrence (later to become a successful novelist).", "Gerald Durrell. In case of simultaneous releases in many countries, the UK edition is referred to, except for companion books to TV series where both the UK and US editions are referred to.", "Gerald Durrell. Durrell's works have been translated into 31 languages and made into TV serials and feature films. He has large followings in Northern and Eastern Europe, Russia, Israel and in various Commonwealth countries, including India.", "Maloof family. The Maloofs have expanded their business ventures into entertainment with the creation of Maloof Productions. Through its television division, Maloof Television, they have produced the reality series Bullrun for Spike TV[4] in 2007, Speed Channel[5] in 2009, and Living Lohan, the E! reality series running in 2008.[6] They are currently developing Rebuilding the Kingdom with Reality Television Producer Mark Burnett.[7] The film division, Maloof Motion Pictures, produced the 2005 film Feast and is currently developing The Big Biazarro, starring Pierce Brosnan.[8]", "Succession (TV series). Succession is an American drama television series about a dysfunctional American global-media family that premiered on June 3, 2018, on HBO. It was created by Jesse Armstrong with Will Ferrell and Adam McKay serving as executive producers. McKay also directed the pilot episode. In June 2018, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season.", "Lick Life. It was announced in 2016 that Ronnie and Amy were in talks about a new TV series after Lizard Lick Towing was cancelled. They announced the new series on Facebook Live but didn't reveal much information due to contracts and rules. On May 4, 2017 the couple did another live stream video all about the new show which was revealed to be titled Lick Life. It's a soft reboot of Lizard Lick Towing due to the new show having the same format with other Lizard Lick staff towing and repossessing cars. The series began filming in April 2016 and is expected to air in the fall of 2017 or early 2018. An air date is yet to be confirmed.", "The Birds (film). In August 2017, the BBC announced they will be making a television series out of 'The Birds' for broadcast in 2018.[36] The series, from Harry Potter producer David Heyman, will bear a closer resemblance to the 1952 Daphne du Maurier novelette than the 1963 film, and rather than northern California, the birds will attack in Cornwall.[37] The pilot for the series is being written by Conor McPherson who adapted the original source material into a stage play in 2009.[38]", "Poldark (2015 TV series). On 8 April 2015, the BBC announced that a second series had been commissioned[3] which premiered on 4 September 2016, and contained content from the third and fourth Poldark novels.[4] The BBC announced on 6 July 2016, before series 2 had begun, that a third series had been commissioned based on the fifth and half of the sixth novels.[5] At the conclusion of the third series finale, a screen and voiceover announced that Poldark will return for a fourth series." ]

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[ "Machine Gun Preacher. Filming commenced in June 2010 in Michigan.[6] The film had a gala premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2011[7] and limited release on September 23, 2011.", "Machine Gun Preacher. Machine Gun Preacher is a 2011 biographical adventure drama film about Sam Childers, a former gang biker turned preacher and defender of South Sudanese orphans. The movie was based on Childers' book Another Man's War.[3] It was written by Jason Keller, directed by Marc Forster, and stars Gerard Butler, Michelle Monaghan and Michael Shannon.", "Machine Gun Preacher. Sam Childers (Gerard Butler) is an alcoholic drug-using biker from Pennsylvania. On his release from prison, he finds that his wife (Michelle Monaghan) has given up her job as a stripper, because she has since accepted Christ as her saviour. Initially infuriated by his wife's decision, he returns to his routine of partying and using drugs like heroin with his fellow biker friend Donnie (Michael Shannon). One night while on a bender with Donnie, he almost kills a vagrant. He is shaken by the experience, and the day after allows his wife to persuade him to go to church with her, where he is eventually baptized and offered salvation.", "Machine Gun Preacher. Machine Gun Preacher was produced on a budget of $30 million and made $3,338,690 worldwide.[2]", "Machine Gun Preacher. Sam Childers has shown a shortened and edited version of the film at Christian charity events.[original research?]", "Machine Gun Preacher. Sam soon finds a stable job as a construction worker and later starts his own construction company. Later, on a missionary trip to Uganda to build homes for refugees, he asks one of the SPLA soldiers watching over them to take him on a trip to the north, to Sudan. The soldier warns him that it is a war zone, but upon Sam's insistence they go. They arrive at a medical tent in Sudan. As the soldier moves off to talk to some people, Sam is roped in by a female doctor to help lift a lipless Sudanese woman onto the examination table. That night as they lay on their beds at the relief station, they hear noises outside, and when they look out, Sam and the soldier see large numbers of Sudanese children swarming around to sleep outside the building.", "Machine Gun Preacher. He returns home to the U.S. disgruntled and exasperated about the lack of money for the project. He also feels disconnected from his community; he is disgusted by the excess displayed and petty \"problems\" of his family and friends, as well as their apparent apathy toward the children of Sudan. Meanwhile his friend Donnie breaks his sobriety and ends up dying from an overdose, this pushes Sam further into negativity and despair. He sells his business and boards a plane for Sudan. His faith and mission is revitalised when an orphan boy tells his personal story to Sam. The boy tells him that if he allows hatred to fester in his heart, his fight against injustice fails. Sam also rekindles his emotional attachment with his family over the phone. The next day he engages with the camp actively. Later he goes out with SPLA and rescues a caravan full of children who were kidnapped by LRA. The end credits include black and white pictures of the real Sam Childers, his wife, daughter, and his orphanage in Sudan. The pictures are followed by a short black and white home video clip of Sam talking about his work.", "Machine Gun Preacher. The film tells the story of Childers and his efforts to save the children of South Sudan in collaboration with the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) against the atrocities of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).", "Machine Gun Preacher. Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 29% of 112 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.9 out of 10. The site's consensus is: \"There's a complex man at the center of Machine Gun Preacher but the movie is too shapeless and emotionally vacant to bring his story to life.\"[8] The film has a score of 43 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 32 reviews.[9]", "Machine Gun Preacher. In South Sudan the LRA are attacking a village and force a young boy to attack a woman.", "Machine Gun Preacher. After the orphanage has been rebuilt, he and his friends from the SPLA are attacked on the road by the LRA, they manage to chase off the small force of the LRA that attacked them. They search the area and discover a large group of Sudanese children hiding in a ditch not far from the road. Since they can not take all the children in one trip, Sam chooses to take the ones who need medical attention along with a few others on their first trip back to the orphanage. However, upon returning to the spot as quickly as he could, he finds that the LRA killed and burnt those he had left behind. This causes Childers to lead armed raids to rescue children from the LRA.[4]", "The Preacher's Wife. Filming began in early January 1996. Trinity United Methodist Church in Newark, New Jersey, served as the Biggs' New York City church.[3] The production leased the church, and began renovating it in February 1996. The interior was painted, new carpet laid, and the main doors repaired. The production team designed a pulpit and altar rails that more accurately reflected the design of Baptist churches. After filming, the church kept the pulpit, and the production crew worked with architects from the United Methodist Church to design and install rails more fitting of the Methodist style. Filming occurred there from March 11 to April 3, with about a quarter of the church's membership hired as extras. (The church used the rental fees paid by the production to replace its boiler and HVAC system.)[6]", "Machine Gun Preacher. The soldier explains that their parents send them to sleep over here because it is safer than staying in their own village. Sam wakes up the children and gets as many as he can fit to sleep in their room for the night. The next day Sam and the soldier follow the children back to their village only to find that the LRA has burnt it down and killed their parents. One of the children runs after his dog and is killed by a hidden landmine. Sam cradles the dead child and cries, the experience traumatizes and changes Sam. After returning home, Sam has a \"vision from God\" and decides to build an orphanage for the children of South Sudan, as well as a church in his own neighborhood that will be \"open to all\" without judgement. After its completion he begins preaching at his church, and helps his old friend Donnie get sober and find God as well. He soon returns to Africa and despite vocal opposition, builds the orphanage. One night after it is built, the LRA attack it and burn it to the ground. Sam then phones home, telling his wife what has happened and that he is giving up. She reminds him that the orphans have been through worse but they have not given up, and that he should not give up and tells him to rebuild the orphanage.", "Vera Farmiga. Farmiga then starred in the surrealist romantic comedy Henry's Crime as stage actress Julie Ivanova,[72] which premiered at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival.[73] She next played Capt. Colleen Goodwin in Duncan Jones' science fiction thriller film Source Code,[74] which premiered at the 2011 South by Southwest.[75] Farmiga was offered a lead role in Marc Forster's action biopic Machine Gun Preacher (2011), but declined due to falling pregnant.[76]", "Milburn Stone. In 1975, Stone received an honorary doctorate from St. Mary of the Plains College in Dodge City, Kansas,[8] where Gunsmoke was set but not filmed.", "The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford. Filming took place near Calgary, Canmore, and Edmonton, Alberta, and Winnipeg, Manitoba. Initially intended for a 2006 release, it was postponed and re-edited for a September 21, 2007 release date.", "Deliverance. A scene was also shot at the Mount Carmel Baptist Church cemetery. This site has since been flooded and lies 130 feet under the surface of Lake Jocassee, on the border between Oconee and Pickens counties in South Carolina.[2][3] The dam shown under construction is Jocassee Dam.", "The Preacher's Wife. Filming was scheduled to wrap at the end of February, but the crew was still shooting at the beginning of May. Some final scenes shot were those at the Main Street cafe in Tarrytown, New York. The entire street had to be dressed for Christmas in fake snow laid down along the street.[7]", "Last Train from Gun Hill. The movie was filmed in and around Old Tucson Studios outside of Tucson, Arizona, as well as at Paramount Studios and their back lot in Los Angeles, California.", "Machine Gun Kelly. George Kelly Barnes (July 18, 1895 – July 18, 1954),[1] better known as \"Machine Gun Kelly\", was an American gangster from Memphis, Tennessee, during the prohibition era. He attended Central High School in Memphis.[1][2][3] His nickname came from his favorite weapon, a Thompson submachine gun. His most infamous crime was the kidnapping of oil tycoon and businessman Charles F. Urschel in July 1933 for which he, and his gang, collected a $200,000 ransom.[4] Their victim had collected and left considerable evidence that assisted the subsequent FBI investigation that eventually led to Kelly's arrest in Memphis, Tennessee, on September 26, 1933.[1] His crimes also included bootlegging and armed robbery.", "Country Strong. Principal photography took place in Nashville, Tennessee.[2] Locations used for the film include the Ryman Auditorium, the Union Station Hotel, Belle Meade Plantation, Mount Olivet Cemetery, the Nashville Municipal Auditorium, and the Andrew Jackson Hall.[9] Filming also took place in Liberty, Tennessee.[9] The film was shot in 2010 from early January to the first week of March.[2]", "You Can Count On Me. The film was primarily shot in and around Margaretville, New York, in the Catskill Mountains, in June 1999.[note 2]", "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot. Although Eastwood generally refused to spend much time in scouting for locations, particularly unfamiliar ones, Cimino and Eastwood's producer Robert Daley traveled extensively around the Big Sky Country in Montana for thousands of miles and eventually decided on the Great Falls area and to shoot the film in the towns of Ulm, Hobson, Fort Benton, Augusta and Choteau and surrounding mountainous countryside.[12] The film was shot in 47 days from July to September 1973.[2][7][12][13] It was filmed in Fort Benton, Wolf Creek, Great Falls,[12] and Hobson. St. John's Lutheran Church in Hobson was used for the opening scene.", "The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid. The film was shot in Jacksonville, Oregon.[1]", "Saints Peter and Paul Church, San Francisco. The church is prominently featured in the Clint Eastwood movies Dirty Harry (the Church, and nearby Dante Building, are the scene of sniper attacks by the \"Scorpio Killer\") and The Dead Pool. Scenes from Cecil B. DeMille's 1923 version of The Ten Commandments was filmed at the church while it was under construction. Also in featured in What's Up, Doc? in which Judy Maxwell, portrayed by Barbra Streisand and Dr. Howard Bannister, portrayed by Ryan O'Neal borrowed a Volkswagen Beetle during a car chase. Parts of Sister Act 2 were also filmed here. [3]", "Mad Max. Most of the biker gang extras were members of actual Australian outlaw motorcycle clubs and rode their own motorcycles in the film. They were even forced to ride the motorcycles from their residence in Sydney to the shooting locations in Melbourne because the budget did not allow for aerial transport.[5] Three of the main cast members (Hugh Keays-Byrne, Roger Ward and Vincent Gil) had previously appeared in Stone, a 1974 film about biker gangs that is said to have inspired Miller.[11]", "Heaven with a Gun. Preacher Jim Killian arrives in a town divided between cattlemen and sheep herders. Killian is not just any preacher, He is a former gunslinger who has set upon a different path.", "Stars in My Crown (film). Shortly after the American Civil War, preacher Josiah Gray (Joel McCrea) arrives in the town of Walesburg. He heads straight for the saloon to give his first sermon. When the patrons laugh at him, he pulls out two guns, cowing the men into listening.", "Easy Rider. Most of the film is shot outside with natural lighting. Hopper said all the outdoor shooting was an intentional choice on his part, because \"God is a great gaffer.\" The production used two five-ton trucks, one for the equipment and one for the motorcycles, with the cast and crew in a motor home.[13] One of the locations was Monument Valley.[13]", "At Close Range. The movie, while depicting incidents in Chester County and Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, was actually filmed on location in Franklin, Tennessee and Spring Hill, Tennessee.", "The Preacher's Wife. Rev. Henry Biggs (Courtney B. Vance) is the pastor of a small struggling Baptist church in a poverty-stricken neighborhood of New York City. Membership is declining, Henry is pulled in a hundred directions by his parishioners' needs, and the church's finances are in trouble. Henry is under intense pressure from real estate developer Joe Hamilton (Gregory Hines) to sell the church's property so that Hamilton can build luxury condominiums on the site. Henry has also become neglectful of his wife, Julia (Whitney Houston), and his son, Jeremiah. Julia worries that her marriage is failing. Unsure that he can make a difference in his parishioners' lives and beginning to lose his faith, Henry prays to God for help, which comes in the form of Dudley (Denzel Washington), a witty and debonair angel. Dudley tells Henry that he is an angel sent by God to help him, but Henry is deeply suspicious of Dudley. Julia, however, is instantly charmed by the handsome and unflappable angel.", "Support Your Local Gunfighter. Latigo Smith (Garner), a gambler and confidence man, is traveling by train in frontier-era Colorado with the rich and powerful Goldie (Marie Windsor). Goldie is besotted with Latigo and wants desperately to marry him, a fate that he wants no part of. He manages to slip off the train at Purgatory, a jerkwater mining town. Assessing the situation, he discovers that two rival companies of miners, led by Taylor Barton (Harry Morgan) and Colonel Ames (John Dehner), are racing each other to find a \"mother lode\" of gold buried somewhere nearby. Massive dynamite blasts periodically rock the town to its foundations, creating or embellishing various moments of comic relief throughout the film." ]

[ 6.76171875, 0.197265625, 1.5390625, -1.349609375, -3.06640625, 2.33984375, 1.90234375, 1.3974609375, -5.046875, 2.248046875, -0.4072265625, -1.4873046875, 1.271484375, -3.560546875, -6.0703125, -3.990234375, -3.259765625, -1.51171875, -5.21484375, -1.94140625, -4.265625, -4.44140625, -3.1015625, -3.513671875, -4.171875, -4.16015625, -5.48828125, -3.75, -5.31640625, -4.2890625, -2.6328125, -4.015625 ]

[ "World Trade Center (1973–2001). The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943. The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project[18] but the plans were put on hold in 1949.[19] During the late 1940s and 1950s, economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan. To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan.[20]", "Construction of the World Trade Center. Sullivan published his study, \"A World Trade Center in the Port of New York\", on March 10, 1961. The report recommended building a trade center along the waterfront to facilitate commerce within the Port of New York.[19] The study also stated that Rockefeller's suggested site near the South Street Seaport was the most ideal location for the trade center, but did not take locals' possible objections into account.[20] The Port Authority formally backed the project the next day.[21]", "World Trade Center (1973–2001). The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It featured the landmark twin towers, which opened on April 4, 1973, and were destroyed as a result of the September 11 attacks in 2001. At the time of their completion, the \"Twin Towers\"—the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center, at 1,362 feet (415.1 m)—were the tallest buildings in the world. The other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. All these buildings were built between 1975 and 1985, with a construction cost of $400 million ($2,300,000,000 in 2014 dollars).[4] The complex was located in New York City's Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space.[5][6]", "World Trade Center site. 7 World Trade Center stands off of Port Authority property. David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the tower.[85] Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began in 2002 and the building opened on May 23, 2006, achieving LEED gold status and being the first tower in the complex to reopen.[86] The building is 52 stories tall (plus one underground floor), making it the 28th-tallest in New York.[87][88]", "Construction of the World Trade Center. The construction of the first World Trade Center complex in New York City was conceived as an urban renewal project to help revitalize Lower Manhattan spearheaded by David Rockefeller. The project was developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The idea for the World Trade Center arose after World War II as a way to supplement existing avenues of international commerce in the United States.", "Construction of the World Trade Center. In 1946, a year after the war formally ended, the New York State Legislature passed a bill that called for a \"world trade center\" to be established. This trade center would increase New York City's role in transatlantic trade.[4][5] The World Trade Corporation was founded, and a board was appointed by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to develop plans for the project.[4][6] Less than four months after the board was named, plans for a \"world trade center\" were put on hold.[6] By then, architect John Eberson and his son Drew had devised a plan that included 21 buildings over a ten-block area, at an estimated cost of $150 million.[7][5] However, projections determined that such a complex would not be profitable due to a lack of demand; one estimated that the World Trade Center project would only be successful if at least 4,800 of the United States' largest 6,000 companies were involved.[5] In 1949, the World Trade Corporation was dissolved by the New York State Legislature.[8]", "History of New York (state). Following the attacks, plans were announced to rebuild the World Trade Center site. 7 World Trade Center became the first World Trade Center skyscraper to be rebuilt in five years after the attacks. One World Trade Center, four more office towers, and a memorial to the casualties of the September 11 attacks are under construction as of 2011. One World Trade Center opened on November 3, 2014.[61]", "Construction of the World Trade Center. Construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower began in August 1968, and the South Tower in 1969. Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process. The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 and into the South Tower in January 1972. Four other low-level buildings were constructed as part of the World Trade Center in the early 1970s, and the complex was mostly complete by 1973. A seventh building, 7 World Trade Center, was opened in 1987.", "World Trade Center (1973–2001). In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site.[27] Demolition work began on March 21, 1966, to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in Radio Row for construction of the World Trade Center.[28] Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5, 1966.[51]", "Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. In August 1968, construction on the World Trade Center's north tower started, with construction on the south tower beginning in January 1969.[16] When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed, the total cost to the Port Authority had reached $900 million.[17] The buildings were dedicated on April 4, 1973, with Tobin, who had retired the year before, absent from the ceremonies.[18]", "One World Trade Center. The building's architect was David Childs, whose firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) also designed the Burj Khalifa and the Willis Tower. The construction of below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the new building began on April 27, 2006. One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30, 2012, when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building. The tower's steel structure was topped out on August 30, 2012. On May 10, 2013, the final component of the skyscraper's spire was installed, making the building, including its spire, reach a total height of 1,776 feet (541 m). Its height in feet is a deliberate reference to the year when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. The building opened on November 3, 2014;[2] the One World Observatory opened on May 29, 2015.[14]", "One World Trade Center. Contrasting with Libeskind's original plan, the tower's final design tapers octagonally as it rises. Its designers stated that the tower would be a \"monolithic glass structure reflecting the sky and topped by a sculpted antenna.\" In 2006, Larry Silverstein commented on a planned completion date: \"By 2012 we should have a completely rebuilt World Trade Center, more magnificent, more spectacular than it ever was.\"[75] On April 26, 2006, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey approved a conceptual framework that allowed foundation construction to begin. A formal agreement was drafted the following day, the 75th anniversary of the 1931 opening of the Empire State Building. Construction began in May; a formal groundbreaking ceremony took place when the first construction team arrived.[76]", "Construction of the World Trade Center. In April 1970, the New York City Department of Air Resources ordered contractors building the World Trade Center to stop the spraying of asbestos as an insulating material.[105]", "World Trade Center (1973–2001). In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers, and Karl Koch was hired to erect the steel.[57] Tishman Realty & Construction was hired in February 1967 to oversee construction of the project.[58] Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968; construction on the South Tower was under way by January 1969.[59] The original Hudson Tubes, carrying PATH trains into Hudson Terminal, remained in service as elevated tunnels during the construction process until 1971 when a new PATH station opened.[60]", "One World Trade Center. Construction of the North Tower (One World Trade Center) began in August 1966; extensive use of prefabricated components sped up the construction process. The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970.[25][26] In the 1970s, four other low-level buildings were built as part of the World Trade Center complex.[27][28] A seventh building was built in the mid-1980s.[29][30]", "World Trade Center (1973–2001). Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world's first world trade center. They had two choices: the east side of Lower Manhattan, near the South Street Seaport; and the west side, near the H&M station, Hudson Terminal.[21](p56) Initial plans, made public in 1961, identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center.[22] As a bi-state agency, the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of both New York and New Jersey. New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner objected to New York getting a $335 million project.[23] Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate.[24]", "World Trade Center (1973–2001). Over the following years, plans were created for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center. The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), established in November 2001 to oversee the rebuilding process,[153] organized competitions to select a site plan and memorial design.[154] Memory Foundations, designed by Daniel Libeskind, was selected as the master plan;[155] however, substantial changes were made to the design.[156]", "Larry Silverstein. The construction of One World Trade Center started on April 27, 2006. Lack of financing had prevented construction from commencing earlier. The proceeds of the insurance policies arising from the destruction of the previous buildings were insufficient to cover the cost of rebuilding all the insured buildings.[34] The first rebuilt building in the World Trade Center complex, 7 World Trade Center, reopened on May 23, 2006,[35] and by the end of September 2011, was fully leased.[36] The second building, 4 World Trade Center, reopened on November 13, 2013.[37] This was followed by One World Trade Center on November 3, 2014.[38] 3 World Trade Center is scheduled to open in June 2018,[39] while 2 World Trade Center has yet to be completed, having been delayed indefinitely because of the loss of a prospective anchor tenant.[40]", "September 11 attacks. The damaged section of the Pentagon was rebuilt and occupied within a year of the attacks.[347] The temporary World Trade Center PATH station opened in late 2003 and construction of the new 7 World Trade Center was completed in 2006. Work on rebuilding the main World Trade Center site was delayed until late 2006 when leaseholder Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed on financing.[348] The construction of One World Trade Center began on April 27, 2006, and reached its full height on May 20, 2013. The spire was installed atop the building at that date, putting 1 WTC's height at 1,776 feet (541 m) and thus claiming the title of the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.[349] One WTC finished construction and opened on November 3, 2014.[5][350]", "World Trade Center (1973–2001). The first new building at the site was 7 WTC, which opened in May 2006.[157] The memorial section of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum opened on September 11, 2011[158] and the museum opened in May 2014.[159] 1 WTC opened on November 3, 2014;[15] 4 WTC opened on November 13, 2013;[160] and 3 WTC is under construction and expected to open in 2017.[161][162] As of November 2013[update], according to an agreement made with Silverstein Properties Inc., the new 2 WTC will not be built to its full height until sufficient leasing is established to make the building financially viable.[163] In Summer 2015, Silverstein Properties revealed plans for a redesigned Tower 2 with News Corp as the core tenant; the Bjarke Ingels-designed structure was expected to be finished by 2020.[164] 5 WTC will be developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, but, as of February 2014, a schedule was not confirmed.[165]", "New York (state). A memorial at the site, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, was opened to the public on September 11, 2011. A permanent museum later opened at the site on March 21, 2014. Upon its completion in 2014, the new One World Trade Center became the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere, at 1,776 feet (541 m).[69] Other skyscrapers are under construction at the site.", "Construction of the World Trade Center. After New Jersey approved of the World Trade Center project, the Port Authority started looking for tenants. First, the agency approached the United States Customs Service because the Customs Service had been dissatisfied with its current headquarters, the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House on the tip of Lower Manhattan. The Port Authority then solicited the New York state government, since there were too few private companies willing to move to the World Trade Center.[57] The World Trade Center's planners were concerned that the World Trade Center would be underused, because at the time, less than 3.8% of the United States' gross national product came from international trade, and corporations with a worldwide presence comprised four-fifths of that sector.[58] In January 1964, the Port Authority certified a deal with the New York state government to relocate some offices to the World Trade Center.[59] The Port Authority began signing commercial tenants in the spring and summer of 1964, including several banks.[60] The Port Authority signed the United States Customs Service as a tenant a year later.[61]", "Construction of the World Trade Center. Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968 with construction beginning on the South Tower by January 1969.[137] In January 1967, $74 million in contracts were awarded to the Pacific Car and Foundry Company, Laclede Steel Company, Granite City Steel Company, and Karl Koch Erecting Company to supply steel for the project.[138] The Port Authority chose to use many different steel suppliers, bidding on smaller portions of steel, rather than buy larger amounts from a single source such as Bethlehem Steel or U.S. Steel as a cost-saving measure.[139] Karl Koch was also hired to do all the work of erecting the steel, and a contract for work on the aluminum facade was awarded to the Aluminum Company of America.[138] Tishman Realty & Construction was hired in February 1967 to oversee construction of the project.[140]", "World Trade Center (1973–2001). In 1977, Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the exterior of the South Tower (2 WTC).[121]", "Construction of the World Trade Center. In 1958, Rockefeller established the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association (DLMA), which commissioned Skidmore, Owings and Merrill to draw up plans for revitalizing Lower Manhattan. The plans, made public in late June 1960, called for a World Trade Center to be built on a 13-acre (53,000 m2) site along the East River, at the South Street Seaport, one of the Lower Manhattan ports that had seen a continuous decline in business over the past decade.[11][12] The site would be bounded clockwise from the south by Old Slip, Water Street, Fulton Street, and South Street,[13][14] and the complex itself would be located on \"a two-story platform that would supersede and displace the conventional street grid\".[12] The proposed complex included a 900-foot-long (270 m) exhibition hall, as well as a 50- to 70-story building with a hotel located on some of its upper floors.[15] Other amenities would include a theater, shops, and restaurants.[16] The plan also called for a new securities exchange building, which the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association hoped would house the New York Stock Exchange.[14]", "Construction of the World Trade Center. Groundbreaking was on August 5, 1966, marking the beginning of construction of the World Trade Center's foundations.[132] The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill, with the bedrock located 65 feet (20 m) below grade.[133] In order to construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary to build \"The Bathtub\", with the slurry wall along the West Street side of the site, to keep water from the Hudson River out. This method was used in place of conventional dewatering methods because lowering the groundwater table would cause large settlements of nearby buildings not built on deep foundations.[134]", "World Trade Center (1973–2001). Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council. Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues. On August 3, 1966, an agreement was reached that the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City in lieu of taxes for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants.[30] In subsequent years, the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased.[31]", "Construction of the World Trade Center. The topping out ceremony of the North Tower (1 World Trade Center) took place on December 23, 1970, while the South Tower (2 World Trade Center)'s ceremony occurred on July 19, 1971.[137] The first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15, 1970,[149] and into the South Tower in January 1972.[150] The buildings were dedicated on April 4, 1973; Tobin, who had resigned the year before, was absent from the ceremonies.[151]", "World Trade Center site. Maki and Associates designed Four World Trade Center, also known as 150 Greenwich Street.[75][76] Construction started in 2008, and the steel skeleton was mostly complete by 2012.[77] The building opened in November 2013, making it the second tower on the site to open behind 7 World Trade Center, as well as the first building on the Port Authority property.[78] The first tenants to move in were two government agencies,[79] and as of July 2015[update], the building is 62% leased.[80]", "Construction of the World Trade Center. In 1942, Austin J. Tobin became the Executive Director of the Port Authority, beginning a 30-year career during which he oversaw the planning and development of the World Trade Center.[1] The concept of establishing a \"world trade center\" was conceived during the post–World War II period, when the United States thrived economically and international trade was increasing.[2] At the time, economic growth was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan, in part stimulated by Rockefeller Center, which had been developed in the 1930s.[3]", "World Trade Center (1973–2001). Five smaller buildings stood around the 16 acres (65,000 m2) block. One was the 22-floor hotel, which opened in 1981 as the Vista Hotel, and in 1995 became the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC) at the southwest corner of the site. Three low-rise buildings (4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC) in the same hollow tube design as the towers also stood around the plaza. 6 World Trade Center, at the northwest corner, housed the United States Customs Service and the U.S. Commodities Exchange. 5 World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner above the PATH station and 4 World Trade Center was at the southeast corner. In 1987, a 47-floor office building called 7 World Trade Center was built north of the block. Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall, which in turn had connections to various mass transit facilities including the New York City Subway system and the Port Authority's own PATH trains connecting Manhattan to New Jersey.[102]", "Empire State Building. In 1961, the same year that Helmsley, Wien, and Malkin had purchased the Empire State Building, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey formally backed plans for a new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan.[188] The plan originally included 66-story twin towers with column-free open spaces. The Empire State's owners and real estate speculators were worried that the twin towers' 7,600,000 square feet (710,000 m2) of office space would create a glut of rentable space in Manhattan as well as take away the Empire State Building's profits from lessees.[189] A revision in the World Trade Center's plan brought the twin towers to 1,370 feet (420 m) each or 110 stories, taller than the Empire State.[190] Opponents of the new project included prominent real-estate developer Robert Tishman, as well as Wien's Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center.[190] In response to Wein's opposition, Port Authority executive director Austin J. Tobin said that Wein was only opposing the project because it would overshadow his Empire State Building as the world's tallest building.[191]" ]

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[ "Call of Duty. Call of Duty 2 is a first-person shooter video game and the sequel to Call of Duty. It was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. The game is set during World War II and is experienced through the perspectives of soldiers in the Red Army, British Army, and United States Army. It was released on October 25, 2005 for Microsoft Windows, November 15, 2005 for the Xbox 360, and June 13, 2006 for Mac OS X. Other versions were made for mobile phones, Pocket PCs, and smartphones.", "Call of Duty: WWII. Call of Duty: World War II is the second game in the Call of Duty franchise developed by Sledgehammer Games, and the third to benefit under publisher Activision's three-year development cycle (the first being Sledgehammer's Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare) in order for a longer development time for each game. A new Call of Duty title set in World War II was alluded to in a 2014 Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare launch interview with Michael Condrey, co-founder of Sledgehammer Games. In the interview by Metro, the interviewer asked him what the possibilities of where the next Call of Duty could go in terms of setting. Condrey responded, \"[S]ome of my favorite pieces of entertainment are set in World War II. Band of Brothers, I'm a massive fan of Band of Brothers.\" Condrey dived further into the subject, \"And that's a great hero's war, kind of the last that was recognized as a noble cause in a war. So yeah, I think a next generation game with the latest production values and robustness in a World War II setting like Band of Brothers would be amazing. Now, how would it play and how would the multiplayer work after the new movement set in Advanced Warfare? That's a tougher question than I've had to tackle yet…\".[15]", "Call of Duty: World at War. Call of Duty: World at War is a first-person shooter video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. It was released for Microsoft Windows, the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii in November 2008. It is the fifth mainstream game of the Call of Duty series and returns the setting to World War II for the last time until Call of Duty: WWII almost nine years later. The game is also the first title in the Black Ops story line. World at War received ports featuring different storyline versions, while remaining in the World War II setting, for the Nintendo DS and PlayStation 2. A Windows Mobile version was also made available by Glu Mobile.", "Call of Duty: WWII. Call of Duty: WWII is a first-person shooter video game developed by Sledgehammer Games and published by Activision. It was released worldwide on November 3, 2017 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is the fourteenth main installment in the Call of Duty series and the first title in the series to be set primarily during World War II since Call of Duty: World at War in 2008.", "Call of Duty: WWII. Sledgehammer Games were interested in bringing the series back to World War II after developing their previous title, Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare (2014), which featured advanced movements and futuristic warfare technology. Studio head Michael Condrey stated that he was unsure if a World War II game would feel right after creating a futuristic title like Advanced Warfare, but the developers ultimately decided to create a game in this time period. They also chose to include \"atrocities\" and Nazi extermination camps apparent during this time period in the campaign mode in order to deliver an authentic war story.", "Call of Duty: WWII. Sledgehammer Games was hesitant to reveal all the authentic settings from World War II that developers have put into the game's storyline. Activision initially refused to deny claims that Nazi extermination camps would be featured in the game.[8] Adam Rosenberg of Mashable wrote that video games set during World War II tended to be \"Holocaust deniers\" in the sense that they avoided broaching the subject for business reasons, but that this could be the very first Call of Duty World War II based game where the Holocaust would be depicted. Senior creative director Bret Robbins said in an interview \"Some very, very dark things happened during this conflict and it felt wrong for us to ignore that.\" He further stated \"We absolutely show atrocities. It's an unfortunate part of the history, but you can't tell an authentic, truthful story without going there. So we went there.\" Robbins argued that audiences can now handle games with more maturity and nuance, \"People are ready for it. They want it\", he said.[16][17] When asked directly over Twitter as to whether or not the story campaign would allow gamers the opportunity to play as soldiers from the Axis powers such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, Sledgehammer Games confirmed that the campaign gameplay would be limited to allied forces. More specifically, Sledgehammer co-founder Michael Condrey confirmed that the game will focus exclusively on the Allied powers.[8]", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: World at War, developed by Treyarch, is the fifth installment of the main series and a prologue to Black Ops. It returns to the World War II setting of earlier titles.[19] It is set in the Pacific theater and Eastern front of World War II. The game uses the same proprietary game engine as Call of Duty 4 and was released for the PC, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360 consoles and the Nintendo DS handheld in North America on November 11, 2008, and November 14, 2008 in Europe. As of June 2009, Call of Duty: World at War has sold over 11 million copies.[20]", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty 2: Big Red One is a spin-off of Call of Duty 2 developed by Treyarch, and based on the American 1st Infantry Division's exploits during World War II. The game was released on GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox.", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty is a video game based on the Quake III Arena engine (id Tech 3), and was released on October 29, 2003. The game was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. The game simulates the infantry and combined arms warfare of World War II.[2] An expansion pack, Call of Duty: United Offensive, was developed by Gray Matter Interactive with contributions from Pi Studios and produced by Activision. The game follows American and British paratroopers and the Red Army. The Mac OS X version of the game was ported by Aspyr Media. In late 2004, the N-Gage version was developed by Nokia and published by Activision. Other versions were released for PC, including Collector's Edition (with soundtrack and strategy guide), Game of the Year Edition (includes game updates), and the Deluxe Edition (which contains the United Offensive expansion and soundtrack; in Europe the soundtrack was not included). On September 22, 2006, Call of Duty, United Offensive, and Call of Duty 2 were released together as Call of Duty: War Chest for PC.[3] Since November 12, 2007, Call of Duty games have been available for purchase via Valve's content delivery platform Steam.[4]", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty 3 is a World War II first-person shooter and the third installment in the Call of Duty video game series. Released on November 7, 2006, the game was developed by Treyarch, and was the first major installment in the Call of Duty series not to be developed by Infinity Ward. It was also the first not to be released on the PC platform. It was released on the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox, and Xbox 360.[5] Call of Duty 3 follows the American, Canadian, British, and Polish armies as well as the French Resistance after D-Day in the Falaise Gap.", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: WWII is the fourteenth game in the series, and was revealed on April 26, 2017. The game is being developed by Sledgehammer Games.[6] It was announced that the game will be released on November 3.[7]", "Call of Duty: WWII. WWII includes a zombies cooperative game mode, similar to previous entries by Treyarch and Infinity Ward, with its own original storyline set in alternate history and separate from the campaign. The game mode, dubbed Nazi Zombies in reference to its first iteration in Treyarch's Call of Duty: World at War, is also set in the events of World War II, as the Third Reich makes a desperate attempt to turn the tide of the war by creating an undead army in the final stages of the war. While the mode is based on science-fiction and is a fictional take on the war, Sledgehammer Games co-founder Michael Condrey said that the story of the mode is based on some \"real events\". He also revealed that the experience is similar to Dead Space, a third person shooter horror video game directed by both Condrey and Schofield during their work time at EA Redwood Shores.[13]", "Call of Duty: World at War. Development for World at War took two years and began after the release of Treyarch's previous title, Call of Duty 3, which was also set in World War II and was their first title they developed for the series. The game is based on an enhanced version of the Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare game engine developed by Infinity Ward with increased development on audio and visual effects. Treyarch utilized the engine to make more parts of certain environments destructible and introduce limb dismemberment and realistic burns to character models. The game was officially announced by Activision on June 23, 2008.", "Call of Duty: WWII. A new game mode, War, is introduced as a \"narrative-driven\" multiplayer game mode, developed in partnership with Raven Software. In War, two teams of 6 players perform objectives as either the Allied or Axis faction, inspired by some of the iconic World War II battles, such as storming Normandy on D-Day as the Allied, or defending the Normandy bunker as the Axis in the map Operation Neptune. In addition to War, popular game modes such as Team Deathmatch, Domination and Hardpoint return, as well as Gridiron, a \"boots on the ground\" variation of Uplink, which was originally introduced by Sledgehammer Games in Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare.", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: World at War – Final Fronts is the PlayStation 2 adaptation of Call of Duty: World at War. Developed by Rebellion Developments, Final Fronts features three campaigns involving the U.S. fighting in the Pacific theater and the Battle of the Bulge in Europe, as well as the British advancing on the Rhine River into Germany.", "Infinity Ward. Infinity Ward, Inc. is an American video game developer. They developed the video game Call of Duty, along with six other installments in the Call of Duty series. Vince Zampella, Grant Collier, and Jason West established Infinity Ward in 2002 after working at 2015, Inc. previously.[2][3] All of the 22 original team members of Infinity Ward came from the team that had worked on Medal of Honor: Allied Assault while at 2015, Inc. Activision helped fund Infinity Ward in its early days, buying up 30 percent of the company. The studio's first game, World War II shooter Call of Duty, was released on the PC in 2003. The day after the game was released, Activision snapped up the rest of Infinity Ward, signing employees to long term contracts. Infinity Ward went on to make Call of Duty 2, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, Call of Duty: Ghosts and most recently Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare.", "Call of Duty: World at War. The PlayStation 2 version, titled Call of Duty: World at War: Final Fronts, differs significantly from the main versions. Developed by Rebellion Developments,[42] Final Fronts features 13 missions set near the end of World War II across three different campaigns. Aside from the two campaigns in the Pacific and Eastern Europe, Final Fronts also includes a third campaign involving the British advance on the Rhine River. The missions range from infantry, infiltration, sniper, large-scale assaults, night fighting, and tank assaults.[43]", "Call of Duty: World at War. Call of Duty: World at War was released for the Nintendo DS on November 11, 2008 in North America,[38] and on November 14 in Europe.[39] It was published by Activision and developed by n-Space, who used the same game engine as their previous title, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare.[40] The game's scenarios are also based on World War II's Pacific theater and Eastern front with American, British and Soviet campaigns.[38] Up to four players can be supported online with four different types of game, as well as perks and rank-ups.[40] Compared to Modern Warfare, it has improved in-level geometry, has more responsive sprints and crouches and 3D-modeled guns instead of 2D sprites.[40] However the flamethrower, which is new to the game series, is rendered with 2D sprites.[40] The framerate is just under 30 and has lots of voice-over during the missions.[41] Players are able to defuse mines and send Morse code with the touch screen, as well as using mortar rounds, an anti-air gun from a battleship, parachuting and using mounted guns.[40] There is also a tank mode which allows the player to turn the main gun and fire machine gun rounds at the same time.[40]", "Call of Duty: World at War. IGN applauded the developer Treyarch for its decision to stage World at War in the Pacific theater of World War II. The addition of a co-op mode was also complimented as helping to increase the game's replayability, and the multiplayer mode was described as \"definitely an area where World at War shines.\"[60] Some positive points noted by GameSpot include the \"well-acted dialogue\" of the characters Sgt. Roebuck and Sgt. Reznov, as well as the solid and fast-paced single player/co-op campaign.\"[56]", "Call of Duty. The Call of Duty games are published and owned by Activision. While Infinity Ward is still a developer, Treyarch and Sledgehammer Games also develop several of the titles with the release of the studios' games alternating with each other. Some games have been developed by Gray Matter Interactive, Nokia, Exakt Entertainment, Spark Unlimited, Amaze Entertainment, n-Space, Aspyr, Rebellion Developments, Ideaworks Game Studio, and nStigate Games. The games use a variety of engines, including the id Tech 3, the Treyarch NGL, and the IW engine.", "List of cooperative Xbox 360 games. Call of Duty: World at War is a first-person shooter video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, and PlayStation 2.[2] It is the fifth installment in the Call of Duty video game series, excluding spin-offs.[3] The game is set in the Pacific theater and Eastern front of World War II.[3][4] The game is scheduled to ship in North America on November 11, 2008,[5] in Europe on November 14, 2008.[6]", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: Black Ops II is the ninth main installment in the series, developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. The game was first revealed on May 1, 2012.[25][26] It was the first game in the series to feature future warfare technology, and the campaign features multiple branching storylines driven by player choice and multiple endings. It was later released on November 12, 2012.", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: Devil's Brigade was a canceled first-person shooter for the Xbox 360 developed by Underground Entertainment. The game was set in World War II, mainly focusing on the Italian Campaign.[36]", "Call of Duty: World at War. Call of Duty: World at War was released for the Windows Mobile. However, the game features a run and gun genre similar to Commando from Capcom rather than a first-person shooter, a different storyline, and a different set of characters. The game was developed by Glu Mobile and published by Activision.[46]", "Call of Duty. In 2004, Activision, in cooperation with the companies Plan-B Toys and Radioactive Clown, released the \"Call of Duty: Series 1\" line of action figures, which included three American soldiers and three German soldiers from the World War II era.[42] While the American G.I. action figure was made in 2004,[43] Plan-B Toys later discontinued a controversial Nazi SS Guard action figure based on the Nazi Totenkopf officer seen in Call of Duty.[44]", "Call of Duty: World at War. World at War was announced on June 23, 2008, by Activision, who confirmed that the game was to be released in fall 2008, and that the series would revert to its customary World War II setting.[15] The game took about two years to make, twice as long as Treyarch's previous entry to the series, Call of Duty 3.[6] The game is powered by a improved version of the Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare engine, with several improvements made to the physics model. Environments are more destructible and can be set on fire with the flamethrower, whose fire propagates. Dismemberment, as well as realistic skin and clothes burning of the characters were added.[16]", "Call of Duty: WWII. The Windows version of the game was developed in a collaboration with Raven Software. In regards to it, Raven's CTO Dwight Luetscher stated that they were trying to focus on the Windows platform, as well as the community, by responding to their needs for it to excel. The Windows version features several notable changes, including removal of controller aim assist and addition of sensitivity slider for aim-down-sights mechanic.[18]", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 is the sixth installment of the main series. It was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision.[9][10] Activision Blizzard officially announced Modern Warfare 2 on February 11, 2009.[11][12] The game was released worldwide on November 10, 2009, for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows.[9] A Nintendo DS iteration of the game, titled Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized, was released alongside the game and the Wii port of Call of Duty : Modern Warfare.[13][14] Modern Warfare 2 is the direct sequel to Call of Duty 4 and continues the same storyline, taking place five years after the first game and featuring several returning characters including Captain Price and \"Soap\" MacTavish.[15]", "Call of Duty: Black Ops. During World War II, Doctor Ludvig Maxis formed Group 935, a group of scientists that was intended to improve the human condition. Lacking funds, they soon turned to creating superweapons to aid the Nazis. Their discovery of Element 115 from a meteorite in Japan lead to the creation of zombies. Maxis and his assistant, Dr. Edward Richtofen, also work on other projects, leading to the creation of teleportation devices and 115-powered weapons. Attempting to use himself as a test subject, Richtofen accidentally teleports to a catacomb within the Moon, where he comes into contact with a mysterious pyramid device that causes him to hear mysterious voices, slowly taking away his sanity. He is later teleported to an exotic jungle known as Shangri-La, where he spends three weeks studying the Vril energy force. Upon returning to Germany, Richtofen secretly forms a plan to kill Maxis, and gathers many members of Group 935 to build a moon base, known as Griffin Station. While maintaining his cover with Maxis and the rest of Group 935, Richtofen manages to capture three soldiers: Tank Dempsey, Nikolai Belinski, and Takeo Masaki; he begins to conduct experiments with Element 115, causing memory loss for all three soldiers.", "Call of Duty: World at War. The narrative for the campaign mode focuses on the Pacific Theater and Eastern Front theaters of World War II, involving the United States, Empire of Japan, Soviet Union, and Nazi Germany. It is told from the perspectives of Marine Raider Private C. Miller, US Navy Petty Officer Locke and Red Army soldier Private Dimitri Petrenko, and is based on several historical battles. The multiplayer component of the game contains various game modes and a leveling system that allows the player to unlock additional weapons and rewards as they progress, similar to Call of Duty 4 and repeated in many following Call of Duty entries. Vehicles, in the form of tanks, that players can control appear on certain multiplayer maps. The game also contains downloadable content called \"map packs\", which can be purchased online. A new feature to the series was the addition of a cooperative mode, which supports up to two players locally and four players online.", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: Zombies is a first-person shooter video game developed by Ideaworks Game Studio, and published by Activision for iOS. It is a spin-off of the Call of Duty series, and based on the \"Nazi Zombies\" mode of Call of Duty: World at War. A sequel for the iPhone and iPod Touch includes Shi No Numa that was originally released on the Xbox 360, PS3, and PC.", "Call of Duty: WWII. In online multiplayer matches, players are randomly assigned either to Allies or Axis side. On Allies side, players can play as soldiers in American, British, Soviet, or French Resistance armies. On the Axis side, players play as the Wehrmacht, rather than Waffen-SS in an effort to avoid 'glorifying' Nazi extremists. When explaining this decision, Glen Schofield, co-founder and co-studio head at Sledgehammer, said \"The big distinction that Germans still make today is that between the German military and the Nazis. We made sure we made that distinction in the game, that the Germans were doing their duty\".[8]" ]

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[ "Lecy Goranson. On April 28, 2017 it was announced that a revival of Roseanne was in the works with most of the original cast and some of the original producers slated to return.[4] In May 2017, it was confirmed that Goranson would be returning in the role of Becky. Chalke will also appear, playing a different role. The rebooted Roseanne series premiered on March 27, 2018 on ABC. [5][6][7]", "List of Roseanne characters. Lecy Goranson played the role of Becky from the show's inception through Season 5. Goranson decided to leave the show in order to earn her college degree (she attended Vassar College). Becky's absence is written as having her elope with Mark and moving out of state. However, producers wished to return the character to the show and since Goranson wasn't available, they recast the role with Canadian actress Sarah Chalke. Chalke appeared as Becky starting in the middle of Season 6 and all of Season 7. Goranson returned for Season 8 as Becky, while still attending college, and Chalke was let go. However, Goranson's school schedule sometimes conflicted with her filming schedule and thus she was unavailable at times. The writers did not write in the Becky character when Goranson was not available for filming, but the show needed the Becky character in some episodes. Chalke was asked again to play the role when Goranson was not available during Season 8. Not wanting to put the show through more scheduling conflicts, Goranson did not sign on for Season 9 and concentrated on her studies. The role was turned over to Chalke for Season 9. With the series re-boot, Goranson plays the role of Becky. In Season 10, Goranson as Becky, and Chalke as a character named Andrea, comment on how much they resemble one another - as the two actors once had played the same role.", "List of Roseanne characters. Twenty one years later, in Season 10, Becky is shown to still be living in Lanford and working as a server at a chain Mexican Restaurant. Her husband Mark has died. Having been widowed and left in dire financial straits, she turns to egg donation and surrogacy in an effort to make ends meet, having been offered $50,000 from an affluent couple. Her parents are disapproving of Becky's decision, with Roseanne explaining to Becky that while she might not feel a connection to her biological child, Roseanne and the rest of the family would. Becky feels she isn't in a position to turn down the offer. Becky later finds out she has a very small chance of becoming pregnant. The couple that offered her the surrogacy decides they need to move on to someone else.", "List of Roseanne characters. In the year before she eloped, Becky's life was stressful. In addition to working as a cashier to help support her family and going to school, she was the sole person responsible for maintaining the household and looking after her younger siblings. Her breaking point came when she learnt her parents had used her college fund to pay household bills after the family's bike shop failed and that her long-time boyfriend Mark was leaving Lanford to work in Minneapolis. Feeling she had no prospects in Lanford, she eloped with Mark. Unfortunately, the marriage didn't bring her any financial security or stability. The two were ultimately forced to return to Lanford, where Mark began working for the city alongside Dan and Becky began serving at a restaurant called Bunz. The two lived in the Conner house for some time before moving into their own place, a mobile home. In the final episode of Season 9, it was revealed Becky was pregnant. In season 10, she reveals that she miscarried.", "Roseanne. In May 2017, it was announced the series was greenlit and would air on ABC mid–season in 2018.[58] Metcalf, Fishman, Goranson, and Chalke were all announced to return. Chalke, who played the character Becky in later seasons, will appear as Andrea, a married woman who hires Becky to be her surrogate.[59] Glenn Quinn, who played Becky's husband, Mark, died in December 2002 of a heroin overdose at the age of 32.[60] On December 1, 2017, it was announced that Johnny Galecki would be reprising his role of David Healy for one episode.[61]", "Sarah Chalke. On April 28, 2017, it was announced that a revival of Roseanne was in the works, and that most of the original cast and some of the producers would return for the limited series.[4] On May 16, 2017, it was confirmed that eight episodes of the show were greenlit by ABC and would air mid-season in 2018 with Chalke returning, but playing a role other than Becky Conner. [5]", "Sarah Chalke. Chalke's acting career began at age 8 when she began appearing in musical theater productions. At 12, she became a reporter on the Canadian children's show KidZone. In 1993, she took over the role of Rebecca Conner-Healy on Roseanne after Lecy Goranson left the series; she made a cameo appearance as a different character in the Roseanne episode \"Halloween: The Final Chapter\" (#178, originally aired October 31, 1995) after Goranson returned. Chalke would later return to the role of Becky after Goranson departed for a second time. After the show ended, Chalke returned briefly to Canada, where she starred in the CBC Television drama Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy (1998–1999).", "List of Roseanne characters. Rebecca \"Becky\" Conner (later Healy) is born in 1975, Rebecca, or Becky as she's known to her family and friends, is the eldest of Roseanne and Dan's children. Becky is introduced to the series as a pre-teen, whose primary interests are centered around makeup, fashion, and boys, and while she can be self-centered and act spoiled at times, she actually is the least problematic of the Conner children, maintaining very good grades and rarely causing issues for her parents beyond an occasional argument. However, as Becky grows older, she begins to break from her good girl mold, drinking Roseanne and Dan's alcohol with a friend while they're home alone, cutting her hair, and dating guys that Roseanne and Dan strongly disapprove of, her future husband Mark Healy being one of them. Becky's ultimate act of rebellion comes when she drops out of high school and elopes to Minneapolis.", "List of Roseanne characters. In the Season 9 finale, Roseanne reveals that Mark had actually been dating Darlene in \"real life\", and Roseanne simply wrote that Mark and Becky were a couple because Roseanne felt that made more sense. In Season 10, this is retconned as a dream and a story by Roseanne. However, it is mentioned that Mark has passed away, leaving Becky a widow in severe financial ruin. No further information is given as to how long ago he died or what he died of, except that Darlene and David’s 10-year-old son is named after him.", "Lecy Goranson. Alicia Linda \"Lecy\" Goranson /liːsi/ (born June 22, 1974) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as the original Becky Conner in the television sitcom Roseanne, which debuted in 1988.[1] She has also had supporting roles in the films How to Make an American Quilt (1996), Boys Don't Cry (1999), and The Extra Man (2010).", "Lecy Goranson. The appearances by Goranson vs. Chalke became a running gag. Goranson's first re-appearance was marked with a \"Where the hell have you been?\" from several cast members while in character. Similarly, Chalke's infrequent appearances during Season 8 would be played for humor with an \"Aren't you glad you're here this week?\" from Roseanne. There was even a glimpse into the future where a grown-up and somewhat catatonic DJ, played by John Goodman, repeatedly uttered to a psychiatrist \"They say she's the same but she isn't the same\"; at the end of the episode, it was revealed to the audience that he was referring to the two actresses playing Becky.", "Lecy Goranson. Chalke played Becky for the remainder of the sixth season and all of the seventh season. When the show reached its eighth season, Goranson managed to schedule things so that she could work as Becky again, replacing Chalke. Goranson appeared continually at the beginning of season eight, but by mid-season she had scheduling conflicts again with school. On two occasions Goranson had to pull out of episodes in which the Becky character was necessary; Darlene's wedding and a family trip to Walt Disney World. Chalke was called back in to play Becky for these episodes. Toward the end of the season, Goranson was available again and she returned to play Becky. However, after the end of the eighth season, Goranson decided not to continue due to scheduling conflicts she had during the previous season. For the ninth and what would be the final season of the original run, Goranson did not return to the show, leaving the role to Chalke for that season.", "Glenn Quinn. One of Quinn's more visible roles began in 1990 as the character Mark Healy, Becky Conner's boyfriend and later husband, in Roseanne. He continued in this role until the show ended in 1997 (seasons 3–9). In 2018, the fourth episode of the revived show's tenth season was dedicated to the memory of Quinn.", "Lecy Goranson. Goranson studied acting in Chicago and subsequently landed the role of Becky Conner. It was only the second time she auditioned for a part. She played the character for five seasons, exiting the series in 1992, several episodes into the fifth season, to pursue an education at Vassar College.[2] Her schedule permitted her to continue appearing part-time as Becky. Under her new arrangement, the show's producers and writers had to take care to write scenes for Becky sparingly. Goranson's exit resulted in Becky's eloping with her boyfriend. Becky would be seen via the phone briefly on some occasions as she now lived out of state. In the next season, although not at the beginning, the producers decided to bring the character back. Goranson was still unavailable, so Sarah Chalke auditioned and won the role.[3]", "Roseanne. Other notable guest stars during the season include Stephen Dorff as Becky's boyfriend Jimmy, Jenny Lewis as Becky's friend Diane, Stephen Root as Roseanne's lawyer Peter, and Bert Parks as a judge. Ann Wedgeworth played Dan Conner's mother in the Thanksgiving episode.", "Roseanne. On April 28, 2017, television trade publications reported an 8-episode revival of the series, being shopped to multiple networks including ABC and Netflix.[53][54] Barr, Goodman, and Gilbert were attached to reprise their roles, while Metcalf was considered likely to return.[53][55]", "Roseanne. Production of nine new episodes began in the fall of 2017 and wrapped in mid-December. The revival features the original cast from the previous nine seasons. New characters include David and Darlene's two children as well as D.J.'s daughter. Sarah Chalke also appears as a new character, Andrea. The sets of the Conner house were replicated at the same studio where the show was filmed for its original run. Season 10 was scheduled as a mid-season replacement to premiere on March 27, 2018.", "Roseanne. On December 7, 2017, it was confirmed that Estelle Parsons and Sandra Bernhard would return to the series. Parsons will appear in two episodes while Bernhard will appear in one.[63]", "Roseanne. Roseanne and Dan have lost weight but are now on medication. DJ has served a tour in the Army and now has a daughter named Mary (with DJ's wife still serving abroad) and Jerry is away in Alaska on a fishing boat. When the first episode begins, Roseanne and Jackie haven't spoken since the 2016 presidential election (Roseanne having voted for Donald Trump while Jackie voted for Jill Stein despite her having no idea who Stein was, describing her as \"some doctor\"), although the two are reconciled after intervention by Darlene. Meanwhile, desperate for money, Becky, who has been struggling to make ends meet after the death of her husband Mark, agrees to act as a surrogate mother for a woman named Andrea (Sarah Chalke) which is opposed by Roseanne and Dan since Becky's eggs will be used for the pregnancy.", "Joyce Summers. Joyce appears in four episodes after her death in \"The Body\", first as a young woman in season five's \"The Weight of the World\": Buffy has a recurring but false memory of her parents bringing Dawn home as a newborn.[31] The episode deals with Buffy's inability to cope with her mother's death and her inadequacy at protecting Dawn, and explores Buffy's obsession with her failure and guilt.[32] The sixth season episode \"Normal Again\" posits Buffy's world of Sunnydale as a manifestation of psychopathology: after being stabbed by a demon, Buffy becomes convinced that the world in which she is a hero is an illusion. Her parents, who have remained happily married, visit her in a mental institution and encourage her to fight the seductive world she has imagined and return home with them.[33][34] Joyce appears twice in the seventh season: she haunts Dawn as a face of the First Evil in \"Conversations with Dead People\",[35][36] and makes her final appearance again as an incarnation of the First Evil in Buffy's dream in \"Bring on the Night\".[37]", "Roseanne. Under pressure from Roseanne to leave the Lanford Lunch Box, Bev sells her share in the restaurant to Leon to get back at them. David proposes marriage to Darlene, but she refuses. Dan and Roseanne discover an old stash of marijuana and smoke it in their bathroom. Roseanne's past as an abuse victim arises when she reacts violently to DJ after he joyrides and wrecks her car, leading her to worry she may be continuing the cycle. Becky (now played by Sarah Chalke) and Mark return home and move into the Conners' house. Mark goes to trade school but drops out. Jackie gets pregnant as a result of a one-night stand and later develops a relationship with the baby's father, Fred (Michael O'Keefe). Roseanne and Dan discover David secretly moved in with Darlene at school and throw him out, but take him back soon after. Roseanne visits a gay bar with Nancy, where she receives a surprise kiss from Nancy's girlfriend. Jackie gives birth to a son, Andy. Dan confronts his mother's history of mental illness. The season concludes with Fred and Jackie's wedding.[45]", "Roseanne. On December 20, 2009, Barr posted an entry on her website regarding what a possible Roseanne reunion would be like, which includes: DJ being published, Mark dying in Iraq; David leaving Darlene for a woman half his age, Darlene coming out of the closet and meeting a woman and having a test tube baby with her, Becky working at Walmart, Roseanne and Jackie opening the first medical marijuana dispensary in Lanford, Arnie becoming the best friend of the Governor of Illinois and remarrying Nancy, Bev selling a painting for $10,000, Jerry and the grandsons forming a music group similar to the Jonas Brothers, Dan reappearing alive after faking his death, and Bonnie being arrested for selling crack.[52]", "Roseanne. On March 26, 2018, Sara Gilbert revealed on Good Morning America that her sketch with John Goodman on The Talk (which Gilbert created and co-hosts) as their Roseanne characters, and Goodman's willingness to do a reboot, inspired Gilbert to reach out to her cast mates to revive the show.[66]", "Laurie Metcalf. On April 28, 2017 it was announced that a revival of Roseanne was in the works and that Metcalf along with most of the original cast and some of the producers would return for the limited series that was being shopped around with ABC and Netflix the front runners to land the show.[49] On May 16, 2017 it was confirmed that eight episodes would air mid-season in 2018 on ABC.[50]", "Sara Gilbert. It was announced on April 28, 2017 that Gilbert along with most of the original cast will be returning for an eight episode revival series of Roseanne.[7] Gilbert will also serve as an executive producer.[8][9] It was confirmed on May 16, 2017 that the eight episodes have been picked up by ABC would air mid-season in 2018.[10]", "Roseanne. Roseanne's tenth season premiered on March 27, 2018, with two back-to-back episodes on ABC. The premiere begins 20 years after the previous episode, with Season 9 and the final episode being almost completely retconned out of existence as both a dream of and a story by Roseanne; namely Dan's death, when he is actually alive. A now separated and unemployed Darlene moves back into the Conner household with her two children Harris (whose existence is the only surviving element from Season 9, although the character is several years younger) and Mark (whose gender presentation is cause for conflict).", "List of Curb Your Enthusiasm recurring roles. Becky (Kaitlin Olson, Seasons 1–4, 6) is Cheryl's sister who is often at odds with Larry over religious and personal reasons. Cheryl moves in with Becky after she leaves Larry. Becky first appeared in the Season 1 episode, \"Beloved Aunt.\"", "List of Psych characters. Abigail returns in the fourth season in the episode \"He Dead\" (4.02), wanting to meet Henry for the first time. However, Shawn attempts to prevent it, claiming that his relationship with his father is already strained. Despite his attempts, the two finally meet, and get along very well, much to Shawn's surprise. Abigail returned again in \"Bollywood Homicide\" (4.06), in which Shawn invites her to a crime scene. When Lassiter embarrasses Shawn in front of Abigail, Shawn becomes determined to solve the case, and eventually does. In the summer finale, \"You Can't Handle This Episode\" (4.10), Abigail reveals to Shawn that she is moving to Uganda for six months, and that she wants to put their relationship on hold until she visits in February.", "Roseanne. On May 16, 2017, ABC announced it had greenlit a revived, 10th season of Roseanne as a mid-season replacement in 2018, with the original cast returning. In November 2017, ABC requested an additional episode, bringing the total to nine.[4][5] It premiered on March 27, 2018, to an initial audience of 18.44 million, which grew to 27.26 million total viewers following 7 days of delayed viewing. On March 30, 2018, following the success of its premiere, Roseanne was renewed for an eleventh season of thirteen episodes.", "Tracy Barlow. Executive producer Phil Collinson has revealed that Tracy's return will bring a few years' worth of storylines for her and many other characters in the soap, and that there is a possibility of Becky McDonald and Tracy appearing in a special two-hander episode.[20] It was revealed on 4 October, that Tracy would return on Christmas Eve 2010, following her shock release from prison. Speaking to Inside Soap, Ford said: \"Tracy's absolutely ecstatic to be out of prison, and excited to be home. She's a bit nervous because she knows everybody is going to hate her - but she's basically the same old Tracy!\" Ford added: \"Primarly [sic] she wants Amy back, but she'd like to be with Steve as well. She wants them to be a family. Steve is Tracy's true love, and she'd do anything to Becky if it meant she could have him.\"[21] Speaking to Soaplife about Tracy's comeback, Simon Gregson who plays Steve McDonald explained: \"I'm really excited. Tracy's a brilliant character. You've got that lightness and then pure evil. And Kate (Ford) does such a good deadpan face. I sometimes have to struggle not to laugh. Her return is a massive shock. Steve instantly thinks, 'Oh no!' He just knows she'll be bringing him loads of flack.\" Discussing Tracy's demands for custody of Amy, Gregson continued: \"Tracy's got [Steve] over a barrel. It turns out Amy's heard Steve and Becky talking about buying Max and she's told Tracy. \"That's all the ammunition she needs. She tells Steve if she doesn't get custody she'll shop him and Becky to the authorities.\"[22]", "Roseanne. The season opens with the Conner women confronting the issue of pregnancy: Roseanne takes a pregnancy test that turns up negative. Roseanne takes on a job as waitress in the restaurant at Rodbell's Department Store, where she meets Leon (Martin Mull) and Bonnie (Bonnie Sheridan). Jackie gets injured on the job, which results in her breaking up with her boyfriend Gary. Becky begins dating Mark Healy (Glenn Quinn); when her parents forbid her to see him, she temporarily moves in with Jackie. Dan is floored to learn his father Ed and Crystal plan to marry; Crystal is pregnant with Ed's baby.", "Roseanne. Season seven begins with Roseanne's pregnancy and goes on to tackle such issues as abortion, alcoholism, drug abuse, sexual dysfunction, and racial prejudice. Darlene and David break up after briefly maintaining an open relationship, leading to some awkwardness for Roseanne and Dan as they try to deal living with their daughter's ex-boyfriend. David and Darlene both date other people, but eventually, they reunite. Due to tension in the household, Mark and Becky move into a trailer. DJ plays a bigger role this season, most notably in an episode wherein he refuses to kiss a black girl in his school play.[46] Episode 19 is a special 45-minute show that recounts all the previous seasons with Roseanne being \"welcomed\" by other sitcom moms.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "John Wesley Shipp. John Wesley Shipp (born January 22, 1955[1][2]) is an American actor known for his various television roles. He played the lead Barry Allen on CBS's superhero series The Flash from 1990 to 1991, and Mitch Leery, the title character's father, on the drama series Dawson's Creek from 1998 to 2001. Shipp has also played several roles in daytime soap operas including Kelly Nelson on Guiding Light from 1980 to 1984, and Douglas Cummings on As the World Turns from 1985 to 1986 (which earned him his first Daytime Emmy Award).[3] He portrays both Barry Allen's father, Henry, and Jay Garrick/Flash on the current The Flash series on The CW network.", "John Wesley Shipp. Shipp won the title role of Barry Allen/The Flash on the CBS series The Flash, which aired in the 1990–91 season.[9][10][11] He followed this with the recurring role of Lucky on the NBC series Sisters from 1994 to 1995.[12] Shipp also appeared on stage in the 1990s, starring in Erik Jendresen's The Killing of Michael Malloy in 1993.[13] In 1998, he was cast as Mitch Leery, the father of the lead character Dawson, on The WB drama series Dawson's Creek;[14] Shipp remained part of the series' main cast through its first four seasons, exiting in 2001.[15]", "John Wesley Shipp. Shipp returned to involvement with The Flash in the 2010s. He was cast in a \"mysterious\" role on The CW series The Flash in early 2014,[18][19] which was later revealed to be the recurring role of Henry Allen, the father of titular character.[20] In the second-season finale of The Flash, Shipp played Jay Garrick, an alternate universe counterpart of The Flash[21] and continues to guest star in the role of Garrick into the fourth 2017-2018 season[22] He also provided the voice to the villain Professor Eobard \"Zoom\" Thawne, the Reverse-Flash, in a 2010 episode of the animated series Batman: The Brave and the Bold.", "List of The Flash characters. Bartholomew Henry \"Barry\" Allen (portrayed by Grant Gustin[1]) is an awkward assistant crime-scene investigator for the Central City Police Department, who moonlights as the Flash. As a child, Barry (Logan Williams) is traumatized when his mother, Nora, is murdered by the Reverse-Flash. His father, Henry, is framed for the crime. Joe West becomes Barry's legal guardian, and Barry spends his life trying to discover what happened that night. He first appears in the second season of Arrow, personally investigating a superhuman-related crime in Starling City, and learns of Oliver Queen's identity as the Arrow. They become good friends. Sometime after Barry returns to Central City, he is struck in his laboratory by lightning which was affected by dark matter from the explosion of the S.T.A.R. Lab's particle accelerator.", "The Flash (1990 TV series). The 2014 television series, The Flash, features several references to the 1990 series. John Wesley Shipp plays the recurring role of Barry Allen's father, Henry Allen,[8] and Amanda Pays once again portrays a character named Dr. Tina McGee.[9] Shipp eventually portrays the Earth-3 version of Henry Allen, Jay Garrick / Flash. Regarding the difference in his portrayal of Garrick over Allen, Shipp \"figured Jay is my version of Barry\" from the 1990 series, adding, \"I went back and I watched a couple of episodes of the 1990/91 version to kind of remind myself what I did. [Jay] is much more reminiscent of my Barry Allen from 25 years ago than my Henry Allen. I went back and I was amazed how much attitude my Barry Allen had in some situations. I went back and I picked up that thread and I brought it forward 25 years, and tried to weave it in.\"[10] In \"Welcome to Earth-2\", as Barry, Cisco and Wells are traveling to Earth-2, glimpses of the multiverse are seen, including an image of Shipp as the Flash from the 1990 series, implying that the series was retroactively being added to the Arrowverse-multiverse.[11]", "Mark Hamill. He guest appeared in two episodes as the Trickster in the live-action 1990 television series of The Flash.[46] He has made cameo appearances on MADtv, where he played the estranged father of Ms. Swan,[citation needed] and appeared on Saturday Night Live playing himself being sold on a Star Wars-themed home shopping sale.[47] Hamill appeared in single episodes of 3rd Rock from the Sun in 1997,[48] Just Shoot Me! in 1998[49] and in two episodes of seaQuest DSV in 1995 (as Tobias LeConte).[50] He also appeared in the episode \"Mind over Matter\" of the 1995 television series The Outer Limits.", "List of The Flash characters. Joseph \"Joe\" West (portrayed by Jesse L. Martin[12]) is a police detective, father of Iris and Wally West, and legal guardian to Barry Allen following Nora Allen's death and Henry Allen's incarceration.[13]", "Flash (Barry Allen). Ezra Miller portrays Barry Allen / The Flash in the DC Extended Universe.", "Grant Gustin. Thomas Grant Gustin (born January 14, 1990) is an American actor and singer. He is known for his role as Barry Allen / The Flash (based on the DC Comics character of the same name) on the CW series The Flash and Arrow, both in the Arrowverse television franchise, and for his role as Sebastian Smythe on the Fox series Glee.", "Danny Trejo. In the TV show The Flash Trejo appears as a breacher (A interdimensional bounty hunter) a person who can manipulate the space time fabric and can travel to other parallel worlds. In \"The Flash\", he is the father of Cisco's love interest Gypsy. Originally hating Cisco and going on duck hunt to kill him, Cisco has proven himself worthy of having a relationship with Gypsy and so 'Breacher' has left them alone.[episode needed]", "Flash (Barry Allen). Barry Allen is a police scientist (his job title was changed to a forensic scientist in The Flash: Iron Heights one-shot) with a reputation for being very slow, and frequently late, which frustrates his fiancee, Iris West, as the result of being absent-minded and his devotion to crime-solving. One night, as he is working late, a lightning bolt shatters a case full of chemicals and spills all over Barry. As a result, Allen finds that he can run extremely fast and has matching reflexes and senses. He dons a set of red tights sporting a lightning bolt (reminiscent of the original Fawcett Comics Captain Marvel), dubs himself the Flash (after his childhood comic book hero, Jay Garrick), and becomes Central City's resident costumed crimefighter.[1] Central City University professor Ira West (Iris' adoptive father) designed Allen's costume and the ring which stores it while Allen is in his civilian identity.[3] The ring can eject the compressed clothing when Allen needs it and suck it back in with the aid of a special gas that shrinks the suit. In addition, Allen invented the cosmic treadmill, a device that allowed for precise time travel and was used in many stories. Allen was so well liked that nearly all speedsters that come after him are often compared to him. Batman once said \"Barry is the kind of man that I would've hoped to become if my parents had not been murdered.\"[4]", "Tom Cavanagh. Thomas Patrick Cavanagh (born October 26, 1963) is a Canadian actor and director best known for a variety of roles on American television, including starring roles in Ed (2000–2004), Love Monkey (2006) and Trust Me (2009), and recurring roles on Providence and Scrubs. Since 2014, Cavanagh has served as a series regular on The Flash, portraying various versions of Harrison Wells.", "Flash (Barry Allen). The character has appeared in various adaptations in other media. John Wesley Shipp played Barry Allen in the 1990 CBS television series and Grant Gustin currently plays him in the 2014 The CW television series. The character is played by Ezra Miller in the DC Extended Universe, beginning with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Suicide Squad in 2016, followed by Justice League in 2017.", "Flash (Barry Allen). As revealed in issue #0 of the current series, Barry Allen's father was placed in prison for the murder of his mother. The murder occurred shortly after Barry returned victorious from a school spelling bee, and Barry placed the trophy he won on his mother's grave in her memory. While the evidence seems to indicate his father's guilt, Barry makes proving his father's innocence a priority.", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, and Ray Fisher appear as Barry Allen / Flash, Arthur Curry / Aquaman, and Victor Stone / Cyborg respectively in brief appearances, which led to their inclusion in the Justice League film.[82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] Joe Morton appears in a role as Silas Stone, Victor's father.[90] U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy makes a cameo appearance as Senator Purrington, whilst U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow also makes a cameo as the Governor of New Jersey.[91][92] Neil deGrasse Tyson, Soledad O'Brien, Anderson Cooper, Nancy Grace and Charlie Rose appear as themselves. Jena Malone was cast as S.T.A.R. Labs scientist Jenet Klyburn, but her scenes were cut from the theatrical release, along with Man of Steel characters Coburn Goss as Father Leone and Joseph Cranford as Pete Ross; they were restored for the Ultimate Edition home media release.[93] Talk show host Jon Stewart has a cameo in the extended cut. To further establish the interconnection between the films of the shared universe, Chris Pine appears on Diana Prince's photo as Steve Trevor, which he reprised in Wonder Woman.[94][95][96]", "List of The Flash characters. Season two features the Earth-2 version of Dr. Harrison \"Harry\" Wells, the father of Jesse Wells. Like Eobard, he was responsible for the creation of metahumans on Earth-2 using a particle accelerator which also exploded, including the psychopathic serial killer Hunter Zolomon as the rogue speedster Zoom. But Harry refused to take responsibility while making a profit with developing metahuman detector technology. But when Zoom kidnaps Jesse, Harry travels to Earth-1 to assist Barry in the fight against Zoom's extorted metahumans and locate Jesse. Team Flash, specifically Cisco and Joe, distrust him because of the prior betrayal by Eobard, and Harry himself is mistaken by people unaware that Eobard's actions ruined his Earth-1 doppelgänger's name and legacy. Harry also meets the Reverse-Flash's younger self, suspecting that the encounter between them is what caused Eobard's future actions towards his Earth-1 self and also leading Harry to hate Thawne. Harry is extorted by Zoom into developing a device to steal the Flash's speed for Zoom in exchange for his daughter's life, a feat that even the Reverse-Flash had failed to achieve. But Harry confesses to his collaboration with Zoom so Barry and Cisco decide to travel to Earth-2 with Harry to rescue Jesse. After their mission is complete, Harry and Jesse seek refuge on Earth-1 from Zoom's pursuit. After Barry's speed is sacrificed to Zoom to save Wally West, Harry recreates a miniature particle accelerator to help Barry regain these powers based on Eobard's plans. Although the accelerator explosion causes Barry to disappear, and its dark matter affects both Wally and Jesse, Harry eventually locates Barry at the Speed Force; he is able to bring Barry back with Cisco and Iris West's help, and Barry wakes Jesse from the coma. After Zoom's defeat, Harry and Jesse return home to Earth-2 with Jay Garrick, promising to help the Flash of Earth-3 return to his own Earth. Harry returns early in season three after Jesse is revealed to have developed super-speed as a result of the accelerator, but Harry tries to have the team talk his daughter out of pursuing heroics. After Barry and Jesse are forced to team up, Harry becomes more supportive of it. Harry and Jesse return to Earth-2 a few days later so Jesse can protect Earth-2 Central City but before leaving Harry helps the team locate his alternate counterpart from Earth-19 to substitute in his absence. Harry later despises his Earth-19 doppelgänger after discovering that he is not as intelligent as both him and their deceased Earth-1 counterpart, considering H.R. Wells as a moron. Harry helps Joe in protecting Iris after they arrive to Earth-2 to hide from Savitar, but they fail to stop him from kidnapping her. Harry respects H.R. after learning his sacrifice for Iris.", "Arrowverse. After witnessing his mother's mysterious murder and his father's wrongful conviction for the crime, Barry Allen (Grant Gustin) is taken in by Detective Joe West (Jesse L. Martin) and his daughter, Iris (Candice Patton). Allen becomes a brilliant but socially awkward crime scene investigator for the Central City Police Department. His obsession with his tragic past causes him to become an outcast among his peers; he investigates cold cases, paranormal occurrences, and cutting-edge scientific advancements that may shed light on his mother's murder. No one believes his description of the crime—that a ball of lightning with the face of a man invaded their home that night—and Allen is fiercely driven to vindicate himself and to clear his father's name. Fourteen years after his mother's death, an advanced particle accelerator at S.T.A.R. Labs malfunctions during its public unveiling, bathing the city center with a previously unknown form of radiation and creating a severe thunderstorm. Allen is struck by lightning from the storm and doused with chemicals in his lab. Awakening after a nine-month coma, he discovers he has the ability to move at superhuman speeds. Harrison Wells (Tom Cavanagh), the disgraced designer of the failed particle accelerator, describes Barry's special nature as \"metahuman\"; Allen soon discovers that he is not the only one who was changed by the radiation. Allen vows to use his gifts to protect Central City from the escalating violence of metahuman criminals. He is aided by a few close friends and associates who guard his secrets, including S.T.A.R. Labs team members Cisco Ramon (Carlos Valdes) and Caitlin Snow (Danielle Panabaker).", "List of The Flash characters. Martin also portrays the Earth-2 Joseph West, a singer who does not share a father-son bond with Barry and actually blames him for Iris becoming a police officer. Joseph is killed by Deathstorm and Killer Frost.[3]", "List of The Flash characters. In season two, Barry becomes reclusive after Eddie and Ronnie's deaths, until a near-death experience convinces him to work with his friends again. He discovers a recording of Eobard's confession to Nora's murder that clear his father of all charges, with Barry inheriting Harrison Wells' fortune and resources from Eobard. Though rich, Barry chooses to remain working for CCPD while using Wells' money to fund his and his allies' activities. Barry and his team soon learn of the multiverse when metahumans from Earth-2 target him under orders from Zoom, receiving aid from the Earth-2's Dr. Harrison \"Harry\" Wells. Barry struggles with his choice to not save his mother and his hatred of Eobard, gradually accepting Harry as a friend upon learning that he trying to save his daughter Jesse. The group are aided by Earth-2's Flash Jay Garrick before they learn that he is actually a time remnant clone of Hunter Zolomon, who is Zoom, and he steals Barry's Speed Force to cure his terminal illness. After sacrificing his powers to save Wally from Zoom, Harry helps Barry recreate the events which gave him his speed, but Barry disappears into the Speed Force as it helps him move on from his mother's death. After returning and defeating Zoom's army, Barry is forced to watch his father's death in his childhood home. He avenges his father by luring the Time Wraiths to Zoom, who is dragged into the Speed Force while being transformed into the Black Flash. After freeing the real Jay Garrick, Henry's Earth-3 counterpart, Barry goes back in time to avert his mother's death without considering the consequences.", "Brian Keith. Keith made a guest appearance in the Evening Shade, season 1 episode \"Chip Off The Old Brick\" (1991), as the loud-mouthed father of Herman Stiles (played by actor Michael Jeter).", "Barry Williams (actor). Williams, youngest of three boys, was born in 1954 in Santa Monica, California,[4] to Doris May Moore and Canadian-born Frank Millar Blenkhorn of English, Scottish, and German ancestry[5] Barry and siblings Craig and Scott Blenkhorn[4] grew up in Pacific Palisades, California, where actor Peter Graves was a neighbor.[6] Williams decided as a child that he wanted to be an actor, and in 1967 he made his television debut in an episode of Dragnet 1967.", "List of The Flash characters. Wally was born after his mother's abandonment of her family, leading Joe and Iris to be unaware of his existence for eighteen years until Iris finds out. Wally finally meets his father and sister during a Christmas party shortly before his mother dies, and he has since struggled to bond with Joe and Iris. He also forms a brotherly bond with Barry Allen, although he is suspicious of Barry's weird behavior. Formerly a drag racer, Wally is enrolled at the same university Iris attended, majoring in mechanical engineering. After repeatedly being rescued by the Flash, Wally becomes fascinated with the superhero and discovers that his father has a connection with him, but is unaware that he is Barry. He is inspired by both his father and the Flash to help people, resulting in him ultimately becoming close to Joe. Later, when Wally and Jesse Wells are locked in the Time Vault at S.T.A.R. Labs, they work together to escape but are accidentally affected by the dark matter released from the attempt to restore Barry's powers; his father and later Barry, suspect that Wally is turning into a metahuman after the incident. Eventually, Wally discovers Barry's secrets when Zoom abducts and kills Barry's father, and fully accepts Barry after he rescues Joe from Zoom.", "Thomas Wayne. After traveling on the Cosmic treadmill, the Flash and Batman find themselves in the presence of Batman's Flashpoint father, Thomas.[25] Prior to their arrival and after the Flash left to undo the events of Flashpoint, Thomas found that the Flashpoint timeline was not erased yet as the Flash intended, and instead, was forced to live out the remainder of Aquaman and Wonder Woman's war. Left to ponder in the Batcave, Thomas waited for the joint Atlantean and Amazonian hit squad to arrive so he may sacrifice himself and them with explosives, until he encounters the Flash and Batman. He believes the two are hallucinations until the Flash briefs him on their situation.", "Eobard Thawne. After the events of Zero Hour: Crisis in Time, it is revealed that Malcolm Thawne is Eobard's ancestor and Barry's long-lost twin brother, meaning that Barry is Eobard's great uncle.", "The Flash (season 4). In July 2017, Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe, a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic, Devoe's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him; and Danny Trejo as Breacher, a bounty hunter from Earth-19 and the father of Gypsy.[28] Also in June, the series was looking to cast a role that \"should put the visual effects department to the test\",[85] with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man, a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes.[86] Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast-talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City's greatest mysteries.[34] The character was previously mentioned in the first season, as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion.[87] The next month, Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith, who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains.[35]", "John Corbett. From 2015 to 2016, he portrayed Josiah \"Flash\" Bacon in the FX comedy series Sex&Drugs&Rock&Roll.[35] In 2016, fourteen years after My Big Fat Greek Wedding was released, Corbett returned for the sequel My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2.[36] In 2017, he portrayed the main role of Michael Spurlock, a pastor who welcomes Karen refugees to his church, in the Steve Gomer-directed drama film All Saints.[37] Corbett will portray Dr. Dan Covey, the father of Lana Condor's lead character, in the film adaptation of Jenny Han's novel To All the Boys I've Loved Before, directed by Susan Johnson.[38] He will also star in John R. Leonetti's film adaptation of Tim Lebbon's horror novel The Silence, with Miranda Otto and Stanley Tucci.[39] Corbett will have a guest starring role in the eighth and final season of IFC's comedy series Portlandia.[40]", "Flash (comics). A staple of the comic book DC Universe, the Flash has been adapted to numerous DC films, video games, animated series, and live-action television shows. In live action, Barry Allen has been portrayed by Rod Haase for the 1979 television special Legends of the Superheroes, John Wesley Shipp and Grant Gustin in the 1990 The Flash series and the 2014 The Flash series, respectively, as well as by Ezra Miller in the DC Extended Universe series of films, beginning with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Shipp also portrays a version of Jay Garrick in the 2014 The Flash series. The various incarnations of the Flash also feature in animated series such as Superman: The Animated Series, Justice League, Batman: The Brave and the Bold and Young Justice, as well as the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series.", "Bart Allen. As first conceived by writers, Bart was born in the 30th century to Meloni Thawne and Don Allen, and is part of a complex family tree of superheroes and supervillains. His father, Don, is one of the Tornado Twins and his paternal grandfather is Barry Allen, the second Flash. His paternal grandmother, Iris West Allen, is also the adoptive aunt of the first Kid Flash, Wally West (Bart's first cousin once removed). Additionally, Bart is the first cousin of XS, a Legionnaire and daughter of Dawn Allen. On his mother's side, he is a descendant of supervillains Professor Zoom and Cobalt Blue as well as the half-brother of Owen Mercer, the second Captain Boomerang. In addition to these relatives, he had a supervillain clone known as Inertia.", "Jeffrey Dean Morgan. In 2015, Morgan portrayed Deaf Smith in Texas Rising, a five-part mini-series which aired on the History Channel. Also in 2015, Morgan became a regular cast member for season 2 of the CBS sci-fi drama Extant. He also appeared in an uncredited role in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, as Bruce Wayne's father, Thomas Wayne.", "Grant Gustin. On September 13, 2013, it was announced that Gustin would play Barry Allen in the second season of Arrow. He was initially supposed to appear in three episodes, the last one serving as the backdoor pilot for a potential spin-off Flash series.[12] However, the backdoor pilot plan was dropped in favor of a stand-alone pilot, titled The Flash.[13] The pilot was picked up with an initial order of thirteen episodes, and the series premiered on October 7, 2014, with 4.8 million viewers, the most for a premiere on The CW in five years.[14][15] Two weeks later, the network increased the episode order to a full season of twenty-three in all.[16] On January 11, 2015, the show was renewed for a second season.[17] On March 11, 2016, it was renewed for a third season. Gustin reprised his role in two episodes of the CBS (now CW) series Supergirl.", "Lee Majors. In March 2010, Majors played the crusty sailing instructor in the Community episode \"Beginner Pottery\". In April 2010, he appeared as the mentor of the series lead in \"Christopher Chance\", the 12th episode of Human Target. Later that year, he provided the voice of General Abernathy in G.I. Joe: Renegades. He later reprised the role in a 2011 episode. In 2011, he appeared as \"Rockwell\" in Jerusalem Countdown. From 2011 to 2014 he appeared in three episodes of the Fox comedy Raising Hope, as Burt's father, Ralph.[8] On February 1, 2013, it was announced that Majors would appear in a two-episode guest spot in season two of TNT's Dallas as Ken Richards, an old flame of Sue Ellen's.[9] In 2015, he appeared as J.D. in the faith-based drama Do You Believe? and the hip-hop dance-themed series Avengers of eXtreme Illusions. Lee Majors appeared in season 2 of Ash vs Evil Dead on STARZ as Brock Williams, the dad of Ash Williams (Bruce Campbell) premiering October 2016.", "List of The Flash characters. Gustin also plays the Earth-2 non-metahuman Barry, a CSI at the Central City Police Department and a Ph.D. graduate who is married to Iris,[3] and a version of the Flash from an alternate 2024 who was broken from his battles against Savitar and told his younger self of physicist Doctor Tracy Brand." ]

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[ "Forks Over Knives. Forks Over Knives (2011) is an American advocacy film that advocates a low-fat, whole-food, plant-based diet as a way to avoid or reverse several chronic diseases. The film recommends a \"whole foods plant-based\" diet and stresses that processed foods and all oils should be avoided. This is sometimes confused with a vegan diet, which in practice can be very different.", "Forks Over Knives. The film was awarded the Documentary/Special Interest Title of the Year in 2012 by the Entertainment Merchants Association.[15]", "Forks Over Knives. Sean O'Connell of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars and argues that it is \"an interesting and informative health lecture that's sandwiched into a dry, repetitive documentary\" and said that \"it's desperately in need of charisma, humor or personality to balance the steady stream of scientific facts we’re asked to absorb\".[12] Rex Reed of The New York Observer gave the film 2/4 and argues that \"I’m sure there is much to be learned from Forks Over Knives (the title means a healthy diet should be consumed with a fork rather than diverging from this path, which could lead to the knife or scalpel).\"[13] Corey Hall of the Metro Times gave the film a \"C\" and states that \"while it's impossible to dispute the basic premise that eating more vegetables is good for you, Forks adopts a staunch anti-meat and -dairy stance that leaves the door open for criticism.\"[14]", "Forks Over Knives. Director Lee Fulkerson stated in an interview with Canada's National Post that the diet described in the film is called \"whole foods plant-based\" and that it advises people to eat \"minimally processed things.\"[2][7]", "Forks Over Knives. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars and wrote: \"here is a film that could save your life.\" He also suggests that \"Forks Over Knives is not subtle. It plays as if it had been made for doctors to see in medical school.\"[10] Loren King of The Boston Globe gave the film three out of four stars and suggests that \"what An Inconvenient Truth did for global warming, Lee Fulkerson's persuasive documentary does for a vegan diet\".[3] Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars and describes it as \"an earnest and fact-filled work of food evangelism.\" [11]", "Forks Over Knives. The film also provides an overview of the 20-year China–Cornell–Oxford Project that led to Professor Campbell's findings, outlined in his book, The China Study (2005) in which he suggests that coronary artery disease, diabetes, obesity, and cancer can be linked to the Western diet of processed and animal-based foods (including dairy products).[6]", "Forks Over Knives. As of July 31, 2015, on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Forks Over Knives received a rating of 61% (23 Fresh, 15 Rotten), based upon 38 reviews.[8] On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 57 out of 100, based on 18 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average\" reviews.[9]", "Forks Over Knives. Through an examination of the careers of American physician Caldwell Esselstyn and professor of nutritional biochemistry T. Colin Campbell, Forks Over Knives claims that many diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, can be prevented and treated by eating a whole food, plant-based diet, avoiding processed food and food from animals.[2][3][4][5]", "Forks Over Knives. Nutrition blogger Denise Minger criticized the research presented in the Forks Over Knives movie for using the lowest levels of scientific evidence for conclusions and decision making (i.e. animal studies, cohort studies and case control studies rather than randomized controlled trials or systematic reviews) and for picking and choosing only those data sets that support the views presented in the movie while disregarding others.[16]", "Veganism. The following decades saw research by a group of scientists and doctors in the United States, including physicians Dean Ornish, Caldwell Esselstyn, Neal D. Barnard, John A. McDougall, Michael Greger, and biochemist T. Colin Campbell, who argued that diets based on animal fat and animal protein, such as the Western pattern diet, were detrimental to health.[90] They produced a series of books that recommend vegan or vegetarian diets, including McDougall's The McDougall Plan (1983), John Robbins's Diet for a New America (1987), which associated meat eating with environmental damage, and Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease (1990).[91] In 2003 two major North American dietitians' associations indicated that well-planned vegan diets were suitable for all life stages.[92] This was followed by the film Earthlings (2005), Campbell's The China Study (2005), Rory Freedman and Kim Barnouin's Skinny Bitch (2005), Jonathan Safran Foer's Eating Animals (2009), and the film Forks over Knives (2011).[93]", "Love Is All You Need. Danish hairdresser Ida, who has recently completed a successful breast cancer treatment after undergoing a mastectomy, returns home to find her husband Leif having an affair with his accountant, Tilde. In a different part of Copenhagen, American businessman Philip, (Pierce Brosnan) is a successful exporter of fruits and vegetables who has become misanthropic after the death of his wife.", "Netflix. In December 2017, Netflix was awarded PETA's Company Of The Year for promoting animal rights movies and documentaries like Forks Over Knives and What The Health.", "Jeff, Who Lives at Home. He happens upon a Hooters restaurant where he crosses paths with his older brother Pat (Helms), a successful yuppie struggling with a failing marriage. Pat's wife Linda (Greer) is spotted at a gas station across the street with another man. Jeff and Pat spend several hours following them, first to a restaurant and later to a hotel, with Pat's new Porsche being ticketed, crashed and eventually towed away at various points in the journey. The brothers also visit their father's gravesite and fight over their conflicting life philosophies.", "Peace, Love & Misunderstanding. When her husband tells her he wants a divorce, devastated Manhattan lawyer Diane heads upstate with her two teens to Woodstock to stay with her estranged hippie mother. In this charming village, Diane and her city kids get a new perspective on life: poetry-reading daughter Zoe becomes interested in a sensitive young butcher Cole, nerdy son Jake finds material for his first film project, and Diane herself grows close to a handsome carpenter/singer Jude. Most importantly, Diane finally gets the chance to end the ancient war with the mother she has not seen for decades.", "Rockmond Dunbar. His film projects include Punks (which debuted at the 2000 Sundance Film Festival), Misery Loves Company, Sick Puppies, Whodunit, Dirty Laundry, All About You[1] Kiss Kiss Bang Bang, and the Tyler Perry-produced film, \"The Family That Preys\".", "The Haunt of Fear. A carnival sword-swallower pulls a unique trick on her husband when he spends all the money she was saving for a new sword on junk food for himself.", "Twisted Nerve. The film opens with Martin playing catch with his younger brother Pete, who has learning difficulties and lives in a segregated school in London. Martin is the only remaining figure in Pete's family life; their father died years ago and their mother has a new life with a new husband. Martin expresses concern for his brother's well-being to the school's physician, who is comfortable with Pete's situation, though he makes it clear that Pete cannot be expected to live much longer.", "A Most Unusual Camera. Back at their hotel, a French waiter named Pierre (Marcel Hillaire) takes notice of their camera and its French inscription dix à la propriétaire, meaning ten to an owner. When the waiter exits, Paula, Chester and Woodward discuss the use of the camera's last two pictures and fail to come to any agreement. While tugging over the camera, a picture of Paula—screaming and recoiling in horror—is accidentally taken. In further struggle, Chester and Woodward begin to fight, and they fall out of an open window to their deaths. Paula screams—as in the picture—but recovers immediately when she realizes that all the money and loot is now hers.", "Paul, Apostle of Christ. In an interview with Variety, Berden said that one of the main themes of the film is forgiveness: \"Paul changed from murdering Christians to becoming their unlikely leader. His life personifies ‘forgiveness,’ a concept that seems almost impossible today — but desperately needed.\"[5]", "History of propaganda. Since the 1990s to the present, responses to mad-cow disease, genetically modified foods, flu epidemics in pigs and birds, and an increase in foodborne illness outbreaks, agricultural pollution, and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) have led people to question where their food comes from and what is actually in it. The use of antibiotics and hormones in cattle and birds, artificial food additives like artificial colors/flavors, artificial sweeteners like high-fructose corn syrup and aspartame, artificial preservatives, etc., prompted \"propaganda\" films like Super Size Me (2004),[98] King Corn (2007), Food, Inc. (2008),[98] Forks Over Knives (2011), and others to promote food awareness, organic farming and eating local organic food, reducing and eliminating pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and synthetic fertilisers, and adopting a vegan and/or raw food diet.", "Forks, Washington. The city gained popularity for being a key setting in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series (2005 to 2008) and related film adaptations. The city's atmosphere and idyllic Pacific Northwest setting has inspired its being featured in film, literature, and video games.", "Rwandan genocide. In 2005, HBO produced a television movie named Sometimes in April. The story centers on two brothers: Honoré Butera, working for Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines, and Augustin Muganza, a captain in the Rwandan army (who was married to a Tutsi woman), who bear witness to the killing of close to over a million people in 100 days while becoming divided by politics and losing some of their own family.", "The Haunt of Fear. Two failing restaurant owners manage to turn their business around with the help of a mysterious stranger. They become a roaring success, but when he demands half the profits, they decide to get him out of the way. Little do they know he has one more dish left to serve.", "Fathers and Daughters. A Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist grapples with being a widower and father after a mental breakdown while, twenty-five years later, his grown daughter struggles to forge connections of her own.", "Dinner for Schmucks. Tim Conrad, a mid-level financial analyst at a Los Angeles equity firm, comes up with a way to get wealthy Swiss businessman Martin Mueller as a client. Impressed by Tim's ingenuity, his boss Lance Fender says Tim is a candidate for a promotion but wants to get to know him better. He invites him to a \"dinner for winners\" in which he must find and bring an eccentric person with a special talent; the winner earns a trophy and the executive that brought him or her gets glory. Tim deduces that it is more of a \"dinner for idiots\" rather than winners, and the partygoers will be mocked.", "Deathwatch (novel). The book was the basis for the 1974 television film Savages, starring Andy Griffith as Madec and Sam Bottoms as Ben, and the 2014 film Beyond the Reach, starring Michael Douglas as Madec and Jeremy Irvine as Ben.", "Winter's Bone. Seventeen-year-old Ree Dolly (Jennifer Lawrence) looks after her mentally ill mother, her twelve-year-old brother Sonny (Isaiah Stone), and her six-year-old sister Ashlee (Ashlee Thompson). Every day, Ree makes sure her siblings eat, while teaching them basic survival skills like hunting and cooking. The family is destitute. Ree's father, Jessup, has not been home for a long time; his whereabouts are unknown. He is out on bail following an arrest for manufacturing \"crank\".", "Dinner for Schmucks. Dinner for Schmucks is the American adaptation of the French film Le Dîner de Cons (literally, \"The Dinner of Idiots\"). The film retains many familiar elements of the original, with the basic plot, including the involvement of the taxation authorities and the love triangle around the main character Tim. In the remake, however, Tim is made much more sympathetic (this is the first dinner he has participated in, and he is not in fact having an affair or deliberately cheating on his taxes), and the actual dinner is shown. Director Roach describes the film as \"inspired by\" the original rather than a remake.[7]", "The Mountain of the Cannibal God. Susan Stevenson (Ursula Andress) is trying to find her missing anthropologist husband Henry in the jungles of New Guinea. She and her brother Arthur enlist the services of Professor Edward Foster (Stacy Keach), who thinks her husband might have headed for the mountain Ra Ra Me, which is located just off the coast on the island of Roka.", "Cannibal Holocaust. In 1979, an American film crew disappears in the Amazon rainforest while filming a documentary about indigenous cannibal tribes. The team consists of Alan Yates, the director; Faye Daniels, his girlfriend and script girl; and two cameramen, Jack Anders and Mark Tomaso. Harold Monroe, an anthropologist at New York University, agrees to lead a rescue team in hopes of finding the missing filmmakers. In anticipation of his arrival, the military conducts a raid on the local Yacumo tribe and takes a young male hostage in order to help negotiate with the natives. Monroe flies in via floatplane and is introduced to his guides, Chaco and his assistant, Miguel.", "Twilight (novel series). On November 22, 2008, following the box office success of Twilight, Summit Entertainment confirmed a sequel, called The Twilight Saga: New Moon, based on the second book in the series, New Moon.[92] The film was released on November 20, 2009. The Twilight Saga: New Moon was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 20, 2010 through midnight release parties.[93] That same day, Summit Entertainment released Twilight in Forks, a documentary about the primary setting of the Twilight series, Forks, Washington.[94] Topics Entertainment released its own documentary about Forks and the Twilight series on March 16, called Forks: Bitten by Twilight.[95]", "Operation Market Garden. Operation Market Garden was the subject of the 1946 film Theirs Is the Glory. This film mixed original footage from the battle with re-enactments, shot on location in Arnhem. Many of the actors portraying the paratroopers were soldiers who fought in the battle. Some played themselves, including Kate ter Horst, Frederick Gough, John Frost and Stanley Maxted, the Canadian journalist who posted gripping reports from the front at Arnhem.[190] A Bridge Too Far is a 1977 epic war film, based on the 1974 book of the same name by Cornelius Ryan. It was adapted by William Goldman, directed by Richard Attenborough and had an all-star cast. Unlike the earlier film, it covered the entire operation from all sides, British, American, German, Polish and Dutch. Dramatizations of the actions of the 101st Airborne Division, 506th PIR during the battle (with cameo scenes also of XXX Corps, British paratroopers and Canadian engineers) formed part of the HBO television miniseries Band of Brothers." ]

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[ "List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean. Elizabeth Swann arrives in Port Royal as a child, after her father Weatherby Swann is appointed governor. In the first film, Will Turner works in the town as a blacksmith's apprentice. Port Royal is attacked by the crew of the Black Pearl after Elizabeth accidentally summons the pirates. Pintel and Ragetti kidnap Elizabeth from her mansion, which is located in the town. Jack is imprisoned in the jail there, but Will Turner helps him escape.", "Elizabeth Swann. In Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Elizabeth first appears in Chinese peasant clothing and a coolie hat while paddling a small boat through Singapore's waters. She is forced to wear only a short robe upon entering Sao Feng's bathhouse. Later, Elizabeth wears a long armored coat while traveling. As a captive aboard Sao Feng's ship, Elizabeth has been dressed in a long red cheongsam, a sleeveless full-length blue overcoat (both probably silk), and a studded turquoise phoenix crown. She later dons Chinese battle dress. During her one-day on the island with Will, she is clad in a black tunic. In the scene set ten years later, she is wearing a long skirt and a double-breasted brocade waistcoat over a white puffy-sleeved shirt, probably cotton or linen.", "List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean. During The Curse of the Black Pearl, Barbossa captures Elizabeth and Jack. Will Turner barters for their safety. Barbossa uses a loophole in their agreement to maroon Elizabeth and Jack on the same island. Elizabeth burns the stash of rum in order to create a signal fire, and they are rescued by James Norrington.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Elizabeth does not appear in On Stranger Tides.[4] She appears in Dead Man Tell No Tales in a cameo scene.[7]", "List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean. The Fourth Brethren Court meet to discuss the threat of the East India Trading Company and the ways in which to combat this threat. Barbossa insists that the Court must free Calypso, a sea goddess who was trapped in human form by the first Brethren Court. Sparrow and Elizabeth prefer to fight directly against the EITC. Elizabeth is elected Pirate King by the Court, and she declares war on Cutler Beckett.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. In the third film, Elizabeth helps rescue Jack from the Locker.[3] She becomes the pirate lord of the South China Sea after Sao Feng's death; she is later elected Pirate King by the Fourth Brethren Court. As King, she declares war on Beckett and leads the battle against him. Elizabeth marries Will Turner, who becomes the new captain of the Flying Dutchman. The curse of being the captain only allows Will to return to shore for one day every ten years. In a post-credits scene after the film, Elizabeth is raising their son; she takes the boy, now nine years old, to meet his father for the first time.", "List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean. Barbossa, believing that Elizabeth Swann is the key to breaking his curse, kidnaps her and brings her to Isla de Muerta. Captain Sparrow uses his magical compass, which points to the thing the user wants most, to follow him. With the help of Will Turner, Elizabeth, and Jack fight against the pirates in the caves under the island. James Norrington and his men fight against Barbossa's crew in the bay just offshore. By using Will's blood, the curse is broken and Jack kills Barbossa.", "Elizabeth Swann. In Singapore, Sao Feng, the Pirate Lord of the South China Sea, provides the chart and a ship, but Will negotiates a secret accord with Feng: Jack Sparrow in exchange for the Black Pearl. Unknown to Will, Elizabeth's lingering anguish over causing Jack's demise torments her, and during the voyage to World's End and Davy Jones Locker, she distances herself from Will. Though she claims everything will eventually be alright between them, her assurance seems uncertain and forced, leaving Will troubled and doubting her love for him. It is only when Will learns that Elizabeth sacrificed Jack to the Kraken that he comprehends her despair, though not why she concealed her actions. When Will confronts her, she says it was her burden to bear, though her secrecy has deeply wounded Will. If she makes choices alone, he asks, and they are unable to trust one another, then how can their relationship survive? Though Elizabeth apparently still cares for Will, her pain and guilt are unabated, and she despondently responds that he cannot trust her, and abruptly leaves. Their future together may be jeopardized if these issues remain unresolved. Meanwhile, as Jack and Barbossa squabble over who is the Black Pearl's captain, the crew navigate their way back to the living world. Before escaping the Locker, Elizabeth sees her father's soul being ferried to the \"next world,\" murdered by Cutler Beckett; she vows to avenge his death.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Elizabeth Swann (later Elizabeth Turner) appears in the first three films in the series and is the leading lady of the series, portrayed by Keira Knightley. She appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl, Dead Man's Chest, and At World's End and briefly in Dead Men Tell No Tales. She is the daughter of Governor Weatherby Swann. In the third film, she marries Will Turner.", "Elizabeth Swann. Elizabeth is a spirited, intelligent, and independent-minded character whose beauty attracted Will Turner, James Norrington, Sao Feng, and Captain Jack Sparrow. Only Will Turner's affections were reciprocated, although she struggled with a subtle attraction and kiss with Sparrow, and a compassionate friendship with Norrington. Throughout the three films, she transforms from a young girl to a proper lady and finally into a courageous pirate. Elizabeth has always been fascinated by piracy, but she is often revolted by pirates' aggressive, wild nature. Even after becoming a pirate, Elizabeth retains her refined ways, as well as her loyalty and compassion for loved ones (including Will Turner, her father, and later, Jack Sparrow and James Norrington).", "Elizabeth Swann. Throughout the trilogy, Elizabeth Swann is portrayed as a spirited, intelligent, and independent-minded character who often chafes at the restrictions imposed on her gender and social rank. Early on in the first movie she often fantasizes about pirates and life at sea. This may have been fueled somewhat by her association with another character, Will Turner, who eleven-year-old Elizabeth met when she and her father, Governor Weatherby Swann were en route to Port Royal eight years earlier. Will, also about eleven, was found adrift at sea, the sole survivor of a pirate attack. During his rescue, Elizabeth briefly glimpsed a mysterious ship slipping into the mist—a vessel foreshadowing her destiny.", "Elizabeth Swann. Elizabeth Swann (later Elizabeth Turner) is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. She appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) and three of its sequels, Dead Man's Chest (2006), At World's End (2007) and Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017). She is portrayed by Keira Knightley (and as a child by Lucinda Dryzek in the prologue of The Curse of the Black Pearl). She is known to use the alias \"Elizabeth Turner\", but this later becomes her married name when she weds the character Will Turner (played by Orlando Bloom).", "Elizabeth Swann. Norrington arrives in Port Royal and presents the heart and the Letters of Marque to Cutler Beckett in a bid to reclaim his commission. Meanwhile, Will, Elizabeth, and the grieving crew make their way upriver to Tia Dalma, the voodoo priestess who helped Sparrow find the Dead Man's Chest. As the crew drink a somber toast to their fallen captain, Elizabeth is wracked with guilt over secretly sacrificing Sparrow to the Kraken. This reinforces Will's belief that Elizabeth loves Sparrow. He despondently comforts her, prompting Tia Dalma to ask if they are willing to rescue Sparrow and the Pearl from Davy Jones' Locker. When all say, \"aye,\" Dalma says they will need a captain who knows those waters. Incredibly, a very alive Captain Barbossa descends the stairs.", "Elizabeth Swann. She freely speaks her mind even if it offends others; for example, she calls a potentially dangerous enemy, Sao Feng, a coward. During her reign as Pirate King, Elizabeth proves to be a charismatic leader and inspires the other pirate lords to battle Cutler Beckett's fleet. Elizabeth's darker side is shown when she sacrifices Jack Sparrow to the Kraken so she and the crew can escape. However, she feels so guilty about it that she later helps rescue Sparrow from Davy Jones' Locker.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. In his quarters, Feng reveals that he believes Elizabeth is Calypso. He tells Elizabeth it was the first Brethren Court who imprisoned the sea goddess, Calypso, in human form. Elizabeth pretends to be Calypso, and discusses with Feng what she might do for him if freed. When she asks what would happen if she refused to grant her favors, he suggests he would take them by force. He then forcefully kisses her, but she pushes him away. While angrily approaching her once more, he is caught by cannon fire as the Flying Dutchman suddenly attacks. When the smoke clears Elizabeth finds Feng under a small pile of rubble, impaled with a huge piece of drift wood. Dying, Feng pronounces Elizabeth the captain of the Empress, and gives her his \"piece of eight\", a jade stone on a necklace, telling her that she must take his place at the Brethren Court. Elizabeth becomes the Pirate Lord of the South China Sea. His last words are, \"Forgive me, Calypso.\"", "Elizabeth Swann. When Elizabeth escapes jail and discovers Beckett is only pardoning Sparrow, she confronts Beckett at gunpoint, forcing him to validate a Letters of Marque to free Will. Disguised as a cabin boy, Elizabeth tricks a merchant crew into making port in Tortuga. She jumps ship and encounters Sparrow and Gibbs in a pub recruiting sailors in an attempt to pay off Sparrows's debt to Davy Jones, who demands one hundred souls in exchange for his. Another man applies — James Norrington, now a disgraced, drunken wretch. Blaming Sparrow for his ruination, Norrington attempts to shoot him, igniting a brawl, but Elizabeth knocks him out to save him. At the pier, Sparrow claims Will was press ganged into Davy Jones' crew, insisting he was blameless; Norrington is skeptical, but Elizabeth places her faith in Sparrow when he claims she can save Will by finding the Dead Man's Chest. Using his magical compass, she gets a bearing.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. In At World's End, Barbossa and Elizabeth intend to rescue Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones' Locker. They visit Feng at his bathhouse in Singapore, requesting a ship and a crew. Feng is suspicious and informs them that earlier that day, Will Turner attempted to steal the navigational charts to World's End. Barbossa and Elizabeth deny knowing Will, but when Feng threatens to kill him, Elizabeth reacts, confirming they are allies. Barbossa explains that the Brethren Court has been summoned to convene on Shipwreck Cove and Feng, being one of the nine Pirate Lords, is honor-bound to attend. Feng demands to know why they want to sail to the Locker. When Will admits they want to rescue Jack, Feng becomes enraged and declares that he would only resurrect Sparrow to kill him in person.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. In the first film, a young Elizabeth helps rescue Will Turner from a shipwreck; she steals a pirate's medallion from Will in order to protect him. As an adult, she is engaged to James Norrington. Captain Barbossa captures Elizabeth. Because she possesses the medallion, he presumes she is the daughter of Bootstrap Bill Turner, whose blood is needed to lift the pirates' curse. She assists Will and Jack in defeating Barbossa.", "Elizabeth Swann. Elizabeth Swann appears in the Pirates of the Caribbean world, Port Royal, of the Disney/Square Enix game Kingdom Hearts II, voiced by Eliza Schneider in the English version (like the other original actors, Keira Knightley was unavailable due to filming Dead Man's Chest and At World's End) and by Saori Yumiba in the Japanese version. Elizabeth Swann also appears in the video game \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (video game)\" as well as \"Lego Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game\" as a playable character in both video games. Schneider also performs the voice of Elizabeth Swann again in the video game Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow and in the video game adaptation of Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. The character also appeared in Pirates of the Caribbean Online.", "Elizabeth Swann. Jack Sparrow, Captain Barbossa, and seven other pirate lords have been summoned to a Brethren Court at Shipwreck Island to address Lord Beckett's assault on piracy. Jack, eternally imprisoned aboard the Black Pearl in Davy Jones' Locker, lacks a successor and possesses one of the nine \"pieces of eight\" that each pirate lord carries and must bring to the meeting; Jack must attend. Elizabeth joins Will Turner, Captain Barbossa, Tia Dalma, and Sparrow's crew on a rescue mission, but they must first obtain a navigational chart leading to World's End, the gateway to the Locker. Each character also has a self-serving motive for retrieving Jack, and, to succeed, must maintain an uneasy alliance despite distrusting one another. For Elizabeth, it is an opportunity to alleviate her guilt for sacrificing Jack to the Kraken to spare herself and the crew.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Both Elizabeth and the Governor sailed from England to the Caribbean eight years prior to Curse of the Black Pearl, along with James Norrington. Swann is a doting father, and he wishes for his daughter to accept Commodore Norrington's marriage proposal. However, he eventually comes to accept that she truly loves Will Turner.", "Elizabeth Swann. Will's love for Elizabeth motivates his actions and helps drive the story; he will do anything to save her, including piracy. And though the peaceful and law-abiding Will despises pirates and distrusts Sparrow, he frees him, knowing only Sparrow can locate Isla de Muerta, the secret island where Elizabeth is being held. Will is unaware, however, that Jack Sparrow is the Black Pearl's former captain and that he has an ulterior motive for helping him: Turner blood and the gold medallion can break the Aztec curse—Sparrow intends to barter Will to Barbossa in exchange for the Black Pearl.", "Will Turner. Over the next eight years, Will and Elizabeth maintain a respectful friendship, although Will conceals his romantic feelings for her. He is now a blacksmith's apprentice in Port Royal. Will has developed into a master craftsman of fine swords, although his often-drunk master usually claims credit for Will's exquisite workmanship. Will is also an exceptional, self-taught swordsman. The DVD commentary states that he is the best among the characters in the film, including Barbossa, Norrington, and Jack Sparrow.[citation needed] When Jack Sparrow attempts to flee from British forces, Will engages him in a duel. Sparrow outwits Will in a sword fight; Will claims Jack \"cheated\" by ignoring the \"rules of engagement.\"", "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. That night, Black Pearl attacks Port Royal in search of the medallion. The crew of the Pearl capture Elizabeth, taking her to meet Captain Barbossa when she requests parley. Elizabeth claims her last name is Turner to conceal her identity as the governor's daughter. Barbossa takes her prisoner, believing her to be the daughter of Bootstrap Bill Turner. Elizabeth learns that her medallion is one of the gold pieces that Barbossa's crew took from a treasure of Hernán Cortés on Isla de Muerta. A curse condemns them to become undead corpses under moonlight, until they return all of the pieces and atone in blood, the medallion being the final piece.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. In Dead Man's Chest, Elizabeth has ended her engagement with Norrington in favor of marrying Will Turner; their wedding is interrupted when they are arrested by Colonel Beckett for piracy.[2] Elizabeth later kills Jack Sparrow by seducing him and chaining him to the mast of the Black Pearl, where he is dragged to Davy Jones's Locker by the Kraken.", "Elizabeth Swann. In Port Royal, Elizabeth attends Sparrow's execution. Will, who has been pardoned, approaches and proclaims his love for her before attempting to rescue Sparrow. Will frees Sparrow, but they are quickly captured, though Norrington and Governor Swann are reluctant to arrest Will or resume Sparrow's execution. Elizabeth intervenes and declares her love for Will. Norrington releases Will and concedes Elizabeth's hand to him. Sparrow, meanwhile, falls off the rampart and into the bay just as the Black Pearl sails into view. He is hauled aboard, captain once again. Apparently impressed by the wily pirate, Norrington allows the Black Pearl one day's head start before giving chase.", "Saint Elizabeth Parish. St. Elizabeth, one of Jamaica's largest parishes, is located in the southwest of the island, in the county of Cornwall. Its capital, Black River, is located at the mouth of the Black River, the widest on the island.", "Elizabeth Swann. The Black Pearl and the Empress race to Shipwreck Island for the Brethren Court. The pirate lords dispute how to oppose Beckett and the East India Trading Company; Elizabeth favors fighting while the Court prefers sequestering themselves inside the impenetrable Shipwreck Cove. This causes Sparrow to predict that confining themselves would likely result in them mass murdering each other. Jack unexpectedly breaks a stalemate to elect a pirate king by casting his ballot for Elizabeth; going to battle serves his own secret plan. \"King\" Elizabeth declares war. During a parley session with Beckett and Jones, Elizabeth tells the captive Will that having been aboard the Dutchman, she now understands his burden, but fears that course (saving his father) is lost, though Will disagrees. Jack is exchanged for Will.", "List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean. In the third film, Calypso is accompanied by Elizabeth Swann, Will Turner, and Hector Barbossa, among others. They reach the Locker by the use of magical charts leading to World's End. Sao Feng, one of the nine Pirate Lords, was the previous owner of these charts.", "List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean. Jack seeks out Tia Dalma, an obeah woman, for help. Dalma lives in shack on the other side of the island. He trades Barbossa's undead monkey for a jar of dirt, which she claims will protect him from Davy Jones. After Jack's death at the hands of the Kraken, his crew return to Tia Dalma's shack on Pelegosto. Tia Dalma reveals that she has resurrected Barbossa, and they will lead a mission to rescue Jack from Davy Jones's Locker.", "Elizabeth Swann. The story continues eight years later, and Elizabeth is now a marriageable age. Back then matrimony was a common means to forge strategic political alliances and advantageous social connections rather than loving unions, she is expected to wed a respectable and prosperous man equal or superior to her in rank. Elizabeth prefers marrying for love, and she may secretly harbor feelings for Will Turner. But Will, a common blacksmith, is an unsuitable match for such a well-born lady. And although Will secretly loves Elizabeth, he knows his place and keeps his feelings deeply hidden. Governor Swann, meanwhile, desires that his daughter marry Commodore James Norrington, a respected Royal Navy officer who Elizabeth admires but does not love. Ironically, it is Norrington who sets events into motion that not only alter Elizabeth's fate, but also his own and Will's. During Norrington's marriage proposal, Elizabeth, whose tightly laced corset nearly suffocates her, faints and falls off a rampart and into the bay. Her unlikely rescuer, and the catalyst for her transformation from a demure lady into a daring pirate, is the notorious Captain Jack Sparrow, newly arrived in Port Royal to commandeer a ship. Despite Sparrow's gallant actions and against Elizabeth's protests, he is promptly jailed for piracy and sentenced to hang. That night, a pirate ship, the Black Pearl, raids Port Royal. It is the same ship Elizabeth spied in the fog eight years earlier. When she is taken hostage it is discovered that she possesses Will's gold medallion that she took from him after his rescue, fearing it marked him as a pirate. Invoking parley, Elizabeth negotiates with Captain Barbossa to leave Port Royal in exchange for the coin. He agrees but keeps her captive on a technicality after she identifies herself as Elizabeth \"Turner\", mistakenly believing her blood can break an ancient Aztec curse the pirates are under. Their true forms — immortal skeletons —can only be seen in moonlight.", "Will Turner. Weatherby Swann and his daughter Elizabeth sail to Port Royal after Weatherby is appointed governor. Elizabeth spots Will clinging to a floating piece of a shipwreck. She discovers a gold medallion around his neck, and hides it to prevent anyone from believing that Will is a pirate." ]

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[ "Rufus Gifford. After college, Gifford moved to Hollywood and served as an assistant to producer John Davis. During his time there, he became the associate producer for Daddy Day Care, and appeared as an actor in Garfield The Movie and The Hiding Place.[4]", "Flash (comics). In the film Daddy Day Care, one of the day care kids named Tony wore a Flash costume for the majority of the film.", "Colin Ford. He starred in the film We Bought a Zoo, which was released in December 2011. He played the young son Dylan of a three-part family, with Matt Damon as the father, Benjamin, along with a little sister Rosie Maggie Elizabeth Jones.[3]", "Rusty Hamer. Russell Craig \"Rusty\" Hamer (February 15, 1947 – January 18, 1990) was an American stage, film and television actor. He is best known for portraying Rusty Williams, the wise cracking son of entertainer Danny Williams (Danny Thomas), on the popular ABC/CBS situation comedy Make Room for Daddy (later retitled The Danny Thomas Show), from 1953 to 1964. He reprised the role in three reunion specials and the sequel series, Make Room for Granddaddy, that aired on ABC from 1970 to 1971.", "Jerry Douglas (actor). Soon after, he found himself embroiled in a custody battle for his son Jod, which he won.", "Take Care of My Dad. Take Care of My Dad (Hangul: 아빠를 부탁해) is a 2015 South Korean television program starring Lee Kyung-kyu, Kang Seok-woo, Cho Jae-hyun and Jo Min-ki. It airs on SBS on Sunday at 16:50 beginning April 21, 2015.[1]", "Jerry Orbach. In the 1980s, Orbach shifted to film and TV work full-time. Prominent roles included a superb performance as tough, effective, but \"allegedly corrupt\" NYPD narcotics detective Gus Levy in Sidney Lumet's Prince of the City; he was the 1981 runner-up for the NSFC Best Supporting Actor award. He also portrayed gangsters in both the action-thriller F/X and the Woody Allen drama Crimes and Misdemeanors (the latter of which also featured his future Law & Order co-star Sam Waterston). In 1985, Orbach became a regular guest star on Murder, She Wrote as private detective Harry McGraw, which led to him starring in the short-lived spin-off series The Law & Harry McGraw. In 1987, he was featured in the hit film Dirty Dancing as Dr. Jake Houseman, the father of Jennifer Grey's character \"Baby\". He made further TV appearances on popular shows such as The Golden Girls (for which he received his first Emmy nomination[3]), Who's the Boss?, and Frasier (as a guest caller).", "Terminator 2: Judgment Day. The cast was rounded out with Jenette Goldstein and Xander Berkeley, who portray John's foster parents, Janelle and Todd Voight. S. Epatha Merkerson plays Tarissa Dyson, the wife of Miles Dyson. Cástulo Guerra plays Sarah's friend, Enrique Salceda, who provides her with weapons. Danny Cooksey plays Tim, John's friend. Michael Biehn returned to the series as Kyle Reese, a soldier from 2029, in a short appearance in Sarah's dream. Biehn's scene was not featured in the theatrical release of the film,[20] but it was restored in extended versions of the film. Hamilton's then-twenty-month-old son Dalton plays her on-screen son in a dream sequence set in a playground.[15] Sven-Ole Thorsen played a security guard when John is at the Galleria with his friend Tim. DeVaughn Nixon played Danny Dyson, the son of Miles and Tarissa Dyson.", "Dylan and Cole Sprouse. In 1999, the boys appeared in their first major feature film, Big Daddy, in which they shared the role of a five-year-old boy named Julian who is adopted by Adam Sandler's character, Sonny Koufax. Though the film received mixed reviews, the two were nominated for multiple awards for their role in the film.[20] However, they did not win any.[21][22][23][24] The same year, the boys also had a minor role in the thriller The Astronaut's Wife.[25][26] The Sprouses have noted that after Big Daddy's release, they entered a slow period in their careers and were not cast in any major roles for a time.[3] During the early 2000s, the twins appeared in episodes of The Nightmare Room and That '70s Show, as well as in Mad TV and portrayed roles in the feature films The Master of Disguise and Adam Sandler's Eight Crazy Nights.[25][27][28][29] Cole began appearing in episodes of the television show Friends, as Ross Geller's son Ben in 2001; this role was not shared with Dylan.[18][19]", "Daniel Day-Lewis. For a few weeks in 1972, the Day-Lewis family lived at Lemmons, the north London home of Kingsley Amis and Elizabeth Jane Howard. Day-Lewis' father had pancreatic cancer and Howard invited the family to Lemmons as a place they could use to rest and recuperate. His father died there in May that year.[26] By the time he left Bedales in 1975, Day-Lewis' unruly attitude had diminished and he needed to make a career choice. Although he had excelled on stage at the National Youth Theatre in London, he applied for a five-year apprenticeship as a cabinet-maker. He was rejected due to lack of experience.[24] He was accepted at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, which he attended for three years along with Miranda Richardson, eventually performing at the Bristol Old Vic itself.[24] At one point he played understudy to Pete Postlethwaite, with whom he would later co-star in the film In the Name of the Father (1994).[27]", "The Fundamentals of Caring. Ben (Paul Rudd) is a retired writer. Needing a new job, he takes a six-week course to become a caregiver. He gets a job from an English woman named Elsa (Jennifer Ehle), a registered caregiver and bank manager, whose 18-year-old son Trevor (Craig Roberts) suffers from Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Trevor is a sardonic, anxious boy with a fascination with American roadside attractions, and Ben suggests one day that they go to see some of them. Trevor initially refuses, and Elsa worries Ben is becoming too close to him, as Trevor's father left when he was diagnosed, only sending him letters throughout the years. Ben soon finds himself hounded by a court tracker hired by his wife and avoids his visits.", "Rusty Hamer. In 1953, entertainer Danny Thomas' secretary saw Hamer in a stage production and was impressed by the child's talent and charm. She suggested that Thomas audition Hamer for a role in his upcoming sitcom Make Room for Daddy. Thomas was also impressed by the 6-year old and cast Hamer as his precocious and quick-witted son, Rusty Williams.[3] Thomas later said of Hamer, \"He was the best boy actor I ever saw in my life. He had a great memory...great timing and you could change a line on him at the last minute and he came right back with it.\"[9] Make Room for Daddy debuted on ABC on September 29, 1953 and, while critically acclaimed, garnered poor ratings.[10][11] After three seasons, the series moved to CBS where it was re-tooled and retitled The Danny Thomas Show.[11] The retooled version quickly became a hit with audiences and was a Top 20 hit for its remaining seven seasons.[12] During the run of The Danny Thomas Show, Hamer attempted to launch a singing career. He first performed a song in a 1956 episode of Danny Thomas entitled \"The Talented Kid\". In 1959, Hamer released his only single, a \"rockaballad\" called \"Two-of-a-Kind\" (with the b side \"If Only Mother Would Let Me\") written by Wally Gold and Aaron Schroeder, through Mercury Records. The single was a commercial failure and Hamer never released another single.[4][13]", "David Mazouz. Mazouz started his career in commercials with Kiefer Sutherland at age 8.[2] In 2012, he again co-starred with Sutherland when he landed the role of mute Jacob \"Jake\" Bohm in the TV series Touch.[9] Mazouz has appeared in several television series including: Mike & Molly, Gotham, The Office (playing the son of James Spader's character, Robert California), and Criminal Minds. He has also appeared in the ABC show Private Practice as the adopted brother of Betsy.", "Ian Nelson (actor, born 1995). Nelson is the son of Mark and Janie Nelson. He is a trained singer, dancer, and actor, and has been featured in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City. For tenth and eleventh grade, Nelson attended Forsyth County Day School in Lewisville, North Carolina.[citation needed]", "Alan Tudyk. One of Tudyk's better-known roles is the playful, easy-going Hoban \"Wash\" Washburne in the television series Firefly by Joss Whedon.[4] Although the series ran for only one season, Universal Studios purchased the rights to the show and turned it into a film, Serenity, in which he reprised the role. He did a few voices from Make Way for Noddy.[9] In 2014, Tudyk took over the role of lead anchor on the live action [adult swim] comedy, Newsreaders. Tudyk appeared as the cult leader, Father, in a two-part episode of Strangers With Candy entitled \"Blank Stare.\" Among several guest spots on popular shows such as Arrested Development, he played a convicted pedophile on a popular episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. Tudyk was cast as a special guest star in Joss Whedon's Dollhouse.[2] The show featured people whose personalities had been erased, with Tudyk portraying Alpha, a former \"active\" who accidentally downloaded 48 separate personalities. Alpha served as the main antagonist of the series' first season, with guest appearances in the show's second season. Tudyk also guest-starred in three episodes of ABC's modern remake of the television miniseries V. Tudyk provided the voice of superhero Green Arrow and villain Psimon in the animated series Young Justice.[10] He also co-starred in the ABC comedy series Suburgatory as Noah Werner, a dentist from the city, who moves to the suburbs.[11] Tudyk voiced Debbie the prostitute in season 3 of The Life and Times of Tim. He also provided the voices of Ludo Avarius and King River Butterfly in the Disney animated series, Star vs the Forces of Evil.", "Eddie Bracken. Bracken's extensive television roles between 1952 and 2000 include an episode of The Golden Girls as Rose Nylund's ex-childhood boyfriend from St. Olaf, as well as an episode of Tales from the Darkside playing a stubborn old man who refuses to believe that he has died. After nearly 30 years out of feature films, he returned to perform character roles, including the sympathetic Walley World theme park founder Roy Walley in National Lampoon's Vacation, and Duncan's Toy Chest toy store owner Mr. Duncan in Home Alone 2: Lost in New York. Bracken also had a long career with Papermill Playhouse in New Jersey, starring in dozens of productions in the 1980s–early 2000s. One high point was their production of Show Boat in which he played Cap'n Andy Hawkes. This production was broadcast on PBS in 1990. He also played a cameo in Patrick Read Johnson's 1994 film, Baby's Day Out, as one of the veterans in the old soldier's home.", "Robert Patrick. Patrick played Johnny Cash's father, Ray Cash, in the film Walk the Line and Elvis's father, Vernon Presley in the miniseries Elvis.[8] He had a regular role on The Unit,[9] and played Elvis Presley in Lonely Street (2008).[10] In October 2006, he starred in the WWE Films production The Marine as Rome.[11] He also appeared in We Are Marshall as Marshall University head coach Rick Tolley, who lost his life when Southern Airways Flight 932 crashed in 1970.[12] His credits also include a guest starring role in the Lost episode \"Outlaws\", as well as a recurring role as the voice of Master Piandao in Season 3 of the Nickelodeon animated series Avatar: The Last Airbender. Patrick played a supporting role in Firewall, a 2006 action movie starring Harrison Ford. He has also appeared in Meat Loaf's music video \"Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are\" with Will Estes.[13] Director McG, who directed Terminator Salvation, said that he wanted to reintroduce characters from the previous Terminator films: \"I like the idea and the perspective for the next picture that you meet Robert Patrick the way he looks today, and he's a scientist that's working on, you know, improving cell replication so we can stay healthier and we can cure diabetes and do all these things that sound like good ideas, and to once again live as idealized expressions as ourselves.\"[14] Patrick also starred in the psychological thriller The Black Water of Echo's Pond, which was directed by Italian filmmaker Gabriel Bologna.[15] In recent years, he has appeared in such television series as Burn Notice, NCIS and True Blood, among others. From 2012 to 2013, he also starred in Last Resort as Chief of the Boat Joseph Prosser. He played a supporting character in Identity Thief (2013). Starting in 2014 he also starred in Robert Rodriguez's From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series as Jacob Fuller. He currently plays Agent Cabe Gallo on the CBS drama series Scorpion.", "Sharon Case. In 2007, Case starred with Debra Hopkins in her second short film, Repressions, which ran for 24 minutes. Produced by Roundhay Garden films and directed by Adam Kargman, it was filmed from May 14 to July 16, 2006.[16] In the film, Janie (Case) is being tricked by her therapist into believing she has repressed memories of sexual child abuse. The film was met with critical acclaim from independent movie reviewers who found her performance \"mesmerizing\" and \"stunning\".[17][18] Oscar Award nominee Jesse Friedman heavily praised the film, and encouraged people to watch it.[17] In 2009, Case appeared on an episode of the sex comedy web series Poor Paul which was created by former The Young and the Restless co-star Kevin Schmidt. In June 2010, Case starred opposite David James Elliott in the romantic comedy Dad's Home for the Hallmark Channel.[2] It tells the story of a widowed single father who loses his job and must reconnect with his children, while also falling in love with his son's teacher Hope (Case).[19]", "Jeffrey Hunter. Fox started off Hunter in a small role in Fourteen Hours (1951), shot in New York for director Henry Hathaway; he and Debra Paget were two young people who connect while watching a man about to jump off a ledge. He had a two-minute scene in Call Me Mister (1951), then was given a bigger part in the all-male war movie The Frogmen (1951) for director Lewis Milestone, supporting Richard Widmark and Dana Andrews; among his fellow support players was Robert Wagner, another young male under contract to Fox at the time — the two actors would appear in several movies together and were often rivals for the same part. Hunter was then a \"campus Casanova\" in a Jeanne Crain musical, Take Care of My Little Girl (1952), directed by Jean Negulesco.[4]", "Theodore Wilson. In September 1976, Wilson signed with Tandem Productions, the production company owned by Bud Yorkin and Norman Lear who produced some of the most popular sitcoms of the 1970s. Wilson went on to guest star in several Yorkin/Lear-produced series including All in the Family, Sanford and Son, What's Happening!!, The Jeffersons, and 13 Queens Boulevard.[2] In 1976, Wilson was cast as Sweet Daddy Williams, a street hustler on the CBS sitcom Good Times. Wilson appeared as Sweet Daddy in a recurring role. In August 1977, it was announced that Wilson would star in a spin-off of the hit sitcom Sanford and Son called Sanford Arms. The series was intended to be a continuation of the highly popular Sanford and Son, which ended in March 1977 when both the series' stars, Redd Foxx and Demond Wilson, left the series. Wilson starred as Phil Wheeler, an Army veteran and widower who has purchased the Sanford Arms, a rooming house, from his old Army buddy Fred G. Sanford.[3] Upon its premiere in September 1977, Sanford Arms was critically panned and drew low ratings. It was cancelled after four episodes.", "Dirty Dancing. Other casting choices were Broadway actor Jerry Orbach as Dr. Jake Houseman, Baby's father; and Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman, her older sister. Bergstein also attempted to cast her friend, sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer, to play Mrs. Schumacher, and Joel Grey as her husband. However, Westheimer backed out when she learned the role involved being a thief. The role went instead to 79-year-old Paula Trueman, and Joel Grey was not cast. Another role went to Bergstein's friend, New York radio personality \"Cousin Brucie\". She initially wanted him to portray the social director but then later asked him to play the part of the magician. The role of the social director went to the then unknown Wayne Knight (of later Seinfeld and 3rd Rock from the Sun fame).[15] The part of Baby's mother was originally given to Lynne Lipton, who is briefly visible in the beginning, when the Houseman family first pulls into Kellerman's (she is in the front seat for a few seconds; her blonde hair is the only indication), but she became ill during the first week of shooting and was replaced by actress Kelly Bishop, who had already been cast to play Vivian Pressman, the highly sexed resort guest. Bishop moved into the role of Mrs. Houseman, and the film's assistant choreographer Miranda Garrison took on the role of Vivian.[16][17]", "Brian Part. Brian Part (born March 24, 1962 in Los Angeles, California) was an American child actor best known for his role of the adopted son of Mr. Edwards (Victor French) on television's Little House on the Prairie. He now writes and performs music with his wife Melody Part.", "October Sky. James Wall of The Christian Century describes the film's concentration on the father-son relationship as \"at times painful to watch. There are no winners or losers when sons go their separate ways. October Sky does not illustrate good parenting; rather, it evokes the realization that since parents have only a limited vision of how to shape their children's future, the job requires a huge amount of love and a lot of divine assistance.\"[9] However, some reviews, such as one from Entertainment Weekly and TV Guide, claim that the movie's highlight was the acting of Jake Gyllenhaal and Chris Cooper.[10][11][12]", "Jaden Smith. Jaden Christopher Syre Smith (born July 8, 1998) is an American actor, rapper, singer and songwriter. He is the son of Jada Pinkett Smith and Will Smith. Jaden Smith's first movie role was with his father in the 2006 film The Pursuit of Happyness. He also acted in the 2008 remake of The Day the Earth Stood Still and the 2010 remake of The Karate Kid, and was in the 2013 film After Earth with his father.", "Thomas Brodie-Sangster. Sangster appeared in the film Some Dogs Bite about a boy who wants to keep his family together. Casey (Sangster) takes his baby brother out of care, and with the help of his older brother, goes in search of their father. Sangster appeared with Andy Serkis in an Irish film, Death of a Superhero, based on the novel, Death of Superhero by Anthony McCarten.[12]", "The Good Son (film). This progress was suddenly interrupted when Kit Culkin, Macaulay Culkin's father and manager, at the time a notoriously influential force in Hollywood due to the child's stardom, wanted his son to star in the film. Wishing to prove Macaulay's capacity in a dark role, he made his part in The Good Son a condition for his appearing in Home Alone 2: Lost in New York. Fox agreed enthusiastically due to Culkin's bankability. As the movie was originally scheduled to shoot at the same time as Home Alone 2, the start date for The Good Son was pushed back for a year, making Steenburgen no longer available and having her replaced by Wendy Crewson but also enabling Elijah Wood's involvement.", "Hank Voight. Hank has a son named Justin whom he bails out in \"Professional Courtesy\" after he crashes into a van while under the influence of alcohol. As the result of Justin's recklessness, the boy (Mike Duffy), who was in the van, is paralyzed from the waist down stopping him from playing hockey ever again. This incident marks the beginning of the tension between Hank and Lieutenant Matthew Casey (Jesse Spencer).", "John Michie. Michie appeared in Moon and Son in 1992. In 1998, he was given a regular part in Taggart, playing DI Robbie Ross, a dedicated detective not afraid to go about things his own way and fly in the face of authority when he needs to.[2]", "Rupert Friend. In 2010, Friend made his stage debut as Mitchell in the UK premiere of The Little Dog Laughed.[13] He stars in the film The Kid, based on the novel by Kevin Lewis.[14] As the film involves boxing, he had to train himself so as to improve his physical and psychological shape.[4] He also starred in a French film called Lullaby for Pi, playing a singer called Sam.[15] In 2011, he played Thomas Anders, the protagonist of the film 5 Days of War.[16]", "Stark Raving Dad. Michael Jackson as Leon Kompowsky\n(credited as John Jay Smith)", "Jack Dodson. In the late 1970s, he had a recurring role as Mickey Malph, Ralph Malph's optometrist dad on Happy Days.", "James MacArthur. MacArthur made his stage debut at Olney, Maryland in 1949, with a two-week stint in The Corn Is Green. His sister Mary was in the play and telephoned their mother to request that James go to Olney to be in it with her. The following summer, he repeated the role at Dennis, Massachusetts, and his theatrical career was underway. In 1954, he played John Day in Life with Father with Howard Lindsay and Dorothy Stickney. He became involved in important Broadway productions only after receiving his training in summer stock theatre." ]

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[ "2018 U.S. Open (golf). The 2018 United States Open Championship was the 118th U.S. Open, held June 14–17 at Shinnecock Hills Golf Club in Shinnecock Hills, New York, about eighty miles (130 km) east of New York City on Long Island; it was the fifth time the U.S. Open was held at this course.", "U.S. Open (golf). The seventeenth state to host the tournament was North Carolina in 1999, followed by Washington in 2015; Wisconsin is scheduled to be the nineteenth, in 2017.", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. The 2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship was the 72nd U.S. Women's Open, held July 13–16 at Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster, New Jersey.", "U.S. Open (golf). The United States Open Championship, commonly known as the U.S. Open, is the annual open national championship of golf in the United States. It is the second of the four major championships in golf, and is on the official schedule of both the PGA Tour and the European Tour. It is staged by the United States Golf Association (USGA) in mid-June, scheduled so that, if there are no weather delays, the final round is played on the third Sunday, which is Father's Day. The U.S. Open is staged at a variety of courses, set up in such a way that scoring is very difficult, with a premium placed on accurate driving.", "2018 U.S. Open (golf). Friday, June 15, 2018", "2018 U.S. Open (golf). Saturday, June 16, 2018", "2018 U.S. Open (golf). Thursday, June 14, 2018", "Trump National Golf Club (Bedminster, New Jersey). The golf club hosted the U.S. Women's Open from July 13–16, 2017.[14] The Professional Golfers' Association of America awarded the course the 2022 Men's PGA Championship.[15]", "2018 U.S. Open (golf). Sunday, June 17, 2018", "2017 U.S. Open (golf). It marked the first time in which the tournament was hosted in Wisconsin, and continued a long tradition of golf in the state, which hosted the U.S. Women's Open twice (in 1998, which was played at Blackwolf Run in Kohler, as well as in 2012). It was furthermore home to the U.S. Senior Open at Whistling Straits in 2007. The PGA Tour formerly stopped in the state regularly with the Greater Milwaukee Open (1968–2009), preceded by the Milwaukee Open Invitational (1955–1961).", "2017 U.S. Open (golf). The 2017 U.S. Open Championship was the 117th U.S. Open, held June 15–18, 2017 at Erin Hills in Erin, Wisconsin, northwest of Milwaukee. The event was won by Brooks Koepka, who claimed his first major after finishing with a final score of 16 under par. This score matched the lowest score ever attained at the tournament, a record set in 2011 by Rory McIlroy.[2]", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. Jun 5 at Lan Hai International Golf Club, Shanghai, China", "2017 U.S. Open (golf). Thursday, June 15, 2017", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. Jun 12 at Governors Course, Chapel Hill, North Carolina", "2018 US Open (tennis). The 2018 US Open was the 138th edition of the tournament and took place at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park of Queens in New York City, New York, United States. The tournament was held on 14 DecoTurf hard courts.", "2017 U.S. Open (golf). Friday, June 16, 2017", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. May 24 at Riverdale Dunes Golf Club, Brighton, Colorado", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. Jun 5 at Oak Valley Golf Club, Beaumont, California", "2017 U.S. Open (golf). Saturday, June 17, 2017", "2017 U.S. Open (golf). Sunday, June 18, 2017", "2017 U.S. Open (golf). This was the first U.S. Open in Wisconsin, but marked the fifth occasion in which the state hosted a major, following four earlier iterations of the PGA Championship. It was played in 1933 at Blue Mound in Wauwatosa, and at Whistling Straits near Kohler in 2004, 2010, and 2015.", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. Jun 7 at Bogey Hills Country Club, St Louis, Missouri", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. Jun 5 at Buckinghamshire Golf Club, Buckinghamshire, England", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. Jun 12 at Woo Jeong Hills Country Club, Cheonan, South Korea", "2018 U.S. Open (golf). This was the fourth U.S. Open televised by Fox and FS1.", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. May 28 at Poipu Bay Golf Club, Koloa, Hawaii", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. Jun 12 at Muskegon Country Club, Muskegon, Michigan", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. Jun 2 at BallenIsles Country Club (East course), Palm Beach Gardens, Florida", "2017 U.S. Open (golf). This was the first U.S. Open at Erin Hills, which opened in 2006 and hosted the U.S. Amateur in 2011. It was also the first U.S. Open since 1992 whose course played to a par of 72.[3]", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. May 31 at Legends Golf Club, Prior Lake, Minnesota", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. Jun 7 at The Woodlands Country Club (Gary Player course), Spring, Texas", "2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship. Jun 12 at Bradenton Country Club, Bradenton, Florida" ]

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[ "Crown (British coin). From 1990, the crown was re-tariffed at five pounds (£5),[1] probably in view of its relatively large size compared with its face value, and taking into consideration its production costs, and the Royal Mint's profits on sales of commemorative coins. While this change was understandable, it has brought with it a slight confusion, and the popular misbelief that all crowns have a five-pound face value, including the pre-1990 ones.", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. After George V died, Mary continued wearing the crown (without its arches) as a queen mother, and so the Crown of Queen Elizabeth was made for Queen Elizabeth, wife of George VI and later known as the Queen Mother, to wear at their coronation in 1937.[96] It is the only British crown to be made entirely of platinum,[94] and was modelled on Queen Mary's Crown, but has the usual four half-arches instead of eight.[97] The crown is decorated with about 2,800 diamonds, most notably the Koh-i-Noor in the middle of the front cross. It also contains a replica of the 22.5-carat (4.5 g) Lahore Diamond given to Queen Victoria by the East India Company in 1851,[98] and a 17.3-carat (3.5 g) diamond given to her by Abdülmecid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, in 1856.[97] Elizabeth last wore it as an open crown at the coronation of her daughter Elizabeth II in 1953. The crown was laid on top of Elizabeth's coffin during her lying in state and funeral in 2002.[99]", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. The crown is 30 cm (11.8 in) tall, and at a weight of 2.23 kg (4.9 lb) it has been noted to be extremely heavy.[78] After 1689, monarchs chose to be crowned with a lighter, bespoke coronation crown (e.g., the Coronation Crown of George IV)[81] or their state crown, while St Edward's Crown usually rested on the high altar. The tradition of using St Edward's Crown was revived in 1911 for the coronation of George V.[77] In 1953, Queen Elizabeth II opted to use a stylised image of this crown in coats of arms, badges, logos and various other insignia throughout the Commonwealth realms to symbolise her royal authority. It replaced the image of a Tudor-style crown which had been adopted by Edward VII in 1901.[82]", "Crown (British coin). The legal tender value of the crown remained as five shillings from 1544 to 1965. However, for most of this period there was no denominational designation or \"face value\" mark of value displayed on the coin. From 1927 to 1939, the word \"CROWN\" appears, and from 1951 to 1960 this was changed to \"FIVE SHILLINGS\". After decimalisation in 1971, the face value kept its five shillings equivalent at 25 new pence, later simply 25 pence, although the face value is not shown on any of these issues.", "Crown (British coin). Further issues continue to be minted to the present day, initially with a value of twenty-five pence, and then, from 1990, with a value of five pounds.", "Crown (British coin). The British crown, the successor to the English crown and the Scottish dollar, came into being with the Union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland in 1707. As with the English coin, its value was five shillings.", "Coins of the pound sterling. There are also commemorative issues of crowns. Before 1990, these had a face value of twenty-five pence (25p), equivalent to the five shilling crown used in pre-decimal Britain. However, in 1990 crowns were redenominated with a face value of five pounds (£5)[15] as the previous value was considered not sufficient for such a high-status coin. The size and weight of the coin remained exactly the same. Decimal crowns are generally not found in circulation as their market value is likely to be higher than their face value, but they remain legal tender.", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. A much lighter crown is worn by the monarch when he or she leaves Westminster Abbey, and at the annual State Opening of Parliament.[83] The current Imperial State Crown was made in 1937 for George VI and is a virtual copy of the one made in 1838 for Queen Victoria, which had fallen into a poor state of repair,[84] and had been made using gems from its own predecessor, the State Crown of George I.[85] In 1953, the crown was resized to fit Queen Elizabeth II, and the arches were lowered by 2.5 cm (1.0 in) to give it a more feminine appearance.[86] It is made of gold, silver and platinum, and has four crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lis, with two arches surmounted by a monde and cross pattée.", "Crown (British coin). The crown was worth five shillings (a shilling being 12 pre-decimal pence) until decimalisation in February 1971, and was also the basis of other denominations such as the half crown and double crown.", "Crown (British coin). Always a heavy silver coin weighing around one ounce, during the 19th and 20th centuries the crown declined from being a real means of exchange to being a coin rarely spent and minted for commemorative purposes only. In that format it has continued to be minted, even following decimalisation of the British currency in 1971. However, as the result of inflation the value of the coin was revised upwards in 1990 to five pounds.[1]", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. The Crown Jewels include two sceptres originally made for Mary of Modena, the wife of James II, in 1685: a gold sceptre with a cross known as the Queen Consort's Sceptre with Cross and another topped by a dove known as the Queen Consort's Ivory Rod with Dove, which, as the name suggests, is made of ivory. Unlike the sovereign's dove, this one has folded wings and is relatively small.[163] It was last used by Queen Elizabeth, later known as the Queen Mother, at the coronation of her husband George VI in 1937. For the coronation of Mary II, the wife and joint sovereign of William III, a more elaborate gold sceptre with dove was commissioned in 1689. It has not been used since, and went missing for several decades, only to be found in 1814 at the back of a cupboard in the Tower of London.[150]", "Crown (British coin). After decimalisation on 15 February 1971, a new coin known as a 25p (25 pence) piece was introduced. Whilst being legal tender,[5] and having the same decimal value as a crown, the 25p pieces were issued to commemorate events, such as: the 1972 piece was for the Silver Wedding anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; the 1977 issue was to celebrate Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee of ascension to the throne; the 1980 issue was for the 80th birthday of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother; and, in 1981, the coin was issued to celebrate the marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer. All of these issues were struck in large mintages, in plastic cases, and in cupro-nickel, an alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel. However, in addition to this, limited numbers of collectors' coins of these modern issues were struck to proof quality separately by the Royal Mint in sterling (92.5%) silver and presented with certificates of authenticity in boxes. The mintages for the silver proof 25p coins issued are as follows:", "Elizabeth II. The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust,[219] as are her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle,[220] and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued at £472 million in 2015.[221] Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are personally owned by the Queen.[220] The British Crown Estate – with holdings of £12 billion in 2016[218] – is held in trust and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a personal capacity.[222]", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. Thus began a tradition of each queen consort having a crown made specially for her.[92] In 1902, the Crown of Queen Alexandra, a European-style crown – flatter and with more arches than traditional British crowns – was made for Queen Alexandra, wife of Edward VII, to wear at their coronation. Set with over 3,000 diamonds, it was the first consort crown to include the 105-carat (21.0 g) Koh-i-Noor diamond which had been presented to Queen Victoria in 1850 following the British conquest of the Punjab.[93] The second was Queen Mary's Crown; also unusual for a British crown in having eight half-arches instead of the traditional four, the crown was made in 1911 for the coronation of Queen Mary and George V. It contains 2,200 diamonds and has contained Cullinans III and IV. In 1914, both Cullinan stones and the Koh-i-Noor were replaced with crystal replicas and, at the same time, the arches were made detachable so it could be worn as a circlet or open crown.[94] Mary paid for the Art Deco-inspired crown out of her own pocket and originally hoped that it would be used by future queens consort.[95]", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. The Sovereign's Orb, a type of globus cruciger, is a hollow gold sphere about 16.5 cm (6.5 in) in diameter and weighing 1.2 kg (2.6 lb) (more than twice as heavy as the original)[147] that was made for Charles II in 1661.[148] A band of gems and pearls runs along the equator and there is a half-band on the top hemisphere. Atop the orb is an amethyst surmounted by a jewelled cross symbolising the Christian world.[149] Altogether, the orb is decorated with 375 pearls, 365 diamonds, 18 rubies, 9 emeralds, 9 sapphires, 1 amethyst and 1 piece of glass.[150] It is handed to the sovereign during the investiture rite of the coronation and is borne later in the left hand when leaving Westminster Abbey.[151] Queen Mary II's Orb is a smaller version made in 1689 for Mary II to hold at her joint coronation with William III; it was never used again at a coronation, and is set with imitation gems and cultured pearls.[148] Both orbs were laid on top of Queen Victoria's coffin at her state funeral in 1901. Officially, no reason was given for using Mary II's orb, but it may have been intended to reflect Victoria's position as Empress of India.[130]", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. The crown is decorated with 2,868 diamonds, 273 pearls, 17 sapphires, 11 emeralds and 5 rubies.[87] Among the largest stones are the 317-carat (63.4 g) Cullinan II diamond, also known as the Second Star of Africa, added to the crown in 1909. The 170-carat (34.0 g) Black Prince's Ruby, set in the front cross, is a large spinel that was given to Edward the Black Prince by a Spanish king in 1367 and worn by Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. At the back of the crown is the 104-carat (20.8 g) Stuart Sapphire, and in the top cross is St Edward's Sapphire, reputedly taken from the ring of Edward the Confessor when his body was re-interred at Westminster Abbey in 1163.[88] Below the monde hang four pearls, three of which are often said to have belonged to Queen Elizabeth I, but the association is almost certainly erroneous.[89]", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. The Crown Jewels, part of the Royal Collection,[181] do not belong to the state,[182] but are owned by Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown.[183] Their ownership is regarded as inalienable and passes from one monarch to the next.[184] However, a 17th-century ruling by Sir Edward Coke, which states \"the ancient jewels of the crown are heirloomes and shall descend to the next successor and are not devisable by testament\", contains an exception allowing the monarch to dispose of objects via letters patent under the Great Seal or Privy Seal.[185] In practice it is unlikely the Crown Jewels will ever be sold,[184] nor are they insured against loss,[186] and are officially priceless.[187]", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. After the Restoration, wives of kings – queens consort – traditionally wore the Crown of Mary of Modena, wife of James II, who first wore it at their coronation in 1685. Originally set with 561 hired diamonds and 129 pearls, it is now set with crystals and cultured pearls for display in the Jewel House along with a matching diadem that consorts wore in procession to the abbey. The diadem once held 177 diamonds, 1 ruby, 1 sapphire, and 1 emerald.[90] By the 19th century, the crown was judged to be too theatrical and in a poor state of repair, so a new crown was made for Queen Adelaide, wife of William IV, to wear in 1831 using gemstones from her own collection of jewellery.[91]", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. During World War II, as in the First World War,[70] the Crown Jewels were stored in the basement of Windsor Castle.[71][k] The most valuable gems were sealed in a tin or pot, which may have been submerged in a pond or lake at the castle,[73] so they could be taken elsewhere if there was an emergency.[72] After the war, 34 boxes containing the Jewels were kept in a vault at the Bank of England while the Jewel House was repaired; it had been struck by a bomb.[74] In 1947, the Jewels went back on display at the Tower of London.[75] In 1953, nine centuries after the coronation of its namesake, St Edward's Crown was placed on the head of Queen Elizabeth II in what is now the only ceremony of its kind in Europe.[52] Today, the Crown Jewels are permanently set with 23,578 precious and semi-precious stones, and they are seen in the Jewel House by around 2.5 million visitors from across the world every year.[76]", "Crown (British coin). The Queen Victoria \"Gothic\" crown of 1847 (with a mintage of just 8,000 and produced to celebrate the Gothic revival) is considered by many to be the most beautiful British coin ever minted[citation needed].", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. The less ornate Sovereign's Sceptre with Dove, which has also been known traditionally as the Rod of Equity and Mercy, is emblematic of his or her spiritual role. It is a bit longer at 1.1 m (3.6 ft) but weighs about the same as the Sceptre with Cross. The sceptre is decorated with 285 gemstones, including 94 diamonds, 53 rubies, 10 emeralds, 4 sapphires and 3 spinels.[159] At the top is a gold monde set with diamonds and topped by a plain cross, on which sits a white champlevé enamelled dove with its wings outspread; the eyes, beak and feet are gold leaf. The dove has been used to represent the Holy Ghost, who guides the sovereign's actions, for many centuries. Circling the rod are bands of precious stones.[162] The Sceptre with Dove is the final piece of regalia delivered to the monarch in the investment part of a coronation. It is borne in the left hand, and as the monarch holds both sceptres, he or she is crowned with St Edward's Crown.[156]", "Finances of the British royal family. Forbes magazine estimated the Queen's net worth at around $500 million (about £325 million) in 2011,[38] while an analysis by the Bloomberg Billionaires Index put it at $425 million (about £275 million) in 2015.[39] In 2012 the Sunday Times estimated the Queen's wealth as being £310 million ($504 million), and that year the Queen received a Guinness World Record as Wealthiest Queen.[40] The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her wealth at £340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the United Kingdom; that was the first year she was not among the Sunday Times Rich List's top 300 most wealthy since the list began in 1989.[41] She was number one on the list when it began in 1989.[41]", "Crown (British coin). Since standardisation of the UK's silver coinage in 1816 (UK Coinage Reform 1816), a crown has, as a general rule, had a diameter of 38.61 mm (1.52\"), and weighed 28.276g (1 oz).[8]", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom. Estimates of the Queen's wealth vary, depending on whether assets owned by her personally or held in trust for the nation are included. Forbes magazine estimated her wealth at US$450 million in 2010,[106] but no official figure is available. In 1993, the Lord Chamberlain said estimates of £100 million were \"grossly overstated\".[107] Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million[108][109] (the equivalent of about £26 million today[110]).", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. In the Jewel House there are two crowns that were not intended to be used at a coronation. Queen Victoria's Small Diamond Crown is just 10 cm (3.9 in) tall, and was made in 1870 using 1,187 diamonds for Victoria to wear on top of her widow's cap. She often wore it at State Openings of Parliament in place of the much heavier Imperial State Crown. After the queen's death in 1901, Queen Alexandra wore the crown, and it was also worn by Queen Mary.[106] The Imperial Crown of India was created in 1911 when George V visited the Delhi Durbar with Queen Mary to be proclaimed (but not crowned) as Emperor of India. Since the British constitution prohibits the removal of Crown Jewels from the United Kingdom, a new crown had to be made for the event, with emeralds, rubies, sapphires and 6,100 diamonds. It has not been used since and is now a part of the Crown Jewels.[107]", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. Two gold sceptres made in 1661 are part of the coronation regalia. The Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross is a token of his or her temporal power as head of state. The whole object is 92 cm (3.0 ft) long, weighs around 1.17 kg (2.6 lb), and is decorated with 333 diamonds, 31 rubies, 15 emeralds, 7 sapphires, 6 spinels and 1 composite amethyst.[159] In 1910, it was redesigned to incorporate Cullinan I, also known as the Great Star of Africa, which, at over 530 carats (106 g), is still the largest clear cut diamond in the world. It was part of a rough diamond weighing 3,025 carats (605.0 g) found in South Africa in 1905 and was named after the chairman of the mining company, Thomas Cullinan.[160] The gold clasps holding it can be opened and the stone removed to be worn as a pendant hanging from Cullinan II, which is set in the Imperial State Crown, to form a brooch – Queen Mary, wife of George V, often wore it like this.[88] Above the pear-shaped diamond is the amethyst surmounted by a cross pattée encrusted with an emerald and small diamonds. During the coronation, the monarch bears the Sceptre with Cross in the right hand.[161]", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. The jewelled Sword of Offering, made in 1820, has a gilded leather sheath, a blade of Damascus steel, and is encrusted with 3,476 precious stones.[114] George IV paid almost £6,000 for the sword out of his own pocket. It remained in personal ownership until 1903 when it was deposited with the Crown Jewels.[115] A monarch is either girded or presented with the sword as the Archbishop says: \"With this sword do justice, stop the growth of iniquity, protect the Holy Church of God, help and defend widows and orphans, restore the things that are gone to decay, maintain the things that are restored, punish and reform what is amiss, and confirm what is in good order\".[116] Afterwards, it is returned to the Keeper of the Jewel House by the abbey in exchange for a token sum of £5,[60] and the sword is borne unsheathed for the rest of the ceremony.[117]", "Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. After six years of war, Charles was defeated and executed by the Roundheads in 1649. Less than a week after the king's execution, the Rump Parliament voted to abolish the monarchy. The newly created English Republic found itself short of money. In order to raise funds, the Act for the Sale of the Goods and Personal Estate of the Late King, Queen and Prince was brought into law, and trustees were appointed to value the Jewels – then regarded by Cromwell as \"symbolic of the detestable rule of kings\"[52] and \"monuments of superstition and idolatry\"[53]  – and sell them to the highest bidder. The most valuable object was Henry VIII's Crown, valued at £1,100.[54] Their gemstones and pearls removed, most of the coronation and state regalia were melted down, and the gold was struck into hundreds of coins by the Mint.[55]", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom. The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom, with holdings of £7.3 billion in 2011.[97] It is held in trust, and cannot be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity.[98] In modern times, the profits surrendered from the Crown Estate to the Treasury have exceeded the Civil List and Grants-in-Aid.[95] For example, the Crown Estate produced £200 million in the financial year 2007–8, whereas reported parliamentary funding for the monarch was £40 million during the same period.[99]", "Half crown (British coin). The obverse of the 1953, Elizabeth II, half crown.", "Crown (British coin). The fact that gold £5 crowns are now produced means that there are two different strains of five pound gold coins, namely crowns and what are now termed \"quintuple sovereigns\" for want of a more concise term.[6][7]", "Half crown (British coin). The half crown was a denomination of British money, equivalent to two shillings and sixpence, or one-eighth of a pound. The half crown was first issued in 1549, in the reign of Edward VI. No half crowns were issued in the reign of Mary, but from the reign of Elizabeth I half crowns were issued in every reign except Edward VIII, until the coins were discontinued in 1967." ]

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[ "Siege of Yorktown. The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the Surrender at Yorktown, German Battle or the Siege of Little York,[a][b] ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American theater, as the surrender by Cornwallis, and the capture of both him and his army, prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict. The battle boosted faltering American morale and revived French enthusiasm for the war, as well as undermining popular support for the conflict in Great Britain.[8]", "Siege of Yorktown. In August, Admiral Sir Thomas Graves led a fleet from New York to attack de Grasse's fleet. Graves did not realize how large the French fleet was, and neither did Cornwallis.[25] The British fleet was defeated by de Grasse's fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake on September 5, and forced to fall back to New York.[25] On September 14, Washington arrived in Williamsburg, Virginia.[25]", "Siege of Yorktown. On September 30, the French attacked the British Fusiliers redoubt.[33] The skirmish lasted two hours, in which the French were repulsed suffering several casualties. On October 1, the allies learned from British deserters that, to preserve their food, the British had slaughtered hundreds of horses and thrown them on the beach.[33] In the American camp, thousands of trees were cut down to provide wood for earthworks. Preparations for the parallel also began.[34]", "Siege of Yorktown. The siege of Yorktown is also known in some German historiographies as \"die deutsche Schlacht\" (\"the German battle\"), because Germans played significant roles in all three armies, accounting for roughly one third of all forces involved. According to one estimate more than 2,500 German soldiers served at Yorktown with each of the British and French armies, and more than 3,000 German-Americans were in Washington's army.[89]", "Siege of Yorktown. The French and American armies united north of New York City during the summer of 1781. When word of de Grasse's decision arrived, both armies began moving south toward Virginia, engaging in tactics of deception to lead the British to believe a siege of New York was planned. De Grasse sailed from the West Indies and arrived at the Chesapeake Bay at the end of August, bringing additional troops and creating a naval blockade of Yorktown. He was transporting 500,000 silver pesos collected from the citizens of Havana, Cuba, to fund supplies for the siege and payroll for the Continental Army.[9] While in Santo Domingo, de Grasse met with Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis, an agent of Carlos III of Spain. De Grasse had planned to leave several of his warships in Santo Domingo. Saavedra promised the assistance of the Spanish navy to protect the French merchant fleet, enabling de Grasse to sail north with all of his warships.[10] In the beginning of September, he defeated a British fleet led by Sir Thomas Graves that came to relieve Cornwallis at the Battle of the Chesapeake. As a result of this victory, de Grasse blocked any escape by sea for Cornwallis. By late September Washington and Rochambeau arrived, and the army and naval forces completely surrounded Cornwallis.", "Siege of Yorktown. On September 29, Washington moved the army closer to Yorktown and British gunners opened fire on the infantry.[29] Throughout the day several British cannon fired on the Americans but there were few casualties. Fire was also exchanged between American riflemen and Hessian Jägers.[29]", "Siege of Yorktown. In 1780, approximately 5,500 French soldiers landed in Rhode Island to assist their American allies in operations against British-controlled New York City. Following the arrival of dispatches from France that included the possibility of support from the French West Indies fleet of the Comte de Grasse, Washington and Rochambeau decided to ask de Grasse for assistance either in besieging New York, or in military operations against a British army operating in Virginia. On the advice of Rochambeau, de Grasse informed them of his intent to sail to the Chesapeake Bay, where Cornwallis had taken command of the army. Cornwallis, at first given confusing orders by his superior officer, Henry Clinton, was eventually ordered to build a defensible deep-water port, which he began to do in Yorktown, Virginia. Cornwallis' movements in Virginia were shadowed by a Continental Army force led by the Marquis de Lafayette.", "Siege of Yorktown. As the allies began to put their artillery into place, the British kept up a steady fire to disrupt them.[35] British fire increased on the 2nd and the allies suffered moderate casualties. General Washington continued to make visits to the front, despite concern shown by several of his officers over the increasing enemy fire.[36] On the night of October 2, the British opened a storm of fire to cover up the movement of the British cavalry to Gloucester where they were to escort infantrymen on a foraging party.[36] On the 3rd, the foraging party, led by Banastre Tarleton, went out but collided with Lauzun's Legion, and John Mercer's Virginia militia, led by the Marquis de Choisy. The British cavalry quickly retreated back behind their defensive lines, losing 50 men.[37]", "Siege of Yorktown. At 6:30 pm, gunfire announced the diversionary attack on the Fusiliers redoubt.[53] At other places in the line, movements were made as if preparing for an assault on Yorktown itself, which caused the British to panic.[53] With bayonets fixed, the Americans marched towards Redoubt No. 10. Hamilton sent Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens around to the rear of the redoubt to prevent the British from escaping.[54] The Americans reached the redoubt and began chopping through the British wooden defenses with their axes. A British sentry called a challenge, and then fired at the Americans.[54] The Americans responded by charging with their bayonets towards the redoubt. They hacked through the abatis, crossed a ditch and climbed the parapet into the redoubt.[55] The Americans forced their way into the redoubt falling into giant shell holes from the bombardment of the redoubts. The British fire was heavy, but the Americans overwhelmed them.[55] Someone in the front shouted, \"Rush on boys! The fort's ours!\" The British threw hand grenades at the Americans with little effect.[55] Men in the trench stood on the shoulders of their comrades to climb into the redoubt. The bayonet fight cleared the British out of the redoubt and almost the entire garrison was captured, including the commander of the redoubt, Major Campbell.[56] In the assault, the Americans lost 9 dead and 25 wounded.[56]", "Siege of Yorktown. The British soldiers marched out and laid down their arms in between the French and American armies, while many civilians watched.[75] At this time, the troops on the other side of the river in Gloucester also surrendered.[76] The British soldiers had been issued new uniforms hours before the surrender and until prevented by General O'Hara some threw down their muskets with the apparent intention of smashing them. Others wept or appeared to be drunk.[77] In all, 8,000 troops, 214 artillery pieces, thousands of muskets, 24 transport ships, wagons and horses were captured.[73]", "Siege of Yorktown. Five days after the battle ended, on October 24, 1781, the British fleet sent by Clinton to rescue the British army arrived. The fleet picked up several Loyalists who had escaped on October 18, and they informed Admiral Thomas Graves that they believed Cornwallis had surrendered.[81] Graves picked up several more Loyalists along the coast, and they confirmed this fact. Graves sighted the French Fleet, but chose to leave because he was outnumbered by nine ships, and thus he sent the fleet back to New York.[82]", "Siege of Yorktown. After nightfall on October 6, troops moved out in stormy weather to dig the first parallel: the heavily overcast sky negated the waning full moon and shielded the massive digging operation from the eyes of British sentries.[d] Washington ceremoniously struck several blows with his pick axe to begin the trench. The trench was to be 2,000 yards (1,800 m) long, running from the head of Yorktown to the York River.[40] Half of the trench was to be commanded by the French, the other half by the Americans. On the northernmost end of the French line, a support trench was dug so that they could bombard the British ships in the river.[40] The French were ordered to distract the British with a false attack, but the British were told of the plan by a French deserter and the British artillery fire turned on the French from the Fusiliers redoubt.[41]", "Siege of Yorktown. On July 6, the French and American armies met at White Plains, north of New York City.[17] Although Rochambeau had almost 40 years of warfare experience, he never challenged Washington's authority, telling Washington he had come to serve, not to command.[18]", "Siege of Yorktown. On March 26, Arnold was joined by 2,300 troops under command of Major General William Phillips, who took command of the combined forces.[12] Phillips resumed raiding, defeating the militia at Blandford, then burning the tobacco warehouses at Petersburg on April 25. Richmond was about to suffer the same fate, but Lafayette arrived. The British, not wanting to engage in a major battle, withdrew to Petersburg on May 10.[12]", "Siege of Yorktown. Cornwallis refused to attend the surrender ceremony, citing illness. Instead, Brigadier General Charles O'Hara led the British army onto the field. O'Hara first attempted to surrender to Rochambeau, who shook his head and pointed to Washington. O'Hara then offered his sword to Washington, who also refused and motioned to Benjamin Lincoln. The surrender finally took place when Washington's second-in-command accepted the sword of Cornwallis' deputy.[72][73][74]", "Siege of Yorktown. Decisive Franco-American victory", "Siege of Yorktown. With the capture of redoubts 9 and 10, Washington was able to have his artillery shell the town from three directions and the allies moved some of their artillery into the redoubts.[58][59] On October 15, Cornwallis turned all of his guns onto the nearest allied position. He then ordered a storming party of 350 British troops under the command of Colonel Robert Abercromby to attack the allied lines and spike the American and French cannon (i.e., plug the touch hole with an iron spike).[60] The allies were sleeping and unprepared. As the British charged Abercromby shouted \"Push on my brave boys, and skin the bastards!\"[59] The British party spiked several cannon in the parallel and then spiked the guns on an unfinished redoubt.[61] A French party came and drove them out of the allied lines and back to Yorktown. The British had been able to spike six guns, but by the morning they were all repaired.[61] The bombardment resumed with the American and French troops engaged in competition to see who could do the most damage to the enemy defenses.[59]", "Siege of Yorktown. After initial preparations, the Americans and French built their first parallel and began the bombardment. With the British defense weakened, on October 14, 1781 Washington sent two columns to attack the last major remaining British outer defenses. A French column under Wilhelm of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken took Redoubt No. 9 and an American column under Alexander Hamilton took Redoubt No. 10. With these defenses taken, the allies were able to finish their second parallel. With the American artillery closer and its bombardment more intense than ever, the British position began to deteriorate rapidly and Cornwallis asked for capitulation terms on October 17. After two days of negotiation, the surrender ceremony occurred on October 19; Lord Cornwallis was absent from the ceremony. With the capture of more than 7,000 British soldiers, negotiations between the United States and Great Britain began, resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 1783.", "Siege of Yorktown. On the night of October 11, Washington ordered that the Americans dig a second parallel.[47] It was 400 yards (370 m) closer to the British lines, but could not be extended to the river because the British number 9 and 10 redoubts were in the way. During the night, the British fire continued to land in the old line; Cornwallis did not suspect that a new parallel was being dug.[47] By morning of the 12th, the allied troops were in position on the new line.[47]", "Siege of Yorktown. The fire on Yorktown from the allies was heavier than ever as new artillery pieces joined the line.[64] Cornwallis talked with his officers that day and they agreed that their situation was hopeless.[65]", "American Revolutionary War. Washington still favored an assault on New York, but he acquiesced to the French when they opted to send their fleet to their preferred target of Yorktown. In August, the combined Franco-American army moved south to coordinate with de Grasse in defeating Cornwallis.[334] The British lacked sufficient naval resources to effectively counter the French, but they dispatched a fleet under Thomas Graves to assist Cornwallis and attempt to gain naval dominance.[335] On September 5, the French fleet decisively defeated Graves, giving the French control of the seas around Yorktown and cutting off Cornwallis from reinforcements and relief.[336] Despite the continued urging of his subordinates,[337] Cornwallis made no attempt to break out and engage the Franco-American army before it had established siege works, expecting that reinforcements would arrive from New York, and the Franco-American army laid siege to Yorktown on September 28.[338] Cornwallis continued to think that relief was imminent from Clinton, and he abandoned his outer defenses which were immediately occupied by American troops—serving to hasten his subsequent defeat.[339] The British then failed in an attempt to break out of the siege across the river at Gloucester Point when a storm hit.[340] Cornwallis and his subordinates were under increasing bombardment and facing dwindling supplies; they agreed that their situation was untenable and negotiated a surrender on October 17, 1781,[341] and 7,685 soldiers became prisoners of the Americans.[342] The same day as the surrender, 6,000 troops under Clinton had departed New York, sailing to relieve Yorktown.[343][344]", "Siege of Yorktown. On September 26, transports with artillery, siege tools, and some French infantry and shock troops from Head of Elk, the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay, arrived, giving Washington command of an army of 7,800 Frenchmen, 3,100 militia, and 8,000 Continentals.[2] Early on September 28, Washington led the army out of Williamsburg to surround Yorktown.[26] The French took the positions on the left while the Americans took the position of honor on the right.[2] Cornwallis had a chain of seven redoubts and batteries linked by earthworks along with batteries that covered the narrows of the York River at Gloucester Point.[2] That day, Washington reconnoitered the British defenses and decided that they could be bombarded into submission.[27] The Americans and the French spent the night of the 28th sleeping out in the open, while work parties built bridges over the marsh. Some of the American soldiers hunted down wild hogs to eat.[28]", "Siege of Yorktown. On May 20, Charles Cornwallis arrived at Petersburg with 1,500 men after suffering heavy casualties at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. He immediately assumed command, as Phillips had recently died of a fever.[12][13] Cornwallis had not received permission to abandon the Carolinas from his superior, Henry Clinton, but he believed that Virginia would be easier to capture, feeling that it would approve of an invading British army.[12]", "Siege of Yorktown. The articles of capitulation were signed on October 19, 1781.[66] Signatories included Washington, Rochambeau, the Comte de Barras (on behalf of the French Navy), Cornwallis, and Captain Thomas Symonds (the senior Royal Navy officer present).[67] Cornwallis' British men were declared prisoners of war, promised good treatment in American camps, and officers were permitted to return home after taking their parole. At 2:00 pm the allied army entered the British positions, with the French on the left and the Americans on the right.[66]", "Siege of Yorktown. Washington and Rochambeau discussed where to launch a joint attack.[19] Washington believed an attack on New York was the best option, since the Americans and French now outnumbered the British defenders 3 to 1. Rochambeau disagreed, arguing the fleet in the West Indies under Admiral de Grasse was going to sail to the American coast, where easier options than attacking New York could be attempted.[19]", "Siege of Yorktown. On October 7, the British saw the new allied trench just out of musket-range.[41] Over the next two days the allies completed the gun placements and dragged the artillery into line. The British fire began to weaken when they saw the large number of guns the allies had.[42]", "Siege of Yorktown. On December 20, 1780, Benedict Arnold sailed from New York with 1,500 troops to Portsmouth, Virginia. He first raided Richmond, defeating the defending militia, from January 5–7 before falling back to Portsmouth.[11] Admiral Destouches, who arrived in Newport, Rhode Island in July 1780 with a fleet transporting 5,500 soldiers, was encouraged by Washington and French Lieutenant General Rochambeau to move his fleet south, and launch a joint land-naval attack on Arnold's troops.[11] The Marquis de Lafayette was sent south with 1,200 men to help with the assault.[12] However, Destouches was reluctant to dispatch many ships, and in February sent only three. After they proved ineffective, he took a larger force of 8 ships in March 1781, and fought a tactically inconclusive battle with the British fleet of Marriot Arbuthnot at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Destouches withdrew due to the damage sustained to his fleet, leaving Arbuthnot and the British fleet in control of the bay's mouth.[12]", "Siege of Yorktown. By October 9, all of the French and American guns were in place.[42] Among the American guns there were three twenty-four pounders, three eighteen pounders, two eight-inch (203 mm) howitzers and six mortars, totaling fourteen guns. At 3:00 pm, the French guns opened the barrage and drove the British frigate, HMS Guadeloupe across the York River, where she was scuttled to prevent capture. At 5:00 pm the Americans opened fire.[42] Washington fired the first gun; legend has it that this shot smashed into a table where British officers were eating. The Franco-American guns began to tear apart the British defenses.[43] Washington ordered that the guns fire all night so that the British could not make repairs.[43] All of the British guns on the left were soon silenced. The British soldiers began to pitch their tents in their trenches and soldiers began to desert in large numbers.[44] Some British ships were also damaged by cannonballs that flew across the town into the harbor.[44]", "Siege of Yorktown. On the morning of October 16, more allied guns were in line and the fire intensified.[61] In desperation, Cornwallis attempted to evacuate his troops across the York River to Gloucester Point.[59] At Gloucester Point the troops might be able to break through the allied lines and escape into Virginia and then march to New York.[62] One wave of boats made it across but a squall hit when they returned to take more soldiers across, making the evacuation impossible.[63]", "Battle of York. The Battle of York was fought on April 27, 1813, in York (present-day Toronto), the capital of the province of Upper Canada (present-day Ontario), during the Anglo-American War of 1812. An American force supported by a naval flotilla landed on the lake shore to the west and advanced against the town, which was defended by an outnumbered force of regulars, militia and Ojibway natives under the overall command of Major General Roger Hale Sheaffe, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada.", "Anglo-French War (1778–1783). De Grasse received these letters in July at roughly the same time Cornwallis was preparing to occupy Yorktown, Virginia. De Grasse concurred with Rochambeau and subsequently sent a dispatch indicating that he would reach the Chesapeake at the end of August but that agreements with the Spanish meant he could only stay until mid-October. The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco-American army to begin a march for Virginia. De Grasse reached the Chesapeake as planned, and his troops were sent to assist Lafayette's army in the blockade of Cornwallis. A British fleet sent to confront de Grasse's control of the Chesapeake was defeated by the French on September 5 at the Battle of the Chesapeake, and the Newport fleet delivered the French siege train to complete the allied military arrival. The Siege of Yorktown and following surrender by Cornwallis on October 19 were decisive in ending major hostilities in North America.[72]", "Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War. With the surrender at Yorktown, the full participation of French forces in that battle, and the resulting loss of Cornwallis' army, the British war effort ground to a halt. The sole remaining British army of any size remaining in America was that under Sir Henry Clinton in New York. Clinton, paralyzed by the defeat, made no further action and was replaced by Guy Carleton in 1782.[51] Such a shocking reversal in fortune, coming as it had on the back of a rare naval defeat, served to increase the shift in British popular opinion against the war. The North Ministry collapsed, a peace-oriented government took power, and no further major operation on the American continent occurred for the rest of the war. While Saratoga had started the decline of British fortunes in the Revolution, Yorktown was its death knell.[52]" ]

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[ "Crying. The lacrimal system is made up of a secretory system, which produces tears, and an excretory system, which drains the tears. The lacrimal gland is primarily responsible for producing emotional or reflexive tears. As tears are produced, some fluid evaporates between blinks, and some is drained through the lacrimal punctum. The tears that are drained through the punctum will eventually be drained through the nose. Any excess fluid that did not go into the punctum will fall over the eyelid, which produces tears that are cried.[40]", "Lacrimal gland. The orbital portion contains fine interlobular ducts that unite to form 3–5 main secretory ducts, joining 5–7 ducts in the palpebral portion before the secreted fluid may enter on the surface of the eye. Tears secreted collect in the fornix conjunctiva of the upper lid, and pass over the eye surface to the lacrimal puncta, small holes found at the inner corner of the eyelids. These pass the tears through the lacrimal canaliculi on to the lacrimal sac, in turn to the nasolacrimal duct, which dumps them out into the nose.[2]", "Lacrimal gland. The lacrimal glands are paired, almond-shaped exocrine glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. They are situated in the upper lateral region of each orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the orbit formed by the frontal bone.[1] Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called dacryoadenitis. The lacrimal gland produces tears which then flow into canals that connect to the lacrimal sac. From that sac, the tears drain through the lacrimal duct into the nose.", "Lacrimal gland. The glands drain into the superficial parotid lymph nodes.[3]", "Lacrimal gland. The lacrimal gland is a compound tubuloacinar gland, it is made up of many lobules separated by connective tissue, each lobule contains many acini. The acini contain only serous cells and produce a watery serous secretion.", "Capillary action. Capillary action is essential for the drainage of constantly produced tear fluid from the eye. Two canaliculi of tiny diameter are present in the inner corner of the eyelid, also called the lacrimal ducts; their openings can be seen with the naked eye within the lacrymal sacs when the eyelids are everted.", "Equine vision. The lacrimal apparatus produces tears, providing nutrition and moisture to the eye, as well as helping to remove any debris that may have entered. The apparatus includes the lacrimal gland and the accessory lacrimal gland, which produce the tears. Blinking spreads the fluid over the eye, before it drains via the nasolacrimal duct, which carries the lacrimal fluid into the nostril of the horse.[3]", "Lacrimal gland. The tarsal glands, etc., seen from the inner surface of the eyelids.", "Aqueous humour. The drainage route for aqueous humour flow is first through the posterior chamber, then the narrow space between the posterior iris and the anterior lens (contributes to small resistance), through the pupil to enter the anterior chamber. From there, the aqueous humour exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal (a channel at the limbus, i.e., the joining point of the cornea and sclera, which encircles the cornea[5]) It flows through 25–30 collector canals into the episcleral veins. The greatest resistance to aqueous flow is provided by the trabecular meshwork (esp. the juxtacanalicular part), and this is where most of the aqueous outflow occurs. The internal wall of the canal is very delicate and allows the fluid to filter due to high pressure of the fluid within the eye.[5] The secondary route is the uveoscleral drainage, and is independent of the intraocular pressure, the aqueous flows through here, but to a lesser extent than through the trabecular meshwork (approx. 10% of the total drainage whereas by trabecular meshwork 90% of the total drainage).", "Lacrimal gland. The parasympathetic nerve supply originates from the lacrimatory nucleus of the facial nerve in the pons. From the pons nucleus preganglionic parasympathetic fibres run in the nervus intermedius (small sensory root of facial nerve) to the geniculate ganglion but they do not synapse there. Then, from the geniculate ganglion, the preganglionic fibres run in the greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve) which carries the parasympathetic secretomotor fibers through the foramen lacerum, where it joins the deep petrosal nerve (which contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion) to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal (vidian nerve) which then traverses through the pterygoid canal to the pterygopalatine ganglion. Here, the fibers synapse and postganglionic fibers join the fibers of the maxillary nerve. In the pterygopalatine fossa itself, the parasympathetic secretomotor fibers branch off with the zygomatic nerve and then branch off again, joining with the lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic division of CN V, which supplies sensory innervation to the lacrimal gland along with the eyelid and conjunctiva.", "Dry eye syndrome. In each eye, there are two puncta[44] — little openings that drain tears into the tear ducts.[4] There are methods to partially or completely close the tear ducts.[13] This blocks the flow of tears into the nose, and thus more tears are available to the eyes.[10] Drainage into either one or both puncta in each eye can be blocked.", "Lacrimal gland. In contrast to the normal moisture of the eyes or even crying, there can be persistent dryness, scratching, and burning in the eyes, which are signs of dry eye syndrome (DES) or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). With this syndrome, the lacrimal glands produce less lacrimal fluid, which mainly occurs with ageing or certain medications. A thin strip of filter paper (placed at the edge of the eye) the Schirmer test, can be used to determine the level of dryness of the eye. Many medications or diseases that cause dry eye syndrome can also cause hyposalivation with xerostomia. Treatment varies according to aetiology and includes avoidance of exacerbating factors, tear stimulation and supplementation, increasing tear retention, eyelid cleansing, and treatment of eye inflammation.[3]", "Lacrimal gland. The lacrimal nerve, derived from the ophthalmic nerve, supplies the sensory component of the lacrimal gland. The greater petrosal nerve, derived from the facial nerve, supplies the parasympathetic autonomic component of the lacrimal gland. The greater petrosal nerve traverses alongside branches of the V1 and V2 divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The proximity of the greater petrosal nerve to branches of the trigeminal nerve explains the phenomenon of lesions to the trigeminal nerve causing impaired lacrimation although the trigeminal nerve does not supply the lacrimal gland.", "Lacrimal gland. Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.", "Rhinorrhea. Rhinorrhea is also associated with shedding tears, whether from emotional events or from eye irritation. When excess tears are produced, the liquid drains through the inner corner of the eyelids, through the nasolacrimal duct, and into the nasal cavities. As more tears are shed, more liquid flows into the nasal cavities, both stimulating mucus production and hydrating any dry mucus already present in the nasal cavity. The buildup of fluid is usually resolved via mucus expulsion through the nostrils.[7]", "Ophthalmic nerve. The frontal branch passes through the orbit superiorly, then reenters the frontal bone briefly before exiting above the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and the supraorbital notch to provide sensory innervation for the skin of the forehead and scalp. The lacrimal nerve passes through the orbit superiorly to innervate the lacrimal gland. The nasociliary branch gives off several sensory branches to the orbit and then continues out through the anterior ethmoidal foramen, where it enters the nasal cavity and provides innervation for much of the anterior nasal mucosa. It also gives off a branch which exits through the nasal bones to form the external nasal branch.", "Orbit (anatomy). Enlargement of the lacrimal gland, located superotemporally within the orbit, produces protrusion of the eye inferiorly and medially (away from the location of the lacrimal gland). Lacrimal gland may be enlarged from inflammation (e.g. sarcoid) or neoplasm (e.g. lymphoma or adenoid cystic carcinoma).[10]", "Parasympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic aspect of the facial nerve controls secretion of the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands, the lacrimal gland, and the glands associated with the nasal cavity. The preganglionic fibers originate within the CNS in the superior salivatory nucleus and leave as the intermediate nerve (which some consider a separate cranial nerve altogether) to connect with the facial nerve just distal (further out) to it surfacing the central nervous system. Just after the facial nerve geniculate ganglion (general sensory ganglion) in the temporal bone, the facial nerve gives off two separate parasympathetic nerves. The first is the greater petrosal nerve and the second is the chorda tympani. The greater petrosal nerve travels through the middle ear and eventually combines with the deep petrosal nerve (sympathetic fibers) to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal. The parasympathetic fibers of the nerve of the pterygoid canal synapse at the pterygopalatine ganglion, which is closely associated with the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2). The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave the pterygopalatine ganglion in several directions. One division leaves on the zygomatic division of CN V2 and travels on a communicating branch to unite with the lacrimal nerve (branch of the ophthalmic nerve of CN V1) before synapsing at the lacrimal gland. These parasympathetic to the lacrimal gland control tear production.", "Lacrimal gland. The lacrimal artery, derived from the ophthalmic artery supplies the lacrimal gland. Venous blood returns via the superior ophthalmic vein.", "Human microbiota. A small number of bacteria and fungi are normally present in the conjunctiva.[26][40] Classes of bacteria include Gram-positive cocci (e.g., Staphylococcus and Streptococcus) and Gram-negative rods and cocci (e.g., Haemophilus and Neisseria) are present.[40] Fungal genera include Candida, Aspergillus, and Penicillium.[26] The lachrymal glands continuously secrete, keeping the conjunctiva moist, while intermittent blinking lubricates the conjunctiva and washes away foreign material. Tears contain bactericides such as lysozyme, so that microorganisms have difficulty in surviving the lysozyme and settling on the epithelial surfaces.", "Crying. There are three types of tears: basal tears, reflexive tears, and psychic tears. Basal tears are produced at a rate of about 1 to 2 microliters a minute, and are made in order to keep the eye lubricated and smooth out irregularities in the cornea. Reflexive tears are tears that are made in response to irritants to the eye, such as when chopping onions or getting poked in the eye. Psychic tears are produced by the lacrimal system and are the tears expelled during emotional states.[39]", "Dry eye syndrome. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is usually due to inadequate tear production from lacrimal hyposecretion or to excessive tear evaporation.[10][11] The aqueous tear layer is affected, resulting in aqueous tear deficiency (ATD).[11] The lacrimal gland does not produce sufficient tears to keep the entire conjunctiva and cornea covered by a complete layer.[10] This usually occurs in people who are otherwise healthy. Increased age is associated with decreased tearing.[11] This is the most common type found in postmenopausal women.[10][15]", "Lacrimal gland. Alveoli of lacrimal gland.", "Lacrimal gland. The central lumen of many of the units converge to form intralobular ducts, and then they unite to form interlobular ducts. The gland lacks striated ducts.", "Dry eye syndrome. Causes include idiopathic, congenital alacrima, xerophthalmia, lacrimal gland ablation, and sensory denervation.[11] In rare cases, it may be a symptom of collagen vascular diseases, including relapsing polychondritis, rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.[10][11][16][17] Sjögren's syndrome and other autoimmune diseases are associated with aqueous tear deficiency.[10][11] Drugs such as isotretinoin, sedatives, diuretics, tricyclic antidepressants, antihypertensives, oral contraceptives, antihistamines, nasal decongestants, beta-blockers, phenothiazines, atropine, and pain relieving opiates such as morphine can cause or worsen this condition.[4][10][11][13] Infiltration of the lacrimal glands by sarcoidosis or tumors, or postradiation fibrosis of the lacrimal glands can also cause this condition.[11] Recent attention has been paid to the composition of tears in normal or dry eye individuals. Only a small fraction of the estimated 1543 proteins in tears are differentially deficient or upregulated in dry eye, one of which is lacritin.[18][19] Topical lacritin promotes tearing in rabbit preclinical studies.[20] Also, topical treatment of eyes of dry eye mice (Aire knockout mouse model of dry eye) restored tearing, and suppressed both corneal staining and the size of inflammatory foci in lacrimal glands.[21]", "Rheum. In infants, the tear ducts (that drain the tears) occasionally fail to open, resulting in the overflow of tears onto the cheeks (epiphora) and rheum deposition on the surrounding skin.[citation needed]", "Rheum. When the individual is awake, blinking of the eyelid causes rheum to be washed away with tears via the nasolacrimal duct. The absence of this action during sleep, however, results in a small amount of dry rheum accumulating in corners of the eye, most notably in children.[citation needed]", "Conjunctiva. The conjunctiva helps lubricate the eye by producing mucus and tears, although a smaller volume of tears than the lacrimal gland.[6] It also contributes to immune surveillance and helps to prevent the entrance of microbes into the eye.", "Mammalian eye. Aqueous humor fills these spaces within the anterior segment and provides nutrients to the surrounding structures.", "Lacrimal gland. In addition, the following can be associated with lacrimal gland pathology:", "Lacrimal gland. Anatomists divide the gland into two sections. The smaller palpebral portion lies close to the eye, along the inner surface of the eyelid; if the upper eyelid is everted, the palpebral portion can be seen.", "Iris (anatomy). The stroma connects to a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil in a circular motion, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae) which pull the iris radially to enlarge the pupil, pulling it in folds. The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer that is two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. This anterior surface projects as the dilator muscles. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris to the retina, restricting it to the pupil.[1] The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region referred to as the trabecular meshwork, through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure and indirectly on vision. The iris along with the anterior ciliary body provide a secondary pathway for aqueous humour to drain from the eye." ]

[ -1.1689453125, 1.279296875, -0.07861328125, -2.279296875, -4.09375, -1.3701171875, -1.5146484375, -2.8671875, -2.666015625, -3.75390625, -4.04296875, -3.1171875, -3.55078125, -6.2890625, -4.0234375, -5.16015625, -3.7734375, -7.0625, -3.361328125, -4.74609375, -5.234375, -4.2109375, -6.48046875, -4.54296875, -4.78515625, -6.17578125, -4.19140625, -4.27734375, -7.0390625, -7.1484375, -3.419921875, -1.333984375 ]

[ "Biliary tract. Bile is secreted by the liver into small ducts that join to form the common hepatic duct. Between meals, secreted bile is stored in the gall bladder. During a meal, the bile is secreted into the duodenum to rid the body of waste stored in the bile as well as aid in the absorption of dietary fats and oils.", "Biliary tract. Bile is secreted by the liver into small ducts that join to form the common hepatic duct. Between meals, secreted bile is stored in the gall bladder, where 80%-90% of the water and electrolytes can be absorbed, leaving the bile acids and cholesterol. During a meal, the smooth muscles in the gallbladder wall contract, leading to the bile being secreted into the duodenum to rid the body of waste stored in the bile as well as aid in the absorption of dietary fats and oils by solubilizing them using bile acids.", "Human digestive system. Bile produced by the liver is made up of water (97%), bile salts, mucus and pigments, 1% fats and inorganic salts.[21] Bilirubin is its major pigment. Bile acts partly as a surfactant which lowers the surface tension between either two liquids or a solid and a liquid and helps to emulsify the fats in the chyme. Food fat is dispersed by the action of bile into smaller units called micelles. The breaking down into micelles creates a much larger surface area for the pancreatic enzyme, lipase to work on. Lipase digests the triglycerides which are broken down into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride. These are then absorbed by villi on the intestinal wall. If fats are not absorbed in this way in the small intestine problems can arise later in the large intestine which is not equipped to absorb fats. Bile also helps in the absorption of vitamin K from the diet. Bile is collected and delivered through the common hepatic duct. This duct joins with the cystic duct to connect in a common bile duct with the gallbladder. Bile is stored in the gallbladder for release when food is discharged into the duodenum and also after a few hours.[22]", "Excretory system. After bile is produced in the liver, it is stored in the gall bladder. It is then secreted within the small intestine where it helps to emulsify fats in the same manner as a soap. Bile also contains bilirubin, which is a waste product.", "Enterohepatic circulation. Bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver by the enzyme glucuronyltransferase, making it soluble in water. Much of it goes into the bile and thus out into the small intestine. Although 95% of the secreted bile is reabsorbed by the small intestine, conjugated bilirubin is not reabsorbed in small intestine. All conjugated bilirubin in the large intestine is metabolised by colonic bacteria to urobilinogen, which is then further oxidized to urobilin and stercobilin. Urobilin, stercobilin and their degradation products give feces its brown color. [2] However, just like bile, some of the urobilinogen reabsorbed is resecreted in the bile which is also part of enterohepatic circulation. The rest of the reabsorbed urobilinogen is excreted in the urine where it is converted to an oxidized form, urobilin, which gives urine its characteristic yellow color.", "Enterohepatic circulation. Due to the pH of the small intestine, most of the bile acids are ionized and mostly occur as their sodium salts which are then called “primary conjugated bile salts.” In the lower small intestine and colon, bacteria dehydroxylate some of the primary bile salts to form secondary conjugated bile salts (which are still water-soluble). Along the proximal and distal ileum, these conjugated primary bile salts are reabsorbed actively into hepatic portal circulation. Bacteria deconjugate some of the primary and secondary conjugated bile salts back to lipid-soluble bile acids, which are passively absorbed into hepatic portal circulation. Finally, the conjugated bile acids which remained un-ionized conjugated bile acids are passively absorbed.", "Enterohepatic circulation. Hepatocytes metabolize cholesterol to cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. These lipid-soluble bile acids are conjugated (reversibly attached) mainly to glycine or taurine molecules to form water soluble primary conjugated bile acids, sometimes called \"bile salts\". These bile acids travel to the gall bladder during the interdigestive phase for storage and to the descending part of the duodenum via the common bile duct through the major duodenal papilla during digestion. 95% of the bile acids which are delivered to the duodenum will be recycled by the enterohepatic circulation.", "Human digestive system. The gallbladder is a hollow part of the biliary tract that sits just beneath the liver, with the gallbladder body resting in a small depression.[23] It is a small organ where the bile produced by the liver is stored, before being released into the small intestine. Bile flows from the liver through the bile ducts and into the gall bladder for storage. The bile is released in response to cholecystokinin (CCK) a peptide hormone released from the duodenum. The production of CCK (by endocrine cells of the duodenum) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the duodenum.[24]", "Urine test strip. Intestinal bacteria convert the conjugated bilirubin that is excreted by the bile duct into the intestine into urobilinogen and stercobilinogen. Part of the urobilinogen is reabsorbed in the intestine then circulated in the blood to the liver where it is excreted. A small part of this recirculated urobilinogen is filtered out by the kidneys and appears in urine (less than 1 mg/dl urine). The stercobilinogen can not be reabsorbed and remains in the intestine.[15][16]", "Gastrointestinal physiology. Bile is secreted into the duodenum of the small intestine via the common bile duct. It is produced in liver cells and stored in the gall bladder until release during a meal. Bile is formed of three elements: bile salts, bilirubin and cholesterol. Bilirubin is a waste product of the breakdown of hemoglobin. The cholesterol present is secreted with the feces. The bile salt component is an active non-enzymatic substance that facilitates fat absorption by helping it to form an emulsion with water due to its amphoteric nature. These salts are formed in the hepatocytes from bile acids combined with an amino acid. Other compounds such as the waste products of drug degradation are also present in the bile.[4]", "Bile duct. Bile, required for the digestion of food, is secreted by the liver into passages that carry bile toward the hepatic duct, which joins with the cystic duct (carrying bile to and from the gallbladder) to form the common bile duct, which opens into the intestine.", "Bile. Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile), and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. After eating, this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum. The composition of gallbladder bile is 97% water, 0.7%[1] bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids, and lecithin),[1] and 200 meq/l inorganic salts.[2]", "Dietary fiber. An important action of some fibers is to reduce the reabsorption of bile acids in the ileum and hence the amount and type of bile acid and fats reaching the colon. A reduction in the reabsorption of bile acid from the ileum has several direct effects.", "Gallbladder. The bile that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder is not the same as the bile that is secreted by the gallbladder. During gallbladder storage of bile, it is concentrated by removal of some water and electrolytes. This is through the active transport of sodium ions across the epithelium of the gallbladder, which creates an osmotic pressure that also causes water and other electrolytes such as chloride to be reabsorbed.[15]", "Liver. Bile either drains directly into the duodenum via the common bile duct, or is temporarily stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct. The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the second part of the duodenum together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, also known as the ampulla of Vater.", "Liver. The liver plays a key role in digestion, as it produces and excretes bile (a yellowish liquid) required for emulsifying fats and help the absorption of vitamin K from the diet. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder.", "Gallbladder. When food containing fat enters the digestive tract, it stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) from I cells of the duodenum and jejunum. In response to cholecystokinin, the gallbladder rhythmically contracts and releases its contents into the common bile duct, eventually draining into the duodenum. The bile emulsifies fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption. Bile consists primarily of water and bile salts, and also acts as a means of eliminating bilirubin, a product of hemoglobin metabolism, from the body.[15]", "Cholesterol. The liver excretes cholesterol into biliary fluids, which is then stored in the gallbladder. Bile contains bile salts, which solubilize fats in the digestive tract and aid in the intestinal absorption of fat molecules as well as the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K.[citation needed]", "Human digestive system. It is divided into three sections, a fundus, body and neck. The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tract via the cystic duct, which then joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. At this junction is a mucosal fold called Hartmann's pouch, where gallstones commonly get stuck. The muscular layer of the body is of smooth muscle tissue that helps the gallbladder contract, so that it can discharge its bile into the bile duct. The gallbladder needs to store bile in a natural, semi-liquid form at all times. Hydrogen ions secreted from the inner lining of the gallbladder keep the bile acidic enough to prevent hardening. To dilute the bile, water and electrolytes from the digestion system are added. Also, salts attach themselves to cholesterol molecules in the bile to keep them from crystallising. If there is too much cholesterol or bilirubin in the bile, or if the gallbladder doesn't empty properly the systems can fail. This is how gallstones form when a small piece of calcium gets coated with either cholesterol or bilirubin and the bile crystallises and forms a gallstone. The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store and release bile, or gall. Bile is released into the small intestine in order to help in the digestion of fats by breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones. After the fat is absorbed, the bile is also absorbed and transported back to the liver for reuse.", "Gallbladder. In vertebrates, the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine. In humans, the pear-shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver, although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species. It receives and stores bile, produced by the liver, via the common hepatic duct, and releases it via the common bile duct into the duodenum, where the bile helps in the digestion of fats.", "Blood lipids. After being transported to the liver by HDL, cholesterol is delivered to the intestines via bile production. However, 92-97% is reabsorbed in the intestines and recycled via enterohepatic circulation.", "Cholesterol. Cholesterol is recycled in the body. The liver excretes it in a non-esterified form (via bile) into the digestive tract. Typically, about 50% of the excreted cholesterol is reabsorbed by the small intestine back into the bloodstream.[citation needed]", "Bile. The dispersion of food fat into micelles provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the enzyme pancreatic lipase, which actually digests the triglycerides, and is able to reach the fatty core through gaps between the bile salts. A triglyceride is broken down into three fatty acids and a monoglyceride, which are absorbed by the villi on the intestine walls. After being transferred across the intestinal membrane, the fatty acids reform into triglycerides (re-esterified), before being absorbed into the lymphatic system through lacteals. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in faeces, undigested.[citation needed]", "Fatty acid metabolism. The contents of these micelles (but not the bile salts) enter the enterocytes (epithelial cells lining the small intestine) where they are resynthesized into triglycerides, and packaged into chylomicrons which are released into the lacteals (the capillaries of the lymph system of the intestines).[28] These lacteals drain into the thoracic duct which empties into the venous blood at the junction of the left jugular and left subclavian veins on the lower left hand side of the neck. This means that the fat soluble products of digestion are discharged directly into the general circulation, without first passing through the liver, as all other digestion products do. The reason for this peculiarity is unknown.[29]", "Crohn's disease. Bile acid diarrhea is another complication following surgery for Crohn's disease in which the terminal ileum has been removed. This leads to the development of excessive watery diarrhea. It is usually thought to be due to an inability of the ileum to reabsorb bile acids after resection of the terminal ileum and was the first type of bile acid malabsorption recognized.[160]", "Cholesterol. Cholesterol is oxidized by the liver into a variety of bile acids.[51] These, in turn, are conjugated with glycine, taurine, glucuronic acid, or sulfate. A mixture of conjugated and nonconjugated bile acids, along with cholesterol itself, is excreted from the liver into the bile. Approximately 95% of the bile acids are reabsorbed from the intestines, and the remainder are lost in the feces.[52] The excretion and reabsorption of bile acids forms the basis of the enterohepatic circulation, which is essential for the digestion and absorption of dietary fats. Under certain circumstances, when more concentrated, as in the gallbladder, cholesterol crystallises and is the major constituent of most gallstones (lecithin and bilirubin gallstones also occur, but less frequently).[53] Every day, up to 1 g of cholesterol enters the colon. This cholesterol originates from the diet, bile, and desquamated intestinal cells, and can be metabolized by the colonic bacteria. Cholesterol is converted mainly into coprostanol, a nonabsorbable sterol that is excreted in the feces. A cholesterol-reducing bacterium origin has been isolated from human feces.[54][non-primary source needed]", "Digestion. In the small intestines, the duodenum provides critical pH balancing to activate digestive enzymes. The liver secretes bile into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic conditions from the stomach, and the pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum, adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, thus creating a neutral environment. The mucosal tissue of the small intestines is alkaline with a pH of about 8.5.[citation needed]", "Enterohepatic circulation. The net effect of enterohepatic recirculation is that each bile salt molecule is reused about 20 times, often multiple times during a single digestive phase.", "Liver. The biliary tract is derived from the branches of the bile ducts. The biliary tract, also known as the biliary tree, is the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum. The bile produced in the liver is collected in bile canaliculi, small grooves between the faces of adjacent hepatocytes. The canaliculi radiate to the edge of the liver lobule, where they merge to form bile ducts. Within the liver, these ducts are termed intrahepatic bile ducts, and once they exit the liver, they are considered extrahepatic. The intrahepatic ducts eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts, which exit the liver at the transverse fissure, and merge to form the common hepatic duct. The cystic duct from the gallbladder joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct.[21] The biliary system and connective tissue is supplied by the hepatic artery alone", "Bile. Besides its digestive function, bile serves also as the route of excretion for bilirubin, a byproduct of red blood cells recycled by the liver. Bilirubin derives from hemoglobin by glucuronidation.", "Common bile duct. The gall-bladder and bile ducts laid open.", "Biliary tract. The biliary tract refers to the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. A structure common to most members of the mammal family, the biliary tract is often referred to as a tree because it begins with many small branches which end in the common bile duct, sometimes referred to as the trunk of the biliary tree. The duct, the branches of the hepatic artery, and the portal vein form the central axis of the portal triad. Bile flows in the direction opposite to that of the blood present in the other two channels." ]

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[ "Health insurance coverage in the United States. Health insurance coverage in the United States is provided by several public and private sources. During 2016, the U.S. population overall was approximately 325 million, with 53 million persons 65 years of age and over covered by the federal Medicare program. The 272 million non-institutional persons under age 65 either obtained their coverage from employer-based (155 million) or non-employer based (90 million) sources, or were uninsured (27 million).[1] Approximately 15 million military personnel received coverage through the Veteran's Administration.[2] During the year 2016, 91.2% of Americans had health insurance coverage.[3] Despite being among the top world economic powers, the US remains the sole industrialized nation in the world without universal health care coverage.[4][5]", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. Health insurance coverage is provided by several public and private sources in the United States. Analyzing these statistics is more challenging due to persons with multiple sources of insurance, such as those with coverage under both an employer plan and Medicaid. During 2016, the U.S. population overall was approximately 325 million, with 53 million persons 65 years of age and over covered by the federal Medicare program. For the remaining 272 million non-institutional persons under age 65:", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. The United States Census Bureau regularly conducts the Current Population Survey (CPS), which includes estimates on health insurance coverage in the United States. The data is published annually in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC). The data from 1999 to 2014 are reproduced below.[n 1] As of 2012[update], the five states with the highest estimated percentage of uninsured are, in order, Texas, Nevada, New Mexico, Florida, and Georgia. The five states/territories with the lowest estimated percentage of uninsured for the same year are, in order, Massachusetts, Vermont, Hawaii, Washington, D.C., and Connecticut. These rankings for each year are highlighted below.[7][67]", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. The Census Bureau reports that in 2007 nearly 37 million of the uninsured were employment-age adults (ages 18 to 64) and more than 27 million worked at least part-time. Approximately 61% of the roughly 45 million uninsured live in households with incomes under $50,000 (13.5 million below $25,000 and 14.5 million at $25,000 to $49,000).[18] And 38% live in households with incomes of $50,000 or more (8.5 million at $50,000 to $74,999 and 9.1 million at $75,000 or more). As stated by the Census Bureau, people of Hispanic origin were the most affected by being uninsured; nearly a third of Hispanics lack health insurance. In 2004, about 33% of Latinos were uninsured as opposed to 10% of white, non-Latinos[19] However, this rate decreased slightly from 2006 to 2007, from 15.3 to 14.8 million, a decrease of 2 percentage points (34.1% to 32.1%). The state with the highest percentage of uninsured was Texas (24.1% average for three years, 2004–2006). New Mexico has the second highest percentage of residents without health insurance at 22%.[20] It has been estimated that nearly one-fifth of the uninsured population is able to afford insurance, almost one quarter is eligible for public coverage, and the remaining 56% need financial assistance (8.9% of all Americans).[21] An estimated 5 million of those without health insurance are considered \"uninsurable\" because of pre-existing conditions.[22] A recent study concluded that 15% of people shopping online for health insurance are considered \"uninsurable\" because of a pre-existing condition, or for being overweight. This label does not necessarily mean they can never get health insurance, but that they will not qualify for standard individual coverage. People with similar health status can be covered via employer-provided health insurance, Medicare, or Medicaid.[23]", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated the number of uninsured at 27 million in 2016, about 10% of the under-65 population of 272 million.[1] Gallup estimated in July 2014 that the uninsured rate for adults (persons 18 years of age and over) was 13.4% as of Q2 2014, down from 18.0% in Q3 2013 when the health insurance exchanges created under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA or \"Obamacare\") first opened. The uninsured rate fell across nearly all demographic groups.[12] The Commonwealth Fund reported that the uninsured rate among adults 19-64 declined from 20% in Q3 2013 to 15% in Q2 2014, meaning approximately 9.5 million more adults had health insurance.[13]", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. The United States Census Bureau annually reports statistics on the uninsured. The 2016 Census Bureau Health Insurance highlights summary report states that:", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. Multiple surveys indicate the number of uninsured fell between 2013-2016 due to expanded Medicaid eligibility and health insurance exchanges established due to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as \"Obamacare\". According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2012 there were 48.0 million people in the US (15.4% of the under-65 population) who were without health insurance.[8] This figure fell by approximately 20 million, to 27 million by 2016 or 10% of the under-65 population.[1]", "Health care in the United States. Enrollment rules in private and governmental programs result in millions of Americans going without health care coverage, including children. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that 45.7 million Americans (15.3% of the total population) had no health insurance coverage in 2007.[83] However, statistics regarding the insured population are difficult to pinpoint for a number of factors, with the Census Bureau writing that \"health insurance coverage is likely to be underreported\".[179] Further, such statistics do not provide insight into the reason a given person might be uninsured. Studies have shown that approximately one third of this 45.7 million person population of uninsured persons is actually eligible for government insurance programmes such as Medicaid/Medicare, but has elected not to enroll. The largest proportion of the population of uninsured Americans is persons earning in excess of $50,000 per annum, with those earning over $75,000 p.a. comprising the fastest-growing segment of the uninsured population. U.S. Citizens who earn too much money to qualify for government assistance with insurance programs but who do not earn enough to purchase a private health insurance plan make up approximately 2.7% percent of the total US population (8.2 million of approximately 300 million total population, by 2003 figures).[180]", "Health insurance in the United States. According to the US Census Bureau, about 9% of Americans are covered under health insurance purchased directly.[52] The range of products available is similar to those provided through employers. However, average out-of-pocket spending is higher in the individual market, with higher deductibles, co-payments and other cost-sharing provisions.[71][85] Major medical is the most commonly purchased form of individual health insurance. Although a major medical health insurance policy is primarily a catastrophic plan, qualified preventive benefits are still covered at 100% without any waiting period or copay.[86]", "Health insurance in the United States. Public insurance cover increased from 2000–2010 in part because of an aging population and an economic downturn in the latter part of the decade. Funding for Medicaid and CHIP expanded significantly under the 2010 health reform bill.[7] The proportion of individuals covered by Medicaid increased from 10.5% in 2000 to 14.5% in 2010 and 20% in 2015. The proportion covered by Medicare increased from 13.5% in 2000 to 15.9% in 2010, then decreased to 14% in 2015.[3][8]", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. A study by the Kaiser Family Foundation published in June 2009 found that 45% of low-income adults under age 65 lack health insurance.[37] Almost a third of non-elderly adults are low income, with family incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level.[37] Low-income adults are generally younger, less well educated, and less likely to live in a household with a full-time worker than are higher income adults; these factors contribute to the likelihood of being uninsured.[37] In addition, the chances of being healthy decline with lower income; 19% of adults with incomes below the federal poverty level describe their health as fair or poor.[37]", "Health insurance in the United States. Health insurance in the United States is any program that helps pay for medical expenses, whether through privately purchased insurance, social insurance or a social welfare program funded by the government.[1] Synonyms for this usage include \"health coverage\", \"health care coverage\" and \"health benefits\". In a more technical sense, the term is used to describe any form of insurance that provides protection against the costs of medical services. This usage includes private insurance and social insurance programs such as Medicare, which pools resources and spreads the financial risk associated with major medical expenses across the entire population to protect everyone, as well as social welfare programs such as Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program, which provide assistance to people who cannot afford health coverage.", "Health insurance in the United States. In addition to medical expense insurance, \"health insurance\" may also refer to insurance covering disability or long-term nursing or custodial care needs. Different health insurance provides different levels of financial protection and the scope of coverage can vary widely, with more than 40 percent of insured individuals reporting that their plans do not adequately meet their needs as of 2007.[2]", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. Children in America are typically perceived as in good health relative to adults, due to the fact that most serious health problems occur later in one's life. Certain conditions including asthma, diabetes, and obesity have become much more prevalent among children in the past few decades.[56] There is also a growing population of vulnerable children with special health care needs that require ongoing medical attention, which would not be accessible without health insurance. More than 10 million children in the United States meet the federal definition of children with special health care needs \"who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, development, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally\".[61] These children require health related services of an amount beyond that required by the average children in America. Typically when children acquire health insurance, they are much less likely to experience previously unmet health care needs, this includes the average child in America and children with special health care needs.[56] The Committee on Health Insurance Status and Its Consequences concluded that the effects of health insurance on children's health outcomes: Children with health insurance receive more timely diagnosis of serious health conditions, experience fewer hospitalizations, and miss fewer days of school.", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. The Kaiser Family Foundation reported in October 2016 that there were 27.2 million uninsured under age 65, roughly 10% of the 272 million persons in that group. Kaiser reported that:", "Health care finance in the United States. The percentage of persons without health insurance (the \"uninsured\") fell from 13.3% in 2013 to 8.8% in 2016, due primarily to the Affordable Care Act. The number uninsured fell from 41.8 million in 2013 to 28.0 million in 2016, a decline of 13.8 million. The number of persons with insurance (public or private) rose from 271.6 million in 2013 to 292.3 million in 2016, an increase of 20.7 million. In 2016, approximately 68% were covered by private plans, while 37% were covered by government plans; these do not add to 100% because some persons have both.[2]", "Health care finance in the United States. The percentage of persons without health insurance (the \"uninsured\") fell from 13.3% in 2013 to 8.8% in 2016, due primarily to the Affordable Care Act. The number uninsured fell from 41.8 million in 2013 to 28.0 million in 2016, a decline of 13.8 million. The number of persons with insurance (public or private) rose from 271.6 million in 2013 to 292.3 million in 2016, an increase of 20.7 million. In 2016, approximately 68% were covered by private plans, while 37% were covered by government plans; these do not add to 100% because some persons have both.[2]", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. The current estimate for uninsured children does not greatly differ from past estimates. In 2009 the Census Bureau states that 10.0 percent or 7.5 million children under the age of 18 were medically uninsured. Children living in poverty are 15.1 percent more likely than other children to be uninsured. The lower the income of a household the more likely it is they are uninsured. In 2009, a household with an annual income of 25,000 or less was only 26.6 percent likely not to have medical insurance and those with an annual income of 75,000 or more were only 9.1 percent unlikely to be insured.[24] According to the Census Bureau, in 2007, there were 8.1 million uninsured children in the US. Nearly 8 million young adults (those aged 18–24), were uninsured, representing 28.1% of their population. Young adults make up the largest age segment of the uninsured, are the most likely to be uninsured, and are one of the fastest growing segments of the uninsured population. They often lose coverage under their parents' health insurance policies or public programs when they reach age 19. Others lose coverage when they graduate from college. Many young adults do not have the kind of stable employment that would provide ongoing access to health insurance.[25][26] According to the Congressional Budget Office the plan the way it is now would have to cover unmarried dependents under their parents' insurance up to age 26. These changes also affect large employers, including self-insured firms, so that the firm bears the financial responsibility of providing coverage. The only exception to this is policies that were maintained continuously before the enactment of this legislation. Those policies would be grandfathered in.[27]", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. Many towns and cities in the United States have high concentrations of people under the age of 65 who lack health insurance.[62] There are implications of high rates of uninsurance for communities and for insured people in those communities. Institute of Medicine committee warned of the potential problems of high rates of uninsurance for local health care, including reduced access to clinic-based primary care, specialty services, and hospital-based emergency services.[63]", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. One study published in 2008 found that people of average health are least likely to become uninsured if they have large group health coverage, more likely to become uninsured if they have small group coverage, and most likely to become uninsured if they have individual health insurance. But, \"for people in poor or fair health, the chances of losing coverage are much greater for people who had small-group insurance than for those who had individual insurance.\" The authors attribute these results to the combination in the individual market of high costs and guaranteed renewability of coverage. Individual coverage costs more if it is purchased after a person becomes unhealthy but \"provides better protection (compared to group insurance) against high premiums for already individually insured people who become high risk.\" Healthy individuals are more likely to drop individual coverage than less-expensive, subsidized employment-based coverage, but group coverage leaves them \"more vulnerable to dropping or losing any and all coverage than does individual insurance\" if they become seriously ill.[34]", "Health insurance costs in the United States. The cost of health insurance in the United States is a major factor in access to health coverage. The rising cost of health insurance leads more consumers to go without coverage and increase in insurance costs and accompanying rise in the cost of health care expenses has led health insurers to provide more policies with higher deductibles and other limitations that require the consumer to pay a greater share of the cost themselves. Many people with pre-existing conditions such as cancer and depression are turned down for coverage, denied coverage of those conditions or are charged higher prices for coverage.", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. Prohibitively high cost is the primary reason Americans give for problems accessing health care.[5] At over 27 million, higher than the entire population of Australia, the number of people without health insurance coverage in the United States is one of the primary concerns raised by advocates of health care reform. Lack of health insurance is associated with increased mortality, in the range 30-90 thousand deaths per year, depending on the study.[6][7]", "Health insurance in the United States. The uninsured proportion was stable at 14–15% from 1990 to 2008, then rose to a peak of 18% in Q3 2013 and rapidly fell to 11% in 2015.[9] The proportion without insurance has stabilized at 9%.[4]", "Health insurance in the United States. Public programs provide the primary source of coverage for most seniors and also low-income children and families who meet certain eligibility requirements. The primary public programs are Medicare, a federal social insurance program for seniors (generally persons aged 65 and over) and certain disabled individuals; Medicaid, funded jointly by the federal government and states but administered at the state level, which covers certain very low income children and their families; and CHIP, also a federal-state partnership that serves certain children and families who do not qualify for Medicaid but who cannot afford private coverage. Other public programs include military health benefits provided through TRICARE and the Veterans Health Administration and benefits provided through the Indian Health Service. Some states have additional programs for low-income individuals.[31] In 2011, approximately 60 percent of stays were billed to Medicare and Medicaid—up from 52 percent in 1997.[32]", "Affordable Health Care for America Act. -2015 year rates are based on the second tier level of a silver plan that was determine by D.O.R.A -2015 Federal Poverty Level is now 133% to 401% -Everyone must obtain health insurance that meets the Minimal Essential Coverage (MEC) that is define by the department of Human Services (DHS) -Affordable is based on percentage of 9.5% annual income of an individual. -There is no out of pocket cost of Preventive care even on grandfather plan", "Health insurance in the United States. Two federal laws address the ability of individuals with employment-based health insurance coverage to maintain coverage.", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. A study published in August 2008 in Health Affairs found that covering all of the uninsured in the US would increase national spending on health care by $122.6 billion, which would represent a 5% increase in health care spending and 0.8% of GDP. \"From society’s perspective, covering the uninsured is still a good investment. Failure to act in the near term will only make it more expensive to cover the uninsured in the future, while adding to the amount of lost productivity from not insuring all Americans,\" said Professor Jack Hadley, the study’s lead author. The impact on government spending could be higher, depending on the details of the plan used to increase coverage and the extent to which new public coverage crowded out existing private coverage.[53]", "Health insurance in the United States. While the term \"health insurance\" is most commonly used by the public to describe coverage for medical expenses, the insurance industry uses the term more broadly to include other related forms of coverage, such as disability income and long-term care insurance.", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. The last report was published in 2004 and was named Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations. This report recommended the following: The President and Congress need to develop a strategy to achieve universal insurance coverage and establish a firm schedule to reach this goal by the year 2010. The committee also recommended that the federal and state governments provide sufficient resources for Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover all persons currently eligible until the universal coverage takes effect. They also warned that the federal and state governments should prevent the erosion of outreach efforts, eligibility, enrollment, and coverage of these specific programs.[56]", "Health care finance in the United States. Most Americans under age 65 (59.3%) receive their health insurance coverage through an employer (which includes both private as well as civilian public-sector employers) under group coverage, although this percentage is declining. Costs for employer-paid health insurance are rising rapidly: since 2001, premiums for family coverage have increased 78%, while wages have risen 19% and inflation has risen 17%, according to a 2007 study by the Kaiser Family Foundation.[18] Workers with employer-sponsored insurance also contribute; in 2007, the average percentage of premium paid by covered workers is 16% for single coverage and 28% for family coverage.[18] In addition to their premium contributions, most covered workers face additional payments when they use health care services, in the form of deductibles and copayments.", "Health insurance. The United States health care system relies heavily on private health insurance, which is the primary source of coverage for most Americans. As of 2012[update] about 61% of Americans had private health insurance according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[55][56] The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) found that in 2011, private insurance was billed for 12.2 million U.S. inpatient hospital stays and incurred approximately $112.5 billion in aggregate inpatient hospital costs (29% of the total national aggregate costs).[57] Public programs provide the primary source of coverage for most senior citizens and for low-income children and families who meet certain eligibility requirements. The primary public programs are Medicare, a federal social insurance program for seniors and certain disabled individuals; and Medicaid, funded jointly by the federal government and states but administered at the state level, which covers certain very low income children and their families. Together, Medicare and Medicaid accounted for approximately 63 percent of the national inpatient hospital costs in 2011.[57] SCHIP is a federal-state partnership that serves certain children and families who do not qualify for Medicaid but who cannot afford private coverage. Other public programs include military health benefits provided through TRICARE and the Veterans Health Administration and benefits provided through the Indian Health Service. Some states have additional programs for low-income individuals.[58]", "Health insurance coverage in the United States. Gains in healthcare coverage under President Obama began to reverse under President Trump. The Commonwealth Fund estimated in May 2018 that the number of uninsured increased by 4 million from early 2016 to early 2018. The rate of those uninsured increased from 12.7% in 2016 to 15.5%. This was due to two factors: 1) Not addressing specific weaknesses in the ACA; and 2) Actions by the Trump administration that exacerbated those weaknesses. The impact was greater among lower-income adults, who had a higher uninsured rate than higher-income adults. Regionally, the South and West had higher uninsured rates than the North and East. Further, those 18 states that have not expanded Medicaid had a higher uninsured rate than those that did.[15]" ]

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[ "SOAP note. The four components of a SOAP note are Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan. The length and focus of each component of a SOAP note vary depending on the specialty; for instance, a surgical SOAP note is likely to be much briefer than a medical SOAP note, and will focus on issues that relate to post-surgical status.", "SOAP note. The SOAP note (an acronym for subjective, objective, assessment, and plan) is a method of documentation employed by health care providers to write out notes in a patient's chart, along with other common formats, such as the admission note. Documenting patient encounters in the medical record is an integral part of practice workflow starting with patient appointment scheduling, to writing out notes, to medical billing.", "SOAP note. The objective section of the SOAP includes information that the healthcare provider observes or measures from the patient's current presentation, such as:", "SOAP note. A medical diagnosis for the purpose of the medical visit on the given date of the note written is a quick summary of the patient with main symptoms/diagnosis including a differential diagnosis, a list of other possible diagnoses usually in order of most likely to least likely. The assessment will also include possible and likely etiologies of the patient's problem. It is the patient's progress since the last visit, and overall progress towards the patient's goal from the physician's perspective. In a pharmacist's SOAP note, the assessment will identify what the drug related/induced problem is likely to be and the reasoning/evidence behind it. This will include etiology and risk factors, assessments of the need for therapy, current therapy, and therapy options. When used in a problem-oriented medical record (POMR), relevant problem numbers or headings are included as subheadings in the assessment.", "SOAP note. The plan is what the health care provider will do to treat the patient's concerns—such as ordering further labs, radiological work up, referrals given, procedures performed, medications given and education provided. The plan will also include goals of therapy and patient-specific drug and disease-state monitoring parameters. This should address each item of the differential diagnosis. For patients who have multiple health problems that are addressed in the SOAP note, a plan is developed for each problem and is numbered accordingly based on severity and urgency for therapy. \nA note of what was discussed or advised with the patient as well as timings for further review or follow-up are generally included.", "SOAP note. A very rough example follows for a patient being reviewed following an appendectomy. This example resembles a surgical SOAP note; medical notes tend to be more detailed, especially in the subjective and objective sections.", "SOAP note. The SOAP note originated from the problem-oriented medical record (POMR), developed by Lawrence Weed, MD.[1] It was initially developed for physicians, who at the time, were the only health care providers allowed to write in a medical record. Today, it is widely adopted as a communication tool between inter-disciplinary healthcare providers as a way to document a patient's progress.", "SOAP note. Initially the patient's chief complaint, or CC. This is a very brief statement of the patient (quoted) as to the purpose of the office visit or hospitalization.", "SOAP note. Often the Assessment and Plan sections are grouped together.", "SOAP. A SOAP message is an ordinary XML document containing the following elements:", "Soap (TV series). \"The Soap Memo\" also contained notes that were subsequently disregarded by the producers including:", "SOAP note. SOAP notes are commonly found in electronic medical records (EMR) and are used by providers of various backgrounds. Prehospital care providers such as emergency medical technicians may use the same format to communicate patient information to emergency department clinicians. Physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, respiratory therapists, pharmacists, podiatrists, chiropractors, acupuncturists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, school psychologists, speech-language pathologists, certified athletic trainers (ATC), sports therapists, among other providers use this format for the patient's initial visit and to monitor progress during follow-up care.", "SOAP note. The plan itself includes various components:", "SOAP. SOAP specification can be broadly defined to be consisting of the following 3 conceptual components: Protocol concepts, encapsulation concepts and Network concepts.[12]", "SOAP note. Variants on this mnemonic (more than one could be listed here) include OPQRST and LOCQSMAT:", "SOAP. SOAP (originally Simple Object Access Protocol) is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of web services in computer networks. Its purpose is to induce extensibility, neutrality and independence. It uses XML Information Set for its message format, and relies on application layer protocols, most often Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), for message negotiation and transmission.", "SOAP. The SOAP specification defines the messaging framework, which consists of:", "Medical record. The traditional medical record for inpatient care can include admission notes, on-service notes, progress notes (SOAP notes), preoperative notes, operative notes, postoperative notes, procedure notes, delivery notes, postpartum notes, and discharge notes.", "SOAP note. The mnemonic below refers to the information a physician should elicit before referring to the patient's \"old charts\" or \"old carts\".[2]", "Soap (TV series). \"The Soap Memo\" was a rare public look into the behind-the-scenes process at a major network and copies of the document were often found posted on the bulletin boards of television production companies and on studio sets as a rallying point against censorship. In addition, the specific details in the memo further fueled the growing debate regarding the controversial content of Soap.", "SOAP. XML Information Set was chosen as the standard message format because of its widespread use by major corporations and open source development efforts. Typically, XML Information Set is serialized as XML. A wide variety of freely available tools significantly eases the transition to a SOAP-based implementation. The somewhat lengthy syntax of XML can be both a benefit and a drawback. While it promotes readability for humans, facilitates error detection, and avoids interoperability problems such as byte-order (endianness), it can slow processing speed and can be cumbersome. For example, CORBA, GIOP, ICE, and DCOM use much shorter, binary message formats. On the other hand, hardware appliances are available to accelerate processing of XML messages.[15][16] Binary XML is also being explored as a means for streamlining the throughput requirements of XML. XML messages by their self-documenting nature usually have more 'overhead' (headers, footers, nested tags, delimiters) than actual data in contrast to earlier protocols where the overhead was usually a relatively small percentage of the overall message.", "Medical record. When a patient is hospitalized, daily updates are entered into the medical record documenting clinical changes, new information, etc. These often take the form of a SOAP note and are entered by all members of the health-care team (doctors, nurses, physical therapists, dietitians, clinical pharmacists, respiratory therapists, etc.). They are kept in chronological order and document the sequence of events leading to the current state of health.", "SOAP. SOAP has three major characteristics:", "USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills. Examinees are allowed 15 minutes to complete each encounter and 10 minutes for the patient note for a single patient encounter. The patient note is slightly different from a standard SOAP note. For the exam note, the examinees will document the pertinent facts relating to the history of present illness as well as elements of the past medical history, medication history, allergies, social history, family history, and physical exam. The examinees will then state up to 3 differential diagnoses relating to the simulated patient's symptoms, and tests or procedures to investigate the simulated patient's complaints.[5] The examinees should also list pertinent positive and negative findings to support each potential diagnosis.[5] The examinees will not recommend any specific treatments in the note in contrast to a true clinic SOAP note (i.e., IV fluids, antibiotics, or other medications). Over the course of an 8-hour exam day, the examinees complete 12 such encounters. Examinees are required to type patient notes on a computer.[6]", "SOAP note. If this is the first time a physician is seeing a patient, the physician will take a history of present illness, or HPI. This describes the patient's current condition in narrative form. The history or state of experienced symptoms are recorded in the patient's own words. All information pertaining to subjective information is communicated to the healthcare provider by the patient or his/her representative. It will include all pertinent and negative symptoms under review of body systems. Pertinent medical history, surgical history, family history, and social history, along with current medications, smoking status, drug/alcohol/caffeine use, level of physical activity and allergies, are also recorded. A SAMPLE history is one method of obtaining this information from a patient.", "Soap bubble. Soap bubbles are physical examples of the complex mathematical problem of minimal surface. They will assume the shape of least surface area possible containing a given volume. A true minimal surface is more properly illustrated by a soap film, which has equal pressure on inside as outside, hence is a surface with zero mean curvature. A soap bubble is a closed soap film: due to the difference in outside and inside pressure, it is a surface of constant mean curvature.", "Hard water. With hard water, soap solutions form a white precipitate (soap scum) instead of producing lather, because the 2+ ions destroy the surfactant properties of the soap by forming a solid precipitate (the soap scum). A major component of such scum is calcium stearate, which arises from sodium stearate, the main component of soap:", "SOAP. The SOAP specification[9] was maintained by the XML Protocol Working Group[10] of the World Wide Web Consortium until the group was closed 10 July 2009. SOAP originally stood for \"Simple Object Access Protocol\" but version 1.2 of the standard dropped this acronym.[11]", "SOAP note. Subsequent visits for the same problem briefly summarize the history of present illness (HPI), including pertinent testing + results, referrals, treatments, outcomes and followups.", "Harmonized System. An example of a product classified according to its form is personal hygiene soap. When in the form of a bar, cake or moulded shape, such soap is classified under subheading 3401.11, which provides for Soap and organic surface-active products and preparations, in the form of bars, cakes, moulded pieces or shapes, and paper, wadding, felt and nonwovens, impregnated, coated or covered with soap or detergent: For toilet use (including medicated products). Conversely, liquid personal hygiene soap is classified under either 3401.20, which provides for Soap in other forms, or 3401.30, which provides for Organic surface-active products and preparations for washing the skin, in the form of liquid or cream and put up for retail sale, whether or not containing soap.", "Securities market. A promissory note, referred to as a note payable in accounting, or commonly as just a \"note\", is a contract where one party (the maker or issuer) makes an unconditional promise in writing to pay a sum of money to the other (the payee), either at a fixed or determinable future time or on demand of the payee, under specific terms. They differ from IOUs in that they contain a specific promise to pay, rather than simply acknowledging that a debt exists.", "SOAP. The SOAP architecture consists of several layers of specifications for:" ]

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[ "Yes! We Have No Bananas. \"Yes! We Have No Bananas\" is a novelty song by Frank Silver and Irving Cohn published July 19, 1923. It became a major hit in 1923 (placing No. 1 for five weeks)[1] when it was recorded by Billy Jones, Arthur Hall, Irving Kaufman, and others. It was covered later by Benny Goodman and his Orchestra, Spike Jones & His City Slickers, and many more. It also inspired a follow-up song, \"I've Got the Yes! We Have No Bananas Blues\", recorded by Billy Jones and others in 1923.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song was often used by singer and comedian Jimmy Durante on The Jimmy Durante Show in the 1950s and 1960s.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. In the 1970s, Harry Chapin used this phrase in the chorus to his song \"30,000 Pounds of Bananas\".", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song was mentioned in the film Only Angels Have Wings (1939) and played on a wind-up record player by Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina (1954).", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. Frank Silver explained the origin of the song to TIME Magazine: \"I am an American, of Jewish ancestry, with a wife and a young son. About a year ago my little orchestra was playing at a Long Island hotel. To and from the hotel I was wont to stop at a fruit stand owned by a Greek, who began every sentence with 'Yess.' The jingle of his idiom haunted me and my friend Cohn. Finally I wrote this verse and Cohn fitted it with a tune.\"[2]", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song was the theme of the outdoor relief protests in Belfast in 1932. These were a unique example of Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland protesting together, and the song was used because it was one of the few non-sectarian songs that both communities knew. The song lent its title to a book about the depression in Belfast.[3]", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. In the musical film Luxury Liner (1948), the Pied Pipers performed the song.[5]", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song appeared in the popular Archie Comics.[when?][citation needed]", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song was parodied more than once on The Muppet Show, sung by various anthropomorphic fruits and vegetables and at one point The Swedish Chef.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. A German version, \"Ausgerechnet Bananen\", was featured in Billy Wilder's slapstick comedy One, Two, Three (1961), played by an over-the-hill dance band at a drab East Berlin hotel bar.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song was used as a leitmotif in The Comic (1969), often to underscore serious moments in the life of the film's protagonist (played by Dick Van Dyke).", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. In the Mel Brooks film Dracula: Dead and Loving It (1995), comic homage is paid to the song when Harvey Korman responds to a question from Mel Brooks saying, \"Yes, we have Nosferatu! We have Nosferatu today!\"", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. A snippet is also sung by Craig Sheffer's character in A River Runs Through It (1992)", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. In The Simpsons episode \"Bart's Girlfriend\" (November 6, 1994), Homer briefly sings, and then laments, the song.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song is referenced several times in Tender is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The song was the subject of a column by Sigmund Spaeth, who suggested that the melody could have been derived from a combination of parts of other songs, including the Hallelujah Chorus from Messiah by Handel, \"My Bonnie Lies Over The Ocean\", \"I Dreamt I Dwelt in Marble Halls\", \"Aunt Dinah's Quilting Party\", and Cole Porter's \"An Old-Fashioned Garden\".", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. Replacing the original lyrics with the appropriate melodic phrases, you get:", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. In The Brady Bunch episode \"Never Too Young\", Greg, Marcia and Jan are looking through a record collection as they prep for a Roaring Twenties party. Jan reads the title of the record, finding it groovy and far out. She remarks, \"Today that sounds more like a group instead of a song\".", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. In The English Patient (1996), a few verses are sung as a joke.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. The term has been resurrected on many occasions, including during rationing in the United Kingdom in World War II, when the British government banned imports of bananas for five years. Shop owners put signs stating \"Yes, we have no bananas\" in their shop windows in keeping with the war spirit.[citation needed]", "The Banana Splits. The Banana Splits' bubblegum pop rock and roll was provided by studio professionals, including Joey Levine (\"I Enjoy Being a Boy\", \"It's a Good Day for a Parade\"); Al Kooper (\"You're the Lovin' End\"); Barry White (\"Doin' the Banana Split\"); Gene Pitney (\"Two Ton Tessie\") and Jimmy Radcliffe provided his songs (\"I'm Gonna Find a Cave\", \"Soul\", \"Don't Go Away Go-Go Girl\", \"Adam Had 'Em\" and \"The Show Must Go On\") but did not contribute vocals to Splits recordings.", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. More recently, the phrase was used in 2006, when Cyclone Larry destroyed a large portion of Australia's banana crop, leading to a shortage for most of the year.[citation needed]", "Yes! We Have No Bananas. Hallelujah, Bananas! Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me\nI dreamt that I dwelt in marble halls—the kind that you seldom see\nI was seeing Nellie home, to an old-fashioned garden: but,\nHallelujah, Bananas! Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me![4]", "Bags (Los Angeles band). By 1978, they had released their only record during the band's lifetime, a single called \"Survive\", backed with \"Babylonian Gorgon\", released by independent record label Dangerhouse Records. \"We Don't Need The English\" was included on the Yes L.A. punk compilation album released by the same label.", "The Banana Splits. A cover of \"Don't Go Away Go-Go Girl\" by pop-punk band Mr. T Experience was issued on the 1993 tribute album Banana Pad Riot and their Big Black Bugs Bleed Blue Blood and Our Bodies Our Selves CD releases. The 1988 landmark release \"Sub Pop 200\" included a version of \"I'm Gonna Find a Cave\" retitled \"Gonna Find a Cave\" by the band Girl Trouble. \"Sub Pop 200\" featured recordings from many soon to be notable bands, Nirvana, Green River, Mudhoney, Soundgarden and others from Seattle's Grunge music explosion that followed.", "Jane Dornacker. Dornacker was the lead singer (Leila), keyboardist, and songwriter of the 1970s/1980s San Francisco \"tack\" rock group Leila and the Snakes. Pearl Gates and Pamela Wood provided supporting vocals. Their repertoire included \"Rock and Roll Weirdos,\" \"Pyramid Power\" and a spoof version of Peggy Lee's \"Is That All There Is?\" Gates later left (and took the band with her) to form Pearl Harbor and the Explosions. Guitarist Miles Corbin went on to form the surf instrumental band the Aqua Velvets.", "The Banana Splits. The show’s theme song, titled \"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)\", was credited as being written by Ritchie Adams and Mark Barkan; Adams and Barkan were music directors for the show. The song was released as a single, attributed to The Banana Splits, and peaked at number 96 on Billboard's Top 100 in February 1969.[9] The version included on the We're The Banana Splits album is the same recording heard at the beginning of the show, while the single version is an entirely different arrangement and recording of the song, featuring an additional verse.", "Shona Laing. Shona Laing (born 9 October 1955) is a New Zealand musician. She has had several hits in her native country, as well as a few minor international hits, most notably \"(Glad I'm) Not a Kennedy\" and \"Soviet Snow\". Laing also contributed to the Manfred Mann's Earth Band album Somewhere in Afrika. Laing also contributed music to, and appeared in, the 1985 action film Shaker Run.[1]", "Norma Tanega. Her next band was called Baboonz with guitarist Tom Skelly and bassist Mario Verlangieri. The trio released a selt-titled CD in 2008, the album Ah! In 2009, and a third called 8 Songs Ate Brains in 2010.[3] Other recording projects soon followed, including the album Push with John Zeretzke,[34] Twin Journey with Steve Rushingwind Ruiz, and a return collaboration with Ceramic Ensemble sound sculptor Brian Ransom for their album Internal Medicine.[3]", "Johnny Nash. Nash recorded several hits in Jamaica, where he travelled in early 1968, as his girlfriend had family links with local TV and radio host and novel writer Neville Willoughby. Nash planned to try breaking the local rocksteady sound in the United States. Willoughby introduced him to a local struggling vocal group, Bob Marley & The Wailing Wailers. Members Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh and Rita Marley introduced him to the local scene.[2] Nash signed all four to an exclusive recording contract with his JAD label and also an exclusive publishing contract with Cayman music. An advance was paid in the form of a weekly wage and JAD also financed some of their recordings, some with Byron Lee's Dragonaires and some with other local musicians such as Jackie Jackson and Lynn Taitt. None of the Marley and Tosh songs he produced were successful. Only two singles were released at the time: \"Bend Down Low\" (JAD 1968) and \"Reggae on Broadway\" (Columbia, 1972), which was recorded in London in 1972 on the same sessions that produced \"I Can See Clearly Now.\"", "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. The 2003 album Bananas by Deep Purple includes \"Contact Lost\", an instrumental piece written by guitarist Steve Morse in remembrance of the loss. Morse is donating his songwriting royalties to the families of the astronauts.[93]", "Stephen Bishop (singer). In 1989, Bishop released the album Bowling in Paris with Phil Collins (co-producer on some songs), Eric Clapton and Sting contributing. In 1987, the Norwegian swing/pop duo Bobbysocks! recorded the album's \"Walking on Air\" (as \"Walkin' on Air\") on their album Walkin' on Air." ]

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[ "Canfield (solitaire). Running a computer solver on 50,000 random Canfield deals has shown that between 71% and 72% of all games are possible to win.[2] In the average game, 40 cards were moved to the foundation. Because the reserve cards are hidden, and because the three-at-a-time dealing of cards from the stock means that cards played early in the game can impact which stock cards are available much later, it is very difficult by normal playing standards to come anywhere near theoretically possible win rates. The highest potential win rates for strategic expert-level players averages at about 35%.", "Canfield (solitaire). The game is won when all cards are placed in the foundations. But as Canfield knew very well, winning this game is unlikely, as one can manage to place an average of five to six cards.", "Canfield (solitaire). In the Storehouse variant, a greater potential to win increases rates to about 44% proportional to games played.[3] In practice, however, Storehouse is a much easier game. Most players will easily be able to win close to 44% of games, a much higher win rate than is ever achieved by casual players of Canfield.", "Microsoft Solitaire. The Windows Vista and Windows 7 versions of the game save statistics on the number and percentage of games won, and allow users to save incomplete games and to choose cards with different face styles.", "Klondike (solitaire). Time can also play a factor in Windows Solitaire, if the Timed game option is selected. For every 10 seconds of play, 2 points are taken away. Bonus points are calculated with the formula of 700,000 / (seconds to finish) if the game takes more than 30 seconds. If the game takes less than 30 seconds, no bonus points are awarded.", "Klondike (solitaire). For a standard game of Klondike, drawing three cards at a time and placing no limit on the number of re-deals, the number of possible hands is over 7067800000000000000♠8×1067, or an 8 followed by 67 zeros. About 79% of the games are theoretically winnable,[6] but in practice, human players do not win 79% of games played, due to wrong moves that cause the game to become unwinnable. If one allows cards from the foundation to be moved back to the tableau, then between 82% and 91.5% are theoretically winnable.[7] Note that these results depend on complete knowledge of the positions of all 52 cards, which a player does not possess. Another recent study has found the Draw 3, Re-Deal Infinite to have a 83.6% win rate after 1000 random games were solved by a computer solver.[8] The issue is that a wrong move cannot be known in advance whenever more than one move is possible. The number of games a skilled player can probabilistically expect to win is at least 43%.[6] In addition, some games are \"unplayable\" in which no cards can be moved to the foundations even at the start of the game; these occur in only 0.25% (1 in 400) of hands dealt.[9][10][11]", "Card counting. At a table where a player makes a $100 average bet, a 1% advantage means a player will win an average $1 per round. This translates into an average hourly winning of $50 if the player is dealt 50 hands per hour.", "Klondike (solitaire). Standard scoring in the Windows Solitaire game is determined as follows:[13]", "Winning percentage. In sports, a winning percentage is the fraction of games or matches a team or individual has won. It is defined as wins divided by the total number of matches played (i.e. wins plus draws plus losses). A draw counts as a ½ win.", "First-move advantage in chess. More recent sources indicate that White scores approximately 54 to 56 percent. In 2005, GM Jonathan Rowson wrote that \"the conventional wisdom is that White begins the game with a small advantage and, holding all other factors constant, scores approximately 56% to Black's 44%\".[5] International Master (IM) John Watson wrote in 1998 that White had scored 56% for most of the 20th century, but that this figure had recently slipped to 55%.[6] The website Chessgames.com holds regularly updated statistics on its games database. As of January 12, 2015, White had won 37.50%, 34.90% were drawn, and Black had won 27.60% out of 739,769 games, resulting in a total White winning percentage of 54.95%.[7]", "Card counting. Historically, blackjack played with a perfect basic strategy offered a house edge of less than 0.5%. As more casinos have switched games to dealer hits soft-17 and blackjack pays 6:5, the average house edge in Nevada has increased to 1%. A typical card counter who ranges bets appropriately in a game with six decks will have an advantage of approximately 1% over the casino. Advantages of up to 2.5% are possible at normal penetrations from counting 6-deck Spanish 21, for the S17 or H17 with redoubling games.[15] This amount varies based on the counter's skill level, penetration (1 – fraction of pack cut off), and the betting spread (player's maximum bet divided by minimum bet). The variance in blackjack is high, so generating a sizable profit can take hundreds of hours of play. The deck will only have a positive enough count for the player to raise bets 10%-35% of the time depending on rules, penetration and strategy.[16]", "Blackjack. Most blackjack games have a house edge of between 0.5% and 1%, placing blackjack among the cheapest casino table games. Casino promotions such as complimentary matchplay vouchers or 2:1 blackjack payouts allow the player to acquire an advantage without deviating from basic strategy.", "Microsoft Solitaire. Since Windows 3.0, Solitaire allows selecting the design on the back of the cards, choosing whether one or three cards are drawn from the deck at a time, switching between Vegas scoring and Standard scoring, and disabling scoring entirely. The game can also be timed for additional points if the game is won. There is a cheat that will allow drawing one card at a time when 'draw three' is set.", "Winning percentage. For example, if a team's season record is 30 wins and 20 losses, the winning percentage would be .600. If a team's season record is 30–15–5 (i.e. it has won thirty games, lost fifteen and tied five times), the five tie games are counted as 2½ wins, and so the team has an adjusted record of 32½ wins, resulting in a .650 winning percentage for the fifty total games from", "Draw (chess). In computer chess, the draw rate among top programs is typically between 50 and 60 percent.[8][9]", "Casino War. The dealer and the player each have a 46.3% chance of winning on the first card (in a standard game with 6 decks), so this seems like an even money game. The house advantage, however, comes from what happens in the case of a tie.", "First-move advantage in chess. Two decades later, statistician Arthur M. Stevens concluded in The Blue Book of Charts to Winning Chess, based on a survey of 56,972 master games that he completed in 1967, that White scores 59.1%.[3] However, Stevens assembled his games from those that had been published in chess magazines, rather than complete collections of all the games played in particular events.[4]", "Winning percentage. In North America, winning percentages are expressed to three digits and read as whole numbers (e.g. 1.000, \"a thousand\" or .500, \"five hundred\"). In this case, the name \"winning percentage\" is actually a misnomer, since it is not expressed as a percentage. A winning percentage such as .536 (\"five thirty-six\") expressed as a percentage would be 53.6%.", "Canfield (solitaire). Richard A. Canfield, noted gambler, owned the Canfield Casino in Saratoga Springs, New York during the 1890s.[1] Gamblers at his casino would play the game by \"buying\" a deck of cards for $50. The gambler would then play the game and earn $5 for every card he managed to place into the foundations; if one was fortunate enough to place all 52 cards into the foundations, the player would win $500. Although players make a loss (about an average of five to six cards), the game proved to be popular, and Canfield became rich. The disadvantage of this new game was the need to hire a croupier for every gambler playing the game.", "Microsoft Solitaire. Lost business productivity by employees playing Solitaire has become a common concern since it became standard on Microsoft Windows.[6] In 2006, a New York City worker was fired after Mayor Michael Bloomberg saw the Solitaire game on the man's office computer.[7]", "Microsoft Solitaire. Solitaire is a computer game included with Microsoft Windows, based on a card game of the same name, also known as Klondike.", "Winning percentage. However, in soccer, a manager's abilities may be measured by win percentage. In this case, the formula is wins divided by total number of matches; draws are not considered as \"half-wins\", and the quotient is always in percentage form.", "Yahtzee. On average he will succeed 26.53% of the time and score an average of 10.61.", "Yahtzee. On average he will succeed 61.60% of the time and score an average of 18.48.", "Blackjack. Blackjack's house edge is usually between 0.5%–1% when players use basic strategy.[12] Card counting can give the player an edge of up to 2% over the house.[13]", "First-move advantage in chess. In 1946, W.F. Streeter examined the results of 5,598 games played in 45 international chess tournaments between 1851 and 1932.[1] Streeter found that overall White scored 53.4% (W: 38.12; D: 30.56; L: 31.31).[nb 2] White scored 52.55% in 1851–1878 (W:45.52; D: 14.07; L: 40.41), 52.77% in 1881–1914 (W: 36.89; D: 31.76; L: 31.35), and 55.47% in 1919–1932 (W: 36.98; D: 36.98; L: 26.04).[1] Streeter concluded, \"It thus appears that it is becoming increasingly difficult to win with Black, but somewhat easier to draw.\"[1][2]", "Klondike (solitaire). There is a modified version of the game called \"Thoughtful Solitaire\", in which the identity of all 52 cards is known. Because the only difference between the two games (Klondike and Thoughtful) is the knowledge of card location, all Thoughtful games with solutions will also have solutions in Klondike. Similarly, all dead-ends in Thoughtful will be dead ends in Klondike.[7] However, the theoretical odds of winning a standard game of non-Thoughtful Klondike are currently not known exactly. The inability of theoreticians to precisely calculate these odds has been referred to by mathematician Persi Diaconis as \"one of the embarrassments of applied probability\".[12]", "Cash4Life. The current overall odds of winning are approximately 1:7.76. The prize pool is 55 percent of sales.[2]", "Casino War. The house advantage increases with the number of decks in play and decreases in casinos who offer a bonus payout. The house advantage for this game is usually over 2%.", "Klondike (solitaire). Klondike (North America) or Canfield (traditional)[1] is a patience game (solitaire card game). In the U.S. and Canada, Klondike is the best-known solitaire card game, to the point that the term \"solitaire\", in the absence of additional qualifiers, typically refers to Klondike. Equally in the UK, it is often just known as \"patience\".[1] Meanwhile elsewhere the game is known as American Patience.[2] The game rose to fame in the late 19th century, being named \"Klondike\" after the Canadian region where a gold rush happened. It is rumored that the game was either created or popularized by the prospectors in Klondike.[3][4]", "Klondike (solitaire). There are four types of hands: winnable games, theoretically winnable lost games (the player made a selection that resulted in a lost game, but could not know what the correct selection was because the relevant cards were hidden), unwinnable games (there is no selection that leads to a winning result), and unplayable games.[9]", "Yahtzee. A Yahtzee is scored in about 34% of games while a Yahtzee bonus is scored in about 8% of games. A second Yahtzee bonus occurs about 1% of the time while a third one is scored in about 0.1% of games. The average number of Yahtzees thrown in a game is 0.46.[6] This includes about 3% of games where a Yahtzee is thrown after 0 has been scored in the Yahtzee box and although it does score something, it is not scored as a Yahtzee or Yahtzee bonus." ]

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[ "History of golf. Golf courses have not always had eighteen holes. The St Andrews Links occupy a narrow strip of land along the sea. As early as the 15th century, golfers at St Andrews established a trench through the undulating terrain, playing to holes whose locations were dictated by topography. The course that emerged featured eleven holes, laid out end to end from the clubhouse to the far end of the property. One played the holes out, turned around, and played the holes in, for a total of 22 holes. In 1764, several of the holes were deemed too short, and were therefore combined. The number was thereby reduced from 11 to nine, so that a complete round of the links comprised 18 holes. Due to the status of St Andrews as the golfing capital, all other courses followed suit and the 18 hole course remains the standard to the present day.", "History of golf. The modern game of golf is generally considered to be a Scottish invention. A spokesman for the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, one of the oldest Scottish golf organisations, said \"Stick and ball games have been around for many centuries, but golf as we know it today, played over 18 holes, clearly originated in Scotland.\"[14][15] The word golf, or in Scots gowf [gʌuf], is usually thought to be a Scots alteration of Dutch \"colf\" or \"colve\" meaning \"stick, \"club\", \"bat\", itself related to the Proto-Germanic language *kulth- as found in Old Norse kolfr meaning \"bell clapper\", and the German Kolben meaning \"mace or club\".[16] The Dutch term Kolven refers to a related sport where the lowest number of strokes needed to hit a ball with a mallet into a hole determines the winner; according to the \"Le grand dictionnaire françois-flamen\" printed 1643 is stated the Dutch term to Flemish: \"Kolf, zest Kolve; Kolfdrager, Sergeant; Kolf, Kolp, Goulfe.\"[17]", "Golf in Scotland. Golf courses have not always consisted of eighteen holes. The St Andrews Links occupy a narrow strip of land along the sea-shore). As early as the 15th century, golfers at St Andrews established a trench through the undulating terrain, playing to holes whose locations were dictated by topography. The course that emerged featured eleven holes, laid out end to end from the clubhouse to the far end of the property. One played the holes out, turned around, and played the holes in, for a total of 22 holes. In 1764, several of the holes were deemed too short, and therefore combined. The number was thereby reduced from 11 to nine, so that a complete round of the links comprised 18 holes. Due to the status of St Andrews as the 'home of golf', other courses followed suit and the 18 hole course became the standard which has remained to the present day.", "Golf. The first 18-hole golf course in the United States was on a sheep farm in Downers Grove, Illinois, in 1892. The course is still there today.[19]", "Golf. The modern game originated in Scotland, where the first written record of golf is James II's banning of the game in 1457, as an unwelcome distraction to learning archery.[7] James IV lifted the ban in 1502 when he became a golfer himself, with golf clubs first recorded in 1503-1504: \"For golf clubbes and balles to the King that he playit with\".[8] To many golfers, the Old Course at St Andrews, a links course dating to before 1574, is considered to be a site of pilgrimage.[9] In 1764, the standard 18-hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes.[10] Golf is documented as being played on Musselburgh Links, East Lothian, Scotland as early as 2 March 1672, which is certified as the oldest golf course in the world by Guinness World Records.[11][12] The oldest surviving rules of golf were compiled in March 1744 for the Company of Gentlemen Golfers, later renamed The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, which was played at Leith, Scotland.[13] The world's oldest golf tournament in existence, and golf's first major, is The Open Championship, which was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club, in Ayrshire, Scotland, with Scottish golfers winning the earliest majors.[14] Two Scotsmen from Dunfermline, John Reid and Robert Lockhart, first demonstrated golf in the US by setting up a hole in an orchard in 1888, with Reid setting up America's first golf club the same year, Saint Andrew's Golf Club in Yonkers, New York.[15]", "Golf. The modern game of golf originated in 15th century Scotland. The 18-hole round was created at the Old Course at St Andrews in 1764. Golf's first major, and the world's oldest tournament in existence, is The Open Championship, also known as the British Open, which was first played in 1860 in Ayrshire, Scotland. This is one of the four major championships in men's professional golf, the other three being played in the United States: The Masters, the U.S. Open, and the PGA Championship.", "Golf. While the modern game of golf originated in 15th-century Scotland, the game's ancient origins are unclear and much debated. Some historians[3] trace the sport back to the Roman game of paganica, in which participants used a bent stick to hit a stuffed leather ball. One theory asserts that paganica spread throughout Europe as the Romans conquered most of the continent, during the first century BC, and eventually evolved into the modern game.[4] Others cite chuiwan (\"chui\" means striking and \"wan\" means small ball) as the progenitor, a Chinese game played between the eighth and 14th centuries.[5] A Ming Dynasty scroll dating back to 1368 entitled \"The Autumn Banquet\" shows a member of the Chinese Imperial court swinging what appears to be a golf club at a small ball with the aim of sinking it into a hole. The game is thought to have been introduced into Europe during the Middle Ages. Another early game that resembled modern golf was known as cambuca in England and chambot in France.[6] The Persian game chaugán is another possible ancient origin. In addition, kolven (a game involving a ball and curved bats) was played annually in Loenen, Netherlands, beginning in 1297, to commemorate the capture of the assassin of Floris V, a year earlier.", "Golf in Scotland. The exact origins of the sport of golf are unclear. The most widely accepted theory is that the modern game of golf originated in Scotland in the High Middle Ages.[17] The first golf courses and clubs were established in the country.[18] The first written rules originated in Scotland, as did the establishment of the 18 hole course. The first tournament structures developed and competitions were held between various burghs. The modern game was spread by Scots to the rest of the world.", "Culture of the United Kingdom. The modern game of golf originated in Scotland, with the Fife town of St Andrews known internationally as the \"home of golf\".[326] and to many golfers the Old Course, an ancient links course dating to before 1574, is considered to be a site of pilgrimage.[327] In 1764, the standard 18 hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes.[328] Golf is documented as being played on Musselburgh Links, East Lothian, Scotland as early as 2 March 1672, which is certified as the oldest golf course in the world by Guinness World Records.[329] The oldest known rules of golf were compiled in March 1744 in Leith.[330] The oldest golf tournament in the world, and the first major championship in golf, The Open Championship, first took place in Ayrshire, Scotland in 1860, and today it is played on the weekend of the third Friday in July.[331] Golf's first superstar Harry Vardon, a member of the fabled Great Triumvirate who were pioneers of the modern game, won the Open a record six times. Since the 2010s, three Northern Irish golfers have had major success; Graeme McDowell, Darren Clarke and four time major winner Rory McIlroy.[332] The biennial golf competition, the Ryder Cup, is named after English businessman Samuel Ryder who sponsored the event and donated the trophy.[333] Sir Nick Faldo is the most successful Ryder Cup player ever, having won the most points (25) of any player on either the European or U.S. teams.[334]", "History of golf. In the 1850s Queen Victoria and Prince Albert built Balmoral Castle in the Scottish Highlands.[28]\nThe railways came to St Andrews in 1852.[29] By the 1860s there were fast and regular services from London to Edinburgh. The royal enthusiasm for Scotland, the much improved transport links and the writings of Sir Walter Scott caused a boom for tourism in Scotland and a wider interest in Scottish history and culture outside of the country.[30][31][32] This period also coincided with the development of the Gutty; a golf ball made of Gutta Percha which was cheaper to mass-produce, more durable and more consistent in quality and performance than the feather-filled leather balls used previously.[33] Golf began to spread across the rest of the British Isles. In 1864 the golf course at the resort of Westward Ho! became the first new club in England since Blackheath,[34] and the following year London Scottish Golf Club was founded on Wimbledon Common. In 1880 England had 12 courses, rising to 50 in 1887 and over 1000 by 1914.[35] The game in England had progressed sufficiently by 1890 to produce its first English-born Open Champion, John Ball. The game also spread further across the empire. By the 1880s golf clubs had been established in Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa. Singapore followed in 1891. Courses were also established in several continental European resorts for the benefit of British visitors.", "History of golf. The origins of golf are unclear and much debated. However, it is generally accepted that modern golf developed in Scotland from the Middle Ages onwards. The game did not find international popularity until the late 19th century, when it spread into the rest of the United Kingdom and then to the British Empire and the United States.", "Golf in Scotland. The first record of North American golf was a consignment of 96 golfclubs and 432 golf balls which was shipped from Leith to Charleston, South Carolina, in 1743;[26] and on 29 September 1786 Scottish merchants established the South Carolina Golf Club in Charleston, the first golf club in the United States.[27]", "History of golf. In 1603 James VI of Scotland succeeded to the throne of England. His son Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales and his courtiers played golf at Blackheath, London, from which the Royal Blackheath Golf Club traces its origins.[23] There is evidence that Scottish soldiers, expatriates and immigrants took the game to British colonies and elsewhere during the 18th and early 19th centuries. In the early 1770s, the first African golf course was built on Bunce Island, in Sierra Leone, by British slave traders.[24] The Royal Calcutta Golf Club (1829),[25] the Mauritius Gymkhana Club (1844)[26] and the club at Pau (1856)[27] in south western France are notable reminders of these excursions and are the oldest golf clubs outside of the British Isles. The club at Pau is the oldest in continental Europe. However, it was not until the late 19th century that Golf became more widely popular outside of its Scottish home.", "United Kingdom. Golf is the sixth most popular sport, by participation, in the UK. Although The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in Scotland is the sport's home course,[576] the world's oldest golf course is actually Musselburgh Links' Old Golf Course.[577] In 1764, the standard 18-hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes.[575] The oldest golf tournament in the world, and the first major championship in golf, The Open Championship, is played annually on the weekend of the third Friday in July.[578]", "The Open Championship. Prestwick administered The Open from 1860 to 1870. In 1871, it agreed to organise it jointly with The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews and The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. In 1892 the event was doubled in length from 36 to 72 holes, four rounds of what was by then the standard complement of 18 holes. The 1894 Open was the first held outside Scotland, at the Royal St George's Golf Club in England. Because of an increasing number of entrants, a cut was introduced after two rounds in 1898. In 1920 full responsibility for The Open Championship was handed over to The Royal & Ancient Golf Club.", "Golf course. The popularity of the 9-hole course has waned in recent decades; a full 18-hole course still allows for the player to play only the \"front nine\" or \"back nine\" as a shorter game, while attracting more golfers seeking to play a traditional full round of 18 distinct holes. Many older executive courses have been upgraded \"in-place\" to 18 holes and a traditional par score, or the original course was sold for other development and new land was acquired and built into an 18-hole course. By contrast, par-3 courses, especially Pitch and Putt, are rising in popularity as a compromise between the long play time and high skill levels required of a traditional 18-hole course, and the artificial nature and single-minded putting focus of miniature golf. Pitch and Putt, specifically its governing association the IPPA, has received financial support and logo rights from the R&A.", "History of golf. Several clubs established in the 1880s can make claim to be the oldest extant in the country,[40][41] but what is not disputed is that as a result of two competing \"National Amateur Championships\" being played in 1894, delegates from the Newport Country Club, Saint Andrew's Golf Club, Yonkers, New York, The Country Club, Chicago Golf Club, and Shinnecock Hills Golf Club met in New York City to form what was to become the United States Golf Association (USGA).[42] By 1910 there were 267 clubs.", "Scotland. With the modern game of golf originating in 15th century Scotland, the country is promoted as the home of golf.[349][350][351] To many golfers the Old Course in the Fife town of St. Andrews, an ancient links course dating to before 1574, is considered a site of pilgrimage.[352] In 1764, the standard 18-hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes.[353] The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major, is The Open Championship, which was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club, in Ayrshire, Scotland, with Scottish golfers winning the earliest majors.[354] There are many other famous golf courses in Scotland, including Carnoustie, Gleneagles, Muirfield, and Royal Troon. Other distinctive features of the national sporting culture include the Highland games, curling and shinty. In boxing, Scotland has had 13 world champions, including Ken Buchanan, Benny Lynch and Jim Watt.", "PGA European Tour. Professional golf began in Europe, specifically in Scotland. The first professionals were clubmakers and greenkeepers who also taught golf to the wealthy men who could afford to play the game (early handmade equipment was expensive) and played \"challenge matches\" against one another for purses put up by wealthy backers. The first multi-competitor stroke play tournament was The Open Championship, which was introduced in 1860. That year it was for professionals only, and it attracted a field of eight. The following year, amateurs were permitted to enter. In contrast to many other sports which originated in the United Kingdom, the amateur-professional divide never created major problems in golf, at least at the elite competitive level.", "Golf. A regular golf course consists of 18 holes, but nine-hole courses are common and can be played twice through for a full round of 18 holes.[16][17]", "Golf. Eighteen-hole courses typically total to an overall par score of 72 for a complete round; this is based on an average par of 4 for every hole, and so is often arrived at by designing a course with an equal number of par-5 and par-3 holes, the rest being par-4. Many combinations exist that total to par-72, and other course pars exist from 68 up to 76, and are not less worthy than courses of par-72. Additionally, in some countries including the United States, courses are classified according to their play difficulty, which may be used to calculate a golfer's playing handicap for a given course.[35]", "History of golf. A golf-like game is, apocryphally,[1][2] recorded as taking place on February 26, 1297, in Loenen aan de Vecht, where the Dutch played a game with a stick and leather ball. The winner was whoever hit the ball with the least number of strokes into a target several hundred yards away. Some scholars argue that this game of putting a small ball in a hole in the ground using golf clubs was also played in 17th-century Netherlands and that this predates the game in Scotland.[3]\nThere are also other reports of earlier accounts of a golf-like game from continental Europe.[4]", "PGA Championship. In 1894, with 41 golf courses operating in the United States, two unofficial national championships for amateur golfers were organized. One was held at Newport Country Club in Rhode Island, and the other at St. Andrew's Golf Club in New York. In addition, and at the same time as the amateur event, St. Andrew's conducted an Open championship for professional golfers. None of the championships was officially sanctioned by a governing body for American golf, causing considerable controversy among players and organizers. Later in 1894 this led to the formation of the United States Golf Association (USGA), which became the first formal golf organization in the country. After the formation of the USGA, golf quickly became a sport of national popularity and importance.", "Golf. Every round of golf is based on playing a number of holes in a given order. A \"round\" typically consists of 18 holes that are played in the order determined by the course layout. Each hole is played once in the round on a standard course of 18 holes. The game can be played by any number of people. Though a typical group playing will have 1-4 people playing the round. The typical amount of time required for pace of play for a 9-hole round is two hours and four hours for an 18-hole round.", "History of golf. In the postwar period, Japan's golf courses came under the control of the occupying forces. It was not until 1952 that courses started to be returned to Japanese control.[45] By 1956 there were 72 courses[47] and in 1957 Torakichi Nakamura and Koichi Ono won the Canada Cup (now World Cup) in Japan, an event that is often cited as igniting the post-war golf boom.[48] Between 1960 and 1964 the number of golf courses in Japan increased from 195 to 424. By the early 1970s there were over 1,000 courses. The 1987 Resort Law that reduced protection on agricultural land and forest preserves created a further boom in course construction[47] and by 2009 there were over 2,400 courses. The popularity of golf in Japan also caused many golf resorts to be created across the Pacific Rim.[49] The environmental effect of these recent golf booms is seen as a cause for concern by many.[47][49][50]", "Golf course. The game of golf is played in what is called a \"round\". This consists of playing a set number of holes in an order predetermined by the course. When playing on an 18-hole course, each hole is played once; whereas, on a nine-hole course each hole can be played twice to complete a round. To begin a hole, players start by striking the ball off a tee. Playing the ball off a tee can only be used on the first shot of every hole although it is not required to use a tee on the first shot. Tees are a small wooden or plastic peg used to hold the ball up, so that when hit by the club the ball travels as far as possible.", "Golf (card game). Golf (also known as Polish Polka, Polish Poker, Turtle, Hara Kiri, Poison, or Crazy Nines[1]) is a card game where players try to earn the lowest number of points (as in golf, the sport) over the course of nine deals (or \"holes\" to further use golfing terminology). It is a game for four or more players using a double-deck of 108 cards, and has little in common with its solitaire cousin.", "Golf course. A result of modern equipment is that today's players can hit the ball much farther than previously. As a result, because of demand from course customers who possess this enhanced equipment, and also out of an expressed concern for safety, golf course architects have had to lengthen and widen golf courses. Where a 7,000-yard course used to be a great rarity, courses measuring 7,500-yards are now not uncommon, and courses of 8,000-yards are being contemplated. All this has led to a ten-percent increase in the acreage required to build a typical course. At the same time, water restrictions established by communities have forced courses to limit the amount of maintained turf grass. While most modern 18-hole golf courses occupy as much as 60 hectares (150 acres) of land, the average course has 30 hectares (74 acres) of maintained turf.[15]", "Carnoustie Golf Links. Golf is recorded as having been played at Carnoustie in the early 16th century. In 1890, the 14th Earl of Dalhousie, who owned the land, sold the links to the local authority. It had no funds to acquire the property, and public fundraising was undertaken and donated to the council. The original course was of ten holes, crossing and recrossing the Barry Burn; it was designed by Allan Robertson, assisted by Old Tom Morris, and opened in 1842.[1] The opening of the coastal railway from Dundee to Arbroath in 1838 brought an influx of golfers from as far afield as Edinburgh, anxious to tackle the ancient links. This led to a complete restructuring of the course, extended in 1867 by Old Tom Morris to the 18 holes which had meanwhile become standardized. Young Tom Morris won a major open event there that same year. Two additional courses have since been added: the Burnside Course and the shorter though equally testing Buddon Links.", "History of golf. 17th Century America: In December 1650, near Fort Orange (modern city of Albany, New York), a group of four men were playing Kolf in pairs for points.[12] On July 22, 1657 several men were cited and warned not to play Kolf on Sundays.[36] On December 10, 1659 an ordinance was issued to prevent playing Kolf in the streets of Albany due to too many windows being broken.[13]", "Miniature golf. The world record on one round of minigolf is 18 strokes on 18 holes. More than a thousand players have officially achieved this score on eternite. On other playing systems a perfect round of 18 holes-in-one is extremely rare, and has never been scored in an official national or international tournament. Unofficial 18-rounds on concrete and felt courses have been reported in Sweden.[18]", "Old Course at St Andrews. The Old Course was pivotal to the development of how the game is played today. For instance, in 1764, the course had 22 holes. The members would play the same hole going out and in with the exception of the 11th and 22nd holes. The members decided that the first four and last four holes on the course were too short and should be combined into four total holes (two in and two out). St Andrews then had 18 holes and that was how the standard of 18 holes was created.[7] Around 1863, Old Tom Morris had the 1st green separated from the 17th green, producing the current 18-hole layout with seven double greens and four single greens. The Old Course is home of The Open Championship, the oldest of golf's major championships. The Old Course has hosted this major 29 times since 1873, most recently in 2015. The 29 Open Championships that the Old Course has hosted is more than any other course, and The Open is currently played there every five years." ]

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[ "Nick Bottom. Nick Bottom is a character in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream who provides comic relief throughout the play. A weaver by trade, he is famously known for getting his head transformed into that of a donkey by the elusive Puck. Bottom and Puck are the only two characters who converse with and progress the three central stories in the whole play. Puck is first introduced in the fairies' story and creates the drama of the lovers' story by messing up who loves whom, and places the donkey head on Bottom's in his story. Similarly, Bottom is performing in a play in his story intending it to be presented in the lovers' story, as well as interacting with Titania in the fairies' story.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. Meanwhile, Quince and his band of six labourers (\"rude mechanicals,\" as they are described by Puck) have arranged to perform their play about Pyramus and Thisbe for Theseus' wedding and venture into the forest, near Titania's bower, for their rehearsal. Bottom is spotted by Puck, who (taking his name to be another word for a jackass) transforms his head into that of a donkey. When Bottom returns for his next lines, the other workmen run screaming in terror: They claim that they are haunted, much to Bottom's confusion. Determined to await his friends, he begins to sing to himself. Titania, having received the love-potion, is awakened by Bottom's singing and immediately falls in love with him. She lavishes him with the attention of her and her fairies, and while she is in this state of devotion, Oberon takes the changeling. Having achieved his goals, Oberon releases Titania, orders Puck to remove the donkey's head from Bottom, and arranges everything so Helena, Hermia, Demetrius and Lysander will all believe they have been dreaming when they awaken. Puck distracts Lysander and Demetrius from fighting over Helena's love by mimicking their voices and leading them apart. Eventually, all four find themselves separately falling asleep in the glade. Once they fall asleep, Puck administers the love potion to Lysander again, claiming all will be well in the morning.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film). During the night, Helena comes across the sleeping Lysander and wakes him up while attempting to determine whether he is dead or asleep. When he lays eyes on her, Lysander immediately falls in love with Helena. Meanwhile, the mischievous Puck turns Bottom into a donkey. When Titania wakes up and lays eyes on Bottom as a donkey, she falls in love with him. Oberon finds the abandoned changeling and takes him away.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999 film). Meanwhile, an acting troupe prepares a play for the entertainment of the Duke. The leader of the actors (Roger Rees) and the actors, including a weaver named Bottom (Kevin Kline), and Francis Flute (Sam Rockwell) take their rehearsal to the forest. The mischievous Puck magically enchants Bottom with the head of an ass and Bottom is then seen by the bewitched Titania. Titania woos Bottom in her bower, attended by fairies. Oberon tires of the sport and puts all to rights, pairing Lysander back with Hermia and Demetrius with Helena, and reconciling with his own queen, Titania.", "Nick Bottom. While they are in the woods rehearsing, the fairy Puck, a mischievous sprite and minion of Oberon, king of the fairies, happens upon their rehearsal. He decides to have some fun with them, carrying out part of Oberon's orders in the process, and when Bottom exits the stage, he transforms his head into a donkey's. When Bottom returns, unaware of his own transformation, his fellow actors run away from him with Quince screaming, \"We are haunted!\" Bottom believes they are playing a prank on him, proclaiming, \"This is to make an ass of me, to fright me if they could.\" So he stays in the forest by himself and sings loudly to show them he isn't afraid. The Fairy Queen Titania is awakened by Bottom's song. She has been enchanted by a love potion, which will cause her to fall in love with the first living thing that she sees when she wakes (no matter who, or what it is), made from the juice of a rare flower, once hit by Cupid's arrow, that her husband, Oberon, King of the Fairies, spread on her eyes in an act of jealous rage. During his enchantment over her, he utters \"Wake when some vile thing is near.\" The first thing she sees when she wakes is the transformed Bottom, and she immediately falls in love with him. She even commands her fairy minions to serve and wait upon him. Later, Oberon finally releases Titania from her enchantment. After being confronted with the reality that her romantic interlude with the transformed Bottom was not just a dream, she is disgusted with the very image of him and also seems very suspicious of how \"these things came to pass.\" After Oberon instructs Puck to return Bottom's head to his human state, which Puck reluctantly does, the fairies leave him sleeping in the woods, nearby the four Athenian lovers, Demetrius, Helena, Hermia, and Lysander.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film). Oberon leads all the fairies away with the changeling at his side. Having achieved his goals, Oberon releases Titania from her spell and they leave together in love once again. Following Oberon's instructions, Puck removes the donkey's head from Bottom, and arranges everything so that Hermia, Lysander, Demetrius, and Helena all believe that they have been dreaming when they awaken. Together they return from the forest to attend the wedding of Duke Theseus and Hippolyta. When Theseus sees Hermia and her father Egeus, and seeing that Demetrius does not love Hermia any more, Theseus overrules Egeus's demands and arranges a group wedding—Hermia to marry Lysander, and Helena to marry Demetrius. The lovers decide that the previous night's events must have been a dream.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. In 1967, John A. Allen theorised that Bottom is a symbol of the animalistic aspect of humanity. He also thought Bottom was redeemed through the maternal tenderness of Titania, which allowed him to understand the love and self-sacrifice of Pyramus and Thisbe.[41] In 1968, Stephen Fender offered his own views on the play. He emphasised the \"terrifying power\"[41] of the fairies and argued that they control the play's events. They are the most powerful figures featured, not Theseus as often thought. He also emphasised the ethically ambivalent characters of the play. Finally, Fender noted a layer of complexity in the play. Theseus, Hippolyta, and Bottom have contradictory reactions to the events of the night, and each has partly valid reasons for their reactions, implying that the puzzles offered to the play's audience can have no singular answer or meaning.[42]", "Nick Bottom. Critics have commented on the profound religious implications of Bottom's speech on his awakening without the ass's head in act 4 of A Midsummer Night's Dream:", "Oberon. Furious that Titania will not give him the child, he puts juice from a magical flower into her eyes while she is asleep. The effect of the juice will cause Titania to fall in love with the first live thing she sees. Titania awakens and finds herself madly in love with Bottom, an actor from the rude mechanicals whose head was just transformed into that of a donkey, thanks to a curse from Puck.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. In 1849, Charles Knight also wrote about the play and its apparent lack of proper social stratification. He thought that this play indicated Shakespeare's maturity as a playwright, and that its \"Thesean harmony\"[34] reflects proper decorum of character. He also viewed Bottom as the best-drawn character, with his self-confidence, authority, and self-love. He argued that Bottom stands as a representative of the whole human race. Like Hazlitt he felt that the work is best appreciated when read as a text, rather than acted on stage. He found the writing to be \"subtle and ethereal\", and standing above literary criticism and its reductive reasoning.[35]", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999 film). Michael Hoffman's new film of William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (who else's?) is updated to the 19th century, set in Italy and furnished with bicycles and operatic interludes. But it is founded on Shakespeare's language and is faithful, by and large, to the original play... It's wonderful to behold Pfeiffer's infatuation with the donkey-eared Bottom, who she winds in her arms as 'doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle gently twist'; her love is so real, we almost believe it. Kline's Bottom tactfully humors her mad infatuation, good-natured and accepting. And Tucci's Puck suggests sometimes that he has a darker side, but it not so much malicious as incompetent.[5]", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film). When Oberon sees Demetrius still following Hermia, he instructs Puck to bring Helena to him while he applies the love potion to the sleeping Demetrius' eyes. Upon waking up, Demetrius sees Helena, and now both Lysander and Demetrius are in love with Helena, who is convinced that her two suitors are simply mocking her. When Hermia encounters Helena with her two suitors, she accuses Helena of stealing Lysander away from her. The four quarrel with each other until Lysander and Demetrius become so enraged that they seek a place to duel each other to prove whose love for Helena is the greatest. Oberon orders Puck to keep Lysander and Demetrius from catching up with one another and to remove the charm from Lysander. After Puck applies the potion to the sleeping Lysander's eyes, he returns to loving Hermia, while Demetrius continues to love Helena. And Titania is still in love with Bottom the donkey.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999 film). In the final part, Bottom and his troupe of \"rude Mechanicals\" perform their amateur play, based on the tragedy of Pyramus and Thisbe, before Duke Theseus (David Strathairn), his wife Hippolyta (Sophie Marceau), and the court, unintentionally producing a comedy that turns to be a tragedy.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. According to Kehler, significant 19th-century criticism began in 1808 with August Wilhelm Schlegel. Schlegel perceived unity in the multiple plot lines. He noted that the donkey's head is not a random transformation, but reflects Bottom's true nature. He identified the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe as a burlesque of the Athenian lovers.[30] In 1817, William Hazlitt found the play to be better as a written work than a staged production. He found the work to be \"a delightful fiction\"[30] but when staged, it is reduced to a dull pantomime. He concluded that poetry and the stage do not fit together.[30] Kehler finds the comment to be more of an indication of the quality of the theatrical productions available to Hazlitt, rather than a true indication of the play's supposed unsuitability to the stage. She notes that prior to the 1840s, all stage productions of this play were adaptations unfaithful to the original text.[30]", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999 film). Time Out wrote that \"this Dream is middlebrow and unashamed of it. Injecting the film with fun and pathos, Kline makes a superb Bottom; it's his play and he acts it to the hilt.\"[11]", "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream). Puck is Oberon's servant who is angry with Titania the fairy queen because he could not have the Indian boy/slave, so Puck is sent to fetch the flower that has been hit by Cupid's arrows. Puck is then instructed by Oberon to use the love flower's juices to fix the love entanglement occurring between the Athenian lovers who are on a merry chase in the forest. He mistakenly administers the charm to the sleeping Lysander instead of Demetrius. Puck provides Nick Bottom with a donkey's head so that Titania will fall in love with a beast and forget her attachment to the Changeling Boy, allowing Oberon to take the child from her. Later, Puck is ordered by Oberon to fix the mistake he has made, by producing a dark fog, leading the lovers astray within it by imitating their voices, and then applying the flower to Lysander's eyes, which will cause him to fall back in love with Hermia. The four lovers wonder if they were dreaming what took place in the forest (hence the play's title A Midsummer Night's Dream). At the end of the play (Act 5 Scene 1) Puck delivers a speech in which he addresses the audience directly, apologising for anything that might have offended them and suggesting that they pretend it was a dream:", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film). Meanwhile, Peter Quince (Frank McHugh) and his fellow players gather to produce a stage play about the cruel death of Pyramus and Thisbe in honor of the Duke and his upcoming marriage to Hippolyta (Verree Teasdale). Quince reads the names of characters and bestows them to the players. Nick Bottom (James Cagney), who is playing the main role of Pyramus, is overly-enthusiastic and suggests himself for the characters of Thisbe, the Lion, and Pyramus at the same time. He would also prefer being a tyrant and recites some lines of Ercles. Quince ends the meeting instructing his players to meet at the Duke's oak tree.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. Peter Quince and his fellow players Nick Bottom, Francis Flute, Robin Starveling, Tom Snout, and Snug plan to put on a play for the wedding of the Duke and the Queen, \"the most lamentable comedy and most cruel death of Pyramus and Thisbe.\" Quince reads the names of characters and bestows them on the players. Nick Bottom, who is playing the main role of Pyramus, is over-enthusiastic and wants to dominate others by suggesting himself for the characters of Thisbe, the Lion, and Pyramus at the same time. He would also rather be a tyrant and recites some lines of Ercles. Bottom is told by Quince that he would do the Lion so terribly as to frighten the duchess and ladies enough for the Duke and Lords to have the players hanged. Quince ends the meeting with \"at the Duke's oak we meet.\"", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. The fairies then disappear, and Theseus and Hippolyta arrive on the scene, during an early morning hunt. They wake the lovers and, since Demetrius no longer loves Hermia, Theseus over-rules Egeus's demands and arranges a group wedding. The lovers decide that the night's events must have been a dream. After they exit, Bottom awakes, and he too decides that he must have experienced a dream \"past the wit of man.\"", "The Wishing-Table, the Gold-Ass, and the Cudgel in the Sack. The second son goes to work for a miller. His master gives him a magical donkey who is able to produce gold out of its mouth and behind. Just like the oldest son the second son decides to travel home and happens to visit the same inn his brother did. He too demonstrates the powers of the donkey to the innkeeper who once again steals the animal at night and replaces it with a normal donkey, without the son being aware of what happened. When the son arrives home and tries to show the powers of the donkey instead of gold pieces landing on the cloth, it is droppings like an ordinary donkey, which upsets his father once again.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film). That night at the wedding, they all watch Bottom and his fellow players perform Pyramus and Thisbe. Unprepared as they are, the performers are so terrible playing their roles, the guests laugh as if it were meant to be a comedy. Before the encore, the guests sneak away and retire to bed. Afterwards, Oberon, Titania, Puck, and the other fairies enter, and bless the house and its occupants with good fortune. After everyone leaves, Puck suggests to the audience that what they just experienced might be nothing but a dream.", "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream). Puck is a clever, mischievous fairy, sprite or jester that personifies the wise knave. In the play, Shakespeare introduces Puck as the \"shrewd and knavish sprite\" and \"that merry wanderer of the night\". Puck is the one who is first introduced in the fairies' story and creates the drama of the lovers' story by breaking up a young couple lost in an enchanted forest, as well as by replacing Bottom's head with that of an ass. Similarly, Bottom is performing in a play intended to be presented as a lover's story, as well as interacting with Titania\ntwice in the opening dialogue of Act 2 Scene 1 as \"he\".", "Nick Bottom. Steven Doloff also suggests that Bottom's humorous and foolish performance at the end of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" mimics a passage from the previous chapter of Corinthians:", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. In 1837, William Maginn produced essays on the play. He turned his attention to Theseus' speech about \"the lunatic, the lover, and the poet\"[a] and to Hippolyta's response to it. He regarded Theseus as the voice of Shakespeare himself and the speech as a call for imaginative audiences. He also viewed Bottom as a lucky man on whom Fortune showered favours beyond measure. He was particularly amused by the way Bottom reacts to the love of the fairy queen: completely unfazed. Maginn argued that \"Theseus would have bent in reverent awe before Titania. Bottom treats her as carelessly as if she were the wench of the next-door tapster.\"[32] Finally, Maginn thought that Oberon should not be blamed for Titania's humiliation, which is the result of an accident. He viewed Oberon as angry with the \"caprices\"[32] of his queen, but unable to anticipate that her charmed affections would be reserved for a weaver with a donkey's head.[32]", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. Some of the interpretations of the play have been based on psychology and its diverse theories. In 1972, Alex Aronson argued that Theseus represents the conscious mind and Puck represents the unconscious mind. Puck, in this view, is a guise of the unconscious as a trickster, while remaining subservient to Oberon. Aronson thought that the play explores unauthorised desire and linked it to the concept of fertility. He viewed the donkey and the trees as fertility symbols. The lovers' sexual desires are symbolised in their forest encounters.[50] In 1973, Melvin Goldstein argued that the lovers can not simply return to Athens and wed. First, they have to pass through stages of madness (multiple disguises), and discover their \"authentic sexual selves\".[50] In 1979, Norman N. Holland applied psychoanalytic literary criticism to the play. He interpreted the dream of Hermia as if it was a real dream. In his view, the dream uncovers the phases of Hermia's sexual development. Her search for options is her defence mechanism. She both desires Lysander and wants to retain her virginity.[50]", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. During the years of the Puritan Interregnum when the theatres were closed (1642–60), the comic subplot of Bottom and his compatriots was performed as a droll. Drolls were comical playlets, often adapted from the subplots of Shakespearean and other plays, that could be attached to the acts of acrobats and jugglers and other allowed performances, thus circumventing the ban against drama. When the theatres re-opened in 1660, A Midsummer Night's Dream was acted in adapted form, like many other Shakespearean plays. Samuel Pepys saw it on 29 September 1662 and thought it \"the most insipid, ridiculous play that ever I saw ...\"[53]", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. The 20th century brought new insights into the play. In 1961, Elizabeth Sewell argued that Shakespeare aligns himself not with the aristocrats of the play, but with Bottom and the artisans. It is their task to produce a wedding entertainment, precisely the purpose of the writer on working in this play.[39] Also in 1961, Frank Kermode wrote on the themes of the play and their literary sources. He counted among them fantasy, blind love, and divine love. He traced these themes to the works of Macrobius, Apuleius, and Giordano Bruno. Bottom also briefly alludes to a passage from the First Epistle to the Corinthians by Paul the Apostle, dealing with divine love.[39][b]", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. In 1987, Jan Lawson Hinely argued that this play has a therapeutic value. Shakespeare in many ways explores the sexual fears of the characters, releases them, and transforms them. And the happy ending is the reestablishment of social harmony. Patriarchy itself is also challenged and transformed, as the men offer their women a loving equality, one founded on respect and trust. She even viewed Titania's loving acceptance of the donkey-headed Bottom as a metaphor for basic trust. This trust is what enables the warring and uncertain lovers to achieve their sexual maturity.[52] In 1988, Allen Dunn argued that the play is an exploration of the characters' fears and desires, and that its structure is based on a series of sexual clashes.[52]", "A Midsummer Night's Dream. In 1863, Charles Cowden Clarke also wrote on this play. Kehler notes he was the husband of famous Shakespearean scholar Mary Cowden Clarke. Charles was more appreciative of the lower-class mechanicals of the play. He commented favourably on their individualisation and their collective richness of character. He thought that Bottom was conceited but good natured, and shows a considerable store of imagination in his interaction with the representatives of the fairy world. He also argued that Bottom's conceit was a quality inseparable from his secondary profession, that of an actor.[36]", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999 film). In 19th century Monte Athena, in the Kingdom of Italy, young lovers Lysander (Dominic West) and Hermia (Anna Friel) are forbidden to marry by her father Egeus (Bernard Hill), who has promised Hermia to Demetrius (Christian Bale). Lysander and Hermia make plans to flee to the forest to escape the arrangement. Demetrius follows them, having been made aware of the plan by Helena (Calista Flockhart), a young woman who is desperately in love with him. Once in the forest, they wander into the fairy world, ruled by Oberon (Rupert Everett) and Titania (Michelle Pfeiffer), King and Queen of the fairies. Oberon and his servant sprite Puck (Stanley Tucci) cause mayhem among the lovers with a magic potion that causes both Lysander and Demetrius to fall in love with Helena, leading to a rift between all four that culminates (famously in this adaptation) in a mud-wrestling scene. Oberon then bewitches Titania with the same potion.", "Nick Bottom. He wakes up after the lovers leave. His first thought is that he has fallen asleep in the woods during rehearsal and has missed his cue. He quickly realises he has had \"a most rare vision\". He is amazed by the events of this dream, and soon begins to wonder if it was in fact a dream at all. He quickly decides that he will \"get Peter Quince to write a ballad of this dream\", and that \"it shall be called 'Bottom's Dream,' because it hath no Bottom\". Upon being reunited with his friends, he is not even able to utter what has happened and says \"For if I tell you, I am no true Athenian\".", "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999 film). Michael Hoffman's fussy production of A Midsummer Night's Dream is just such a parade of incongruities, with performances ranging from the sublime to the you-know-what ... Not even Michelle Pfeiffer's commanding loveliness as the fairy queen Titania, and her ability to speak of such things as 'my bower' with perfect ease, can offset the decision to have the actors grapple awkwardly with bicycles ... The hoodwinked characters of A Midsummer Night's Dream are meant to be mismatched much of the time. But not like this. The distraught Helena, played as a hand-waving, eye-rolling ditz by Calista Flockhart, hardly fits into the same film with David Strathairn's reserved Duke Theseus, or with Rupert Everett as a slinky Oberon. Everett, like the inspired Kevin Kline as the ham actor Bottom, is utterly at ease with this material in ways that many other cast members are not ... Though West and especially Ms. Friel approach their roles with gratifying ease, Bale is once again given the cheesecake treatment and little occasion to rise above it. This production tarts up the play any way it can ... The theatrical carryings-on of Bottom and company provide the film's best attempts at comedy. Staging a play about Pyramus and Thisbe with a troupe including Bill Irwin, Roger Rees and Sam Rockwell (as the beauteous heroine), Bottom's acting company delights its late-19th-century audience in ways Hoffman's film can only occasionally manage. In a completely unexpected turn, Rockwell moves the sceptical and bemused audience to tears as he performs Thisbe's scene reacting to the death of Pyramus, proving that he alone among the band of actors has any real talent for the craft.[4]" ]

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[ "Book of Exodus. The book tells how the Israelites leave slavery in Egypt through the strength of Yahweh, the God who has chosen Israel as his people. Led by their prophet Moses they journey through the wilderness to Mount Sinai, where Yahweh promises them the land of Canaan (the \"Promised Land\") in return for their faithfulness. Israel enters into a covenant with Yahweh who gives them their laws and instructions to build the Tabernacle, the means by which he will come here from heaven and dwell with them and lead them in a holy war to possess the land, and then give them peace.", "Book of Exodus. The story of the exodus is the founding myth of Israel, telling how the Israelites were delivered from slavery by Yahweh and therefore belong to him through the Mosaic covenant.[10] The Book of Exodus is not a historical narrative in any modern sense:[11] modern history writing requires the critical evaluation of sources, and does not accept God as a cause of events,[12] but in Exodus, everything is presented as the work of God, who appears frequently in person, and the historical setting is only very hazily sketched.[13] The purpose of the book is not to record what really happened, but to reflect the historical experience of the exile community in Babylon and later Jerusalem, facing foreign captivity and the need to come to terms with their understanding of God.[14]", "The Exodus. The story of the Exodus is told in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, the last four of the five books of the Torah (also called the Pentateuch). It tells of the events that befell the Israelites following the death of Joseph, their departure from Egypt, and their wanderings in the wilderness, including the revelations at Sinai, up to their arrival at the borders of Canaan.[2] The story begins with the Israelites in slavery in Egypt.[8] Moses leads them out of Egypt and through the wilderness to Mount Sinai, where Yahweh reveals himself and offers them a Covenant: they are to keep his torah (i.e. law, instruction), and in return he will be their God and give them the land of Canaan.[8] The Book of Leviticus records the laws of God.[8] The Book of Numbers tells how the Israelites, led now by their God, journey on from Sinai towards Canaan, but when their spies report that the land is filled with giants they refuse to go on and Yahweh condemns them to remain in the desert until the generation that left Egypt passes away.[8] After thirty-eight years at the oasis of Kadesh Barnea the next generation travel on to the borders of Canaan, where Moses addresses them for the final time and gives them further laws.[8] The Exodus ends with the death of Moses on Mount Nebo and his burial by God, while the Israelites prepare for the conquest of the land.[8]", "Book of Exodus. Jacob's sons and their families join their brother, Joseph, in Egypt. Once there, the Israelites begin to grow in number. Egypt's Pharaoh, fearful that the Israelites could be a fifth column, forces the Israelites into slavery and orders that all newborn boys be thrown into the Nile. A Levite woman (identified elsewhere as Jochebed) saves her baby by setting him adrift on the river Nile in an ark of bulrushes. The Pharaoh's daughter finds the child, names him Moses, and brings him up as her own. But Moses is aware of his origins, and one day, when grown, he kills an Egyptian overseer who is beating a Hebrew slave and has to flee into Midian. There he marries Zipporah, the daughter of Midianite priest Jethro, and encounters God in a burning bush. Moses asks God for his name: God replies: \"I AM that I AM.\" God tells Moses to return to Egypt and lead the Hebrews into Canaan, the land promised to Abraham.", "Torah. Exodus begins the story of God's revelation to his people of Israel through Moses, who leads them out of Egypt (Exodus 1–18) to Mount Sinai. There the people accept the covenant with God, agreeing to be his people and abide by his holy Law, in return for his agreeing to be their God, and protect and defend them from their enemies, and provide for them and make them prosper. Moses receives the Torah from God, and teaches His laws and Covenant (Exodus 19–24) to the people of Israel. It also talks about the first violation of the covenant when the Golden Calf was constructed (Exodus 32–34). Exodus includes the instructions on building the Tabernacle and concludes with its actual construction (Exodus 25–31; 35–40).", "Book of Exodus. The Book of Exodus or, simply, Exodus (from Ancient Greek: ἔξοδος, éxodos, meaning \"going out\"; Hebrew: וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמוֹת‬, we'elleh shəmōṯ, \"These are the names\", the beginning words of the text: \"These are the names of the sons of Israel\" Hebrew: וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמֹות בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל‬), is the second book of the Torah and the Hebrew Bible (the Old Testament) immediately following Genesis.[1]", "Book of Exodus. The heart of Exodus is the Sinaitic covenant.[19] A covenant is a legal document binding two parties to take on certain obligations towards each other.[20] There are several covenants in the Bible, and in each case they exhibit at least some of the elements found in real-life treaties of the ancient Middle East: a preamble, historical prologue, stipulations, deposition and reading, list of witnesses, blessings and curses, and ratification by animal sacrifice.[21] Biblical covenants, in contrast to Eastern covenants in general, are between a god, Yahweh, and a people, Israel, instead of between a strong ruler and a weaker vassal.[22]", "The Exodus. The Exodus (from Greek ἔξοδος exodos, \"going out\"; Hebrew: יְצִיאַת מִצְרָיִם‎ yetzi'at mitzrayim) is the founding, or etiological, myth of Israel, telling how the Israelites were delivered from slavery by Yahweh and therefore belong to him through the Mosaic covenant.[1][a] Spread over the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, it tells of the events that befell the Israelites following the death of Joseph, their departure from Egypt, and their wanderings in the wilderness, including the revelations at Sinai, up to their arrival at the borders of Canaan.[2]", "The Exodus. Despite the Bible's internal dating of the Exodus to the 2nd millennium BCE, details point to a 1st millennium date for the composition of the Book of Exodus: Ezion-Geber (one of the Stations of the Exodus), for example, dates to a period between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE with possible further occupation into the 4th century BCE,[52] and those place-names on the Exodus route which have been identified – Goshen, Pithom, Succoth, Ramesses and Kadesh Barnea – point to the geography of the 1st millennium rather than the 2nd.[53]", "Book of Leviticus. The Book of Leviticus (/lɪˈvɪtɪkəs/) is the third book of the Torah and the third book of the Old Testament. The book addresses all the people of Israel (1:2) though some passages specifically address the priests (6:8). Most of its chapters (1–7, 11–27) consist of God's speeches to Moses which he is commanded to repeat to the Israelites. This takes place within the story of the Israelites' Exodus after they escaped Egypt and reached Mt. Sinai (Exodus 19:1). The Book of Exodus narrates how Moses led the Israelites in building the Tabernacle (Exodus 35–40) based on God's instructions (Exodus 25–31). Then in Leviticus, God tells the Israelites and their priests how to make offerings in the Tabernacle and how to conduct themselves while camped around the holy tent sanctuary. Leviticus takes place during the month or month-and-a-half between the completion of the Tabernacle (Exodus 40:17) and the Israelites' departure from Sinai (Numbers 1:1, 10:11).", "Book of Exodus. Moses returns to Egypt and fails to convince the Pharaoh to release the Israelites. God smites the Egyptians with 10 terrible plagues (Plagues of Egypt) including a river of blood, many frogs, and the death of first-born sons. Moses leads the Israelites out of bondage after a final chase when the Pharaoh reneges on his coerced consent (Crossing the Red Sea and Yam Suph). The desert proves arduous, and the Israelites complain and long for Egypt, but God provides manna and miraculous water for them. The Israelites arrive at the mountain of God, where Moses' father-in-law Jethro visits Moses; at his suggestion Moses appoints judges over Israel. God asks whether they will agree to be his people. They accept. The people gather at the foot of the mountain, and with thunder and lightning, fire and clouds of smoke, and the sound of trumpets, and the trembling of the mountain, God appears on the peak, and the people see the cloud and hear the voice [or possibly \"sound\"] of God. Moses is told to ascend the mountain. God pronounces the Ten Commandments (the Ethical Decalogue) in the hearing of all Israel. Moses goes up the mountain into the presence of God, who pronounces the Covenant Code (a detailed code of ritual and civil law), and promises Canaan to them if they obey. Moses comes down the mountain and writes down God's words and the people agree to keep them. God calls Moses up the mountain where he remains for 40 days and 40 nights. At the conclusion of the 40 days and 40 nights, Moses returns holding the set of stone tablets.", "Book of Exodus. The second half of Exodus marks the point at which, and describes the process through which, God's theophany becomes a permanent presence for Israel via the Tabernacle. That so much of the book (chapters 25–31, 35–40) is spent describing the plans of the Tabernacle demonstrates the importance it played in the perception of Second Temple Judaism at the time of the text's redaction by the Priestly writers: the Tabernacle is the place where God is physically present, where, through the priesthood, Israel could be in direct, literal communion with him.[18]", "Book of Exodus. There is no unanimous agreement among scholars on the structure of Exodus. One strong possibility is that it is a diptych (i.e., divided into two parts), with the division between parts 1 and 2 at the crossing of the Red Sea or at the beginning of the theophany (appearance of God) in chapter 19.[5] On this plan, the first part tells of God's rescue of his people from Egypt and their journey under his care to Sinai (chapters 1–19) and the second tells of the covenant between them (chapters 20–40).[6]", "Book of Exodus. Although mythical elements are not so prominent in Exodus as in Genesis, ancient legends have an influence on the book's content: for example, the story of the infant Moses's salvation from the Nile is based on an earlier legend of king Sargon of Akkad, while the story of the parting of the Red Sea trades on Mesopotamian creation mythology. Similarly, the Covenant Code (the law code in Exodus 20:22–23:33) has some similarities in both content and structure with the Laws of Hammurabi. These influences serve to reinforce the conclusion that the Book of Exodus originated in the exiled Jewish community of 6th-century BCE Babylon, but not all the sources are Mesopotamian: the story of Moses's flight to Midian following the murder of the Egyptian overseer may draw on the Egyptian Story of Sinuhe.[15]", "Book of Exodus. Traditionally ascribed to Moses himself, modern scholarship sees the book as initially a product of the Babylonian exile (6th century BCE), based on earlier written and oral traditions, with final revisions in the Persian post-exilic period (5th century BCE).[2][3] Carol Meyers in her commentary on Exodus suggests that it is arguably the most important book in the Bible, as it presents the defining features of Israel's identity: memories of a past marked by hardship and escape, a binding covenant with God, who chooses Israel, and the establishment of the life of the community and the guidelines for sustaining it.[4]", "Exodus: Gods and Kings. During the exodus from Egypt, the Hebrews follow Moses' original path through the desert and towards the Red Sea. Still grieving for his son, Ramesses decides to go after the Hebrews with his army. After making their way through a dangerous mountain pass, Moses and the Hebrews arrive at the edge of the sea, uncertain about what to do. Out of despair, Moses flings his sword into the sea, which begins to recede. Ramesses and his army pursue the Hebrews, but Moses stays behind to confront them. The Red Sea reverts to its normal state, drowning the majority of the Egyptians (crossing the Red Sea). Moses survives and makes his way back to the Hebrews. Ramesses is revealed to have survived, but he is distraught over the destruction of his army. Moses leads the Hebrews back to Midian, where he reunites with Zipporah and Gershom. At Mount Sinai, after seeing Malak's displeasure at the Hebrews' construction of the Golden Calf, Moses transcribes the Ten Commandments. Years later, an elderly Moses riding with the Ark of the Covenant sees Malak walking with the Hebrews through the desert.", "The Exodus. The Torah lists the places where the Israelites rested. A few of the names at the start of the itinerary, including Ra'amses, Pithom and Succoth, are reasonably well identified with archaeological sites on the eastern edge of the Nile Delta,[53] as is Kadesh-Barnea, where the Israelites spend 38 years after turning back from Canaan, but other than that very little is certain. The crossing of the Red Sea has been variously placed at the Pelusic branch of the Nile, anywhere along the network of Bitter Lakes and smaller canals that formed a barrier toward eastward escape, the Gulf of Suez (SSE of Succoth) and the Gulf of Aqaba (S of Ezion-Geber), or even on a lagoon on the Mediterranean coast. The Biblical Mount Sinai is identified in Christian tradition with Jebel Musa in the south of the Sinai Peninsula, but this association dates only from the 3rd century CE and no evidence of the Exodus has been found there.[66]", "Stations of the Exodus. The Stations of the Exodus are the 42 locations visited by the Israelites following their exodus from Egypt, recorded in (Numbers 33, with variations also recorded in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy).", "Book of Numbers. Numbers begins at Mount Sinai, where the Israelites have received their laws and covenant from God and God has taken up residence among them in the sanctuary.[3] The task before them is to take possession of the Promised Land. The people are counted and preparations are made for resuming their march. The Israelites begin the journey, but they \"murmur\" at the hardships along the way, and about the authority of Moses and Aaron. For these acts, God destroys approximately 15,000 of them through various means. They arrive at the borders of Canaan and send spies into the land. Upon hearing the spies' fearful report concerning the conditions in Canaan, the Israelites refuse to take possession of it. God condemns them to death in the wilderness until a new generation can grow up and carry out the task. The book ends with the new generation of Israelites in the Plain of Moab ready for the crossing of the Jordan River.[4]", "Book of Exodus. Israel is elected for salvation because the \"sons of Israel\" are \"the firstborn son\" of the God of Israel, descended through Shem and Abraham to the chosen line of Jacob whose name is changed to Israel. The goal of the divine plan as revealed in Exodus is a return to humanity's state in Eden, so that God can dwell with the Israelites as he had with Adam and Eve through the Ark and Tabernacle, which together form a model of the universe; in later Abrahamic religions this came to be interpreted as Israel being the guardian of God's plan for humanity, to bring \"God's creation blessing to mankind\" begun in Adam.[23]", "Book of Exodus. Biblical scholars describe the Bible's theologically-motivated history writing as \"salvation history\", meaning a history of God's saving actions that give identity to Israel – the promise of offspring and land to the ancestors, the exodus from Egypt (in which God saves Israel from slavery), the wilderness wandering, the revelation at Sinai, and the hope for the future life in the promised land.[12]", "The Exodus. Scholars broadly agree that the first publication of the Pentateuch (the Exodus story) took place in the mid-Persian period (approximately 450-400 BCE).[12] There are two important hypotheses explaining the background to this, the first being Persian Imperial authorization, the idea that the post-exilic community needed a legal basis on which to function within the Persian Imperial system,[13] and while this theory as originally proposed has been effectively demolished, the question of the relationship between the Persian authorities and events in Jerusalem remains a valid one.[14] The second theory proposes that the Exodus story was composed as an \"identity card\" for the Persian-era Jewish community, defining who belonged to \"Israel.\"[15] In either case the Exodus is a \"charter myth\" for Israel, telling how Israel was delivered from slavery by Yahweh and therefore belongs to him through the covenant.[1]", "Exodus: Gods and Kings. In 1300 BC, Moses, a general and accepted member of the Egyptian royal family, prepares to attack the Hittite army with Prince Ramesses, likely the Battle of Kadesh. A High Priestess of Sekhmet (the war goddess) divines a prophecy from animal intestines, which she relates to Ramesses' father, Seti I. She tells the two men of the prophecy, in which one (of Moses and Ramesses) will save the other and become a leader. During the attack on the Hittites, Moses saves Ramesses' life, leaving both men troubled. Later, Moses is sent to the city of Pithom to meet with the Viceroy Hegep, who oversees the Hebrew slaves. Upon his arrival, he encounters the slave Joshua, who is a descendant of Joseph, and Moses is appalled by the horrific conditions of the slaves. Shortly afterwards, Moses meets Nun, who informs him of his true lineage; he is the child of Hebrew parents who was sent by his sister Miriam to be raised by Pharaoh's daughter. Moses is stunned at the revelation and leaves angrily. However, two Hebrews also overhear Nun's story and report their discovery to Hegep.", "The Exodus. The chronology of the Exodus story likewise underlines its essentially religious rather than historical nature. The number seven was sacred to Yahweh in Judaism, and so the Israelites arrive at the Sinai Peninsula, where they will meet Yahweh, at the beginning of the seventh week after their departure from Egypt,[57] while the erection of the Tabernacle, Yahweh's dwelling-place among his people, occurs in the year 2666 after Yahweh creates the world, two-thirds of the way through a four thousand year era which culminates in or around the re-dedication of the Second Temple in 164 BCE.[58][59]", "Book of Numbers. Numbers is the culmination of the story of Israel's exodus from oppression in Egypt and their journey to take possession of the land God promised their fathers. As such it draws to a conclusion the themes introduced in Genesis and played out in Exodus and Leviticus: God has promised the Israelites that they shall become a great (i.e. numerous) nation, that they will have a special relationship with Yahweh their god, and that they shall take possession of the land of Canaan. Numbers also demonstrates the importance of holiness, faithfulness and trust: despite God's presence and his priests, Israel lacks faith and the possession of the land is left to a new generation.[2]", "Book of Exodus. While Moses is with God, Aaron makes a golden calf, which the people worship. God informs Moses of their apostasy and threatens to kill them all, but relents when Moses pleads for them. Moses comes down from the mountain, smashes the stone tablets in anger, and commands the Levites to massacre the unfaithful Israelites. God commands Moses to make two new tablets on which He will personally write the words that were on the first tablets. Moses ascends the mountain, God dictates the Ten Commandments (the Ritual Decalogue), and Moses writes them on the tablets.", "Mosaic authorship. The Torah (or Pentateuch, as biblical scholars sometimes call it) is the collective name for the first five books of the Bible - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.[13][Notes 1] It forms the charter myth of Israel, the story of the people's origins and the foundations of their culture and institutions,[14] and it is a fundamental principle of Judaism that the relationship between God and his chosen people was set out on Mount Sinai through the Torah.[15]", "Crossing the Red Sea. General scholarly opinion is that the Exodus story combines a number of traditions, one of them at the \"Reed Sea\" (Lake Timsah, with the Egyptians defeated when the wheels of their chariots become clogged) and another at the far deeper Red Sea, allowing the more dramatic telling of events.[9]", "Biblical Mount Sinai. According to the Book of Exodus, Mount Sinai (Hebrew: הר סיני, Har Sinai) is the mountain at which the Ten Commandments were given to Moses by God. In the Book of Deuteronomy, these events are described as having transpired at Mount Horeb. \"Sinai\" and \"Horeb\" are generally considered to refer to the same place by scholars.[1]", "The Exodus. In another version of this story, Manetho tells how 80,000 lepers and other \"impure people\", led by a priest named Osarseph, join forces with the former Hyksos, now living in Jerusalem, to take over Egypt. They wreak havoc until eventually the pharaoh and his son chase them out to the borders of Syria, where Osarseph gives the lepers a law-code and changes his name to Moses, although the identification of Osarseph with Moses in the second account may be a later addition.[35][36] Josephus vehemently disagreed with the claim that the Israelites were connected with Manetho's story about Osarseph and the lepers. The stories told by Hecataeus and Manetho seems to be related in some way to that of the Exodus, although it is impossible to tell whether they both bear witness to historical events, or Manetho is a polemical response to the Exodus story, or the Exodus story a response to the Egyptian stories.[37]", "The Exodus. The consensus of modern scholars is that the Bible does not give an accurate account of the origins of Israel.[38] There is no indication that the Israelites ever lived in Ancient Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula shows almost no sign of any occupation for the entire 2nd millennium BCE, and even Kadesh-Barnea, where the Israelites are said to have spent 38 years, was uninhabited prior to the establishment of the Israelite monarchy.[39] Such elements as could be fitted into the 2nd millennium could equally belong to the 1st, and are consistent with a 1st millennium BCE writer trying to set an old story in Egypt.[40] So while a few scholars, notably Kenneth Kitchen and James K. Hoffmeier, continue to discuss the historicity, or at least plausibility, of the story, arguing that the Egyptian records have been lost or suppressed or that the fleeing Israelites left no archaeological trace or that the huge numbers are mistranslated, the majority have abandoned the investigation as \"a fruitless pursuit\".[41][42]", "Biblical Mount Sinai. The southern Sinai Peninsula contains archaeological discoveries but to place them with the exodus from Egypt is a daunting task inasmuch as the proposed dates of the Exodus vary so widely. The Exodus has been dated from the Early Bronze Age to the Late Iron Age II.[44][45]" ]

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[ "Direct-sequence spread spectrum. A method of achieving the spreading of a given signal is provided by the modulation scheme. With DSSS, the message signal is used to modulate a bit sequence known as a Pseudo Noise (PN) code; this PN code consists of a radio pulse that is much shorter in duration (larger bandwidth) than the original message signal. This modulation of the message signal scrambles and spreads the pieces of data, and thereby resulting in a bandwidth size nearly identical to that of the PN sequence.[1] In this context, the duration of the radio pulse for the PN code is referred to as the chip duration. The smaller this duration, the larger the bandwidth of the resulting DSSS signal; more bandwidth multiplexed to the message signal results in better resistance against interference.[1][2]", "Direct-sequence spread spectrum. In telecommunications, direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a spread spectrum modulation technique used to reduce overall signal interference. The spreading of this signal makes the resulting wideband channel more noisy, allowing for greater resistance to unintentional and intentional interference.[1]", "Direct-sequence spread spectrum. While for useful process gain the transmitted DSSS signal must occupy much wider bandwidth than simple amplitude modulation of the original signal alone would require, its frequency spectrum can be somewhat restricted for spectrum economy by a conventional analog bandpass filter to give a roughly bell-shaped envelope centered on the carrier frequency. In contrast, frequency-hopping spread spectrum which pseudo-randomly re-tunes the carrier, instead of adding pseudo-random noise to the data, requires a uniform frequency response since any bandwidth shaping would cause amplitude modulation of the signal by the hopping code.", "Network switching subsystem. In the GSM mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier analogue services, fax and data information is sent digitally encoded directly to the MSC. Only at the MSC is this re-coded into an \"analogue\" signal (although actually this will almost certainly mean sound is encoded digitally as a pulse-code modulation (PCM) signal in a 64-kbit/s timeslot, known as a DS0 in America).", "Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance. CSMA/CA performance is based largely upon the modulation technique used to transmit the data between nodes. Studies show that under ideal propagation conditions (simulations), direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) provides the highest throughput for all nodes on a network when used in conjunction with CSMA/CA and the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS exchange under light network load conditions. Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) follows distantly behind DSSS with regard to throughput with a greater throughput once network load becomes substantially heavy. However, the throughput is generally the same under real world conditions due to radio propagation factors.[4]", "Direct-sequence spread spectrum. Some practical and effective uses of DSSS include the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) channel access method and the IEEE 802.11b specification used in Wi-Fi networks.[3][4]", "Modulation. Pulse modulation schemes aim at transferring a narrowband analog signal over an analog baseband channel as a two-level signal by modulating a pulse wave. Some pulse modulation schemes also allow the narrowband analog signal to be transferred as a digital signal (i.e., as a quantized discrete-time signal) with a fixed bit rate, which can be transferred over an underlying digital transmission system, for example, some line code. These are not modulation schemes in the conventional sense since they are not channel coding schemes, but should be considered as source coding schemes, and in some cases analog-to-digital conversion techniques.", "IEEE 802.15.4. The 2006 revision improves the maximum data rates of the 868/915 MHz bands, bringing them up to support 100 and 250 kbit/s as well. Moreover, it goes on to define four physical layers depending on the modulation method used. Three of them preserve the DSSS approach: in the 868/915 MHz bands, using either binary or offset quadrature phase shift keying (the second of which is optional); in the 2450 MHz band, using the latter. An alternative, optional 868/915 MHz layer is defined using a combination of binary keying and amplitude shift keying (thus based on parallel, not sequential spread spectrum, PSSS). Dynamic switching between supported 868/915 MHz PHYs is possible.", "Direct-sequence spread spectrum. If an undesired transmitter transmits on the same channel but with a different PN sequence (or no sequence at all), the de-spreading process has reduced processing gain for that signal. This effect is the basis for the code division multiple access (CDMA) property of DSSS, which allows multiple transmitters to share the same channel within the limits of the cross-correlation properties of their PN sequences.", "Electronic engineering. Digital communication systems: pulse-code modulation (PCM), differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM), digital modulation – amplitude, phase- and frequency-shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched-filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes, GSM, TDMA.[24][25]", "IEEE 802.15.4. The original 2003 version of the standard specifies two physical layers based on direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) techniques: one working in the 868/915 MHz bands with transfer rates of 20 and 40 kbit/s, and one in the 2450 MHz band with a rate of 250 kbit/s.", "Single-sideband modulation. The Kahn CSSB method was also briefly used by Airphone as the modulation method employed for early consumer telephone calls that could be placed from an aircraft to ground. This was quickly supplanted by digital modulation methods to achieve even greater spectral efficiency.", "Power electronics. The second CSI modulation category, SHE is also similar to its VSI counterpart. Utilizing the gating signals developed for a VSI and a set of synchronizing sinusoidal current signals, results in symmetrically distributed shorting pulses and, therefore, symmetrical gating patterns. This allows any arbitrary number of harmonics to be eliminated.[4] It also allows control of the fundamental line current through the proper selection of primary switching angles. Optimal switching patterns must have quarter-wave and half-wave symmetry, as well as symmetry about 30 degrees and 150 degrees. Switching patterns are never allowed between 60 degrees and 120 degrees. The current ripple can be further reduced with the use of larger output capacitors, or by increasing the number of switching pulses.[5]", "Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System. CTCSS is an analog system. A later Digital-Coded Squelch (DCS) system was developed by Motorola under the trademarked name Digital Private Line (DPL). General Electric responded with the same system under the name of Digital Channel Guard (DCG). The generic name is CDCSS (Continuous Digital-Coded Squelch System). The use of digital squelch on a channel that has existing tone squelch users precludes the use of the 131.8 and 136.5 Hz tones as the digital bit rate is 134.4 bits per second and the decoders set to those two tones will sense an intermittent signal (referred to in the two-way radio field as \"falsing\" the decoder).[1]", "Synchronous optical networking. Recent digital cross connect systems (DCSs or DXCs) support numerous high-speed signals, and allow for cross-connection of DS1s, DS3s and even STS-3s/12c and so on, from any input to any output. Advanced DCSs can support numerous subtending rings simultaneously.", "Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. In EGPRS/EDGE, the Modulation and Coding Schemes MCS-1 to MCS-9 take the place of the Coding Schemes of GPRS, and additionally specify which modulation scheme is used, GMSK or 8PSK.[4] MCS-1 through MCS-4 use GMSK and have performance similar (but not equal) to GPRS, while MCS-5 through MCS-9 use 8PSK.[4] In all EGPRS Modulation and Coding Schemes, a convolutional code of rate 1/3 is used, and puncturing is used to achieve the desired code rate.[4] In contrast to GPRS, the Radio Link Control (RLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) headers and the payload data are coded separately in EGPRS.[4] The headers are coded more robustly than the data.[4]", "Single-sideband modulation. A second, and perhaps more correct, definition of \"compatible single sideband\" (CSSB) refers to a form of amplitude and phase modulation in which the carrier is transmitted along with a series of sidebands that are predominantly above or below the carrier term. Since phase modulation is present in the generation of the signal, energy is removed from the carrier term and redistributed into the sideband structure similar to that which occurs in analog frequency modulation. The signals feeding the phase modulator and the envelope modulator are further phase-shifted by 90° with respect to each other. This places the information terms in quadrature with each other; the Hilbert transform of information to be transmitted is utilized to cause constructive addition of one sideband and cancellation of the opposite primary sideband. Since phase modulation is employed, higher-order terms are also generated. Several methods have been employed to reduce the impact (amplitude) of most of these higher-order terms. In one system, the phase-modulated term is actually the log of the value of the carrier level plus the phase-shifted audio/information term. This produces an ideal CSSB signal, where at low modulation levels only a first-order term on one side of the carrier is predominant. As the modulation level is increased, the carrier level is reduced while a second-order term increases substantially in amplitude. At the point of 100% envelope modulation, 6 dB of power is removed from the carrier term, and the second-order term is identical in amplitude to carrier term. The first-order sideband has increased in level until it is now at the same level as the formerly unmodulated carrier. At the point of 100% modulation, the spectrum appears identical to a normal double-sideband AM transmission, with the center term (now the primary audio term) at a 0 dB reference level, and both terms on either side of the primary sideband at −6 dB. The difference is that what appears to be the carrier has shifted by the audio-frequency term towards the \"sideband in use\". At levels below 100% modulation, the sideband structure appears quite asymmetric. When voice is conveyed by a CSSB source of this type, low-frequency components are dominant, while higher-frequency terms are lower by as much as 20 dB at 3 kHz. The result is that the signal occupies approximately 1/2 the normal bandwidth of a full-carrier, DSB signal. There is one catch: the audio term utilized to phase-modulate the carrier is generated based on a log function that is biased by the carrier level. At negative 100% modulation, the term is driven to zero (0), and the modulator becomes undefined. Strict modulation control must be employed to maintain stability of the system and avoid splatter. This system is of Russian origin and was described in the late 1950s. It is uncertain whether it was ever deployed.", "Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. In addition to Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), EDGE uses higher-order PSK/8 phase shift keying (8PSK) for the upper five of its nine modulation and coding schemes. EDGE produces a 3-bit word for every change in carrier phase. This effectively triples the gross data rate offered by GSM. EDGE, like GPRS, uses a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) according to the quality of the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. It introduces a new technology not found in GPRS, Incremental Redundancy, which, instead of retransmitting disturbed packets, sends more redundancy information to be combined in the receiver. This increases the probability of correct decoding.", "Modulation. The aim of pulse modulation methods is to transfer a narrowband analog signal, for example, a phone call over a wideband baseband channel or, in some of the schemes, as a bit stream over another digital transmission system.", "DSL modem. A DSL modem modulates high-frequency tones for transmission to a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM), and receives and demodulates them from the DSLAM. It serves fundamentally the same purpose as the voice-band modem that was a mainstay in the late 20th century, but differs from it in important ways.", "Multiplexing. Digital bit streams can be transferred over an analog channel by means of code-division multiplexing techniques such as frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).", "T-carrier. 56 kbit/s DS0 channels are associated with digital data service (DDS) services typically do not utilize the eighth bit of the DS0 as voice circuits that employ A&B out of band signaling. One exception is Switched 56kbit/s DDS. In DDS, bit eight is used to identify DTE request to send (RTS) condition. With Switched 56 DDS, bit eight is pulsed (alternately set to logical ZERO and ONE) to transmit two state dial pulse signaling information between a SW56 DDS CSU/DSU, and a digital end office switch.", "Modulation. In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a discrete signal. Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in the carrier signal are chosen from a finite number of M alternative symbols (the modulation alphabet).", "Airband. Alternative analog modulation schemes are under discussion, such as the \"CLIMAX\"[15] multi-carrier system and offset carrier techniques to permit more efficient utilization of spectrum.", "Pulse-amplitude modulation. Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), is a form of signal modulation where the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulse. It is an analog pulse modulation scheme in which the amplitudes of a train of carrier pulses are varied according to the sample value of the message signal. Demodulation is performed by detecting the amplitude level of the carrier at every single period.", "Class-D amplifier. The 2-level waveform is derived using pulse-width modulation (PWM), pulse density modulation (sometimes referred to as pulse frequency modulation), sliding mode control (more commonly called \"self-oscillating modulation\" in the trade.[1]) or discrete-time forms of modulation such as delta-sigma modulation.[2]", "Single-sideband modulation. The generation of standard SSB modulation results in large envelope overshoots well above the average envelope level for a sinusoidal tone (even when the audio signal is peak-limited). The standard SSB envelope peaks are due to truncation of the spectrum and nonlinear phase distortion from the approximation errors of the practical implementation of the required Hilbert transform. It was recently shown that suitable overshoot compensation (so-called controlled-envelope single-sideband modulation or CESSB) achieves about 3.8 dB of peak reduction for speech transmission. This results in an effective average power increase of about 140%.[11] Although the generation of the CESSB signal can be integrated into the SSB modulator, it is feasible to separate the generation of the CESSB signal (e.g. in form of an external speech preprocessor) from a standard SSB radio. This requires that the standard SSB radio's modulator be linear-phase and have a sufficient bandwidth to pass the CESSB signal. If a standard SSB modulator meets these requirements, then the envelope control by the CESSB process is preserved.[12]", "DOCSIS. BPI/SEC is intended to prevent cable users from listening to each other. It does this by encrypting data flows between the CMTS and the cable modem. BPI and BPI+ use 56-bit DES encryption, while SEC adds support for 128-bit AES. All versions provide for periodic key refreshes (at a period configured by the network operator) in order to increase the level of protection.", "Modulation. The most common digital modulation techniques are:", "Power electronics. Carrier-based techniques used for VSIs can also be implemented for CSIs, resulting in CSI line currents that behave in the same way as VSI line voltages. The digital circuit utilized for modulating signals contains a switching pulse generator, a shorting pulse generator, a shorting pulse distributor, and a switching and shorting pulse combiner. A gating signal is produced based on a carrier current and three modulating signals.[4]", "Public switched telephone network. The call is carried over the PSTN using a 64 kbit/s channel, originally designed by Bell Labs. The name given to this channel is Digital Signal 0 (DS0). The DS0 circuit is the basic granularity of circuit switching in a telephone exchange. A DS0 is also known as a timeslot because DS0s are aggregated in time-division multiplexing (TDM) equipment to form higher capacity communication links.", "Modulation. The most fundamental digital modulation techniques are based on keying:" ]

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[ "Weather satellite. Geostationary weather satellites orbit the Earth above the equator at altitudes of 35,880 km (22,300 miles). Because of this orbit, they remain stationary with respect to the rotating Earth and thus can record or transmit images of the entire hemisphere below continuously with their visible-light and infrared sensors. The news media use the geostationary photos in their daily weather presentation as single images or made into movie loops. These are also available on the city forecast pages of www.noaa.gov (example Dallas, TX).[11]", "Weather satellite. Visible-light images from weather satellites during local daylight hours are easy to interpret even by the average person; clouds, cloud systems such as fronts and tropical storms, lakes, forests, mountains, snow ice, fires, and pollution such as smoke, smog, dust and haze are readily apparent. Even wind can be determined by cloud patterns, alignments and movement from successive photos.[9]", "Weather satellite. The United States Department of Defense's Meteorological Satellite (DMSP) can \"see\" the best of all weather vehicles with its ability to detect objects almost as 'small' as a huge oil tanker. In addition, of all the weather satellites in orbit, only DMSP can \"see\" at night in the visual. Some of the most spectacular photos have been recorded by the night visual sensor; city lights, volcanoes, fires, lightning, meteors, oil field burn-offs, as well as the Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis have been captured by this 450-mile-high space vehicle's low moonlight sensor.", "Weather satellite. Meteorological satellites see more than clouds and cloud systems: city lights, fires, effects of pollution, auroras, sand and dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents, energy flows, etc. Other types of environmental information are collected using weather satellites. Weather satellite images helped in monitoring the volcanic ash cloud from Mount St. Helens and activity from other volcanoes such as Mount Etna.[2] Smoke from fires in the western United States such as Colorado and Utah have also been monitored.", "Satellite imagery. Because the total area of the land on Earth is so large and because resolution is relatively high, satellite databases are huge and image processing (creating useful images from the raw data) is time-consuming.[citation needed] Depending on the sensor used, weather conditions can affect image quality: for example, it is difficult to obtain images for areas of frequent cloud cover such as mountain-tops. For such reasons, publicly available satellite image datasets are typically processed for visual or scientific commercial use by third parties.", "Weather satellite. El Niño and its effects on weather are monitored daily from satellite images. The Antarctic ozone hole is mapped from weather satellite data. Collectively, weather satellites flown by the U.S., Europe, India, China, Russia, and Japan provide nearly continuous observations for a global weather watch.", "Satellite imagery. All satellite images produced by NASA are published by NASA Earth Observatory and are freely available to the public. Several other countries have satellite imaging programs, and a collaborative European effort launched the ERS and Envisat satellites carrying various sensors. There are also private companies that provide commercial satellite imagery. In the early 21st century satellite imagery became widely available when affordable, easy to use software with access to satellite imagery databases was offered by several companies and organizations.", "Weather satellite. In addition to monitoring city lights, these photos are a life saving asset in the detection and monitoring of fires. Not only do the satellites see the fires visually day and night, but the thermal and infrared scanners on board these weather satellites detect potential fire sources below the surface of the Earth where smoldering occurs. Once the fire is detected, the same weather satellites provide vital information about wind that could fan or spread the fires. These same cloud photos from space tell the firefighter when it will rain.", "Geostationary orbit. A worldwide network of operational geostationary meteorological satellites is used to provide visible and infrared images of Earth's surface and atmosphere. These satellite systems include:", "Satellite imagery. Satellite images have many applications in meteorology, oceanography, fishing, agriculture, biodiversity conservation, forestry, landscape, geology, cartography, regional planning, education, intelligence and warfare. Images can be in visible colors and in other spectra. There are also elevation maps, usually made by radar images. Interpretation and analysis of satellite imagery is conducted using specialized remote sensing software.", "Weather satellite. In remote areas of the world with few local observers, fires could rage out of control for days or even weeks and consume millions of acres before authorities are alerted. Weather satellites can be a tremendous asset in such situations. Nighttime photos also show the burn-off in gas and oil fields. Atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles have been taken by weather satellites since 1969.[17]", "The Blue Marble. The EPIC science team plans to upload 13 new color images per day on their website. The color balance has been adjusted to approximate an image that could be seen with the average human eye. In addition to images, scientific information will be uploaded as it becomes available after in-flight calibration is complete. The science information will be ozone and aerosol amounts, cloud reflectivity, cloud height, and vegetation information. The EPIC instrument views the Earth from sunrise in the west to sunset in the east 12 to 13 times per day as the Earth rotates at 15 degrees of longitude per hour. Clearly visible are storms forming over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, major slowly moving \"cloud rivers\", dust aerosol plumes from Africa, the sun's reflection in the oceans, ship exhaust tracks in the clouds, rivers and lakes, and the variegated land surface patterns especially in the African deserts. The spatial resolution of the color images is about 10 km, and the resolution of the science products will be about 20 km. Once every three months, lunar images are obtained that are the same as those viewed from Earth during our full Moon. On occasion, the other side of the Moon will appear in the Earth images as the Moon crosses in front of the Earth.", "Weather satellite. The thermal or infrared images recorded by sensors called scanning radiometers enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. Infrared satellite imagery can be used effectively for tropical cyclones with a visible eye pattern, using the Dvorak technique, where the difference between the temperature of the warm eye and the surrounding cold cloud tops can be used to determine its intensity (colder cloud tops generally indicate a more intense storm).[10] Infrared pictures depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream which are valuable to the shipping industry. Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea. Even El Niño phenomena can be spotted. Using color-digitized techniques, the gray shaded thermal images can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information.", "The Blue Marble. In 2002, NASA released an extensive set of satellite-captured imagery, including prepared images suitable for direct human viewing, as well as complete sets suitable for use in preparing further works.[17] At the time, 1 km/pixel was the most detailed imagery available for free, and permitted for reuse[18] without a need for extensive preparatory work to eliminate cloud cover and conceal missing data, or to parse specialized data formats. The data also included a similarly manually assembled cloud-cover and night-lights image sets, at lower resolutions.", "Satellite imagery. The Meteosat-2 geostationary weather satellite began operationally to supply imagery data on 16 August 1981. Eumetsat has operated the Meteosats since 1987.", "Weather satellite. The weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. Satellites can be polar orbiting, covering the entire Earth asynchronously, or geostationary, hovering over the same spot on the equator.[1]", "Weather satellite. Polar orbiting weather satellites circle the Earth at a typical altitude of 850 km (530 miles) in a north to south (or vice versa) path, passing over the poles in their continuous flight. Polar orbiting weather satellites are in sun-synchronous orbits, which means they are able to observe any place on Earth and will view every location twice each day with the same general lighting conditions due to the near-constant local solar time. Polar orbiting weather satellites offer a much better resolution than their geostationary counterparts due their closeness to the Earth.", "Satellite imagery. Earth Resource Observation Satellites, better known as “EROS” satellites, are lightweight, low earth orbiting, high-resolution satellites designed for fast maneuvering between imaging targets. In the commercial high-resolution satellite market, EROS is the smallest very high resolution satellite; it is very agile and thus enables very high performances. The satellites are deployed in a circular sun-synchronous near polar orbit at an altitude of 510 km (+/- 40 km).\nEROS satellites imagery applications are primarily for intelligence, homeland security and national development purposes but also employed in a wide range of civilian applications, including: mapping, border control, infrastructure planning, agricultural monitoring, environmental monitoring, disaster response, training and simulations, etc.", "Atmosphere of Earth. On October 19, 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/. The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and show Earth as it rotates during a day.[44]", "Sea surface temperature. The satellite-measured SST provides both a synoptic view of the ocean and a high frequency of repeat views,[16] allowing the examination of basin-wide upper ocean dynamics not possible with ships or buoys. NASA's (National Aeronautic and Space Administration) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) SST satellites have been providing global SST data since 2000, available with a one-day lag. NOAA's GOES (Geostationary Orbiting Earth Satellites) satellites are geo-stationary above the Western Hemisphere which enables to them to deliver SST data on an hourly basis with only a few hours of lag time.", "Weather satellite. At the same time, energy use and city growth can be monitored since both major and even minor cities, as well as highway lights, are conspicuous. This informs astronomers of light pollution. The New York City Blackout of 1977 was captured by one of the night orbiter DMSP space vehicles.", "Satellite imagery. Satellite imagery (also Earth observation imagery or spaceborne photography) are images of Earth or other planets collected by imaging satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world. Satellite imaging companies sell images by licensing them to governments and businesses such as Apple Maps and Google Maps.", "Geographic information system. GIS technology and the availability of digital data on regional and global scales enable such analyses. The satellite sensor output used to generate a vegetation graphic is produced for example by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). This sensor system detects the amounts of energy reflected from the Earth's surface across various bands of the spectrum for surface areas of about 1 square kilometer. The satellite sensor produces images of a particular location on the Earth twice a day. AVHRR and more recently the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are only two of many sensor systems used for Earth surface analysis. More sensors will follow, generating ever greater amounts of data.", "Communications satellite. Fixed Service Satellites use the C band, and the lower portions of the Ku band. They are normally used for broadcast feeds to and from television networks and local affiliate stations (such as program feeds for network and syndicated programming, live shots, and backhauls), as well as being used for distance learning by schools and universities, business television (BTV), Videoconferencing, and general commercial telecommunications. FSS satellites are also used to distribute national cable channels to cable television headends.", "Weather satellite. Even pollution whether it is nature-made or man-made can be pinpointed. The visual and infrared photos show effects of pollution from their respective areas over the entire earth. Aircraft and rocket pollution, as well as condensation trails, can also be spotted. The ocean current and low level wind information gleaned from the space photos can help predict oceanic oil spill coverage and movement. Almost every summer, sand and dust from the Sahara Desert in Africa drifts across the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean. GOES-EAST photos enable meteorologists to observe, track and forecast this sand cloud. In addition to reducing visibilities and causing respiratory problems, sand clouds suppress hurricane formation by modifying the solar radiation balance of the tropics. Other dust storms in Asia and mainland China are common and easy to spot and monitor, with recent examples of dust moving across the Pacific Ocean and reaching North America.", "PSLV-C37. Imagery from the primary satellite, Cartosat-2D, is used for various land information system and geographical information system applications in India.[1] Data collected by the two Indian nanosatellites—the INS-1A and INS-1B—will be used by ISRO's Space Applications Centre and the Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems.[13] The Dove satellites from the US are used to photograph the Earth for commercial, environmental, and humanitarian purposes.[20] Eight LEMUR satellites, weighing 4.6 kilograms (10 lb) each, carried two different payloads, namely SENSE for vessel tracking purposes and STRATOS for atmospheric measurements.[21] Al Farabi-1 satellite built by the students of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Nayif-1 satellite built by the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, and PEASSS satellite built by an all-European consortium of Partners, are technology demonstrator satellites whereas DIDO-2 built by SpacePharma from Switzerland is a micro-research satellite.[1] BGUSAT (Ben Gurion University SATellite)[22] built by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) in cooperation with Ben Gurion University[1] is designed as a research satellite. The satellites objectives are to explore atmospheric and weather phenomena in the infrared wavelength by imaging atmospheric gaseous contents and atmospheric glow.[23]", "Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite. The SXI provides high-cadence monitoring of large scale solar structures to support the Space Environment Services Center's (SESC) mission. The SXI unit on GOES-13, however, was damaged by a solar flare in 2006. The SESC, as the nation's \"space weather\" service, receives, monitors, and interprets a wide variety of solar-terrestrial data. It also issues reports, alerts, and forecasts for special events such as solar flares or geomagnetic storms. This information is important to the operation of military and civilian radio wave and satellite communication and navigation systems. The information also is important to electric power networks, the missions of geophysical explorers, Space Station astronauts, high-altitude aviators, and scientific researchers.", "Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite. Satellite data is broadcast on the L-band, and received at the NOAA Command and Data Acquisition ground station at Wallops Island, Virginia[21] from which it is disseminated to users. Additionally, anyone may receive data directly from the satellites by utilizing a small dish, and processing the data with special software.[22]", "The Blue Marble. The nighttime views were obtained with the new satellite's \"day-night band\" of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), which detects light in a range of wavelengths from green to near-infrared, and uses filtering techniques to observe dim signals such as city lights, gas flares, auroras, wildfires, and reflected moonlight. Auroras, fires, and other stray light have been removed in the case of the Black Marble images to emphasize the city lights.[29] The images have been used to study the spatial distribution of economic activity, to select sites for astronomical observatories, and to monitor human activities around protected areas.[29]", "Weather satellite. The ESSA and NOAA polar orbiting satellites followed suit from the late 1960s onward. Geostationary satellites followed, beginning with the ATS and SMS series in the late 1960s and early 1970s, then continuing with the GOES series from the 1970s onward. Polar orbiting satellites such as QuikScat and TRMM began to relay wind information near the ocean's surface starting in the late 1970s, with microwave imagery which resembled radar displays, which significantly improved the diagnoses of tropical cyclone strength, intensification, and location during the 2000s and 2010s.", "Weather satellite. As early as 1946, the idea of cameras in orbit to observe the weather was being developed. This was due to sparse data observation coverage and the expense of using cloud cameras on rockets. By 1958, the early prototypes for TIROS and Vanguard (developed by the Army Signal Corps) were created.[3] The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2, was launched on February 17, 1959.[4] It was designed to measure cloud cover and resistance, but a poor axis of rotation and its elliptical orbit kept it from collecting a notable amount of useful data. The Explorer VI and VII satellites also contained weather-related experiments.[3]", "Surveillance. On May 25, 2007 the U.S. Director of National Intelligence Michael McConnell authorized the National Applications Office (NAO) of the Department of Homeland Security to allow local, state, and domestic Federal agencies to access imagery from military intelligence Reconnaissance satellites and Reconnaissance aircraft sensors which can now be used to observe the activities of U.S. citizens. The satellites and aircraft sensors will be able to penetrate cloud cover, detect chemical traces, and identify objects in buildings and \"underground bunkers\", and will provide real-time video at much higher resolutions than the still-images produced by programs such as Google Earth.[114][115][116][117][118][119]" ]

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[ "Battle of Badr. The Battle of Badr (Arabic: غزوة بدر‎‎), fought on Tuesday, 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan, 2 AH in the Islamic calendar) in the Hejaz region of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia), was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish[1] in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention, or by secular sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran. All knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, recorded in written form some time after the battle. There is little evidence outside of these of the battle. There are no descriptions of the battle prior to the 9th Century.[2]", "Battle of Badr. Prior to the battle, the Muslims and the Meccans had fought several smaller skirmishes in late 623 and early 624. Badr, however, was the first large-scale engagement between the two forces. Advancing to a strong defensive position, Muhammad's well-disciplined force broke the Meccan lines, killing several important Quraishi leaders including the Muslims' chief antagonist", "Battle of Uhud. Marching out from Mecca towards Medina on 10 December AD 624, the Meccans desired to avenge their losses at Badr and strike back at Muhammad and his followers. The Muslims readied for war soon afterwards and the two armies fought on the slopes and plains of Mount Uhud.", "Battle of Uhud. The battle was fought on Saturday, 22 December 624 (7 Shawwal AH 3 in the Islamic calendar) at the valley located in front of Mount Uhud.[5] It occurred between a force from the Muslim community of Medina led by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and a force led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb from Mecca, the town from which many of the Muslims had previously emigrated. The Battle of Uhud was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, preceded by the Battle of Badr in 624, where a small Muslim army had defeated a larger Meccan army.", "Medina. The Battle of Badr was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca.", "Battle of Badr. The Quranic Verse 22:39[10] uttered by Muhammad sometime shortly after the migration permitted Muslims, for the first time, to take up arms in defence. During this period Muhammad employed three broad military strategies against the Meccans. Firstly, to establish peace treaties with the tribes surrounding Medina, especially with those from whom the Meccans could derive most advantage against the Muslims. Secondly, to dispatch small groups to obtain intelligence on the Quraish and their allies and also provide, thereby, an opportunity for those Muslims still living in Mecca to leave with them. Thirdly, to intercept the trade caravans of the Meccans that passed close to Medina and to obstruct their trade route.[11][12] In September 623, Muhammad himself led a force of 200 in an unsuccessful raid against a large caravan.[citation needed] Shortly thereafter, the Meccans launched their own raid against Medina led by Kurz bin Jabir and fled with livestock belonging to the Muslims.[13] In January 624, Muhammad dispatched a group of eight men to Nakhlah, on the outskirts of Mecca, led by Abdullah bin Jahsh to obtain intelligence on the Quraysh.[14][15] However, Abdullah bin Jash and his party disguised as Pilgrims with shaved heads, upon being discovered by a Meccan caravan, decided to attack and kill as many of the caravan as possible, resulting in killing one of its men, Amr bin Al-Hadrami, the seizing of its goods and taking two as prisoners.[16] The situation was all the more serious since the killing occurred in the month of Rajab, a truce month sacred to the Meccans in which fighting was prohibited and a clear affront to Arab traditions. Upon their return to Medina, Muhammad initially disapproved of this decision on their part, rebuked them and refused to take any spoil until he claimed to have received revelation (Quran, 2:217) stating that the Meccan persecution was worse than this violation of the sacred month. After his revelation Muhammed took the goods and the prisoners.[17][18][19][20] The Muslims' raids on caravans prompted the Battle of Badr, the first major battle involving a Muslim army. This was the spot where the Meccans had sent their own army to protect their caravans from Muslim raiders.[21][22]", "Battle of Uhud. The following year on 10 December 624, with Abu Sufyan at the helm, the Meccans—anxious to avenge their defeat at Badr—raised another force numbering 3,000 and set out for the Muslim base in Medina. Rather than attacking Medina itself, which was populated by numerous strongholds that would have required long sieges to overcome, they camped on the pastures north of the city, hoping that the Muslims would come out to meet them.[11][12] According to the early Muslim historian Ibn Ishaq, a number of Meccan women are said to have accompanied Abu Sufyan's army to provide vocal support, including Hind bint Utbah, his wife.[13]", "War in Afghanistan (2001–present). The Battle of Kandahar was part of an offensive named after the Battle of Bad'r that took place on 13 March 624, between Medina and Mecca. The Battle followed an April 30 announcement that the Taliban would launch their Spring offensive.[267]", "Battle of Badr. At midnight on 13 March, the Quraish broke camp and marched into the valley of Badr. It had rained the previous day and they struggled to move their horses and camels up the hill of 'Aqanqal. After they descended from 'Aqanqal, the Meccans set up another camp inside the valley. While they rested, they sent out a scout, Umayr ibn Wahb to reconnoitre the Muslim lines. Umayr reported that Muhammad's army was small, and that there were no other Muslim reinforcements which might join the battle.[36] However, he also predicted extremely heavy Quraishi casualties in the event of an attack (One hadith refers to him seeing \"the camels of [Medina] laden with certain death\").[37]", "Islam and war. Major battles in the history of Islam arose between the Meccans and the Muslims; one of the most important to the latter was the Battle of Badr in 624 AD.[2][page needed] This Muslim victory over polytheists showed \"demonstration of divine guidance and intervention on behalf of Muslims, even when outnumbered.\"[3] Other early battles included battles in Uhud (625), Khandaq (627), Mecca (630) and Hunayn (630). These battles, especially Uhud and Khandaq, were unsuccessful in comparison to the Battle of Badr.[2][page needed] In relating this battle, the Qu'ran states that Allah sent an \"unseen army of angels\" that helped the Muslims defeat the Meccans.[4][page needed]", "Battle of Badr. By this time Muhammad's companions were approaching the wells where he planned to either waylay the caravan, or to fight the Meccan army at Badr, along the Syrian trade route where the caravan would be expected to stop or the Meccan army to come for its protection. However, several Muslim scouts were discovered by scouts from the caravan[28] and Abu Sufyan made a hasty turn towards Yanbu.[29]", "Battle of Uhud. The Battle of Uhud (Arabic: غزوة أحد‎ Ġhazwat 'Uḥud) was a battle between the early Muslims and their Quraish Meccan enemies in AD 624 in the northwest of the Arabian peninsula. Many Muslims were killed and the battle was considered a setback for the Muslims.", "Muhammad in Islam. A key battle in the early days of Islam, the Battle of Badr was the first large-scale battle between the nascent Islamic community of Medina and their opponent Quraysh of Mecca where the Muslims won a decisive victory. The battle has some background. In 2 AH (623 CE) in the month of Rajab, a Muslim patrolling group attacked a Quraysh trading caravan killing its elite leader Amr ibn Hazrami. The incident happening in a sacred month displeased Muhammad, and enraged the Quraysh to a greater extent.[16][110] The Quran however neutralizes the effect saying that bloodshed in sacred month is obviously prohibited, but Quraysh paganism, persecuting on the Meccan converts, and preventing people from the Sacred Mosque are greater sins (Quran 2:217). Traditional sources say that upon receiving intelligence of a richly laden trading caravan of the Quraysh returning from Syria to Mecca, Muhammad took it as a good opportunity to strike a heavy blow on Meccan power by taking down the caravan in which almost all the Meccan people had invested.[111][112] With full liberty to join or stay back, Muhammad amassed some 313 inadequately prepared men furnished with only two horses and seventy camels, and headed for a place called Badr. Meanwhile, Abu Sufyan, the leader of the caravan, got the information of Muslim march, changed his route towards south-west along Red sea, and send out a messenger, named Damdam ibn Umar, to Mecca asking for immediate help. The messenger exaggerated the news in a frenzy style of old Arab custom, and misinterpreted the call for protecting the caravan as a call for war.[113][114]", "Battle of Badr. The battle began with champions from both armies emerging to engage in combat. Three of the Ansar emerged from the Muslim ranks, only to be shouted back by the Meccans, who were nervous about starting any unnecessary feuds and only wanted to fight the Quraishi Muslims. So Hamza approached forward and called on Ubayda and Ali to join him. The Muslims dispatched the Meccan champions in a three-on-three melee. Hamza killed his opponent Utba ibn Rabi'ah; Ali killed his opponent Walid ibn Utba; Ubayda was wounded by his opponent Shaybah ibn Rabi'ah, but eventually killed him. So this was a victorious traditional 3 on 3 combat for the Muslims.[citation needed]", "Islam. All the tribes signed the agreement to defend Medina from all external threats and to live in harmony amongst themselves. Within a few years, two battles took place against the Meccan forces: first, the Battle of Badr in 624 – a Muslim victory, and then a year later, when the Meccans returned to Medina, the Battle of Uhud, which ended inconclusively.", "Battle of Badr. The Badr wells were located on the gentle slope of the eastern side of a valley called \"Yalyal\". The western side of the valley was hemmed in by a large hill called 'Aqanqal. When the Muslim army arrived from the east, Muhammad initially chose to form his army at the first well he encountered. Hubab ibn al-Mundhir, however, asked him if this choice was divine instruction or Muhammad's own opinion. When Muhammad responded in the latter, Hubab suggested that the Muslims occupy the well closest to the Quraishi army, and block off the other ones. Muhammad accepted this decision and moved right away.[citation needed]", "Battle of Badr. This battle is also mentioned in the Sunni Hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari and Sunan Abu Dawud. Sahih al-Bukhari mentions that Uthman did not join the battle:", "Battle of Uhud. Muhammad had preached the religion of Islam in Mecca from 613 to 622. He had attracted a small community of followers, but also drew staunch opposition from the rest of the Quraysh, the tribe that ruled Mecca and to which he belonged. The Muslims fled Mecca in 622 after years of persecution and established themselves at Medina (formerly known as Yathrib; Medina means City). The Quraysh had seized the properties and families of Muslims in Mecca and dispatched caravans to Damascus which the Muslims intercepted and raided. The Meccans sent out a small army to punish the Muslims and stop their raiding. At the Battle of Badr in 623, a small Muslim force defeated the much larger Meccan army.[7]", "Battle of Badr. The Battle of Badr is one of the few battles explicitly discussed in the Quran. It is even mentioned by name as part of a comparison with the Battle of Uhud.", "Battle of Badr. Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:369", "Battle of the Trench. After their expulsion from Mecca, the Muslims fought the Meccan Quraysh at the Battle of Badr in 624,[7] and at the Battle of Uhud in 625.[8] Although the Muslims neither won nor were defeated at the Battle of Uhud, their military strength was gradually growing. In April 626 Muhammad raised a force of 300 men and 10 horses to meet the Quraysh army of 1,000 at Badr for the second time. Although no fighting occurred, the coastal tribes were impressed with Muslim power. Muhammad also tried, with limited success, to break up many alliances against the Muslim expansion. Nevertheless, he was unable to prevent the Meccan one.[9]", "Battle of Badr. It is also mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2716", "Battle of Badr. According to Abdullah Yusuf Ali, the term \"gratitude\" may be a reference to discipline. At Badr, the Muslim forces had allegedly maintained firm discipline, whereas at Uhud they broke ranks to pursue the Meccans, allowing Meccan cavalry to flank and rout their army. The idea of Badr as a furqan, an Islamic miracle, is mentioned again in the same surah.", "Battle of Badr. Fourteen Muslims were killed in that battle.", "Battle of Badr. Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 CE into the Quraish tribe. After Muhammad's revelation from Gabriel in 610 until his proclamation of monotheism to the Quraysh,Islam was practiced primarily in secret. The Quraiysh, who traditionally accepted religious practices other than their own, became increasingly more intolerant of the Muslims during the thirteen years of personal attacks against their (the Meccans) religions and gods.[6] In fear for their religion and economic viability, which heavily relied on annual pilgrimages, the Meccans began to mock and disrupt Muhammad's followers. In 622, Muhammad bade many of his followers to migrate from Mecca to the neighboring city of Medina, 320 km (200 mi) north of Mecca. Shortly thereafter, Muhammad himself left for Medina.[7][8] This migration is referred to as the Hijra.[9]", "Battle of Badr. Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:359", "Battle of Badr. The other major beneficiary of the Battle of Badr was Abu Sufyan. The death of Amr ibn Hashim, as well as many other Quraishi nobles[52] gave Abu Sufyan the opportunity, almost by default, to become chief of the Quraish. As a result, when Muhammad marched into Mecca six years later, it was Abu Sufyan who helped negotiate its peaceful surrender. Abu Sufyan subsequently became a high-ranking official in the Muslim Empire, and his son Muawiya would later go on to found the Umayyad Caliphate.", "Battle of Badr. The Battle of Badr was extremely influential in the rise of two men who would determine the course of history on the Arabian peninsula for the next century. The first was Muhammad, who was transformed overnight from a Meccan outcast into a major leader. Marshall Hodgson adds that Badr forced the other Arabs to \"regard the Muslims as challengers and potential inheritors to the prestige and the political role of the [Quraish].\" Shortly thereafter he expelled the Banu Qaynuqa, one of the Jewish tribes at Medina that had been threatening his political position, and who had assaulted a Muslim woman which led to their expulsion for breaking the peace treaty. At the same time Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy, Muhammad's chief opponent in Medina, found his own position seriously weakened. Henceforth, he would only be able to mount limited challenges to Muhammad.[51]", "Battle of Uhud. al-Badri = veteran of Badr", "Battle of Badr. After the battle Muhammad returned to Medina. Some seventy prisoners were taken captive and are noted to have been treated humanely including a number of Quraish leaders.[43][44] Most of the prisoners were released upon payment of ransom and those who were literate were released on the condition that they teach ten persons how to read and write and this teaching was to count as their ransom.[45][46]", "Khalid ibn al-Walid. Khalid entered Syria in June 634 and quickly captured the border forts of Sawa, Arak, Palmyra, al-Sukhnah, al-Qaryatayn and Hawarin. The latter two were captured after the Battle of Qaryatayn and the Battle of Hawarin. After subduing these desert forts, Khalid's army moved towards Bosra, a town near the Syria-Arabia border and the capital of the Arab Christian Ghassanid kingdom, a vassal of the eastern Byzantine Empire. He bypassed Damascus while crossing a mountain pass which is now known as \"Sanita-al-Uqab\" (\"the Uqab pass\") after the name of Khalid's army standard. On his way at Maraj-al-Rahat, Khalid routed a Ghassanid army in the brief Battle of Marj-al-Rahat.[68]", "Battle of Badr. When the Quraishi reached Juhfah, just south of Badr, they received a message from Abu Sufyan telling them the caravan was safely behind them, and that they could therefore return to Mecca.[33] At this point, according to Karen Armstrong, a power struggle broke out in the Meccan army. Abu Jahl wanted to continue, but several of the clans present, including Banu Zuhrah and Banu Adi, promptly went home. Armstrong suggests they may have been concerned about the power that Abu Jahl would gain from crushing the Muslims. The Banu Hashim tribe wanted to leave, but was threatened by Abu Jahl to stay.[34] Despite these losses, Abu Jahl was still determined to fight, boasting \"We will not go back until we have been to Badr.\" During this period, Abu Sufyan and several other men from the caravan joined the main army.[35]" ]

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[ "Double (basketball). A triple-double is the accumulation of a double-digit number total in three of the five categories in a game. The most common way to achieve a triple-double is through points, rebounds, and assists. Oscar Robertson leads the all-time NBA list with 181 career triple-doubles and is, with Russell Westbrook, one of only two players ever to average a triple-double for a season. Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple-doubles in a season with 42.", "Double (basketball). Quadruple-doubles have only been possible since the 1973–74 season, when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals. It is often speculated by observers that other all-time greats, namely Oscar Robertson (all time triple-doubles leader with 181[85][86]), Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple-doubles.[82] West's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple-double with 44 points, 12 rebounds, 10 assists and 10 blocks.[87] A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple-double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics, when he had 24 points, 32 rebounds, 13 assists and 12 blocks.[88]", "Double (basketball). Special double-doubles are rare. One such double-double is called double double-double (also referred to as 20–20 or Double-20). It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game.[4][5][6] Another such double-double is called a triple double-double (also referred to as 30–30).[7] The only player in NBA history to record a 40-40 is Wilt Chamberlain, who achieved the feat eight times in his career. Of the five instances, four were recorded in his rookie season, and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game. Wilt Chamberlain also holds the record for most career double-doubles (regular season and playoffs) with 1111. Tim Duncan is second with 1005, followed by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar with 1004.", "Jason Kidd. Kidd's ability to pass and rebound made him a regular triple-double threat, and he retired ranked third all-time in the NBA for regular season triple-doubles with a career total of 107[1] and second in playoff triple-doubles with a career total of 11.[2] He ranks second on the NBA all-time lists in career assists and steals and ninth on the 3-point field goals made category.[3]", "Talk:Quadruple-double. As far as quintuple doubles go, Andrei Kirilenko is the closest, in one sense. As far as I know, no player other than him has ever recorded more than 5 each of points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks all in one game. He has recorded 5 or more a few times and one time even recorded at least 6 in all five stats in the same game. Again, this data is from basketball-reference.com. The thing is, he doesn't have all box scores as far back as 73-74 when steals and blocks were started. But, of all the box scores he does have, Andrei is the only one with five sixes. This is the link to all \"five-by-fives\", as they are called on other sites I've found, from the data he has which probably contains pretty much all actual occurrences since 73-74 but might be missing a few I guess.", "Double (basketball). From the 2011–12 to the 2016–17 season, the NBA saw a dramatic increase in the number of triple-doubles, with an average of 57.33 triple-doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 22 games.[20] Russell Westbrook was responsible for 74 of the triple-doubles during that span, or 21.5% of the 344 total triple-doubles.", "Double (basketball). A double-double is the accumulation of a double-digit number total in two of the statistical five categories in a game. The most common double-double combination is points-rebounds, followed by points-assists. Since the 1983–84 season, Tim Duncan leads the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the points-rebounds combination with 840, and John Stockton leads the points-assists combination with 714.", "Talk:Quadruple-double. \"Recorded the third quadruple-double in NBA history, with 18 points, 16 rebounds, 11 blocked shots and 10 assists, against the Milwaukee Bucks on 3/29/90\" from his player profile page on NBA.com,", "Double (basketball). From the 1990–91 to the 2010–11 season, the NBA averaged 34.5 triple-doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 36 games.[19]", "DeMarcus Cousins. On April 1, 2015, Cousins recorded his second career triple-double with 24 points, 21 rebounds, 10 assists, 6 blocks and 3 steals in a 111–115 loss to the Houston Rockets.[24] In doing so, he became just the fourth player in NBA history to collect 20+ points, 20+ rebounds, 10+ assists and 5+ blocks in a single game, joining Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Chris Webber and Tim Duncan. In the following game on April 3 against the New Orleans Pelicans, Cousins became the first Kings player to record back-to-back triple doubles since Chris Webber did so in 2005. In just under 42 minutes of action, he recorded 24 points, 20 rebounds and a career-high 13 assists in a 95–101 loss. He joined elite company as one of only three players to have consecutive 20-point, 20-rebound, 10-assist games; the others being Elgin Baylor and Wilt Chamberlain.[25]", "Double (basketball). The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple-double in an NBA game. Except for Thurmond, who retired before the award was established in 1983, all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once.[89]", "Talk:Quadruple-double. Alvin Robertson's quadruple double is, by far, the most impressive. First, 10 or more steals in one game has only happened 16 times EVER (17 if you include AIs 10 in the playoffs). Add a triple double, not nearly as rare but still pretty rare for most players, in the same game and that's amazing.", "Oscar Robertson. In the 1961–62 season, Robertson became the first player in NBA history to average a triple-double for an entire season, with 30.8 points, 12.5 rebounds and 11.4 assists.[1] Robertson also set a then-NBA record for the most triple-doubles during the regular season with 41 triple-doubles; the record would stand for over half a century when, in 2016–17, Russell Westbrook recorded 42 and joined Robertson as the only other player to average a triple-double for an entire season. He broke the assists record by Bob Cousy, who had recorded 715 assists two seasons earlier, by logging 899. The Royals earned a playoff berth; however, they were eliminated in the first round by the Detroit Pistons.[13] In the next season, Robertson further established himself as one of the greatest players of his generation, averaging 28.3 points, 10.4 rebounds and 9.5 assists, narrowly missing out on another triple-double season.[1] The Royals advanced to the Eastern Division Finals, but succumbed in a seven-game series against a Boston Celtics team led by Bill Russell.[14]", "Double (basketball). Only seven other players (Clyde Drexler did it twice) have managed to finish with triple-doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category (statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold):", "Scottie Pippen. One of at least two pairs of teammates in NBA history to record triple-doubles in the same game: Chicago Bulls (126) vs. Los Angeles Clippers (121), 000000001989-01-03-0000January 3, 1989 (OT)", "Jason Kidd. Kidd retired second all-time in NBA history in both assists and steals behind John Stockton. He led the NBA in assists five times. His 107 career triple-doubles are third all-time, trailing only Hall of Famers Oscar Robertson and Magic Johnson. Kidd finished his career with averages of 12.6 points, 8.7 assists, 6.3 rebounds and 1.9 steals in 1,391 regular season games.[7] He impacted games with his accurate passes and by involving his teammates; scoring was not his focus.[74] He is considered by many to be one of the best rebounding guards ever to play in the league,[75][76][77] and ESPN called him \"one of the best passing and rebounding point guards in NBA history.\"[7]", "Rajon Rondo. In the playoffs match-up against the Chicago Bulls, despite putting up a playoff career-high 29 points in Game 1, the Celtics lost in overtime.[54] Boston won the next two games and in Games 2 and 4, Rondo recorded triple-doubles[55] and became the first Celtic player with two triple-doubles in the same series since Larry Bird in 1986. He also became the first player with multiple triple-doubles in the same playoff series since Jason Kidd had three triple-doubles in the 2002 Eastern Conference Finals.[56] In Game 6, he recorded a career-high 19 assists without a turnover, tying an NBA playoffs record.[57] In the next round against the Orlando Magic, the Celtics lost the first game before Rondo's triple-double performance in Game 2 helped secure a home win. His third triple-double of the postseason tied Larry Bird's franchise record and also became the first to do that since Jason Kidd had four.[58] However, the Celtics were defeated in seven games in the Eastern Conference Semifinals.[59] During the postseason, Rondo nearly averaged a triple double with 16.9 points, 9.7 rebounds and 9.8 assists.[60]", "Nate Thurmond. First player in NBA history to record a quadruple-double in a game:[2] Chicago Bulls (120) vs. Atlanta Hawks (115), 000000001974-10-18-0000October 18, 1974 (OT)[10]", "Kyrie Irving. On February 28, 2014, Irving recorded his first career triple double with 21 points, 12 assists and 10 rebounds in a 99-79 win over the Utah Jazz. This was also the Cavaliers' first triple double since March 16, 2010.[43] On April 5, 2014, Irving recorded a then career-high 44 points in a 96–94 overtime loss to the Charlotte Bobcats.[44][45]", "Dwyane Wade. On February 26, 2012, at the All-Star Game Wade recorded what was only the third triple-double in the history of the contest, posting 24 points, 10 rebounds, and 10 assists, joining Michael Jordan and LeBron James as the only players ever to record the prestigious stat (at the 1997 and 2011 games respectively). On March 10, 2012, Wade made the game-winning shot against the Indiana Pacers, giving the Heat a 93–91 overtime win. Wade finished the season averaging 22.1 points, 4.8 assists, 4.6 rebounds, and 1.7 steals per game. In the playoffs, the Heat defeated the New York Knicks in 5 games in the first round, then defeated the Indiana Pacers in 6 games in the second round. Wade heated up in Game 6 of the second round, recording 41 points and 10 rebounds.[81] The Celtics took the Heat to seven games in the Eastern Conference Finals, but the Heat prevailed and advanced to the NBA Finals. They lost to the Oklahoma City Thunder in Game 1 of the finals but won the next four games, and Wade secured his second NBA title. Wade averaged 22.6 points per game in the series. The Heat became the first team in NBA history to win a championship after trailing in three different playoff series.", "List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders. Hall of Fame center fielder Tris Speaker holds the Major League Baseball career doubles record with 792.[3] Pete Rose is second with 746, the National League record.[4] Speaker, Rose, Stan Musial (725), and Ty Cobb (724) are the only players with more than 700 doubles.[3] Only doubles hit during the regular season are included in the totals (Derek Jeter holds the record in post-season doubles, with 32).[5]", "James Harden. Over the first two months of the season, Harden was in MVP contention.[27] On December 11, 2014, he scored a season-high 44 points in a 113–109 overtime win over the Sacramento Kings.[28] On December 13, 2014, he recorded his third career triple-double with 24 points, 10 assists and 10 rebounds in a 108–96 win over the Denver Nuggets.[29] On December 22, 2014, he tied his season high with 44 points in a 110–95 win over the Portland Trail Blazers.[30]", "Los Angeles Lakers accomplishments and records. Most double doubles", "Pau Gasol. Gasol is a double-double machine, having recorded over 550 double-doubles in his NBA career.[99] On April 2, 2016, he became the 36th player in NBA history to reach the 10,000-point/10,000-rebound mark.[79] While Gasol became the 43rd player in NBA history to reach to the 20,000-point milestone, he is just the fourth with that many points, 10,000 rebounds, 3,500 assists and 1,500 blocks.[100]", "Jason Kidd. Kidd was named a reserve for the NBA All-Star game along with teammate Vince Carter during the 2006–07 season. However, Kidd missed the game because of a strained back and was replaced on the roster by Joe Johnson.[21] On April 7, 2007, Kidd and Carter became the first teammates to record triple-doubles in the same game since Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen did it in 1989 for the Chicago Bulls. In the first round of the 2006–07 postseason Kidd averaged 14.0 points, 13.2 assists, 10.0 rebounds, and 2.0 steals, as the Nets defeated the Toronto Raptors in six games. He joined Wilt Chamberlain and Magic Johnson as the only players in NBA history to average a triple-double in multiple playoff series.[22] For the postseason, Kidd averaged 14.6 points, 10.9 assists and 10.9 rebounds in twelve playoff games.[23] He became the second player in NBA history to average a triple-double for an entire postseason.[24] Despite Kidd's efforts the Nets were eliminated in six games in the Eastern Conference Semifinals by the Cleveland Cavaliers.", "Stephen Curry. During the 2012–13 season, Curry set the NBA record for three-pointers made in a regular season with 272. He surpassed that record in 2015 with 286, and again in 2016 with 402. During the 2013–14 season, he and teammate Klay Thompson were nicknamed the Splash Brothers en route to setting the NBA record for combined three-pointers in a season with 484, a record they broke the following season (525) and again in the 2015–16 season (678).", "Rajon Rondo. Rondo posted his sixth triple-double of the season (with 20 assists) in an overtime win against the Hawks on April 11.[91] He had his first triple double of the 2012 playoffs against the same team on May 4,[92] another on May 13 in the first game of the second round against the 76ers,[93] and a third on May 26 in the last game of that round, helping the Celtics advance to the Eastern Conference finals.[94] He joined Larry Bird as the only Celtics players to record a triple-double in a Game 7.[95] In Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals, Rondo scored a career-high 44 points while grabbing 8 rebounds and adding 10 assists.[96] According to the Elias Sports Bureau, Rondo is the only player in NBA history with 44 points, 10 assists, and 8 rebounds in a playoff game.[96] On June 6, 2012, Rondo passed Bob Cousy for having 39 playoff games of 10 or more assists, making him the Celtics' all-time leader in that area.[97] Rondo recorded another triple double in the seventh game of the Eastern Conference Finals, but the Celtics lost to the Miami Heat, ending their playoff run. This tenth playoff triple-double tied Rondo for third (with fellow Celtic Larry Bird) among NBA career leaders.[98]", "Double (basketball). The following is a list of regular season triple-double leaders:", "Jason Kidd. In the 1998–99 season, Kidd averaged 10.8 assists per game to dethrone Washington's Rod Strickland as the league's assists leader. He also led the NBA with seven triple-doubles (the rest of the league had just 11) and was second in the NBA with 41.2 minutes per game (behind Allen Iverson's 41.5 mpg). Kidd averaged career highs in points (16.9 ppg), field goal percentage (.444), rebounds (6.8 rpg, best among NBA guards) and steals (2.28 spg, fourth in the NBA) and was the only player to be ranked among the top 50 in the NBA in 10 different statistical categories. The Suns won all seven of the games in which he had triple-doubles.[9]", "James Harden. On December 31, 2016, Harden recorded yet another triple-double with 53 points, 17 assists and 16 rebounds in a 129–122 win over the New York Knicks, becoming the first player in NBA history to finish with a 50-15-15 stat line.[62] He tied Wilt Chamberlain for the most points in a triple-double in NBA history—Chamberlain pulled the feat during the 1967–68 season, with 53 points, 32 rebounds and 14 assists. Harden set career highs for points and three-pointers (with nine) and matched his career best for assists. It was his 17th career triple-double and his fourth career 50-point game.[63] Two days later, he recorded his ninth triple-double of the season in a win over the Washington Wizards[64] and was named Western Conference Player of the Week for a third time.[65] It was Harden's 12th Player of the Week honor, matching Hakeem Olajuwon for the most Player of the Week awards in franchise history.[64] Harden's career-best December run earned him Western Conference Player of the Month honors.[66] His 10th and 11th triple-doubles came in back-to-back games on January 8 and January 10, both resulting in wins.[67][68] His two performances saw him become the fourth player in NBA history with at least 40 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in consecutive games—Pete Maravich, Michael Jordan and Russell Westbrook are the three others to do it.[68] His 12th and 13th triple-doubles came in back-to-back games on January 15 and January 17.[69][70] On January 27, he recorded his 14th triple-double of the season with 51 points, 13 rebounds and 13 assists in a 123–118 win over the Philadelphia 76ers,[71] becoming the first player in NBA history with multiple 50-point triple-doubles in a season.[72] On February 3 against the Chicago Bulls, Harden scored his 10,000th point as a Rocket, passing Yao Ming for sixth place in franchise history.[73] On February 11, he scored 40 points in three quarters (his ninth 40-point game of the season) to help the Rockets win 133–102 over the Phoenix Suns. He played just 29 minutes against the Suns to become the first Rockets player since Sleepy Floyd in 1991 to score 40 points in less than 30 minutes.[74] On February 15, he recorded his 15th triple-double of the season with 38 points 12 rebounds and 12 assists in a 117–109 loss to the Miami Heat.[75] Between March 12 and March 18, he had four straight triple-doubles, giving him 19 for the season.[76] He finished the regular season with 22 triple-doubles and became the first player in NBA history to finish the regular season with at least 2,000 points (2,356), 900 assists (907) and 600 rebounds (659).[77]", "Rajon Rondo. On January 23, 2016, Rondo recorded his fifth triple-double of the season with 11 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in a 108–97 win over the Indiana Pacers. He tied Chris Webber for the most triple-doubles in one season during the Sacramento era, which dates back to 1985–86 season.[129] Two days later, he recorded 7 points, 20 assists and 10 rebounds in a 129–128 double overtime loss to the Charlotte Hornets, thus recording 10 or more assists in 12 straight games, a Sacramento record.[130] The streak ended at 14 games.[131] On February 19, he recorded a near triple-double with a then season-high 24 points, 10 rebounds, 9 assists and 5 steals in a 116–110 win over the Denver Nuggets.[132] With an 11-point, 12-assist and nine-rebound game against the Oklahoma City Thunder on February 29, Rondo reached double figures in assists for the 39th time in 2015–16, tying a Sacramento record established by Reggie Theus in 1985–86.[133] On March 25, he had 12 assists against the Phoenix Suns and passed Reggie Theus' Sacramento-era single-season franchise assist record that was established in 1985–86.[134] On April 5, he recorded his sixth triple-double of the season with a season-high 27 points, 12 assists and 10 rebounds in a 115–107 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers, setting a Kings franchise record for triple-doubles in a season.[135]", "Splash Brothers. In 2012–13, Curry and Thompson combined to make 483 three-pointers, the most ever by an NBA duo.[a][15] Curry set an NBA record with 272 made three-pointers, while Thompson added 211, at the time the 22nd best season in league history. Warriors coach Mark Jackson opined that the tandem was \"the greatest shooting backcourt of all time\".[11][16] Golden State advanced to the second round of the NBA playoffs before losing to the eventual Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs.[17] Curry and Thompson in 2013–14 became the first teammates to finish first and second in three-pointers, making 261 and 223, respectively.[18][19] They also extended their combined three-pointer record by one (484), and together averaged 42.4 points per game.[20] With Curry making 42.4 percent of his three-point attempts and Thompson converting 41.7 percent, ESPN.com wrote that \"no backcourt in history has rivaled the Splash Brothers in both categories of 3-point volume and efficiency.\"[21] During the offseason, they were both members of the 2014 U.S. national team that won the gold at FIBA World Cup.[1] The two combined to make more three-pointers than any other duo in the tournament, accounting for 43 of Team USA's 77 threes in 13 games.[22][23] Thompson established himself as a star in the international competition, and emerged more as Curry's peer rather than his sidekick.[24] He was the second-leading scorer for Team USA, averaging 12.7 points, while Curry added 10.7.[b]" ]

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[ "Attorney General of India. The 15th and current Attorney General is K. K. Venugopal. He was appointed by Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India at that time. He was formally appointed as with effect from 30 June 2017[1] and shall have a tenure of 3 years.[2][3]", "Attorney General of India. The Attorneys General for India since independence are listed below:[13]", "Attorney General of India. Unlike the Attorney General of the United States, the Attorney General for India does not have any executive authority. Those functions are performed by the Law Minister of India. Also the AG is not a government servant and is not debarred from private legal practice.", "Attorney General of India. During the UPA-II government (2009–2014), the conduct of Attorney General Goolam Vahanvati was criticised in a number of cases. In 2G spectrum case, he became the first Attorney General in India's history who had to testify as a witness in a corruption case in a trial court.[9][10] In late April 2013, in Coal-gate scandal, Vahanvati was accused of misrepresenting facts in the top most court of India.[11] Again in the same case, Vahanvati's role came under scrutiny after allegations of impropriety and coercion emerged from his junior law officer, Harin P. Raval, who resigned from the post of Additional Solicitor General as a result.[12]", "Attorney General of India. The Attorney General is necessary for giving advice to the Government of India in legal matters referred to him. He also performs other legal duties assigned to him by the President. The Attorney General has the right of audience in all Courts in India as well as the right to participate in the proceedings of the Parliament, though not to vote.[4] The Attorney General appears on behalf of Government of India in all cases (including suits, appeals and other proceedings) in the Supreme Court in which Government of India is concerned. He also represents the Government of India in any reference made by the President to the Supreme Court under Article 143 of the Constitution.", "Attorney General of India. The Attorney General for India is the Indian government's chief legal advisor, and its primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of India. He can be said as the lawyer from government's side. He is appointed by the President of India under Article 76(1) of the Constitution and holds office during the pleasure of the President. He must be a person qualified to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court, also must have been a judge of some high court for five years or an advocate of some high court for ten years or an eminent jurist, in the opinion of the President and must be a citizen of India.", "Attorney General of India. In 2009, Milon K. Banerjee's opinion absolving Ottavio Quattrocchi in the Bofors scandal has also been viewed as \"devaluing and eroding the Attorney General's position\".[6]", "Attorney General of India. The Attorney General is assisted by a Solicitor General and four additional Solicitors General.[4] The Attorney General is to be consulted only in legal matters of real importance and only after the Ministry of Law has been consulted. All references to the Attorney General are made by the Law Ministry.", "Attorney General of India. The Attorney General can accept briefs but cannot appear against the Government. He cannot defend an accused in the criminal proceedings and accept the directorship of a company without the permission of the Government.", "Attorney General of India. During some of the AG tenures, it has been felt that the attorney general has gone too far. Niren De during Indira Gandhi replied to a question by Hans Raj Khanna stating that even the right to life can be suspended during emergency.", "Attorney General of India. It has become a tradition that the Attorney General resigns when a new government is formed. The Attorney General is selected by the Government and acts as its advocate, and hence is not a neutral person. Nevertheless, it is a constitutional authority, and his or her opinions are subject to public scrutiny. On several occasions however, the opinions pursued by the Attorney General appear to have been extremely politicised.[6]", "President of India. Attorney General for India who is the Indian government's chief legal advisor, is appointed by the President of India under Article 76(1) and holds office during the pleasure of the President. If the President considers a question of law or a matter of public importance has arisen, he can also ask for the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court per Article 143. Per Article 88, President can ask the Attorney General to attend the parliamentary proceedings and report to him any unlawful functioning if any.[17]", "Solicitor General of India. The current Solicitor General of India and Additional Solicitors General as of 9 April 2015 are as follows:[6][7]", "Attorney general. The current Attorney General is Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum. In January 2008, he sparked controversy by accepting other government positions in addition to his role as Attorney General. Sayed-Khaiyum is currently responsible also for \"Public Enterprise, Electoral Reform and Anti-Corruption\". An article in the Fiji Times pointed out that \"never before in the history of this nation has the Attorney-General held a portfolio dealing with matters other than the law and the judiciary\", and criticised the decision.[8]", "Solicitor General of India. The Solicitor General of India is below the Attorney General for India, who is the Indian government's chief legal advisor, and its primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of India. The Solicitor General of India is appointed for the period of 3 years. The Solicitor General of India is the secondary law officer of the country, assists the Attorney General, and is himself assisted by several Additional Solicitors General of India. Ranjit Kumar is the present Solicitor General who was appointed so on 7 June 2014[2] Like the Attorney General for India, the Solicitor General and the Additional Solicitors General advise the Government and appear on behalf of the Union of India in terms of the Law Officers (Terms and Conditions) Rules, 1972.[3] However, unlike the post of Attorney General for India, which is a Constitutional post under Article 76 of the Constitution of India, the posts of the Solicitor General and the Additional Solicitors General are merely statutory. Appointments Committee of the Cabinet appoints the Solicitor General. Whereas Attorney General for India is appointed by the President under Article 76(1) of the Constitution, the solicitor general of India is appointed to assist the attorney general along with four additional solicitors general by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet. The proposal for appointment of Solicitor General, Additional Solicitor General is generally moved at the, level of Joint secretary/Law Secretary in the Department of Legal Affairs and after obtaining the approval of the Minister of Law & Justice, the proposal is sent to the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet for its approval.", "Attorney General of India. Fee and allowances payable to the law officers (including Attorney General for India, Solicitor General of India and the Additional Solicitors General) of the Government of India are as under:[5]", "Lokpal. On may 15th 2018, Mukul Rohtagi (Former Attorney General of India) has been appointed as an eminent jurist in the selection panel of Lokpal.", "Attorney General of India. In addition to the above fee payable for cases, a retainer fee is paid to the Attorney General for India, Solicitor General of India and the Additional Solicitors General at the rate of ₹50,000, ₹40,000 and ₹30,000 per month respectively. Moreover, the Attorney General for India is also paid a sumptuary allowance of ₹4,000 per month, except during the period of his leave.", "Solicitor General of India. The former Additional Solicitor General of India are as follows:[7]", "Attorney General of Ontario. As of June 13, 2016, the Attorney General of Ontario is the Honourable Yasir Naqvi.", "Solicitor General of India. The former Solicitors General for India were as follows:[7]", "Attorney general. Since the enactment of the Prosecution of Offenses Act 1974 the responsibility for the prosecution of indictable criminal offences is mostly in the hands of the Director of Public Prosecutions who is by law independent of the Attorney General and the State. The current attorney general is Máire Whelan.", "Comptroller and Auditor General of India. The CAG is ranked 9th and enjoys the same status as a judge of Supreme Court of India in Indian order of precedence. The current CAG of India is Rajiv Mehrishi,[3][4][5][6][7] who assumed office on 25 September 2017. He is the 13th CAG of India.", "Comptroller and Auditor General of India. In June 2012, Lal Krishna Advani a veteran Indian politician and former Deputy Prime Minister of India (as well as former Leader of the Opposition in Indian Parliament)[11] suggested that CAG's appointment should be made by a bipartisan collegium consisting of the prime minister, the Chief Justice of India, the Law Minister and the Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.[12][13] Subsequently, M Karunanidhi, the head of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party and five times Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu[14] supported the suggestion. Advani made this demand to remove any impression of bias or lack of transparency and fairness because, according to him, the current system was open to \"manipulation and partisanship\".[12][13] Similar demand was made by many former CEC's such as B B Tandon, N Gopalaswamy and S Y Quraishi,[15] however the government did not seem too keen.[16]", "Attorney General of India. Similarly, in 2005, when the UPA government was planning a possible coalition with Mayawati, Milon K. Banerjee's opinion absolving Mayawati in the Taj corridor case was ignored by the Supreme Court.[7] In a direct condemnation of the government which asked the CBI to heed attorney general Milon Banerjee’s opinion and close the case against Mayawati, the Supreme Court told the agency not to go solely on the AG's opinion and place all evidence before it.[8]", "Solicitor General of India. In addition to the above fee payable for cases, a retainer fee is paid to the Attorney General of India, Solicitor General of India and the Additional Solicitors General at the rate of Rs. 50,000, Rs. 40,000, and Rs. 30,000 per month, respectively. Moreover, the Attorney General of India is also paid a sumptuary allowance of rupees four thousand per month, except during the period of his leave.", "Amul Thapar. While an Assistant U.S. Attorney, he was appointed to the Attorney General's Advisory Committee (AGAC) and chaired the AGAC's Controlled Substances and Asset Forfeiture subcommittee. He also served on its Terrorism and National Security subcommittee, Violent Crime subcommittee, and Child Exploitation working group.[4]", "Advocate General. In India, an advocate general is a legal advisor to a state government. The post is created by the Constitution of India and corresponds to that of Attorney General of India at the federal or central or union government level.\nThe Governor of each state shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed judges of highcourt.\nAppointed to article -165", "Solicitor General of India. Fee and allowances payable to the law officers (including Attorney General of India, Solicitor General of India and the Additional Solicitors General) of the Government of India are as under:[5]", "Attorney-General for Australia. Since 20 December 2017, the Attorney-General for Australia has been the Hon Christian Porter MP, a Liberal Party of Australia member of the Australian House of Representatives for the state of Western Australia.", "Attorney general. In Australia, the Attorney-General is the chief law officer of the Crown and a member of the Cabinet. The Attorney-General is the minister responsible for legal affairs, national and public security, and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. The Senator the Hon. George Brandis QC is the current Attorney-General. The Australian states each have separate attorneys-general, who are state ministers with similar responsibilities to the federal minister with respect to state law.", "Florida Attorney General. The Attorney General appoints the Florida Solicitor General who serves at his or her pleasure. The current solicitor is Amit Agarwal.[2]" ]

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[ "Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals. An examination of Ulysses S. Grant's two terms as President of the United States (1869–1877) reveals many scandals and fraudulent activities associated with persons within his administration, including his cabinet, that was in continual transition, divided by the forces of political corruption and reform. Grant, ever trusting of associates, was himself influenced by both forces. The standards in many of his appointments were low, and charges of corruption were widespread.[1] Starting with the Black Friday (1869) gold speculation ring, corruption would be discovered in seven federal departments, including the Navy, Justice, War, Treasury, Interior, State, and the Post Office. Reform movements initiated in both the Democratic Party and the Liberal Republicans, a faction that split from Republican Party to oppose political patronage and corruption in the Grant administration. Nepotism was prevalent, with over 40 family members benefiting from government appointments and employment. The prevalent corruption was eventually called \"Grantism.\"", "Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Just before Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States on January 20, 1993, allegations of ethical improprieties were made against Sessions. A report by outgoing Attorney General William P. Barr presented to the Justice Department that month by the Office of Professional Responsibility included criticisms that he had used an FBI plane to travel to visit his daughter on several occasions, and had a security system installed in his home at government expense.[17] Janet Reno, the 78th Attorney General of the United States, announced that Sessions had exhibited \"serious deficiencies in judgment.\"[18]", "Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals. The nation and the constitution survived the rising tide of financial and political corruption during President Grant's two terms in office from 1869 to 1877. With slavery no longer the clear moral issue for the American people, and absent the dynamic leadership of Abraham Lincoln taken by an assassin's bullet, the nation for a while floundered in the seas of financial and political indulgence. The high-water mark of the flood of corruption that swept the nation took place in 1874, after Benjamin Bristow was put in charge to reform the Treasury. In 1873, Grant's friend and publisher, Mark Twain, along with coauthor Charles Dudley Warner, called this American era of speculation and corruption the Gilded Age. Between 1870 and 1900, the United States population nearly doubled in size, gainful employment increased by 132 percent, and non farm labor constituted 60 percent of the work force.[65][66][67]", "Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals. In 1872, the Republican party split completely in half with Horace Greely nominated by the Liberal Republicans and Ulysses S. Grant again nominated by the more conservative Radicals. A few prominent Democratic Party leaders supported the Liberal Republican cause in Missouri. The result being that the Democratic Party endorsed the reformer and Liberal Republican presidential candidate Horace Greeley.[61] Grant, though, remained very popular in the nation and won the national election of 1872 by a landslide. However, as more scandals broke out the Liberal Republicans became a party of reform who, along with the Democrats, wanted to purge the government from corruption. The wave of reform was beginning in 1875 with the Democrats controlling the House of Representatives. Eventually, Grant put reformers on his cabinet as House investigations in 1875 were beginning to expose the Whiskey Ring depleting tax revenues in the United States Treasury Department. Newspapers exposed bogus agents in Interior Department in 1875. Navy Department corruption was exposed in 1876. These Grant reformers included Benjamin Bristow as Secretary of Treasury (1874), Edwards Pierrepont as Attorney General (1875), and Zachariah Chandler as Secretary of the Interior (1875). No reformer was appointed to the Navy Department, however.", "History of the United States Democratic Party. The sordid Watergate scandal soon destroyed the Nixon Presidency, giving the Democrats a flicker of hope. With Gerald Ford's pardon of Nixon soon after his resignation in 1974, the Democrats used the \"corruption\" issue to make major gains in the off-year elections. In 1976, mistrust of the administration, complicated by a combination of economic recession and inflation, sometimes called \"stagflation\", led to Ford's defeat by Jimmy Carter, a former Governor of Georgia. Carter won as a little-known outsider by promising honesty in Washington, a message that played well to voters as he swept the South and won narrowly.[53]", "Benjamin Harrison. According to historian R. Hal Williams, Harrison had a \"widespread reputation for personal and official integrity\". Closely scrutinized by Democrats, Harrison's reputation was largely intact when he left the White House. Having an advantage few 19th Century Presidents had, Harrison's own party, the Republicans, controlled Congress, while his administration actively advanced a Republican program of a higher tariff, moderate control of corporations, protecting African American voting rights, a generous Civil War pension, and compromising over the controversial silver issue. Historians have not raised \"serious questions about Harrison's own integrity or the integrity of his administration.\" [182]", "Andrew Jackson. In an effort to purge the government of corruption, Jackson launched presidential investigations into all executive Cabinet offices and departments. He believed appointees should be hired on merit and withdrew many candidates he believed were lax in their handling of monies.[179] He asked Congress to reform embezzlement laws, reduce fraudulent applications for federal pensions, revenue laws to prevent evasion of custom duties, and laws to improve government accounting. Jackson's Postmaster General Barry resigned after a Congressional investigation into the postal service revealed mismanagement of mail services, collusion and favoritism in awarding lucrative contracts, as well as failure to audit accounts and supervise contract performances. Jackson replaced Barry with Treasury Auditor and prominent Kitchen Cabinet member Amos Kendall, who went on to implement much needed reforms in the Post Office Department.[180]", "Ulysses S. Grant. When the Democrats took control of the House in 1875, they launched a series of investigations into corruption in federal departments.[431] The most damaging of these involved Secretary of War William W. Belknap taking quarterly kickbacks from the Fort Sill tradership, which led to his resignation in February 1876.[432] Belknap was impeached and tried by the Senate that summer, but was not convicted.[433] Congress also investigated and reprimanded Navy Secretary Robeson in July 1876 for bribery.[434] In November 1876, Grant apologized to the nation and admitted mistakes in his administration, saying, \"[f]ailures have been errors of judgement, not of intent.\"[435]", "Theodore Roosevelt. During Roosevelt's second year in office it was discovered there was corruption in the Indian Service, the Land Office, and the Post Office Department. Roosevelt, who had a high sense of morality and national purpose, investigated and prosecuted corrupt Indian agents who had cheated the Creeks and various tribes out of land parcels. Land fraud and speculation were found involving Oregon federal timberlands. In November 1902, Roosevelt and Secretary Ethan A. Hitchcock forced Binger Hermann, the General Land Office Commissioner, to resign office. On November 6, 1903 Francis J. Heney was appointed special prosecutor, and obtained 146 indictments involving an Oregon Land Office bribery ring. U.S. Senator John H. Mitchell was indicted for bribery to expedite illegal land patents, found guilty in July 1905, and sentenced to six months in prison.[134] More corruption was found in the Postal Department, that brought on the indictments of 44 government employees on charges of bribery and fraud.[135] Historians generally agree that Roosevelt moved \"quickly and decisively\" to prosecute misconduct in his administration.[136]", "Newt Gingrich. Gingrich and others in the House, including the newly minted Gang of Seven, railed against what they saw as ethical lapses during the nearly 40 years of Democratic control for almost 40 years. The House banking scandal and Congressional Post Office scandal were emblems of the exposed corruption. Gingrich himself was among members of the House who had written NSF checks on the House bank. He had overdrafts on twenty-two checks, including a $9,463 check to the Internal Revenue Service in 1990.[36]", "Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals. In 1874, Grant's cabinet reached its lowest ebb in terms of public trust and qualified appointments. After the presidential election of 1872, Grant reappointed all of his cabinet with a single exception. Charges of corruption were rife, particularly from The Nation, a reliable journal that was going after many of Grant's cabinet members. Treasury Secretary George S. Boutwell had been elected to the U.S. Senate in the 1872 election and was replaced by Assistant Treasury Secretary William A. Richardson in 1873. Richardson's tenure as Treasury Secretary was very brief, as another scandal erupted. The government had been known to hire private citizens and groups to collect taxes for the Internal Revenue Service.[28][29] This moiety contract system, although legal, led to abuse in the loosely run Treasury Department under Sec. Richardson.[30][31] John D. Sanborn was contracted by Sec. Richardson to collect certain taxes and excises that had been illegally withheld from the government; having received an exorbitant moiety of 50% on all tax collections.[30][31] Treasury officials pressured Internal Revenue agents not to collect delinquent accounts so Sanborn could accumulate more. Although the collections were legal, Sanborn reaped $213,000 in commissions on $420,000 taken in taxes. A House investigation committee in 1874 revealed that Sanborn had split $156,000 of this with unnamed associates as \"expenses.\" Although Richardson and Senator Benjamin Butler were suspected to have taken a share of the profit money, there was no paper trail to prove such transactions, and Sanborn refused to reveal with whom he split the profits. While the House committee was investigating, Grant quietly appointed Richardson to the Court of Claims and replaced him with the avowed reformer Benjamin H. Bristow.[32] On June 22, 1874 President Grant, in an effort of reform, signed a bill into law that abolished the moiety contract system.[30]", "Ulysses S. Grant. Grant was president during the Gilded Age, a time of massive industrial wealth, railroad speculation, and extravagance that fueled unethical behavior and influence in government offices.[402][403] Although Grant was not personally involved in scandal, multiple corruption charges swept through his administration, clouding Grant's historical reputation.[404] Grant was greatly trusting of men involved in speculation, particularly wealthy Gilded Age tycoons, loyally defending his corrupt cabinet or appointees whom he believed were innocent.[405] Grant's failure was in his poor selection of cabinet officers and how he responded to their downfalls. Grant did not stop the guilty parties' prosecutions and was often insistent about having them prosecuted. His political enemies, outraged over the scandals, were eager to discredit Reconstruction, and the moral integrity of his administration.[406] No person linked any of the scandals together, except possibly Grant's personal secretary, Orville E. Babcock, who indirectly controlled many cabinet departments and delayed federal investigations.[407][402] Historians debate how effective he was at halting corruption.[408]", "Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals. Inevitably, Grant's low standards in cabinet appointments, and his readiness to cover for associates or friends involved in condemnable behavior, defied the popular notion of a government free of corruption and favoritism. Stemming the flood of corruption that swept the nation during Grant's presidency and the Reconstruction period would have required the strength of a moral giant in the White House. Grant was no moral giant. In fairness, the booming economy that proceeded after the Civil War enveloped the whole nation in a chaotic frenzy for achieving financial gain and success. The caricature and cliché of the Grant Presidency is eight years of political plundering and that little was accomplished. Grant, however, was committed to complete the unification of a bitterly divided country torn by Civil War, to honor Abraham Lincoln, and give full citizenship rights to African Americans and their posterity.[6][67][68]", "George Washington Carver. One of Carver's duties was to administer the Agricultural Experiment Station farms. He had to manage the production and sale of farm products to generate revenue for the Institute. He soon proved to be a poor administrator. In 1900, Carver complained that the physical work and the letter-writing required were too much.[16] In 1904, an Institute committee reported that Carver's reports on yields from the poultry yard were exaggerated, and Washington confronted Carver about the issue. Carver replied in writing, \"Now to be branded as a liar and party to such hellish deception it is more than I can bear, and if your committee feel that I have willfully lied or [was] party to such lies as were told my resignation is at your disposal.\"[17] During Washington's last five years at Tuskegee, Carver submitted or threatened his resignation several times: when the administration reorganized the agriculture programs,[18] when he disliked a teaching assignment,[19] to manage an experiment station elsewhere,[20] and when he did not get summer teaching assignments in 1913–14.[21][22] In each case, Washington smoothed things over.", "Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals. The following are scandals or instances of federal corruption associated with the Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration from 1869 to 1877. Particularly noteworthy are Black Friday and the Whiskey Ring. The Crédit Mobilier is not included as a Grant scandal since the company was founded during the President Abraham Lincoln administration. The fraudulent Emma Silver Mine swindle that involved Ambassador to Britain Robert C. Schenck was a Grant administration embarrassment and is not included as a scandal. An analysis of the scandals and frauds reveals that a majority had to do with illicit financial gain; the Safe Burglary Conspiracy, however, involved breaking and entering, property damage, and framing an innocent citizen. Two scandals involved women: Black Friday and the Trading Post Ring. Orville E. Babcock, who was indicted in the Whiskey Ring, insinuated that the coded entry \"Sylph\" signed on communication letters referred to a woman intimately involved with the President. That allegation was never proven and there was nothing to suggest that a presidential affair took place. Babcock invented the story to frustrate the prosecution. Although Grant was never proven to be directly involved with or to have personally profited from the scandals or frauds, his acceptance of personal gifts and his associations with men of questionable character severely damaged his own presidential legacy and reputation. Most of these scandals began during the eight years of prosperity after the Civil War, while many prominent scandals were exposed after the U.S. economy crashed after the Panic of 1873.[11][12] The breach of treaty between the Lakotas and the United States, signed in 1868, the year before Grant took office, was engineered by Grant in order to accommodate miners seeking gold in the Black Hills. Known as the Paha Sapa (literally, \"hills that are black\"), this area was essential to the survival of the Lakota living in Unceded Territory (versus those living on the Great Sioux Reservation), as a game reserve.[13]", "Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals. President of the United States", "Gerald Ford. As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure.[1] One of his most controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President.[2] In the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. He narrowly lost the presidential election to the Democratic challenger, former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter.", "Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals. The 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie was signed the year before Grant took office. He guaranteed that he would keep the West free of war, and staked his administration to a Peace Policy that was designed to assimilate Plains nation tribes into the Euro-American population. The economic crisis and the need for a financial solution, coincided with the discovery of gold in the Black Hills. In 1874, Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer led an expedition of 1,000 men into the Black Hills to scout a site for a military post. This mission was personally approved by President Grant. But Custer also brought along two prospectors outfitted at his own expense. When Western congressmen demanded Grant annex the land, he organized a White House cabal to plan a war against the Lakotas. In May 1875, a delegation of Lakota chiefs arrived at the White House. Their purpose was to protest shortages of government rations and the corrupt Indian agent. Grant told the chiefs that the rations had run out and were continuing only due to the kindness of the government. Further, he insisted that the Great Father (himself) was powerless to prevent miners from entering the territory. Grant appointed a commission to buy mining rights during a grand council on the Great Sioux Reservation. Both Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull refused to attend. The commission reported that force was necessary to begin negotiations.", "Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals. The worst and most famous scandal to hit the Grant administration was the Whiskey Ring of 1875, exposed by Treasury Secretary Benjamin H. Bristow and journalist Myron Colony. Whiskey distillers had been evading taxes in the Midwest since the Lincoln Administration.[38] Distillers of whiskey bribed Treasury Department agents who in turn aided the distillers in evading taxes to the tune of up to $2 million per year. The agents would neglect to collect the required excise tax of 70 cents per gallon, and then split the illegal gains with the distillers. The ringleaders had to coordinate distillers, rectifiers, gaugers, storekeepers, revenue agents, and Treasury clerks by recruitment, impressment, and extortion.[39][40]", "William Howard Taft. A number of Republican politicians, such as Treasury Secretary George Cortelyou, tested the waters for a run but chose to stay out. New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes ran, but when he made a major policy speech, Roosevelt the same day sent a special message to Congress warning in strong terms against corporate corruption. The resulting coverage of the presidential message relegated Hughes to the back pages.[49] Roosevelt reluctantly deterred repeated attempts to draft him for another term.[50]", "Bill Clinton. Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement, but failed to pass his plan for national health care reform. In the 1994 elections, the Republican Party won unified control of the Congress for the first time in 40 years. In 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second full term. Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Children's Health Insurance Program, as well as financial deregulation measures, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000. In 1998, Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives for perjury and obstruction of justice, relating to a sex scandal involving White House employee Monica Lewinsky. Clinton was acquitted by the Senate in 1999 and proceeded to complete his term in office. Clinton is only the second U.S. president to ever be impeached, the first being Andrew Johnson. During the last three years of Clinton's presidency, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus, the first such surplus since 1969. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in the Bosnian and Kosovo wars, signed the Iraq Liberation Act in opposition to Saddam Hussein, participated in the 2000 Camp David Summit to advance the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, and assisted the Northern Ireland peace process.", "Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals. An analysis of the scandals reveals the many powers at Grant's disposal as the President of the United States. His confidants knew this and in many situations took advantage of Grant's presidential authority. Having the ability to pardon, accept resignations, and even vouch for an associate in a deposition, created an environment difficult, though not impossible, for reformers in and outside of the Grant Administration. Grant himself, far from being politically naive, had played a shrewd hand at times in the protection of cabinet and appointees. Examples include not allowing Benjamin Bristow to move the Tax Revenue Supervisors and relinquishing immunity in the Whiskey Ring cases, made Grant a protector of political patronage. In fairness, Grant did appoint cabinet reformers and special prosecutors that were able to clean up the Treasury, Interior, War, and Justice departments. Grant, himself, personally participated in reforming the Department of Indian Affairs, by firing all the corrupt clerks. No reforming cabinet member, however, was installed in the Department of Navy.[35]", "Harry S. Truman. In 1950, the Senate, led by Estes Kefauver, investigated numerous charges of corruption among senior administration officials, some of whom received fur coats and deep freezers in exchange for favors. A large number of employees of the Internal Revenue Bureau (today the IRS) were accepting bribes; 166 employees either resigned or were fired in 1950,[236] with many soon facing indictment. When Attorney General J. Howard McGrath fired the special prosecutor in early 1952 for being too zealous, Truman fired McGrath.[237] Truman submitted a reorganization plan to reform the IRB; Congress passed it, but the corruption was a major issue in the 1952 presidential election.[238][239]", "Spiro Agnew. Investigative reporters and Democratic operatives had pursued rumors that Agnew had been corrupt during his years as a Maryland official, but they had not been able to substantiate them.[163] In February 1973, Agnew heard of the investigation and had Attorney General Richard Kleindienst contact Beall.[164] The vice president's personal attorney, George White, visited Beall, who stated that Agnew was not under investigation, and that prosecutors would do their best to protect Agnew's name.[165] In June, Matz's attorney disclosed to Beall that his client could show that Agnew not only had been corrupt, but that payments to him had continued into his vice presidency. These later payments would not be barred by the statute of limitations; Agnew could be prosecuted.[166] On July 3, Beall informed the new Attorney General, Elliot Richardson, and at the end of the month Nixon, through his chief of staff, Alexander Haig, was informed. Agnew had already met with both Nixon and Haig to assert his innocence. On August 1, Beall sent a letter to Agnew's attorney, formally advising that the vice president was under investigation for tax fraud and corruption.[167] Matz was prepared to testify that he had met with Agnew at the White House and given him $10,000 in cash.[168] Another witness, Jerome B. Wolff, head of Maryland's road commission, had extensive documentation that detailed, as Beall put it, \"every corrupt payment he participated in with then-Governor Agnew\".[160]", "Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals. To obtain these highly prized postal contracts, contractors, postal clerks, and various intermediary brokers set up an intricate ring of bribery and straw bidding in the Postal Contract Office. Straw bidding reached a peak under Postmaster General John Creswell, who was exonerated by an 1872 congressional investigation that was later revealed to have been tainted by a $40,000 bribe from western postal contractor Bradley Barlow. An 1876 Democratic investigation was able to temporarily shut down the ring, but it reconstituted itself and continued until a federal trial in 1882 finally ended the Star Route frauds.[24][25]", "Richard Nixon. Historian Keith W. Olson has written that Nixon left a negative legacy: fundamental mistrust of government with its roots in Vietnam and Watergate.[284] During the impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998, both sides tried to use Nixon and Watergate to their advantage: Republicans suggested that Clinton's misconduct had been comparable to Nixon's, while Democrats contended that Nixon's actions had been far more serious than those of the incumbent.[285] Another legacy, for a time, was a decrease in the power of the presidency as Congress passed restrictive legislation in the wake of Watergate. Olson suggests that grants of power to George W. Bush in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks restored the president's power.[284]", "Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals. The scandals in the Grant Administration were indicative of greater national moral decline. According to one respected historian, C. Vann Woodward, there are three primary forces that caused national corruption during this time period. The most compelling event that lead to corruption was the Civil War itself, unleashing a torrent of human depravity, deaths and unscrupulously gained riches enabled by persons who rose from deserved obscurity to powerful military and civilian positions. These men—the claim agents, speculators, subsidy-seekers, government contractors, and the all-purpose crooks—were born from the war and entered politics after the fighting stopped. The second generator of corruption was the opening of the West and South to unrestrained exploitation that caused older parts of the country to fall into moral confusion. The third cause, according to Vann Woodward, was the rapid rise of American industrialism, which loosened the nation's standards and values. Americans found themselves released from discipline and restraint by the rapid growth of industrial wealth after the Civil War.[6]", "The Economist. The Economist frequently accuses figures and countries of corruption or dishonesty. In recent years, for example, it criticised Paul Wolfowitz, World Bank president; Silvio Berlusconi, Italy's Prime Minister (who dubbed it The Ecommunist);[49] Laurent-Désiré Kabila, the late president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Robert Mugabe, the head of government in Zimbabwe; and, recently, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, the president of Argentina.[50] The Economist also called for Bill Clinton's impeachment and, after the emergence of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse,[51] for Donald Rumsfeld's resignation. Though The Economist initially gave vigorous support for the US-led invasion of Iraq, it later called the operation \"bungled from the start\" and criticised the \"almost criminal negligence\" of the Bush Administration's handling of the war, while maintaining, in 2007, that pulling out in the short term would be irresponsible.[52] In the 2004 US election, the editors \"reluctantly\" backed John Kerry.[53][54] In the 2008 US election The Economist endorsed Barack Obama, while using the front cover of the issue published on the eve of the election to promote his candidacy.[55] In the 2012 US election, Barack Obama was again endorsed: the editorial said that they preferred Obama on the economy, foreign policy and health care, but criticised him for running a negative campaign against Romney and for a \"...poor appreciation of commerce.\"[56]", "Corrupt bargain. In the 1824 election, without an absolute majority in the Electoral College, the 12th Amendment dictated that the Presidential election be sent to the House of Representatives, whose Speaker and candidate in his own right, Henry Clay, gave his support to John Quincy Adams, and was then selected to be his Secretary of State. In the 1876 election, accusations of corruption stemmed from officials involved in counting the necessary and hotly contested electoral votes of both sides, in which Rutherford B. Hayes was elected by a congressional commission. The most recent incident widely described as a \"corrupt bargain\" was Gerald Ford's 1974 pardon of Richard Nixon, following the resignation of the disgraced former president. The critics claim that Ford's pardon was a quid pro quo for Nixon's resignation, which elevated Ford to the presidency.", "Gerald Ford. The trust the American people had in him was rapidly and severely tarnished by his pardon of Nixon.[196] Nonetheless, many grant in hindsight that he had respectably discharged with considerable dignity a great responsibility that he had not sought.[196] His subsequent loss to Carter in 1976 has come to be seen as an honorable sacrifice he made for the nation.[195]", "George H. W. Bush. In 1986, the Reagan administration was shaken by a scandal when it was revealed that administration officials had secretly arranged weapon sales to Iran. The officials had used the proceeds to fund the anti-communist Contras in Nicaragua, which was a direct violation of law. The scandal became known as the Iran-Contra Affair. When news of the public embarrassment broke to the media, Bush, like Reagan, stated that he had been \"out of the loop\" and unaware of the diversion of funds,[78] although this was later questioned.[79] His diaries from that time stated \"I'm one of the few people that know fully the details\" and as a result of six pardons by Bush, the independent counsel's final report on the Iran-Contra Affair pointedly noted: \"The criminal investigation of Bush was regrettably incomplete.\"[80]", "Richard Nixon. Though Nixon lost much popular support, even from his own party, he rejected accusations of wrongdoing and vowed to stay in office.[212] He insisted that he had made mistakes, but had no prior knowledge of the burglary, did not break any laws, and did not learn of the cover-up until early 1973.[214] On October 10, 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned —unrelated to Watergate— and was convicted on charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering during his tenure as Governor of Maryland. Nixon chose Gerald Ford, Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, to replace Agnew.[215] One researcher suggested Nixon effectively disengaged from his own administration after the swearing in of Gerald Ford as Vice President on December 6, 1973.[216]" ]

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[ "Cro-Magnon. Finds of spun, dyed, and knotted flax fibers among Cro-Magnon artifacts in Dzudzuana shows they made cords for hafting stone tools, weaving baskets, or sewing garments.[48] Apart from the mammoth bone huts mentioned, they constructed shelter of rocks, clay, branches, and animal hide/fur. These early humans used manganese and iron oxides to paint pictures and may have created one early lunar calendar around 15,000 years ago.[49]", "Cro-Magnon. The name comes from the location of Abri de Cro-Magnon (abri is French for rock shelter, cro is Occitan for \"hole\" or \"cavity\",[8] and Magnon is the name of the owner of the land[9]) in the hamlet of Les Eyzies in the commune of Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil in southwestern France, where the first specimen was found.[10] Being the oldest known modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) in Europe, the Cro-Magnons were from the outset linked to the well-known Lascaux cave paintings and the Aurignacian culture, the remains of which were well known from southern France and Germany. As additional remains of early modern humans were discovered in archaeological sites from Western Europe and elsewhere, and dating techniques improved in the early 20th century, new finds were added to the taxonomic classification.", "Bear attack. Ward and Kynaston go on to report that Cro-Magnon humans, who first appeared nearly 35,000 years ago, show more obvious evidence of cave bear worship in the forms of paintings, sculptures, and engravings; however, there is still some doubt as to whether these works specifically depict the cave bear or the European brown bear.[5]", "Cro-Magnon. Like most early humans, the Cro-Magnons were primarily big-game hunters, killing mammoth, cave bears, horses, and reindeer.[46] They hunted with spears, javelins, and spear-throwers. Archery had not yet been invented. They would have been nomadic or semi-nomadic, following the annual migration of their prey, and also have eaten plant materials. In Mezhirich village in Ukraine, several huts built from mammoth bones possibly representing semi-permanent hunting camps have been unearthed.[37][47]", "Cro-Magnon. The flint tools found in association with the remains at Cro-Magnon have associations with the Aurignacian culture that Lartet had identified a few years before he found the first skeletons. The Aurignacian differ from the earlier cultures by their finely worked bone or antler points and flint points made for hafting, the production of Venus figurines and cave painting.[43] They pierced bones, shells and teeth to make body ornaments. The figurines, cave-paintings, ornaments and the mysterious Venus figurines are a hallmark of Cro-Magnon culture, contrasting with the utilitarian culture of the Neanderthals.[44] Unlike earlier cultures, the Aurignacian appear to have been developed in Europe, and to have spread in the wake of the Phlegraean eruption 37 000 years ago.[45]", "Cro-Magnon. The Peștera Muierilor (Women's Cave) find is a single, fairly complete cranium of a woman with rugged facial traits and otherwise modern skull features, found in a lower gallery of \"The Women's Cave\" in Romania, among numerous cave bear remains. Radiocarbon dating yielded an age of 30,150 ± 800 years, making it one of the oldest Cro-Magnon finds.[19]", "Sympathetic magic. The term is most commonly used in archaeology in relation to Paleolithic cave paintings such as those in North Africa and at Lascaux in France. The theory is one of prehistoric human behavior, and is based on studies of more modern hunter-gatherer societies. The idea is that the paintings were made by Cro-Magnon shamans. The shamans would retreat into the darkness of the caves, enter into a trance state and then paint images of their visions, perhaps with some notion of drawing power out of the cave walls themselves. This goes some way towards explaining the remoteness of some of the paintings (which often occur in deep or small caves) and the variety of subject matter (from prey animals to predators and human hand-prints). In his book Primitive Mythology, Joseph Campbell stated that the paintings \"...were associated with the magic of the hunt.\" For him, this sympathetic magic was akin to a participation mystique, where the paintings, drawn in a sanctuary of \"timeless principle\", were acted upon by rite.", "Cro-Magnon. Cro-Magnons were anatomically modern, straight limbed and tall compared to the contemporaneous Neanderthals. They are thought to have stood on average 176.2 cm (5 feet 9 1⁄3 inches) tall. They differ from modern-day humans in having a more robust physique and a slightly larger cranial capacity.[34] The Cro-Magnons had fairly low skulls, with wide faces, robust mandibles, blunted chins, narrow noses,[35] and moderate to no prognathism.[26] A distinctive trait was the rectangular eye orbits, similar to those of modern Ainu people.[36] Their vocal apparatus was like that of present-day humans and they could speak.[37]", "Cro-Magnon. The Předmostí site is dated to 24,000 to 27,000 years old. The people were essentially similar to the French Cro-Magnon finds. Though undoubtedly modern, they had robust features indicative of a big-game hunter lifestyle. They also share square eye-socket openings found in the French material.[26]", "Cro-Magnon. The Abri of Cro-Magnon is part of the UNESCO World Heritage of the Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley.[22]", "Cro-Magnon. Cro-Magnons were robustly built and powerful. The body was generally heavy and solid with a strong musculature. The forehead was fairly straight rather than sloping like in Neanderthals, and with only slight browridges. The face was short and wide. The chin was prominent. The brain capacity was about 1,600 cc (98 cu in), larger than the average for modern humans.[7]", "Cro-Magnon. Cro-Magnon (/kroʊˈmænjən/ ( listen) or US: /kroʊˈmæɡnən/; French: [kʁomaɲɔ̃]) is a common name that has been used to describe the first early modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens) that lived in the European Upper Paleolithic.[1] Current scientific literature prefers the term European early modern humans (EEMH), to the term Cro-Magnon, which has no formal taxonomic status, as it refers neither to a species or subspecies nor to an archaeological phase or culture.[2] The earliest known remains of Cro-Magnon-like humans are radiocarbon dated to 43,000–45,000 years before present that have been discovered in Italy[3] and Britain,[4] with the remains found of those that reached the European Russian Arctic 40,000 years ago.[5][6]", "Lascaux. The cave contains nearly 6,000 figures, which can be grouped into three main categories: animals, human figures, and abstract signs. The paintings contain no images of the surrounding landscape or the vegetation of the time.[14] Most of the major images have been painted onto the walls using red, yellow, and black colours from a complex multiplicity of mineral pigments[15]:110[16] including iron compounds such as iron oxide (ochre)[17]:204 haematite, and goethite,[16][18] as well as manganese-containing pigments.[16][17]:208 Charcoal may also have been used[17]:199 but seemingly to a sparing extent.[15] On some of the cave walls, the colour may have been applied as a suspension of pigment in either animal fat or calcium-rich cave groundwater or clay, making paint,[15] that was swabbed or blotted on, rather than applied by brush.[18] In other areas, the colour was applied by spraying the pigments by blowing the mixture through a tube.[18] Where the rock surface is softer, some designs have been incised into the stone. Many images are too faint to discern, and others have deteriorated entirely.", "Cro-Magnon. Mitochondrial DNA analysis places the early European population as sister group to the Asian groups, dating the divergence to some 50,000 years ago.[38] The very light skin tone found in modern Northern Europeans is a relatively recent phenomenon,[39] and may have appeared in the European line as recently as 12 to 6 thousand years ago (10,000 - 4,000 BCE), indicating Cro-Magnons had dark skin.[40] DNA sequencing of finds of the late post-ice-age hunter-gatherer populations in Europe indicate that some Cro-Magnons likely had blue eyes and dark hair, and a brown complexion.[41][42] A small ivory bust of a man found at Dolní Věstonice and dated to 26,000 years indicates the Cro-Magnons had straight hair, though the somewhat later Venus of Brassempouy may show wavy or curly hair, possibly braided.", "Cro-Magnon. The original Cro-Magnon find was discovered in a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. The type specimen from the site is Cro-Magnon 1, carbon dated to about 28,000 14C years old.[20] (27,680 ± 270 BP). Compared to Neanderthals, the skeletons showed the same high forehead, upright posture and slender (gracile) skeleton as modern humans. The other specimens from the site are a female, Cro-Magnon 2, and male remains, Cro-Magnon 3.", "Cro-Magnon. The condition and placement of the remains of the Cro-Magnon 1 specimen, along with pieces of shell and animal teeth in what appear to have been pendants or necklaces, raises the question of whether it was buried intentionally. If Cro-Magnons buried their dead intentionally, it suggests they had a knowledge of ritual, by burying their dead with necklaces and tools, or an idea of disease and that the bodies needed to be contained.[21]", "Cro-Magnon. The oldest Cro-Magnon remains from southeastern Europe are the finds from Peștera cu Oase (the bones cave) near the Iron Gates in Romania. The site is situated in the Danubian corridor, which may have been the Cro-Magnon entry point into Central Europe. The cave appears to be a cave bear den; the human remains may have been prey or carrion. No tools are associated with the finds.", "Cave painting. Originating in the Paleolithic period, the rock art found in Khoit Tsenkher Cave, Mongolia, includes symbols and animal forms painted from the walls up to the ceiling.[45] Stags, buffalo, oxen, ibex, lions, Argali sheep, antelopes, camels, elephants, ostriches, and other animal pictorials are present, often forming a palimpsest of overlapping images. The paintings appear brown or red in color, and are stylistically similar to other Paleolithic rock art from around the world but are unlike any other examples in Mongolia.", "Prehistoric medicine. Not technically classed as 'written evidence', prehistoric people left many kinds of paintings, using paints made of minerals such as lime, clay and charcoal, and brushes made from feathers, animal fur, or twigs on the walls caves. Although many of these paintings are thought to have a spiritual or religious purpose,[35] there have been some, such as a man with antlers (thought to be a medicine man), which have revealed some part of prehistoric medicine. Many cave paintings of human hands have shown missing fingers (none have been shown without thumbs), which suggests that these were cut off for sacrificial or practical purposes, as is the case among the Pygmies and Khoikhoi.[36]", "Cave painting. Cave paintings are also known as \"parietal art\".They are painted drawings on cave walls or ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, dated to some 40,000 years ago (around 38,000 BCE) in Eurasia. The exact purpose of the Paleolithic cave paintings is not known. Evidence suggests that they were not merely decorations of living areas since the caves in which they have been found do not have signs of ongoing habitation. They are also often located in areas of caves that are not easily accessible. Some theories hold that cave paintings may have been a way of communicating with others, while other theories ascribe a religious or ceremonial purpose to them. The paintings are remarkably similar around the world, with animals being common subjects that give the most impressive images. Humans mainly appear as images of hands, mostly hand stencils made by blowing pigment on a hand held to the wall.", "Cro-Magnon. Though younger than the Oase skull and mandible, the finds from the Mladeč caves in Moravia are some of the oldest Cro-Magnon sites. The caves have yielded the remains of several individuals, but few artifacts. The artifacts found have tentatively been classified as Aurignacian. The finds have been radiocarbon dated to around 31,000 radiocarbon years (somewhat older in calendar years),[27] Mladeč 2 is dated to 31,320 +410, -390, Mladeč 9a to 31,500 +420, -400 and Mladeč 8 to 30,680 +380, -360 14C years.[19]", "Cro-Magnon. Analysis of the pathology of the skeletons shows that the humans of this period led a physically difficult life. In addition to infection, several of the individuals found at the shelter had fused vertebrae in their necks, indicating traumatic injury; the adult female found at the shelter had survived for some time with a skull fracture. As these injuries would be life-threatening even today, this suggests that Cro-Magnons relied on community support and took care of each other's injuries.[21]", "Cro-Magnon. The French geologist Louis Lartet discovered the first five skeletons of this type in March 1868 in a rock shelter named Abri de Crô-Magnon. Similar specimens were subsequently discovered in other parts of Europe and neighboring areas.", "Cro-Magnon. The Cro-Magnons shared the European landscape with Neanderthals for some 10,000 years or more, before the latter disappeared from the fossil record. The nature of their co-existence and the extinction of Neanderthals has been debated. Suggestions include peaceful co-existence, competition, interbreeding, assimilation, and genocide.[12][50] Other modern people, like the Qafzeh humans, seem to have co-existed with Neanderthals for up to 60,000 years in the Levant.[51]", "Patagonia. The Cueva de las Manos is a famous site in Santa Cruz, Argentina. A cave at the foot of a cliff is covered in wall paintings, particularly the negative images of hundreds of hands, believed to date from around 8000 BC.[10]", "Cro-Magnon. Grimaldi man was a name given in the early 20th century to an Italian find of two paleolithic skeletons of short, but finely built people. When found, the skeletons were the subject of dubious scientific theories on human evolution, partly fueled by biased reconstruction of the skulls by the scientists involved.[57] In the 1960s, the Grimaldi find, together with various other European finds of early modern humans, was classified as Cro-Magnon (in the wider sense), though the term \"European Early Modern Humans\" is today preferred for this assemblage.", "Paint. In 2003 and 2004, South African archeologists reported finds in Blombos Cave of a 100,000-year-old human-made ochre-based mixture that could have been used like paint.[1][2] Further excavation in the same cave resulted in the 2011 report of a complete toolkit for grinding pigments and making a primitive paint-like substance.[2][3]\nCave paintings drawn with red or yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide, and charcoal may have been made by early Homo sapiens as long as 40,000 years ago.", "History of painting. Spanish cave painting of Bulls", "Cave painting. The hand images are often negative (stencilled). Besides these there are also depictions of human beings, guanacos, rheas, felines and other animals, as well as geometric shapes, zigzag patterns, representations of the sun, and hunting scenes. Similar paintings, though in smaller numbers, can be found in nearby caves. There are also red dots on the ceilings, probably made by submerging their hunting bolas in ink, and then throwing them up. The colours of the paintings vary from red (made from hematite) to white, black or yellow. The negative hand impressions date to around 550 BC, the positive impressions from 180 BC, while the hunting drawings are calculated to more than 10,000 years old.[39] Most of the hands are left hands, which suggests that painters held the spraying pipe with their right hand.[citation needed]", "Cro-Magnon. The term \"Cro-Magnon\" soon came to be used in a general sense to describe the oldest modern people in Europe. By the 1970s, the term was used for any early modern human wherever found, as was the case with the far-flung Jebel Qafzeh remains in Israel and various Paleo-Indians in the Americas.[11] However, analyses based on more current data[12] concerning the migrations of early humans have contributed to a refined definition of this expression. Today, the term Cro-Magnon falls outside the usual naming conventions for early humans, though it remains an important term within the archaeological community as an identifier for the commensurate fossil remains in Europe and adjacent areas.[2] Current scientific literature uses the term \"European early modern humans\" (or EEMH), instead of \"Cro-Magnon\". The oldest definitely dated EEMH specimen is the Grotta del Cavallo tooth dated in 2011 to at least 43,000 years old.[13]", "Cro-Magnon. Palaeolithic males in Czech Republic (30,000 years ago), in Belgium (35,000 years ago)[62]and in the south of Russia (37,000 years ago) [63]belong to Haplogroup C-V20.", "Cro-Magnon. A fairly complete skeleton from the Magdalenian found in 1888 in Chancelade, France, was originally thought to have been an Eskimo. Though this interpretation is now abandoned, the short and stocky, but otherwise modern skeleton differs markedly from the Cro-Magnon finds.[58][59] Similar, but more fragmentary finds are known from Laugerie-Basse and the Duruthy cave near Sorde-l'Abbaye.[60]" ]

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[ "Black and Yellow. \"Black and Yellow\" is a song by American rapper Wiz Khalifa from his third studio album, Rolling Papers. It was released on September 14, 2010, as the lead single from the album. The song was written by Khalifa, along with Stargate, who produced it. It was released as a CD single in honor of Record Store Day.[1] The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Wiz Khalifa's first number-one single in the US;[2] he would top the chart again in 2015 with \"See You Again\".", "Wiz Khalifa. Khalifa released \"Black and Yellow\", his first single for Rostrum/Atlantic, produced by Stargate, which has received radio airplay.[33] The single peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100; the title of the song refers to the colours of the City of Pittsburgh.[34] Khalifa released his debut album with Atlantic Records in 2011.[35] He appeared with Curren$y on the track \"Scaling the Building\" on producer Ski Beatz' 2010 album, 24 Hour Karate School.[36]", "Black and Yellow. The song is about Khalifa's car, a yellow Dodge Challenger Hemi with black stripes.[3] He has stated that he got the car in those colors as a tribute to his hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, whose official colors are black and gold, and its professional sports teams, most of whose colors are black and some variation of gold or yellow.[3] The song itself does not mention Pittsburgh or sports, although the song's music video made the connection to Pittsburgh explicit, showing various iconic locations in the city, as well as apparel associated with the football team the Pittsburgh Steelers and the baseball team the Pittsburgh Pirates. In the year after it was released, \"Black and Yellow\" spawned dozens of remixes, parodies and remakes, both in the US and internationally, many of them made in tribute to a local sports team.[4][5][6] At Super Bowl XLV in 2011, which featured the Steelers competing against the Green Bay Packers, the Steelers used \"Black and Yellow\" as their fight song, while the Packers used a remix by Lil' Wayne called \"Green and Yellow\", marking the first time both teams at the Super Bowl had used the same song.[7]", "Wiz Khalifa discography. In April 2010, Khalifa released a mixtape, Kush & Orange Juice, which acquired widespread attention after topping Google's Hot Search Trends list: this brought Khalifa to the attention of Atlantic Records, who promptly signed him.[1] Khalifa's first single for the label, \"Black and Yellow\", achieved significant commercial success in the United States, peaking at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and also peaking in the top ten of both the Canadian and United Kingdom singles charts.[2][3][4] The song was later certified 6x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for digital download shipments exceeding 6,000,000 copies.[5] The International Hit \"Black and Yellow\" appeared on Khalifa's first studio album for Atlantic (and third overall), Rolling Papers, which peaked at number two on the US Billboard 200 and was certified gold by the RIAA.[5] Three further singles from Rolling Papers, Billboard Singles \"Roll Up\", \"On My Level\" – a collaboration with fellow rapper Too Short – and \"No Sleep\" also charted in the United States.[2] In 2011, Khalifa recorded many collaborations with other artists that proved to be commercially successful, including \"5 O'Clock\" with T-Pain and Lily Allen, and \"Young, Wild & Free\" with Snoop Dogg. Both of these songs reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100.[2]", "Wiz Khalifa. Khalifa parted with Warner Bros. and released his second album, Deal or No Deal, in November 2009. He released the mixtape Kush and Orange Juice as a free download in April 2010; he then signed with Atlantic Records.[3] He is also well known for his debut single for Atlantic, \"Black and Yellow\", which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. His debut album for the label, Rolling Papers, was released on March 29, 2011.[4] He followed that album with O.N.I.F.C. on December 4, 2012, which was backed by the singles \"Work Hard, Play Hard\" and \"Remember You\". Wiz released his fifth album Blacc Hollywood on August 18, 2014, backed by the lead single \"We Dem Boyz\". In March 2015, he released \"See You Again\" for the soundtrack of the film Furious 7 and the song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for 12 non-consecutive weeks.[5]", "Black and Yellow. The official remix, \"Black & Yellow (G-Mix)\" features west-coast rapper Snoop Dogg, Juicy J and R&B singer T-Pain. Wiz Khalifa has a new verse on the track. The song leaked on December 12, 2010 but was officially released on December 16.[10] A video for the remix was shot and was released on January 8, 2011. A remix by T-Pain, named \"Black & Yellow (T-Mix)\", featured the verse that was later put on the official remix.", "Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh's Wiz Khalifa is a recent artist to have a number one record. His anthem \"Black and Yellow\" (a tribute to Pittsburgh's official colors) reached number one on Billboard's \"Hot 100\"[124] for the Week of February 19, 2011[125] Not since Grammy-winning blues guitarist George Benson has a Pittsburgh artist received such national acclaim. Perry Como and Christina Aguilera are from Pittsburgh suburbs. The city is also where the popular band Rusted Root was formed. Hip hop artist Mac Miller's album Blue Slide Park debuted at the top of Billboard's album chart; its first #1 independent release since Dogg Food in 1995.[126]", "Black and Yellow. In addition, a number of freestyle versions have been released, of artists rapping over \"Black and Yellow\"'s instrumental track, without any overt reference to the song or to sports teams. These include versions by Crooked I (who included a chorus of \"packing metal\"), Donnis, Young Jeezy, Tyga, Novi Novak, and Layzie Bone and Flesh-n-Bone of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony.[15]", "Wiz Khalifa. Continuing his association with Rostrum Records, Khalifa released the single \"Teach U to Fly\", and the mixtape How Fly, a collaboration with New Orleans rapper Curren$y, on August 9, 2009.[16] Khalifa introduced a more melodic style on the mixtape, alternating between singing and rapping. He opened for Wu-Tang Clan member U-God at the 2009 CMJ Music Marathon in New York City. Khalifa released the mixtape Burn After Rolling on November 2, 2009, where he raps over familiar beats from other artists, including the songs \"If I Were A Boy\" and \"Diva\" by Beyoncé, \"Walking on a Dream\" by Empire of the Sun, \"Luchini AKA This Is It\" by Camp Lo, and \"Best I Ever Had\" by Drake.[18] Khalifa released his second album, Deal or No Deal, on November 24, 2009.[19]", "Young, Wild & Free. \"Young, Wild & Free\" is a three-minute, 27-second pop-rap song.[9][10][11] It differs from the G-funk style of other songs by Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa on the soundtrack, incorporating pop elements into the chorus.[12][13] According to the digital sheet music, the song was composed in the key of D major with a tempo of 100 beats per minute. Dogg's voice ranges from a low of B2 to a high of A4.[14] The song consists of hip-hop drums overlaid with a revolving, chilled \"twinkling\" piano hook and Mars' \"sprightly\" and \"carefree choral hook\".[9][15] Its \"carefree vibes\" make the single \"the perfect soundtrack for a Friday night with friends\".[16] Coughing is heard, implying a party vibe.[17] The song is a weed anthem, reminiscing about \"hazy times\" and youth:[9][10][15] \"It's like I'm 17 again/ Peach fuzz on my face/Lookin', on the case /Trying to get a hella taste\", while the former in the following verses \"Roll joints bigger than King Kong's fingers/ And smoke them hoes down until they're stingers.\"[9][10] Mars' pop-soul chorus is also nostalgic:[9][18][19] \"So what, we get drunk/So what, we smoke weed/We’re just having fun/We don’t care who sees/So what, we go out/That's how it's supposed to be/Living young and wild and free.\"[17]", "Black Spiderman. This song is the celebration of unity and a world built upon division. People say things like I don’t see color, I just see people. To which I retour you should see color, you should see a black man, a white woman, a brown little girl or any other color of the rainbow.[4]", "Young, Wild & Free. \"Young, Wild & Free\" was performed live several times. Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa began their High School Tour (a small, joint tour) in late 2011 to promote the soundtrack, and \"Young, Wild & Free\" was the closing song.[53][54] In early 2012, Dogg and Khalifa appeared on Power 106’s Big Boy’s Neighborhood and performed the single.[55] Khalifa performed the song live on the 2012 VMA Tour, and Dogg performed it during his set at Coachella 2012; Khalifa joined him onstage with a giant joint.[56] [57] Khalifa co-headlined with Fall Out Boy on the Boys of Zummer (North American) leg of the American Beauty/American Psycho Tour (2015), where he performed the single.[58][59] Dogg and Khalifa united for the High Road Summer Tour (2016), where they performed \"Young, Wild & Free\" together.[60] Dogg rapped the song as the final act of his Puff Puff Pass Tour Part 2 (2016).[61][62]", "Young, Wild & Free. During an interview in the American music magazine American Songwriter, Philip Lawrence said that \"Young, Wild & Free\" was \"an after-thought\" and \"there’s a lot of fun behind it\". The song began when the Smeezingtons were experimenting in the studio, a process which usually starts when they get behind the mic and singing \"until something sticks\". Although the team thought \"it was just a little something\" which would never be heard, Aaron Bay-Shuck told them the song was a \"smash\" and they had to finish it.[1] Mars then sent the song to Snoop Dogg, who showed it to Wiz Khalifa. They liked the track, decided to record it and returned the recording to Mars (who added finishing touches).[1][2]", "Wiz Khalifa. His stage name is derived from Khalifa, an Arabic word meaning \"successor\", and wisdom, which was shortened to Wiz when Khalifa was a young boy.[8] Khalifa stated to spinner.com that the name also came from being called \"young Wiz 'cause I was good at everything I did, and my granddad is Muslim, so he gave me that name; he felt like that's what I was doing with my music.\" He got a tattoo of his stage name on his 17th birthday.[9][10]", "Wiz Khalifa. Khalifa performed at Emo's in Austin, Texas in March 2010 as part of the 2010 South by Southwest Music Festival.[20] He appeared on the cover of XXL magazine that same month, for the magazine's annual list of Top 10 Freshman, which included Donnis, J. Cole, Pill, Freddie Gibbs, and Fashawn. Wiz Khalifa was named 2010 \"Rookie Of The Year\" by \"The Source\", with alongside Rick Ross, \"The Man Of The Year\".[21] He toured with rapper Yelawolf on a 20-date tour, the Deal Or No Deal Tour.[22] Khalifa released the free mixtape Kush and Orange Juice for download on June 14, 2010. Due to Khalifa's devoted grassroots fan base, the mixtape became the No. 1 trending topic on Twitter with the hash tag #kushandorangejuice, and \"", "Black and Yellow. The song was featured in the multiple trailers for The Lego Batman Movie.\nOn April 7, 2014, \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\" held a skit called \"American Sign Language Rap Battle.\" Khalifa performed the song as three ASL-certified interpreters competed.", "Wiz Khalifa. On February 11, 2014, Khalifa released Blacc Hollywood's first single titled \"We Dem Boyz\". On March 31, 2015, Wiz Khalifa released an EP with fellow Taylor Gang artist Ty Dolla $ign, Talk About It In The Morning.[51] That same month, Khalifa released the song \"See You Again\", a tribute to Paul Walker, who died during filming for Furious 7.[5]", "Wiz Khalifa. Khalifa was featured in a remix and video for the 2010 Rick Ross single \"Super High\", alongside Curren$y.[26] He guested on the mixtape Grey Goose, Head Phones, and Thirsty Women by St. Louis rapper M.C,[27] and was featured on the track \"The Breeze (Cool)\" on rapper Wale's August 2010 mixtape More About Nothing.[28] Khalifa was named MTV's Hottest Breakthrough MC of 2010, winning with nearly 70,000 votes, and beating out finalists Nicki Minaj, J. Cole, Travis Porter, and Diggy Simmons.[29]", "Wiz Khalifa. Cameron Jibril Thomaz (born September 8, 1987), known professionally as Wiz Khalifa, is an American rapper, singer-songwriter and actor. He released his debut album, Show and Prove, in 2006, and signed to Warner Bros. Records in 2007. His Eurodance-influenced single, \"Say Yeah\", received urban radio airplay, charting on the Rhythmic Top 40 and Hot Rap Tracks charts in 2008.[2]", "The Great Gatsby (2013 film). Penned by Lana Del Rey and the film's director, Baz Luhrmann, the song \"Young and Beautiful\" was released to contemporary hit radio as a single, and was used as the film's buzz single.[48] A snippet of the track appeared in the official trailer for the film and played during the scene where the characters portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio and Carey Mulligan express their romantic feelings for one another.[49] Hip hop magazine Rap-Up called the single \"haunting\",[48] while MTV called it \"somber-sounding\".[49] The track performed by Florence and the Machine, \"Over the Love\", references the \"green light\" symbol from the novel in its lyrics.[46] Chris Payne of Billboard praised Beyoncé and André 3000's cover of \"Back to Black\", made unique with a downtempo EDM wobble.[46] The xx recorded \"Together\" for the film, with Jamie Smith telling MTV that the band's contribution to the soundtrack sounds like \"despair\",[50] and revealing that it utilizes a 60-piece orchestra.", "Young, Wild & Free. \"Young, Wild & Free\" received mixed reviews from music critics, who praised it for standing out stylistically from the rest of the soundtrack with hip-hop drums and a piano hook. Some critics praised Mars' pop-nostalgia chorus and Snoop Dogg's rap, but criticized Wiz Khalifa's rap performance due to being too rough. It was commercially successful, reaching the top ten in several markets (including number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number six in France and Switzerland); it peaked at number two in New Zealand and number four in Australia. The single was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), five times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) and one-time platinum by Recorded Music NZ (RMNZ).", "Wiz Khalifa. Rostrum Records president Benjy Grinberg first heard about Wiz Khalifa in 2004 when the rapper's contribution to a mixtape of various new Pittsburgh artists attracted his interest.[11] When Grinberg finally met the 16-year-old artist, he immediately decided he wanted to work with him, later telling HitQuarters: \"Even though he wasn't all the way developed you could just tell that he was a diamond in the rough, and that with some polishing, guidance and backing he could become something special.\" Khalifa signed to the label shortly after and began a seven-year period of artist development.[11] Khalifa released his first mixtape, Prince of the City: Welcome to Pistolvania, in 2005. The mixtape paved the way for his first full-length album entitled Show and Prove in 2006. Khalifa was declared an \"artist to watch\" that year in Rolling Stone magazine.[12][13]", "To Pimp a Butterfly. \"These Walls\" has been described by Billboard as \"pondering sex and existence in equal measure; it's a yoni metaphor about the power of peace, with sugar walls being escape and real walls being obstacles.\"[43] Lamar revealed that \"u\" was inspired by his own experience of depression and suicidal thoughts.[44] He also mentioned feelings of survivor's guilt as inspirations for the album.[45] \"Alright\" begins as a spoken-word treatise before exploding into a shapeshifting portrait of America that brings in jazz horns, skittering drum beats and Lamar's mellifluous rapping as he struggles with troubles and temptations. Yet at the end of each verse, he reassures himself that \"We gon' be alright\"—a simple rallying cry for a nation reeling from gun violence and police brutality.[46] For critics a \"celebration of being alive\",[47] Lamar described \"Alright\" as a message of hope.[48] \"The Blacker the Berry\" features a \"boom bap beat\" and lyrics that celebrate Lamar's African-American heritage and \"tackle hatred, racism, and hypocrisy head on.\"[49] The song's hook is performed by Jamaican dancehall artist Assassin, notable for performing on Kanye West's 2013 LP Yeezus, whose lyrics similarly address racial inequality, specifically against African Americans.[50][51]", "Come Out, Ye Black and Tans. \"Come Out, Ye Black and Tans\" (sometimes \"Black and Tan\") is an Irish rebel song referring to the Black and Tans, the British paramilitary police auxiliary force in Ireland during the 1920s. The song was written by Dominic Behan as a tribute to his father Stephen although authorship of the song is often attributed to Stephen. The melody was adapted from an old air, Rosc Catha na Mumhan (Irish for Battlecry of Munster) by Piaras Mac Gearailt (Pierce FitzGerald c.1709-c.1792), which is also used for the loyalist song, The Boyne Water, as well as several other songs in English and Irish.", "On to the Next One. The video is highly surreal. It is shot in black-and-white, and at a 4:3 aspect ratio. The people, symbols, and characters in the video seem to be wearing black and white colors to coincide with the video.[10] There are split second scenes while there are somewhat of an abundance of biblical references in it. Throughout the video, there are crucifixes, angelic symbols, a skull reminiscent of Damien Hirst's famous sculpture For the Love of God and often Baphomet. During part of the music video,the music stops, and the audience sees producer Swizz Beatz with his back to them as he seemingly makes the symbol with his coat by raising his hands. There is a cameo appearance by Colin Bailey, better known as Drums of Death, who is known for his skull face paint. In the video, Bailey appears to be perplexed, confused, and/or mad. At approximately three minutes and thirty nine seconds into the video, there are two bullets on either side of a crucifix. Rapper Young Jeezy also makes a cameo in the video.", "Young, Wild & Free. Its accompanying music video, filmed in Montclair, California in October 2011, was directed by Dylan Brown. The video features Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa having fun driving karts, skateboarding and surrounded by girls at a party, interspersed with footage from Mac & Devin Go to High School. \"Young, Wild & Free\" was performed live several times, including on the 2012 VMA Tour and at Coachella 2012. It was also part of the 2015 Boys of Zummer (the American leg of Khalifa's tour with Fall Out Boy), Dogg's 2016 Puff Puff Pass Tour Part 2, and two collaborative tours by Dogg and Khalifa: the 2011 High School Tour and the 2016 High Road Summer Tour. The song was nominated for Best Rap Song at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards in 2013, and received the Most Performed Song award at the 2013 ASCAP Pop Music Awards.", "But You Caint Use My Phone. The pair worked in his room for 11 days where they recorded the whole project; for two of the days Witness produced, reproduced, mixed, and mastered the project, while Badu recorded her vocals in one take for each song.[7] The recording sessions were also visited by featured artists André 3000 and Aubrey Davis, where they coined the genre of the mixtape \"TRap & B\".[8] During post-production, Badu and Witness focused on creating \"sympathetic vibrations\" between the music's frequency and vibration, utilizing a tuning fork and Tibetan singing bowls to find the precise wavelengths.[8] Speaking on the post-production process, Badu stated, \"It was fun, easy. I used tuning forks and singing bowls in the music in post production, just trying to create some frequencies that felt really good that I always use in all of my works. I wanted to make sure I implanted those things here too.\"[9]", "Wiz Khalifa discography. American rapper Wiz Khalifa has released five studio albums, one compilation album, one soundtrack album, one extended play (EP), thirty-seven singles (including twenty-two as a featured artist), sixteen promotional singles, fourteen mixtapes, and thirty-four music videos. After signing to independent record label Rostrum Records at a young age, Khalifa began to attract national attention following the release of his first mixtape Prince of the City: Welcome to Pistolvania. He also released his first studio album, Show and Prove (2006), which received critical acclaim from several major music publications.[1] The success of Show and Prove led Warner Bros. Records to sign Khalifa in 2007 as part of a joint deal with Rostrum. Whilst at Warner, Khalifa released the singles \"Youngin' on His Grind\" and \"Say Yeah\". The latter became his first song to appear on a Billboard chart, peaking at number 20 on the US Hot Rap Songs chart.[1] However, following disagreements with Warner over the release of a purported major-label debut album, Khalifa departed from the label and released his second studio album Deal or No Deal, in 2009 on Rostrum Records alone.[1]", "Wiz Khalifa discography. In 2012, Khalifa's fourth studio album, O.N.I.F.C., was preceded by the release of the singles \"Work Hard, Play Hard\" and \"Remember You\", which both charted in the top 75 of the Billboard Hot 100.[2] Several other songs from O.N.I.F.C. also charted upon the album's release. \"Let It Go\" featuring Akon debuted and peaked at number 87 on the Billboard Hot 100.[2] Following the release of \"Work Hard, Play Hard\", Khalifa collaborated with pop rock band Maroon 5 on the single \"Payphone\", which reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100[2] and entered the top ten of many other national charts, including those of Australia,[6] New Zealand[7] and Switzerland.[8] \"Payphone\" was particularly successful on the UK Singles Chart, where it became Khalifa's first single to top the chart.[4] Following its release in the United States on December 4, 2012,[9] O.N.I.F.C. charted at number two on the Billboard 200 and topped both the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Top Rap Albums charts.[10][11][12] Blacc Hollywood followed in 2014 and included the single \"We Dem Boyz\", which peaked at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100.[2] Khalifa, a compilation album composed of songs from 2009 onwards, was released on February 5, 2016 and contained the newly recorded moderate hit single \"Bake Sale\".", "Desire (Bob Dylan album). As described by Heylin, \"Black Diamond Bay\" describes the destruction of a tiny island (following the eruption of a volcano), observed from two perspectives: from a hotel on the island itself and from the narrator's point of view through a television news report. The song essentially describes what the people on the island are doing at the time - often drawing attention to the ironic futility of their actions (for example, one of the islanders is preparing to commit suicide when the volcano erupts and destroys the island). The song also describes the news-watcher's indifference to the catastrophes he hears about on Walter Cronkite's TV newscast, as the narrator goes to get another beer rather than watch the news story about the catastrophe on the island. He says \"I never did plan to go anyway to Black Diamond Bay.\" Joseph Conrad's novel Victory was a major influence to this song, which references many of its themes; the song title, the island, the volcano, the gambling and the Panama hat are all references to Victory. A drawing of Conrad appeared on the back of the album sleeve.", "Yellow (Coldplay song). Martin has explained, \"'Yellow' refers to the mood of the band. Brightness and hope and devotion.\" The references in some of the lyrics, including swimming and drawing a line, \"are all metaphorical slants on the extent of his emotional devotion\".[8] The drawing of a line refers to Martin's habit of writing lists, and underlining those important things on the list. Martin has commented that the song is about devotion, referring to his unrequited love for someone or something. Despite its lyrical theme, many fans have considered \"Yellow\" to be an upbeat track, although it is often interpreted as melancholy as well.[9] The song is written in the key of B major with a tempo of 88 beats per minute.[10]", "Young, Wild & Free. \"Young, Wild & Free\" is a song by American rappers Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa with American singer-songwriter Bruno Mars. It was released on October 11, 2011 by Atlantic Records as the lead single from the soundtrack of the film, Mac & Devin Go to High School. Mars, Philip Lawrence, and Ari Levine of The Smeezingtons co-wrote the track with Christopher Brown, Snoop Dogg, and Wiz Khalifa. Since the song samples two other songs (\"Toot It & Boot It\" and \"Sneakin' in the Back\"), songwriting credits were added for a total of seventeen. Produced by the Smeezingtons, its composition begun during a Smeezingtons freestyle studio session; when progress on the song stalled, Aaron Bay-Shuck considered it a potential hit and asked them to finish it. After the song was finished, Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa were added." ]

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[ "Classic Maya collapse. Mesoamerican civilization provides a remarkable exception: civilization prospering in the tropical swampland. The Maya are often perceived as having lived in a rainforest, but technically, they lived in a seasonal desert without access to stable sources of drinking water.[30] The exceptional accomplishments of the Maya are even more remarkable because of their engineered response to the fundamental environmental difficulty of relying upon rainwater rather than permanent sources of water. “The Maya succeeded in creating a civilization in a seasonal desert by creating a system of water storage and management which was totally dependent on consistent rainfall.”[31] The constant need for water kept the Maya on the edge of survival. “Given this precarious balance of wet and dry conditions, even a slight shift in the distribution of annual precipitation can have serious consequences.”[19] Water and civilization were vitally connected in ancient Mesoamerica. Archaeologist and specialist in pre-industrial land and water usage practices Vernon Scarborough believes water management and access were critical to the development of Maya civilization.[32]", "Temperate rainforest. A portion of the temperate rain forest region of North America, the largest area of temperate zone rain forests on the planet, is the Pacific temperate rain forests ecoregion which occur on west-facing coastal mountains along the Pacific coast of North America, from Kodiak Island in Alaska to northern California, and are part of the Nearctic ecozone. In the different system established by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, this same general region is classed as the Pacific Maritime Ecozone by Environment Canada and as the Marine West Coast Forest and Northwestern Forested Mountains Level II ecoregions by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. In terms of the floristic province system used by botany, the bulk of the region is the Rocky Mountain Floristic Region but a small southern portion is part of the California Floristic Province.", "Mount Rainier National Park. A more substantial archeological find was a rock shelter near Fryingpan Creek, east of Goat Island Mountain. Hunting artifacts were found in the shelter. The shelter would not have been used all year round. Cultural affinities suggest the site was used by Columbia Plateau Tribes from 1000 to 300 BP.[8][9]", "Pre-Columbian era. The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures refers to the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1000 CE in the eastern part of North America. The term \"Woodland\" was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures. The Adena culture and the ensuing Hopewell tradition during this period built monumental earthwork architecture and established continent-spanning trade and exchange networks.", "History of South America. For a long time, scholars believed that Amazon forests were occupied by small numbers of hunter-gatherer tribes. Archeologist Betty J. Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. However, recent archeological findings have suggested that the region was densely populated. From the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between 0–1250 AD. Additional finds have led to conclusions that there were highly developed and populous cultures in the forests, organized as Pre-Columbian civilizations.[13] The BBC's Unnatural Histories claimed that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine wilderness, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening.[33]", "Pre-Columbian era. The Chavín, a South American preliterate civilization, established a trade network and developed agriculture by 900 BCE, according to some estimates and archeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters. The Chavín civilization spanned from 900 to 300 BCE.", "Tropical rainforest. Tropical rainforests have harboured human life for many millennia, with many Indian tribes in South- and Central America, who belong to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, the Congo Pygmies in Central Africa, and several tribes in South-East Asia, like the Dayak people and the Penan people in Borneo.[29] Food resources within the forest are extremely dispersed due to the high biological diversity and what food does exist is largely restricted to the canopy and requires considerable energy to obtain. Some groups of hunter-gatherers have exploited rainforest on a seasonal basis but dwelt primarily in adjacent savanna and open forest environments where food is much more abundant. Other people described as rainforest dwellers are hunter-gatherers who subsist in large part by trading high value forest products such as hides, feathers, and honey with agricultural people living outside the forest.[30]", "Pacific Northwest. Because many areas have plentiful rainfall and mild summers, the Pacific Northwest has some of North America's most lush and extensive forests, which are extensively populated with Coast Douglas fir trees, the second tallest growing evergreen conifer on earth. The region also contains specimens of the tallest trees on earth, the coast redwoods, in southwestern Oregon, but the largest of these trees are located just south of the California border in northwestern California. Coastal forests in some areas are classified as temperate rain forest.", "Andean civilizations. The Chachapoyas, or the 'Cloud people', were an Andean civilization living in the cloud forests of the Amazonas region of present-day northern Peru. The Incas conquered the Chachapoyas shortly before the arrival of the Spanish in Peru. The first firm evidence of the existence of their existence dates back to around 700 AD, although it is possible that they built a settlement called Gran Pajáten where some ceramics have been dated to 200 BC. The largest Chacapoyan site discovered so far is Kuelap. A number of mummified burial sites have also been discovered.[29]", "Pre-Columbian era. By the first millennium, South America's vast rainforests, mountains, plains, and coasts were the home of millions of people. Estimates vary, but 30–50 million are often given and 100 million by some estimates. Some groups formed permanent settlements. Among those groups were Chibcha-speaking peoples (\"Muisca\" or \"Muysca\"), Valdivia, Quimbaya, Calima and the Tairona. The Muisca of Colombia, postdating the Herrera Period, Valdivia of Ecuador, the Quechuas and the Aymara of Peru and Bolivia were the four most important sedentary Amerindian groups in South America. From the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land in the Amazon rainforest, Brazil, supporting Spanish accounts of a complex, possibly ancient Amazonian civilization.[31][32]", "Tikal. Tikal (/tiˈkɑːl/) (Tik’al in modern Mayan orthography) is the ruin of an ancient city, which was likely to have been called Yax Mutal, found in a rainforest in Guatemala.[2] Ambrosio Tut, a gum-sapper, reported the ruins to La Gaceta, a Guatemalan newspaper, which named the site Tikal. After the Berlin Academy of Sciences' magazine republished the report in 1853, archeologists and treasure hunters began visiting the forest. Today, tourism to the site may help protect the rainforest.[3] It is one of the largest archaeological sites and urban centers of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It is located in the archaeological region of the Petén Basin in what is now northern Guatemala. Situated in the department of El Petén, the site is part of Guatemala's Tikal National Park and in 1979 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[4]", "History of the Americas. The oldest known civilization of the Americas was established in the Norte Chico region of modern Peru. Complex society emerged in the group of coastal valleys, between 3000 and 1800 BCE. The Quipu, a distinctive recording device among Andean civilizations, apparently dates from the era of Norte Chico's prominence.", "Amazon rainforest. Based on archaeological evidence from an excavation at Caverna da Pedra Pintada, human inhabitants first settled in the Amazon region at least 11,200 years ago.[18] Subsequent development led to late-prehistoric settlements along the periphery of the forest by AD 1250, which induced alterations in the forest cover.[19]", "Indigenous peoples of the Americas. The Norte Chico civilization (in present-day Peru) is one of the defining six original civilizations of the world, arising independently around the same time as that of Egypt.[64][65] Many later pre-Columbian civilizations achieved great complexity, with hallmarks that included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and are known only through oral history and through archaeological investigations. Others were contemporary with the contact and colonization period, and were documented in historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Mayan, Olmec, Mixtec, and Nahua peoples, had their own written languages and records. However, the European colonists of the time worked to eliminate non-Christian beliefs, and burned many pre-Columbian written records. Only a few documents remained hidden and survived, leaving contemporary historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.", "Tikal. The ruins lie among the tropical rainforests of northern Guatemala that formed the cradle of lowland Maya civilization. The city itself was located among abundant fertile upland soils, and may have dominated a natural east–west trade route across the Yucatan Peninsula.[18] Conspicuous trees at the Tikal park include gigantic kapok (Ceiba pentandra) the sacred tree of the Maya; tropical cedar (Cedrela odorata), and Honduras mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). Regarding the fauna, agoutis, white-nosed coatis, gray foxes, Geoffroy's spider monkeys, howler monkeys, harpy eagles, falcons, ocellated turkeys, guans, toucans, green parrots and leafcutter ants can be seen there regularly. Jaguars, jaguarundis, and cougars are also said to roam in the park. For centuries this city was completely covered under jungle. The average annual rainfall at Tikal is 1,945 millimetres (76.6 in).[19]", "Ancestral Puebloans. After around 1130, North America had significant climatic change in the form of a 300-year drought called the Great Drought.[26] This also led to the collapse of the Tiwanaku civilization around Lake Titicaca in present-day Bolivia.[27] The contemporary Mississippian culture also collapsed during this period. Confirming evidence dated between 1150 and 1350 has been found in excavations of the western regions of the Mississippi Valley, which show long-lasting patterns of warmer, wetter winters and cooler, drier summers.", "Temperate rainforest. The latter would, for example, exclude a part of the temperate rain forests of western North America, as Coast Douglas-fir, one of its dominant tree species, requires stand-destroying disturbance to initiate a new cohort of seedlings.[4] The North American definition would in turn exclude a part of temperate rain forests in other countries.", "Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the Valdivia culture, developed in the coastal region, while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The Cañaris near Cuenca were the most advanced, and most feared by the Inca, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion. Their architecture remains were later destroyed by Spaniards and the Incas.", "Nacirema. In 1972 Neil B. Thompson revisited the Nacirema after the fall of their civilization. Thompson's paper, unlike Miner's, primarily offered a social commentary focused on environmental issues. Thompson paid special attention to the Elibomotua cult and its efforts to modify the environment. If a closer look is taken at the Elibomotua Cult, the name is automobile spelled backwards. This is one of the major ways Miner hides his clues to linking the Nacirema to the true source, American culture.[5]", "Amazon River. There is ample evidence that the areas surrounding the Amazon River were home to complex and large-scale indigenous societies, mainly chiefdoms who developed large[citation needed] towns and cities. Archaeologists estimate that by the time the Spanish conquistador De Orellana travelled across the Amazon in 1541, more than 3 million indigenous people lived around the Amazon.[16] These pre-Columbian settlements created highly developed civilisations. For instance, pre-Columbian indigenous people on the island of Marajó may have developed social stratification and supported a population of 100,000 people. In order to achieve this level of development, the indigenous inhabitants of the Amazon rainforest altered the forest's ecology by selective cultivation and the use of fire. Scientists argue that by burning areas of the forest repetitiously, the indigenous people caused the soil to become richer in nutrients. This created dark soil areas known as terra preta de índio (\"indian dark earth\").[17] Because of the terra preta, indigenous communities were able to make land fertile and thus sustainable for the large-scale agriculture needed to support their large populations and complex social structures. Further research has hypothesised that this practice began around 11,000 years ago. Some say that its effects on forest ecology and regional climate explain the otherwise inexplicable band of lower rainfall through the Amazon basin.[17]", "Pre-Columbian era. Also known as the Omagua, Umana and Kambeba, the Cambeba are an indigenous people in Brazil's Amazon basin. The Cambeba were a populous, organized society in the late Pre-Columbian era whose population suffered steep decline in the early years of the Columbian Exchange. The Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana traversed the Amazon River during the 16th century and reported densely populated regions running hundreds of kilometers along the river. These populations left no lasting monuments, possibly because they used local wood as their construction material as stone was not locally available. While it is possible Orellana may have exaggerated the level of development among the Amazonians, their semi-nomadic descendants have the odd distinction among tribal indigenous societies of a hereditary, yet landless, aristocracy. Archaeological evidence has revealed the continued presence of semi-domesticated orchards, as well as vast areas of land enriched with terra preta. Both of these discoveries, along with Cambeba ceramics discovered within the same archaeological levels suggest that a large and organized civilization existed in the area.[36]", "El Yunque National Forest. El Yunque National Forest, formerly known as the Caribbean National Forest,[3][4] is a forest located in northeastern Puerto Rico. It is the only tropical rain forest in the United States National Forest System.[5]", "South America. One of the earliest known South American civilizations was at Norte Chico, on the central Peruvian coast. Though a pre-ceramic culture, the monumental architecture of Norte Chico is contemporaneous with the pyramids of Ancient Egypt. Norte Chico governing class established a trade network and developed agriculture then followed by Chavín by 900 BC, according to some estimates and archaeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín de Huantar in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters. Chavín civilization spanned 900 BC to 300 BC.", "Woodland period. In the classification of Archaeological cultures of North America, the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America, with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period, from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period.[1] The term \"Woodland Period\" was introduced in the 1930s as a generic term for prehistoric sites falling between the Archaic hunter-gatherers and the agriculturalist Mississippian cultures. The Eastern Woodlands cultural region covers what is now eastern Canada south of the Subarctic region, the Eastern United States, along to the Gulf of Mexico.[2]", "Mississippian culture. It was composed of a series of urban settlements and satellite villages (suburbs) linked together by a loose trading network,[2] the largest city being Cahokia, believed to be a major religious center. The civilization flourished from the southern shores of the Great Lakes at Western New York and Western Pennsylvania in what is now the Eastern Midwest, extending south-southwest into the lower Mississippi Valley and wrapping easterly around the southern foot of the Appalachians barrier range into what is now the Southeastern United States.[1]", "Amazon rainforest. Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between AD 1–1250, furthering claims about Pre-Columbian civilizations.[24][25] Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over Acre.[23][26] The BBC's Unnatural Histories presented evidence that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine wilderness, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta.[23] Terra preta is found over large areas in the Amazon forest; and is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed.[27] In the region of the Xingu tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest were found in 2003 by Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida. Among those were evidence of roads, bridges and large plazas.[28]", "Moody Gardens. The rainforests of Asia, Africa, and the Americas are featured through the popular bat caves, crashing waterfalls, and Mayan Ruins. The warm, humid interior simulates the climate of rainforests on warm days.", "Pre-Columbian era. On the north-central coast of present-day Peru, Norte Chico or Caral (as known in Peru) was a civilization that emerged around 3000 BCE (contemporary with urbanism's rise in Mesopotamia.) It is considered one of the six cradles of civilization in the world.[28] It had a cluster of large-scale urban settlements of which the Sacred City of Caral, in the Supe valley, is one of the largest and best studied sites. Norte Chico or Caral is the oldest known civilization in the Americas and persisted until around 1800 BCE.[citation needed]", "History of the Americas. On October 3, 2014, the Oregon cave, where the oldest DNA evidence of human habitation in North America was found, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The DNA, radiocarbon dated to 14,300 years ago, was found in fossilized human coprolites uncovered in the Paisley Five Mile Point Caves in south-central Oregon.[17]", "Indigenous peoples of the Americas. In the Mississippi River valley, Europeans noted Native Americans' managed groves of nut and fruit trees not far from villages and towns and their gardens and agricultural fields. Further away, prescribed burning would have been used in forest and prairie areas.[109]", "History of the United States. The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures refers to the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1,000 CE in the eastern part of North America. The term \"Woodland\" was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites dated between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures. The Hopewell tradition is the term for the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE.[10]", "History of South America. For a long time it was thought that the Amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil. Archaeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. She claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting, with agriculture needed to support a larger population.[12] However, recent archaeological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated. From the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between 0–1250 CE, leading to claims about Pre-Columbian civilisations.[13] The BBC's Unnatural Histories claimed that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine wilderness, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening.[14] Recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated. Some 5 million people may have lived in the Amazon region in 1500 CE, divided between dense coastal settlements, such as that at Marajó, and inland dwellers.[15]" ]

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[ "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Reviewing Call Me by Your Name for The New York Times, Stacey D'Erasmo called the novel \"an exceptionally beautiful book\".[1] Writing in The New Yorker, Cynthia Zarin said, \"Aciman’s first novel shows him to be an acute grammarian of desire\".[2] In The Washington Post, Charles Kaiser said, \"If you have ever been the willing victim of obsessive love—a force greater than yourself that pulls you inextricably toward the object of your desire—you will recognize every nuance of André Aciman's superb new novel, 'Call Me by Your Name.'\"[3]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Call Me by Your Name is a 2007 novel by American writer André Aciman about a love affair between an intellectually precocious and curious 17-year-old American-Italian Jewish boy and a visiting 24-year-old American Jewish scholar in 1980s Italy. The novel chronicles their summer romance and the 20 years that follow.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). The narrator, Elio Perlman, recalls the events of the summer of 1987, when he was seventeen and living with his parents in Italy. Each summer, his parents would take in a doctoral student as a house guest for six weeks, who would revise a book manuscript while assisting his father with academic paperwork. Elio resents the tradition, as it requires him to vacate his bedroom so the guest can use it for the duration of their stay.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). The audiobook was read in 2017 by Armie Hammer and published by Macmillan Publishers.[8]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). At the 20th Lambda Literary Awards, the novel won the award for Gay Fiction.[4]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Twenty years after their first meeting and one year before the narrator’s present, Oliver visits Elio’s family home in Italy. They recall their time together; Elio informs Oliver that his father has died, and that he has spread his ashes all over the world. The novel concludes with Elio, as the narrator, remarking to the reader that if Oliver remembered everything as he says he did, he should once more \"look me in the face, hold my gaze, and call me by your name.\"", "Call Me by Your Name (film). After seeing an early galley of André Aciman's debut novel Call Me by Your Name in 2007, American producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman bought the screen rights to it before it was published.[6] Before developing it into a film, the two invited their friend James Ivory to work as an executive producer on the adaptation, which he accepted.[7] Spears and Rosenman read the book independently and produced it in 2008.[8] They soon found themselves in development hell:[9] they met with three different sets of directors and writers but could not find anyone who would commit to the project.[6][10] Scheduling around the need to shoot in Italy during the summer also proved difficult.[6][10]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 romantic coming-of-age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino and written by James Ivory, based on the 2007 novel of the same name by André Aciman. It is the third and final installment in Guadagnino's thematic Desire trilogy, following I Am Love (2009) and A Bigger Splash (2015). Set in Northern Italy in 1983, Call Me by Your Name chronicles the romantic relationship between Elio Perlman (Timothée Chalamet), a 17-year-old living in Italy, and his father's American assistant, Oliver (Armie Hammer). The film also stars Michael Stuhlbarg, Amira Casar, Esther Garrel, and Victoire Du Bois.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Fifteen years later, Elio visits Oliver in the United States, where Oliver is now a professor. Elio is unwilling to meet Oliver’s wife and children, admitting that he still feels attraction towards Oliver and jealousy towards his new family. Oliver admits that he has followed Elio’s academic career, and shows him a postcard that he brought with him when he left Italy and has kept over the years. During a final meeting at a bar, Elio and Oliver muse that people can lead two parallel lives—one in reality, and one a fantasy that is denied to them by external forces.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). A film adaptation directed by Luca Guadagnino and starring Timothée Chalamet as Elio, Armie Hammer as Oliver, and Michael Stuhlbarg was released on November 24, 2017 in the United States, to critical acclaim.[5] At the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Chalamet), Best Original Song (\"Mystery of Love\"), and Best Adapted Screenplay, winning the latter.[6][7]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Before returning to the United States, Oliver decides to spend three days in Rome, where he is accompanied by Elio. Upon returning from the trip, Elio is saddened to find that his belongings have already been returned to his original bedroom, and that all traces of Oliver’s visit have vanished. Elio has a discussion with his father, who says that he approves of the friendship (and relationship) between Elio and Oliver.", "List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 coming-of-age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino. The screenplay, written by James Ivory, is based on André Aciman's 2007 novel of the same name. Set in Italy in 1983, the film follows Elio (Timothée Chalamet), an American-Italian Jewish boy, and Oliver (Armie Hammer), a visiting American Jewish scholar, and their ensuing romantic relationship. Michael Stuhlbarg, Amira Casar, Esther Garrel, and Victoire Du Bois feature in supporting roles. Sayombhu Mukdeeprom served as the cinematographer and Sufjan Stevens contributed three songs to the soundtrack.", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Oliver and Elio grow distant in the subsequent days. Elio begins an affair with Marzia, a local girl around his own age. Seeking reconciliation, Elio slips a note under Oliver’s bedroom door, with a plan to meet at midnight. At midnight, Elio enters Oliver’s room, where they have sex. Elio feels guilty about the encounter, and decides that he cannot continue his relationship with Oliver.", "Call Me by Your Name. Call Me by Your Name may refer to:", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). Oliver, the guest for the summer, is carefree and detached—a stark contrast to Elio’s introversion. Elio selected Oliver as a guest in the hopes of \"instant affinities\" between them and acts as his tour guide, though Elio's attempts to impress Oliver are met with indifference. When Oliver grabs Elio's arm after a tennis match, Elio retracts in fear. Though Elio recognizes his own bisexuality and his attraction to Oliver—he is particularly excited by his discovery that Oliver is Jewish, seeing it as a bond between them—he doubts that Oliver reciprocates his feelings.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). After its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, Call Me by Your Name was met with critical acclaim.[131][91] It received a ten-minute standing ovation at its New York Film Festival screening at the Alice Tully Hall, the longest recorded in the festival's history.[29][132] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 96% based on 239 reviews, with an average rating of 8.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Call Me by Your Name offers a melancholy, powerfully affecting portrait of first love, empathetically acted by Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer.\"[133] It was the best-reviewed limited release and second best-reviewed romance film of 2017 on the site.[134][135] On Metacritic, the film has an average weighted score of 93 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[136] It was the year's fifth-best rated film on Metacritic.[137]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). One day, Elio sneaks into Oliver’s room, and masturbates while wearing Oliver's swimming trunks. Later, Elio confesses his attraction to Oliver, and they kiss on a berm where Claude Monet had supposedly painted some of his pictures. When Elio touches Oliver’s penis through his clothes, Oliver pushes him away.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Writing in The Hollywood Reporter, Boyd van Hoeij described Call Me by Your Name as an \"extremely sensual [...] intimate and piercingly honest\" adaptation of Aciman's novel. He further called Chalamet's performance \"the true breakout of the film\".[138] Peter Debruge of Variety said the film \"advances the canon of gay cinema\" by portraying \"a story of first love [...] that transcends the same-sex dynamic of its central couple.\" He compared Guadagnino's \"sensual\" direction to the films of Pedro Almodóvar and François Ozon, while putting the film \"on par with the best of their work.\"[87] David Ehrlich of IndieWire also praised his direction, which helps the film in \"match[ing] the artistry and empathy\" of Carol (2015) and Moonlight (2016).[139] Sam Adams of BBC stated that Stuhlbarg's performance \"puts a frame around the movie's painting and opens up avenues we may not have thought to explore,\" and called it \"one of his finest\" to date. He extolled the work as one of \"many movies that have so successfully appealed to both the intellectual and the erotic since the heydays of Patrice Chéreau and André Téchiné.\"[140]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Guadagnino has deliberated over the idea of a sequel since the film's premiere at Sundance, when he realized the characters \"could go beyond the boundaries of the film.\"[30] During the 2017 BFI London Film Festival, he stated that he hoped to make a sequel to the film in 2020, suggesting it might be in the style of François Truffaut's The Adventures of Antoine Doinel series, while telling the story of Oliver and Elio as they aged. \"If I paired the age of Elio in the film with the age of Timothée, in three years’ time, Timothée will be 25, as would Elio by the time the second story was set,\" he said.[164][165] In the novel, Elio and Oliver reunited 15 years later, when Oliver is married. Guadagnino specified that in the sequel, \"I don't think Elio is necessarily going to become a gay man. He hasn’t found his place yet. I can tell you that I believe that he would start an intense relationship with Marzia again.\" Guadagnino is also interested in the politics of the 1990s, saying \"it would be the beginning of the Berlusconi era in Italy and it would mean dealing with the war of Iraq.\"[166][167]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The producers reached out to Luca Guadagnino and lined him up as their first choice to direct, but he declined, citing a busy schedule.[8][11] A native of northern Italy, he was first hired as a location consultant instead,[12][13] to help \"put the movie together from the Italian side.\"[14] Guadagnino later suggested that he co-direct the film with Ivory—without any contractual agreement yet in place.[9][14] Ivory accepted the offer,[9] and spent between six and nine months in 2014 working on the screenplay.[7][15] Guadagnino, who has described the novel as \"a Proustian book about remembering the past and indulging in the melancholy of lost things,\"[16] wrote the adaptation with Ivory, while also collaborating with Walter Fasano to \"really fine-tune it\".[14][17] It took place at Ivory's house, Guadagnino's kitchen table in Crema, and sometimes in New York.[18] Ivory hardly met the director during the process, as Guadagnino was busy making A Bigger Splash (2015).[15]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). The film differs from its source material in a number of ways. While the novel serves as a memory-piece from Elio's perspective, the filmmakers behind Call Me by Your Name chose to set the movie entirely in the present timeline, a \"much more efficient\" solution, to help the audience understand the characters and \"reflect the essence of the book.\"[8][16] The setting was changed from Bordighera to the countryside of Crema, Lombardy, where Guadagnino lives.[8][28] He decided to push up the original setting from 1987 to 1983—which he explained was a year, \"in Italy at least, when everything that was great about the '70s is definitely shut down\", and one in which the characters \"are in a way untouched by the corruption of the '80s—in the U.S., Reagan, and in the UK, Thatcher\".[29][18] Mr. Perlman's profession was refined by Ivory from a classics scholar to \"an art historian/archeologist type.\"[8][28]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name was selected by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year.[149][150] At the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Chalamet), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Song (\"Mystery of Love\").[151] The film received four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards for Best Film, Best Director for Guadagnino, Best Leading Actor for Chalamet and Best Adapted Screenplay for Ivory[152]. It received eight nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards, with Ivory winning Best Adapted Screenplay.[153] It led the 33rd Independent Spirit Awards with most nominations, garnering six, among them Best Feature, Best Director, Best Male Lead, Best Supporting Male, Best Cinematography, and Best Editing.[154] At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, it was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for Chalamet, and Best Supporting Actor for Hammer.[155] At the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards, Chalamet received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role.[156] The film garnered four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards: Best Film, Best Direction, Best Actor in a Leading Role, and Best Adapted Screenplay.[157]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name is the final installment in Guadagnino's thematic Desire trilogy, following I Am Love (2009) and A Bigger Splash (2015).[23][11] The film represents a departure from his previous work, as on it he took a \"non-aggressive\" and simple approach; he has said this is \"the most calm\" movie he has made.[14][24] Despite being a literary adaptation, many scenes in the film play out wordlessly. \"Words are part of what's going on, but it's not necessarily what's going on underneath. I think this film celebrates the underneath,\" he said.[8] Guadagnino considers the film an \"homage to fathers,\" referring both to his own father and to four filmmakers who have inspired him—Jean Renoir, Jacques Rivette, Éric Rohmer, and Bernardo Bertolucci.[25]", "Call Me by Your Name (novel). That Christmas, Oliver again visits the Perlman family, and announces that he intends to marry next summer. Oliver and Elio fall out of touch, and do not communicate with each other for many years.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Sam C. Mac of Slant gave the film three out of four stars, commended the director's \"emphatic visual energy,\" and wrote that the coming-of-age story \"is deeply concerned with the salvation found in the meditative power of the arts\".[141] David Morgan of CBS praised the cinematography, production design and costuming for \"making a summer in the 1980s palpably alive again.\" He also applauded the \"remarkably attuned\" performances by Hammer and Chalamet, and described Stuhlbarg's character as \"the most forward-thinking parent in movie history.\"[142] Richard Lawson felt that Guadagnino’s adaptation \"was made with real love, with good intentions, with a clarity of heart and purposeful, unpretentious intellect\" and hailed it as a \"modern gay classic\", in his Vanity Fair review.[143] Time Out's Joshua Rothkopf called it \"a triumphant, heartbreaking tale of coming out,\" and compared it positively with Brokeback Mountain, Carol and Moonlight.[144] The Economist noted the tension \"between pain and pleasure\" in the film, and praised Chalamet, specifying that he \"evokes so many shades of humanity, portraying a path of youthful self-discovery that is more raw, unhinged, and ultimately honest than many actors could manage.\"[145]", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name began development in 2007, when producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman optioned the screen rights to Aciman's novel. Ivory had been set to co-direct the film, but ended up writing the script and producing instead. Guadagnino, who came on board as a location consultant, eventually became director and producer. The film was financed by several international companies, and principal photography took place in Crema, Italy in May and June 2016. Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom shot the film on 35-mm film.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Elio, a seventeen-year-old Jewish-American boy, lives in the Italian countryside with his parents. His father, a professor of archaeology, invites an American Jewish graduate student, Oliver, to live with his family during the summer of 1983 and help with his academic paperwork. Elio, an introspective bibliophile and musical prodigy, finds little in common with Oliver, whose carefree and exuberant personality contrasts with his own. Elio also resents vacating his bedroom for the duration of Oliver's stay. Elio spends much of the summer reading books and hanging out with his girlfriend, Marzia, while Oliver is attracted to one of the local girls, much to Elio's chagrin.", "List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name (film). National Board of Review", "List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name (film). Australian Film Critics Association", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Call Me by Your Name was picked up for distribution by Sony Pictures Classics before its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22. It was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on October 27, 2017 and in the United States on November 24. The film received widespread critical acclaim and several accolades, with particular praise to its performances, screenplay, direction, and music. At the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Chalamet), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Song (\"Mystery of Love\")[5]. At the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards, Ivory won Best Adapted Screenplay. Chalamet was also nominated for a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor.", "Call Me by Your Name (film). Olly Richards of Empire called the film a \"full-hearted romantic masterpiece\". He commended the screenplay as \"elegant and full of small surprises\", and also praised Chalamet's performance, writing that \"In a film in which every performance is terrific, Chalamet makes the rest look like they’re acting. He alone would make the film worth watching, but he’s just one of countless reasons.\"[146] Donald Clarke of The Irish Times felt that the film benefited from Ivory's \"subtle\" script and the \"exotic urgency\" of Guadagino's vision.[147] Kate Taylor of Globe and Mail gave the film two and a half stars, and praised the \"exquisite\" romantic tension and Chalamet's work in capturing \"first love and its inevitable heartbreak\", but felt that the \"multilingual, almost-pre-AIDS idyll does not stretch credulity.\"[148]", "List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name (film). Alliance of Women Film Journalists" ]

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[ "Orchestra. The most frequently performed repertoire for a symphony orchestra is Western classical music or opera. However, orchestras are used sometimes in popular music (e.g., to accompany a rock or pop band in a concert), extensively in film music, and increasingly often in video game music. Orchestras are also used in the symphonic metal genre. The term \"orchestra\" can also be applied to a jazz ensemble, for example in the performance of big-band music.", "Orchestra. Orchestras play a wide range of repertoire ranging from 17th-century dance suites, 18th century divertimentos to 20th century film scores and 21st-century symphonies. Orchestras have become synonymous with the symphony, an extended musical composition in Western classical music that typically contains multiple movements which provide contrasting keys and tempos. Symphonies are notated in a musical score, which contains all the instrument parts. The conductor uses the score to study the symphony before rehearsals and decide on their interpretation (e.g., tempos, articulation, phrasing, etc.), and to follow the music during rehearsals and concerts, while leading the ensemble. Orchestral musicians play from parts containing just the notated music for their instrument. A small number of symphonies also contain vocal parts (e.g., Beethoven's Ninth Symphony).", "Musical ensemble. When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part. When orchestras perform Romantic-era music (from the 19th century), they may also use harps or unusual instruments such as the wind machine or cannons. When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used.", "Orchestra. The typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of related musical instruments called the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings (violin, viola, cello and double bass). Other instruments such as the piano and celesta may sometimes be grouped into a fifth section such as a keyboard section or may stand alone, as may the concert harp and electric and electronic instruments. The orchestra, depending on the size, contains almost all of the standard instruments in each group.", "Symphony. During the 18th century, \"the symphony was cultivated with extraordinary intensity\".[6] It played a role in many areas of public life, including church services,[7] but a particularly strong area of support for symphonic performances was the aristocracy. In Vienna, perhaps the most important location in Europe for the composition of symphonies, \"literally hundreds of noble families supported musical establishments, generally dividing their time between Vienna and their ancestral estate [elsewhere in the Empire]\". [8] Since the normal size of the orchestra at the time was quite small, many of these courtly establishments were capable of performing symphonies. The young Joseph Haydn, taking up his first job as a music director in 1757 for the Morzin family, found that when the Morzin household was in Vienna, his own orchestra was only part of a lively and competitive musical scene, with multiple aristocrats sponsoring concerts with their own ensembles (Carpani 1823, 66, cited in Gotwals 1968).[9]", "Orchestra. As the early 20th century dawned, symphony orchestras were larger, better funded, and better trained than ever before; consequently, composers could compose larger and more ambitious works. The influence of Gustav Mahler was particularly innovational; in his later symphonies, such as the mammoth Symphony No. 8, Mahler pushes the furthest boundaries of orchestral size, employing huge forces. By the late Romantic era, orchestras could support the most enormous forms of symphonic expression, with huge string sections, massive brass sections and an expanded range of percussion instruments. With the recording era beginning, the standards of performance were pushed to a new level, because a recorded symphony could be listened to closely and even minor errors in intonation or ensemble, which might not be noticeable in a live performance, could be heard by critics. As recording technologies improved over the 20th and 21st centuries, eventually small errors in a recording could be \"fixed\" by audio editing or overdubbing. Some older conductors and composers could remember a time when simply \"getting through\" the music as best as possible was the standard. Combined with the wider audience made possible by recording, this led to a renewed focus on particular star conductors and on a high standard of orchestral execution.[22]", "Orchestra. The leader of the first violin section, commonly called the concertmaster, also plays an important role in leading the musicians. In the Baroque music era (1600–1750), orchestras were often led by the concertmaster or by a chord-playing musician performing the basso continuo parts on a harpsichord or pipe organ, a tradition that some 20th century and 21st century early music ensembles continue. Orchestras play a wide range of repertoire, including symphonies, opera and ballet overtures, concertos for solo instruments, and as pit ensembles for operas, ballets and some types of musical theater (e.g., Gilbert and Sullivan operettas).", "Musical ensemble. A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred. A symphony orchestra is divided into families of instruments. In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight). The standard woodwind section consists of flutes (one doubling piccolo), oboes (one doubling English horn), soprano clarinets (one doubling bass clarinet), and bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon). The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba. The percussion section includes the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani.[clarification needed]", "20th-century music. In Beethoven's and Felix Mendelssohn's time in the 19th century, the orchestra was composed of a fairly standard core of instruments which was very rarely modified. As time progressed, and as the Romantic period saw changes in accepted modification with composers such as Berlioz and Mahler, the 20th century saw that instrumentation could practically be hand-picked by the composer. Saxophones were used in some 20th-century orchestra scores such as Vaughan Williams' Symphonies No.6 and 9 and William Walton's Belshazzar's Feast, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. Twentieth-century orchestras generally include a string section, woodwinds, brass instruments, percussion, piano, celeste, harp(s),[4] with other instruments called for occasionally, such as electric guitar[5] and electric bass.[6]", "Symphony. Beginning in the 20th century, more symphonies have been written for concert band than in past centuries. Although examples exist from as early as 1932, the first such symphony of importance since Hector Berlioz wrote the Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale in 1840 is Nikolai Miaskovsky’s Symphony No. 19, Op. 46, composed in 1939 (Battisti 2002, 42). Some further examples are Paul Hindemith's Symphony in B-flat for Band, composed in 1951[citation needed]; Morton Gould's Symphony No. 4 \"West Point\", composed in 1952; Vincent Persichetti's Symphony No. 6, Op. 69, composed in 1956; Vittorio Giannini's Symphony No.3, composed in 1959[citation needed]; Alan Hovhaness's Symphonies No. 4, op. 165, No. 7, \"Nanga Parvat\", op. 175, No. 14, \"Ararat\", op. 194, and No. 23, \"Ani\", op. 249, composed in 1958, 1959, 1961, and 1972 respectively[citation needed]; Alfred Reed's 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th symphonies, composed in 1979, 1988, 1992, and 1994 respectively[citation needed]; and Johan de Meij's Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\", composed in 1988, and his Symphony No. 2 \"The Big Apple\", composed in 1993[citation needed].", "Symphony. A symphony is an extended musical composition in Western classical music, most often written by composers for orchestra. Although the term has had many meanings from its origins in the ancient Greek era, by the late 18th century the word had taken on the meaning common today: a work usually consisting of multiple distinct sections or movements, often four, with the first movement in sonata form. Symphonies are scored for string (violin, viola, cello and double bass), brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments which altogether number about 30–100 musicians. Symphonies are notated in a musical score, which contains all the instrument parts. Orchestral musicians play from parts which contain just the notated music for their instrument. A small number of symphonies also contain vocal parts (e.g., Beethoven's Ninth Symphony).", "Symphony. In the 17th century, pieces scored for large instrumental ensemble did not precisely designate which instruments were to play which parts, as is the practice from the 19th century to the current period. When composers from the 17th century wrote pieces, they expected that these works would be performed by whatever group of musicians were available. To give one example, whereas the bassline in a 19th-century work is scored for cellos, double basses and other specific instruments, in a 17th-century work, a basso continuo part for a sinfonia would not specify which instruments would play the part. A performance of the piece might be done with a basso continuo group as small as a single cello and harpsichord. However, if a bigger budget was available for a performance and a larger sound was required, a basso continuo group might include multiple chord-playing instruments (harpsichord, lute, etc.) and a range of bass instruments, including cello, double bass, bass viol or even a serpent, an early bass woodwind instrument.", "Orchestra. An orchestra (/ˈɔːrkɪstrə/; Italian: [orˈkɛstra]) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which mixes instruments from different families, including bowed string instruments such as violin, viola, cello and double bass, as well as brass, woodwinds, and percussion instruments, each grouped in sections. Other instruments such as the piano and celesta may sometimes appear in a fifth keyboard section or may stand alone, as may the concert harp and, for performances of some modern compositions, electronic instruments.", "Orchestra. The terms symphony orchestra and philharmonic orchestra may be used to distinguish different ensembles from the same locality, such as the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Philharmonic Orchestra. A symphony orchestra will usually have over eighty musicians on its roster, in some cases over a hundred, but the actual number of musicians employed in a particular performance may vary according to the work being played and the size of the venue.", "Orchestra. With this history in mind, the orchestra can be analyzed in five periods: the Baroque era, the Classical music period, early/mid-Romantic music era, late-Romantic/early 20th century music and 21st century era. The first is a Baroque orchestra (i.e., J.S. Bach, Handel, Vivaldi), which generally had a smaller number of performers, and in which one or more chord-playing instruments, the basso continuo group (e.g., harpsichord or pipe organ and assorted bass instruments to perform the bassline), played an important role; the second is a typical classical period orchestra (e.g., early Beethoven along with Mozart and Haydn), which used a smaller group of performers than a Romantic music orchestra and a fairly standardized instrumentation; the third is typical of an early/mid-Romantic era (e.g., Schubert, Berlioz, Schumann); the fourth is a late-Romantic/early 20th century orchestra (e.g., Wagner, Brahms, Mahler, Stravinsky), to the common complement of a 2010-era modern orchestra (e.g., Adams, Barber, Aaron Copland, Glass, Penderecki).", "Orchestra. There are a range of different employment arrangements. The most sought-after positions are permanent, tenured positions in the orchestra. Orchestras also hire musicians on contracts, ranging in length from a single concert to a full season or more. Contract performers may be hired for individual concerts when the orchestra is doing an exceptionally large late-Romantic era orchestral work, or to substitute for a permanent member who is sick. A professional musician who is hired to perform for a single concert is sometimes called a \"sub\". Some contract musicians may be hired to replace permanent members for the period that the permanent member is on parental leave or disability leave.", "Orchestra. Orchestras also perform overtures, a term originally applied to the instrumental introduction to an opera.[18] During the early Romantic era, composers such as Beethoven and Mendelssohn began to use the term to refer to independent, self-existing instrumental, programmatic works that presaged genres such as the symphonic poem, a form devised by Franz Liszt in several works that began as dramatic overtures. These were \"at first undoubtedly intended to be played at the head of a programme\".[18] In the 1850s the concert overture began to be supplanted by the symphonic poem.", "Orchestra. A full-size orchestra may sometimes be called a symphony orchestra or philharmonic orchestra. The actual number of musicians employed in a given performance may vary from seventy to over one hundred musicians, depending on the work being played and the size of the venue. The term chamber orchestra (and sometimes concert orchestra) usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles of about fifty musicians or fewer. Orchestras that specialize in the Baroque music of, for example, Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel, or Classical repertoire, such as that of Haydn and Mozart, tend to be smaller than orchestras performing a Romantic music repertoire, such as the symphonies of Johannes Brahms. The typical orchestra grew in size throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, reaching a peak with the large orchestras (of as many as 120 players) called for in the works of Richard Wagner, and later, Gustav Mahler.", "Orchestra. In modern times, the musicians are usually directed by a conductor, although early orchestras did not have one, giving this role instead to the concertmaster or the harpsichordist playing the continuo. Some modern orchestras also do without conductors, particularly smaller orchestras and those specializing in historically accurate (so-called \"period\") performances of baroque and earlier music.", "Musical ensemble. A pops orchestra is an orchestra that mainly performs light classical music (often in abbreviated, simplified arrangements) and orchestral arrangements and medleys of popular jazz, music theater, or pop music songs.[clarification needed] A string orchestra has only string instruments, i.e., violins, violas, cellos and double basses.", "Orchestra. The techniques of polystylism and polytempo[31] music have led a few 20th and 21st century composers to write music where multiple orchestras or ensembles perform simultaneously. These trends have brought about the phenomenon of polyconductor music, wherein separate sub-conductors conduct each group of musicians. Usually, one principal conductor conducts the sub-conductors, thereby shaping the overall performance. In Percy Grainger's \"The Warriors\" which includes three conductors: the primary conductor of the orchestra, a secondary conductor directing an off-stage brass ensemble, and a tertiary conductor directing percussion and harp. One example in the late century orchestral music is Karlheinz Stockhausen's Gruppen, for three orchestras, which are placed around the audience. This way, the \"sound masses\" could be spacialized, as in an electroacoustic work. Gruppen was premiered in Cologne, in 1958, conducted by Stockhausen, Bruno Maderna and Pierre Boulez. It has been[when?] performed by Simon Rattle, John Carewe and Daniel Harding.", "Orchestra. Orchestras also play with instrumental soloists in concertos. During concertos, the orchestra plays an accompaniment role to the soloist (e.g., a solo violinist or pianist) and, at times, introduces musical themes or interludes while the soloist is not playing. Orchestras also play during operas, ballets, some musical theatre works and some choral works (both sacred works such as Masses and secular works). In operas and ballets, the orchestra accompanies the singers and dancers, respectively, and plays overtures and interludes where the melodies played by the orchestra take centre stage.", "Symphony. Over the course of the 19th century, composers continued to add to the size of the symphonic orchestra. Around the beginning of the century, a full-scale orchestra would consist of the string section plus pairs of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, and lastly a set of timpani.[25] This is, for instance, the scoring used in Beethoven's symphonies numbered 1, 2, 4, 7, and 8. Trombones, which had previously been confined to church and theater music, came to be added to the symphonic orchestra, notably in Beethoven's 5th, 6th, and 9th symphonies. The combination of bass drum, triangle, and cymbals (sometimes also: piccolo), which 18th century composers employed as a coloristic effect in so-called \"Turkish music\", came to be increasingly used during the second half of the 19th century without any such connotations of genre.[25] By the time of Mahler (see below), it was possible for a composer to write a symphony scored for \"a veritable compendium of orchestral instruments\".[25] In addition to increasing in variety of instruments, 19th century symphonies were gradually augmented with more string players and more wind parts, so that the orchestra grew substantially in sheer numbers, as concert halls likewise grew.[25]", "Symphony. LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson[10] trace the gradual expansion of the symphonic orchestra through the 18th century. At first, symphonies were string symphonies, written in just four parts: first violin, second violin, viola, and bass (the bass line was taken by cello(s), double bass(es) playing the part an octave below, and perhaps also a bassoon). Occasionally the early symphonists even dispensed with the viola part, thus creating three-part symphonies. A basso continuo part including a bassoon together with a harpsichord or other chording instrument was also possible.[10]", "Orchestra. It is not uncommon for contemporary composers to use unconventional instruments, including various synthesizers, to achieve desired effects. Many, however, find more conventional orchestral configuration to provide better possibilities for color and depth. Composers like John Adams often employ Romantic-size orchestras, as in Adams' opera Nixon in China; Philip Glass and others may be more free, yet still identify size-boundaries. Glass in particular has recently turned to conventional orchestras in works like the Concerto for Cello and Orchestra and the Violin Concerto No. 2.", "Orchestra. In Western nations, some ensembles, such as the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra, based in New York City, have had more success with conductorless orchestras, although decisions are likely to be deferred to some sense of leadership within the ensemble (for example, the principal wind and string players, notably the concertmaster). Others have returned to the tradition of a principal player, usually a violinist, being the artistic director and running rehearsal and leading concerts. Examples include the Australian Chamber Orchestra, Amsterdam Sinfonietta & Candida Thompson and the New Century Chamber Orchestra. As well, as part of the early music movement, some 20th and 21st century orchestras have revived the Baroque practice of having no conductor on the podium for Baroque pieces, using the concertmaster or a chord-playing basso continuo performer (e.g., harpsichord or organ) to lead the group.", "Progressive rock. Symphonic rock artists in the late 1960s had some chart success, including the singles \"Nights in White Satin\" (the Moody Blues, 1967) and \"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" (Procol Harum, 1967).[68] The Moody Blues established the popularity of symphonic rock when they recorded Days of Future Passed together with the London Festival Orchestra, and Procol Harum began to use a greater variety of acoustic instruments,[example's importance?] particularly on their 1969 album A Salty Dog.[69] Classical influences sometimes took the form of pieces adapted from or inspired by classical works, such as Jeff Beck's \"Beck's Bolero\" and parts of the Nice's Ars Longa Vita Brevis. The latter, along with such Nice tracks as \"Rondo\" and \"America\", reflect a greater interest in music that is entirely instrumental. Sgt. Pepper's and Days both represent a growing tendency towards song cycles and suites made up of multiple movements.[69]", "Musical ensemble. In larger groups (such as The Band), instrumentalists could play multiple instruments, which enabled the ensemble to create a wider variety of instrument combinations. More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros.\nMore rarely, rock or pop groups will be accompanied in concerts by a full or partial symphony orchestra, where lush string-orchestra arrangements are used to flesh out the sound of slow ballads.", "Orchestra. Apart from the core orchestral complement, various other instruments are called for occasionally.[5] These include the flugelhorn and cornet. Saxophones and classical guitars, for example, appear in some 19th- through 21st-century scores. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Boléro, Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2, Vaughan Williams' Symphonies No.6 and 9 and William Walton's Belshazzar's Feast, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked \"tenor tuba\", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben. The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major.[6] Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members \"doubling\" on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium or a bassoon player switching to contrabassoon for a certain passage), orchestras typically hire freelance musicians to augment their regular ensemble.", "Classical music. The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music[15] and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. It generally has a larger variety and number of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many concert bands use a double bass. The vocal practices changed over the classical period, from the single line monophonic Gregorian chant done by monks in the Medieval period to the complex, polyphonic choral works of the Renaissance and subsequent periods, which used multiple independent vocal melodies at the same time.", "Symphony. The word \"symphony\" is also used to refer to the orchestra, the large ensemble that often performs these works. The word \"symphony\" appears in the name of many orchestras, for example, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the St. Louis Symphony, the Houston Symphony, or Miami's New World Symphony. For some orchestras, \"(city name) Symphony\" provides a shorter version of the full name; for instance, the OED gives \"Vancouver Symphony\" as a possible abbreviated form of Vancouver Symphony Orchestra.[30] As well, in common usage, a person may say they are going out to hear a symphony perform, a reference to the orchestra and not the works on the program.", "Concert band. During the 19th century, large ensembles of wind and percussion instruments in the English and American traditions existed mainly in the form of the military band for ceremonial and festive occasions, and the works performed consisted mostly of marches. The only time wind bands were used in a concert setting comparable to that of a symphony orchestra was when transcriptions of orchestral or operatic pieces were arranged and performed, as there were comparatively few original concert works for a large wind ensemble. One notable and influential original symphonic work for band was Gustav Holst's First Suite in E-Flat, written in 1909 yet first performed in 1920, considered to this day the classic work of symphonic band. Following Holst, a variety of British, American, Canadian and Australian composers wrote for the medium, including contemporaries such as Percy Grainger, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Alfred Reed, and Clifton Williams.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone). \"Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)\" is a song by Canadian rock band Glass Tiger. It was released in January 1986 as the lead from their debut album, The Thin Red Line. The song reached number-one in Canada and number 2 in the United States. The song features backing vocals by rock singer Bryan Adams.", "Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone). \"Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)\" topped the Canadian Singles Chart in March 1986, and spent two weeks at number 1.[3][4] \nThe single was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association in July.[5] \nThe song entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in July, peaked at number 2 in October - kept from number 1 by Janet Jackson's \"When I Think of You\" - and spent 24 weeks on the chart.[6] \nIt reached number 1 on the Singles Sales chart and number 6 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart.[7] \nThe song also peaked at number 17 on the Mainstream Rock chart, number 30 on the Adult Contemporary chart,[8] \nand number 34 on the Billboard Year-End singles chart of 1986.[9] \nThe single reached the top 10 in Australia,[10] number 27 in New Zealand,[11] number 29 in the United Kingdom,[12] and number 40 in the Netherlands.[11]", "Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone). In 1985, Glass Tiger chose Jim Vallance to produce the band's debut album.[1] \nAt the time, Vallance was primarily known as a songwriter, having written most frequently (and successfully) with Bryan Adams (who can be heard providing background vocals towards the end of this song). He also had some previous production experience, having produced one album apiece by Adams, Doug and the Slugs and CANO in the early 1980s. The band's lead vocalist Alan Frew recalled: \"It worked out great because we were all at the same stage of development. He didn't change the sound of the band at all. He let us experiment but wasn't afraid to get heavy-handed when he had to.\"[1] Vallance composed \"Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)\" with the band, while Adams provided backing vocals. Frew - \"On the very first day that we met Jim Vallance, he picked us up at the airport and to break the ice asked us what we were listening to. One was Tears For Fears. We went to his house and drank tea and listened to some tunes. 'Everybody Wants to Rule the World' came on and we really liked the shuffle beat. So we went into the studio and based on this shuffle beat, we wrote 'Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)'. First day, first song.\"[2]", "Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone). The song's original music video, made for the Canadian market, mixed performance footage with a storybook concept.[18] \nDirected by Rob Quartly, the video was nominated for Best Video at the Juno Awards of 1986.[19] \nThis version was the first video to air on the MuchMoreRetro digital cable music video channel when it launched on September 4, 2003.[20] \nA second video was created for other markets, according to Manhattan Records Vice President of A&R Bruce Garfield.[13] He noted that \"Steven Reed, our senior vice president of marketing, took a very strong stand because the Canadian video was too cutesy and directed solely toward the youth market.\"[13] Garfield added, \"It didn't focus enough on the artistic integrity and entertainment aspect of the band.\"[13] The newer version received heavy rotation on MTV.[21]", "Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone). 12\" Vinyl (Canada)", "Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone). Frew credited the song's chart performance to \"solid record company involvement\" and the band's international appeal.[13] \"We aren't rewriting musical history by any means,\" he added. \"But our melody lines are strong and mature enough to appeal to the English-speaking world.\"[13] The song won the 1986 Juno Award for Single of the Year,[14] \nand was named top Canadian single in the Rock Express magazine readers' poll awards in 1987.[15] \nIn 1996, the Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada honored the song for airing more than 100,000 times on Canadian radio.[16] \nGlass Tiger performed the song during an episode of the 2005 NBC reality television program Hit Me, Baby, One More Time.[17]", "Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone). 7\" Vinyl (Canada, Australia, Europe, U.S.)", "Don't Forget to Remember. \"Don't Forget to Remember\" also called \"Don't Forget to Remember Me\" is a country ballad recorded by the Bee Gees, from the album Cucumber Castle. The song was written by Barry and Maurice Gibb. It was produced by the band with Robert Stigwood.", "Never Forget (Take That song). \"Never Forget\" is a song recorded by English boy band Take That, from their third studio album Nobody Else (1995). The song features Howard Donald on lead vocals. It was released on 24 July 1995, and achieved success in many countries, including the UK,[1] Spain, Latvia and Ireland where it topped the singles chart.", "You're Gonna Miss Me When I'm Gone. \"You're Gonna Miss Me When I'm Gone\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music duo Brooks & Dunn. It was released in June 1995 as the fourth single from their third album Waitin' on Sundown. The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. This is the third single to feature Kix Brooks on lead vocals instead of Ronnie Dunn, and the only single of such that was one of Brooks & Dunn's twenty Billboard Number One hits. The song was written by the duo along with Don Cook.", "Remember Me (Blue Boy song). European release on Jive Records (catalogue number 051628-2).", "Remember Me (Blue Boy song). The track originally appeared on Mark Farina's remix album Mushroom Jazz Volume One. Jive Records got hold of it and earmarked it for single release. The radio edit was remixed by Sure Is Pure, who were also responsible for a remix of Lost in Music, and was released on the Pharm sublabel imprint.", "Never Forget You (Zara Larsson and MNEK song). \"Never Forget You\" is a song by Swedish singer Zara Larsson and British singer MNEK. The song was released in the United Kingdom on 22 July 2015 as a digital download, as the second single from her second and international debut studio album, So Good. The song reached the top 10 in several countries, including The United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark and Finland, and became both Larsson and MNEK's first US entry, peaking at number 13 in May 2016 becoming both artist's best rank on the chart. The single is certified 5× Platinum in Sweden and 3× Platinum in the US. The song was remixed by producer Kayzo.[4]", "When You're Gone (Bryan Adams song). Melanie C regularly features the song in her live concerts, with guitarist Greg Hatwell singing Adams' parts. The song is included on her live DVD Live Hits. Melanie C and Bryan Adams have played the song together a couple of times in concert. Duet versions have been released on the singles for Adams' \"Cloud Number Nine\" (1999) and on Melanie C's \"If That Were Me\" (2000).", "Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone. Jamie Cullum also performed the song on the last Michael Parkinson chat show in December 2007.", "When I'm Gone (Eminem song). \"When I'm Gone\" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his first greatest hits compilation album Curtain Call: The Hits (2005). It was released on December 6, 2005, the same day as the album was released, as the lead single.", "Don't Forget to Remember. The song's lyrics follow the country-song tradition of romantic laments with its tearful first-person lyrics about a man haunted by a failed love affair he can't put out of his mind. Its melody matches the yearning quality of the lyrics, especially on the chorus, which underpins the forlorn wish Don't forget to remember me/And the love that used to be with glorious runs of ascending notes. On paper, the song seems applicable to the group's usual pop style but their recording uses country-music elements to carry it into that genre, a prominent acoustic guitar cuts through the background orchestration and Barry Gibb adds a Nashville-inspired twang to his vocal.[1]", "Never Forget (Take That song). UK CD single #1 (74321 29956 2)[5]", "Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone. Early hit versions in 1931 were by Gene Austin and Bert Lown.[3]", "Don't Forget to Remember. The song was re-released in CD by RSO Records as a part in the EP of the same name (1987).[4]", "Never Forget (Take That song). UK Cassette single (74321 29959 2)", "Never Forget (Take That song). UK CD single #2 (74321 29957 2)[6]", "Pussy Cats. In October 2006, a track-by-track cover of the album was released by indie rock band The Walkmen. Several covers of the song \"Don't Forget Me\" have appeared, including Marshall Crenshaw's treatment on the 1995 Nilsson tribute For the Love of Harry: Everybody Sings Nilsson, alt-country artist Neko Case's March 2009 version on her ANTI- label release, Middle Cyclone, and Mamie Minch's contribution to 2014's tribute to Nilsson by various Indie artists This Is the Town: A Tribute to Nilsson, Vol. 1.", "Once Upon a Time (Simple Minds album). Although already successful in their native U.K. and various countries in Europe and Oceania, Simple Minds had also recently become popular in the U.S., mainly due to the Keith Forsey and Steve Schiff-penned \"Don't You (Forget About Me)\". That track appeared on The Breakfast Club soundtrack and had become a #1 hit there. However, the band deliberately left the track off the album due to their reluctance to record it. Still, the bombastic pop rock sound proved influential in the construction of much of Once Upon a Time, particularly the arena-friendly single \"Alive and Kicking\". Once Upon a Time also shared many influences with their previous studio album, Sparkle in the Rain, which explored a similar songwriting style.", "When You're Gone (Bryan Adams song). \"When You're Gone\" is a song by Canadian musician Bryan Adams, from his album On a Day Like Today (1998). The song features Melanie C of the Spice Girls. The song was written by Adams and Eliot Kennedy. The song peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart and spent 15 weeks in the UK Top 40, with nine of these in the Top 10. With sales of 676,947, \"When You're Gone\" was the 82nd-best selling single of the 1990s. It has sold 730,000 copies in the UK as of August 2017.[1]", "Never Forget (Take That song). It was released on 24 July 1995 and reached number 1 in the UK Singles Chart, as the band's seventh number one single. The song remained at number one for three weeks in the UK charts. It was also the sixth track on their 1995 album, Nobody Else. Robbie Williams also left the band during the promotion of this song.", "Remember Me (Blue Boy song). Remember Me is a 1997 song by Blue Boy. It peaked at No. 8 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1997[1] and number two on the American dance chart.[2]", "Don't Say You Love Me (M2M song). \"Don't Say You Love Me\" is the debut single by M2M, a Norwegian pop duo consisting of singers Marion Raven and Marit Larsen. The song first appeared on Radio Disney before its official US radio and single release in October 1999. It was released on the soundtrack to the film Pokémon: The First Movie in November 1999 and appears in the film's closing credits. The song was featured on M2M's debut album, Shades of Purple (2000), and also appeared on their compilation album The Day You Went Away: The Best of M2M (2003).", "Carter Family. Renewed attention to the Carter Family tune \"When I'm Gone\" has occurred after several covers performed a cappella with a cup used to provide percussion, as in the cup game and dubbed \"Cups or The Cup Song\", went viral and culminated with a short performance in the movie Pitch Perfect. Afterwards it was released as a single by Anna Kendrick.", "You're Gonna Miss Me When I'm Gone. \"You're Gonna Miss Me When I'm Gone\" debuted at number 72 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of June 10, 1995.", "Don't You (Forget About Me). Forsey asked Cy Curnin from The Fixx, Bryan Ferry and Billy Idol to record the song, but all three declined; Idol did later perform a cover of it on his 2001 compilation album Greatest Hits. Schiff then suggested Forsey ask Simple Minds who, after refusing as well, agreed under the encouragement of their label, A&M. According to frontman Jim Kerr, the band was reluctant to record the song as they felt they should only record their own material, relenting after persuasion from Kerr's wife at the time, Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders, and a phone call from Forsey in which he expressed his admiration for the band.[1] According to one account, the band \"rearranged and recorded 'Don't You (Forget About Me)' in three hours in a north London studio and promptly forgot about it.\"[2]", "When I'm Dead and Gone. \"When I'm Dead and Gone\" is a song written by Benny Gallagher and Graham Lyle. It was recorded and released in November 1970 as the debut single by McGuinness Flint, peaked at No. 2 in the UK charts[1] the following month, and reached No. 47 in the US charts in February 1971.[2] and peaked at #34 in Canada. It was one of the first hit singles to feature prominent use of mandolin,[citation needed] played by Lyle, who also took lead vocal. Gallagher played bass guitar and sang tenor harmony, while both he and Lyle also played kazoos and guitarist Tom McGuinness played the dobro solo." ]

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[ "Public Provident Fund (India). After 15 years of maturity, full PPF amount can be withdrawn and all is tax free, including the interest amount as well.", "Public Provident Fund (India). A minimum yearly deposit of Rs. 500 is required to open and maintain a PPF account. A PPF account holder can deposit a maximum of Rs 1.5 lacs in his/her PPF account (including those accounts where he is the guardian) per financial year. There must be a guardian for PPF accounts opened in the name of minor children. Parents can act as guardians in such PPF accounts of minor children. Any amount deposited in excess of Rs 1.5 lacs in a financial year won't earn any interest. The amount can be deposited in lump sum or in a maximum of 12 installments per year. However, this does not mean a single deposit once in a month.", "Public Provident Fund (India). The Public Provident Fund (Amendment) Scheme, 2016 made changes in Paragraph 9, for sub-rule 3(C) of Public Provident Fund Scheme, 1968 to facilitate the premature closure of PPF Account.[10] Premature closure of PPF account is permitted after completion of 5 years for medical treatment of family members and for higher education of PPF account holder. However, premature closure comes with an interest rate penalty of 1%.", "Public Provident Fund (India). The Ministry of Finance, Government of India announces the rate of interest for PPF account every quarter. The current interest rate effective from 1 January 2018 is 7.6% Per Annum' (compounded annually). Interest will be paid on 31 March every year. Interest is calculated on the lowest balance between the close of the fifth day and the last day of every month.", "Public Provident Fund (India). The minimum amount is Rs.500 which can be deposited. The rate of interest at present is 7.6% per annum, which is also tax-free. The entire balance can be withdrawn on maturity. Interest received is tax free. The maximum amount which can be deposited every year is Rs. 1,50,000 in an account at present. The interest earned on the PPF subscription is compounded annually. All the balance that accumulates over time is exempted from wealth tax. Moreover, it has low risk – risk attached is Government risk. PPF is available at post offices and banks.", "Public Provident Fund (India). There is a lock-in period of 15 years and the money can be withdrawn in full after its maturity period. However, pre-mature withdrawals can be made from the start of the seventh financial year. The maximum amount that can be withdrawn pre-maturely is equal to 50% of the amount that stood in the account at the end of 4th year preceding the year in which the amount is withdrawn or the end of the preceding year whichever is lower.", "Public Provident Fund (India). Loan facility available from 3rd financial year up to 5th financial year. The rate of interest charged on loan taken by the subscriber of a PPF account on or after 01.12.2011 shall be 2% more than the prevailing interest on PPF. However, the rate of interest of 1% more than PPF interest p.a. shall continue to be charged on the loans already taken or taken up to 30.11.2013.", "Public Provident Fund (India). Step 4 – If you hold an internet banking facility with your bank, after a few weeks, check that the transferred PPF account now shows up under the PPF account tab/link in your login. If that is not the case, inquire the local bank branch.", "Public Provident Fund (India). Step 1 – Approach the bank or post office branch where the PPF account is held and ask for the form for making the transfer. The bank or post office will provide you with a form which is to be filled.", "Public Provident Fund (India). PPF falls under EEE (Exempt,Exempt,Exempt) tax basket. Contribution to PPF account is eligible for tax benefit under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Interest earned is exempt from income tax and maturity proceeds are also exempt from tax.", "Public Provident Fund (India). Step 3 – Once your bank receives these documents, the bank will inform you and ask you to submit a new PPF account opening form along with the old PPF passbook. You can also provide nominations for this new account. You will also be required to submit the KYC documents.", "Public Provident Fund (India). Up to a maximum of 25 per cent of the balance at the end of the 2nd immediately preceding year would be allowed as loan. Such withdrawals are to be repaid within 36 months.", "Public Provident Fund (India). Step 2 – The existing bank will then forward the certified copy of the account, the account opening application, nomination form, and specimen signature. It will also forward the cheque/dd for the outstanding amount in the PPF account to the new bank at the branch specified by the customer.", "Pension Protection Fund. Before a scheme can enter the PPF it has to go through a period of assessment. Entry to the assessment period is triggered by a qualifying insolvency event. During assessment a valuation is carried out of the scheme's assets and liabilities. If this valuation finds that the scheme can afford to purchase annuities for members at or above the level of compensation the PPF would provide, then the scheme leaves the PPF assessment to wind up independently. If the scheme cannot afford to purchase such benefits for its members, the assets of the scheme transfer into the Fund and the Board takes over responsibility for paying compensation to members. This process is more complex if the company is a multinational company. In October 2011, the Court of Appeal ruled that Nortel Networks £2.1 billion pension debts should be considered as \"administration expenses\" rather than an unsecured creditor claim.[7] US courts are likely to regard the claim as dating from the moment of underfunding rather than the administration date and hence the regulator is thought unlikely to be able to recover assets in the US.[7]", "Public Provident Fund (India). A second loan could be availed as long as you are within the 3rd and before the 6th year, and only if the first one is fully repaid. Also note that once you become eligible for withdrawals, no loans would be permitted. Inactive accounts or discontinued accounts are not eligible for loan.", "Income tax in India. Public Provident Fund (PPF): Among all the assured returns small saving schemes, Public Provident Fund (PPF) is one of the best. Current rate of interest is 8.70% tax-free (Compounded Yearly) and the normal maturity period is 15 years. Minimum amount of contribution is Rs 500 and maximum is Rs 1,50,000. A point worth noting is that interest rate is assured but not fixed.", "Pension Protection Fund. The PPF started on 6 April 2005 in response to public concern that when employers sponsoring defined benefit pension schemes became insolvent, scheme members could lose some or all of their pension if the scheme was underfunded. Besides offering compensation to those pension scheme members affected by insolvencies the Government hoped that the existence of the PPF would improve confidence in pension schemes generally.", "Pension Protection Fund. The PPF also offers a dependent's pension of half the member's entitlement.", "Pension Protection Fund. All eligible schemes are required to pay annual levies to the PPF to contribute towards administration and the compensation Fund itself.", "Pension Protection Fund. Furthermore, if at some point in the future the PPF has insufficient funds to pay benefits then the level of benefits or increases can be restricted. However, the levels of compensation are set in primary legislation, so changing these levels would require an Act of Parliament to do so.", "Public Provident Fund (India). Annual contributions qualify for tax deduction under Section 80C of income tax. The tax benefit is capped at Rs 1.5 lacs per financial year. Contributions to PPF accounts of the spouse and children are also eligible for tax deduction.", "Public Provident Fund (India). The Public Provident Fund is a savings-cum-tax-saving instrument in India,[1] introduced by the National Savings Institute of the Ministry of Finance in 1968. The aim of the scheme is to mobilize small savings by offering an investment with reasonable returns combined with income tax benefits.[2] The scheme is fully guaranteed by the Central Government. Balance in PPF account is not subject to attachment under any order or decree of court. However, Income Tax & other Government authorities can attach the account for recovering tax dues.", "Pension Protection Fund. The PPF is funded by levies on all eligible defined benefit schemes.", "Pension Protection Fund. The Board of the Pension Protection Fund (PPF) is a statutory fund in the United Kingdom, intended to protect members if their pension fund becomes insolvent. It was created under the Pensions Act 2004. The Board of the PPF is a statutory corporation responsible for managing the Fund and for making payments to members.[1]", "Public Provident Fund (India). If any contribution of minimum amount in any year is not invested, then the account will be deactivated. To activate the bearer needs to pay Rs.50 as penalty for each inactive year. He/she also needs to deposit Rs.500 each as each inactive year’s contribution.", "Pension Protection Fund. For the 2007/2008 year the PPF intend to raise £675,000,000, compared to the £575,000,000 raised in 2006/2007.[21] The cap has been reduced to 0.75% of the scheme's liabilities on a Section 179 basis.[22] [23]", "Pension Protection Fund. The PPF pays two levels of compensation:[8]", "Pension Protection Fund. For the year from 6 April 2006 the PPF intend to raise £575,000,000[20] via the pension protection levy. The scheme levy was set as 0.014% of the Scheme's liabilities.", "Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. In 2008, when the PPA funding rules went into effect, single-employer pension plans no longer maintain funding standard accounts. The funding requirement under PPA is simply that a plan must stay fully funded (that is, its assets must equal or exceed its liabilities). If a plan is fully funded, the minimum required contribution is the cost of benefits earned during the year. If a plan is not fully funded, the contribution also includes the amount necessary to amortize over seven years the difference between its liabilities and its assets. Stricter rules apply to severely underfunded plans (called \"at-risk status\").", "Pension Protection Fund. Although the PPF is often billed as providing a guarantee to members' pensions, the amount of compensation is less than a member would have been entitled to under the rules of their original pension scheme. This is partly due to the compensation cap and 90% restriction on benefits but also because the indexation provided by the PPF may not be as generous as that otherwise provided by the scheme.", "Public Provident Fund (India). Original duration is 15 years. Thereafter, on application by the subscriber, it can be extended for 1 or more blocks of 5 years each.", "Superannuation in Australia. An individual can withdraw funds out of a superannuation fund when the person meets one of the conditions of release, such as retirement, terminal medical condition, or permanent incapacity, contained in Schedule 1 of the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Regulations 1994.[2]" ]

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[ "Band of Brothers (miniseries). The production team consulted with Dale Dye, a retired Marine Captain and consultant on Saving Private Ryan, as well as with most of the surviving Company veterans, including Richard Winters, Bill Guarnere, Frank Perconte, Ed Heffron, and Amos Taylor.[8][21] Dye (who plays the role of Colonel Robert Sink) instructed the actors in a ten-day boot camp.[21]", "List of Dad's Army characters. Jones was the oldest member of the platoon (born 1870), but was played by Clive Dunn, who was in his 40s when he took the role. Jones was an old campaigner who had joined the British Army as a boy soldier and served under Kitchener of Khartoum in the Sudan between 1896 and 1898, the Boer War, and the First World War. By 1940 he worked as the town butcher, which enabled him to occasionally supplement his superiors' meat ration. Jones was leader of the platoon's first section. He has a story for every occasion, and will never hesitate in telling it, regardless of how long-winded or irrelevant it is. Despite his age Jones demonstrates an almost boyish enthusiasm for combat, in particular the use of the bayonet, accompanied by his catchphrase \"they don't like it up 'em!\" He was easily excitable and would repeatedly yell \"don't panic!\" during moments of crisis. He was also keen to volunteer for any task, no matter how ill-advised it might be. In \"Battle of the Giants!\" Jones suffered a malaria relapse.", "James McAvoy. He starred in Privates on Parade in the Donmar Warehouse, this time catching Sam Mendes' attention.[7] In 2001, the actor appeared as Private James W. Miller in Band of Brothers, an eleven-hour World War II miniseries by executive producers Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks.[17][18] He gained the attention of critics in 2002's White Teeth, a four-part television drama miniseries adaption based on the novel of the same name by Zadie Smith.[19]", "Dale Dye. Dye was determined to make Hollywood's depictions of battle more realistic. After unsuccessfully offering his services to a number of directors, he pitched fellow Vietnam veteran Oliver Stone a plan to put actors through a mock boot camp before production of the movie Platoon. Dye put the principal actors—including Charlie Sheen, Willem Dafoe, Johnny Depp and Forest Whitaker—through an immersive 30-day military-style training regimen. He limited how much food and water they received; when the actors slept, he fired blanks to keep the tired actors awake.[4] Dye, who had a small role in the movie as Captain Harris, also wrote the novelization based on Stone's screenplay. After Platoon's critical success, Dye played a role in another Vietnam War movie, Casualties of War, and also played Colonel Robert Sink in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers, on which his company also worked.[1] Dye also worked as a military technical adviser on the HBO companion piece to Band of Brothers, the ten-part mini-series The Pacific, which was shot in Australia.[9]", "Matthew Leitch. His breakthrough role was on Band of Brothers as Floyd Talbert. He then went on to star in the British film AKA, with his Band of Brothers co-star Peter Youngblood Hills.", "Shane Taylor. Shane Taylor is an English actor, known for appearing in the miniseries Band of Brothers and the serial Strike Back: Vengeance.", "Matthew Leitch. Matthew Leitch (born 19 March 1975) is an English actor perhaps best known for his portrayal of Floyd Talbert in the award winning HBO mini-series, Band of Brothers. After Band of Brothers, he starred in the action flick \"The Detonator\". He is currently busy in filming Country of Hotels.", "Edward Shames. Shames was portrayed in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Joseph May.", "Dale Dye. Captain Dale Adam Dye Jr., USMC (Ret.) (born October 8, 1944) is an American actor, technical advisor, radio personality and writer. A decorated Marine veteran of the Vietnam War, Dye is the founder and head of Warriors, Inc., a technical advisory company specializing in portraying realistic military action in Hollywood films. Dye has also offered his expertise to television, such as the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers and The Pacific, and video games, including the Medal of Honor series.", "Ron Livingston. Ronald Joseph Livingston (born June 5, 1967)[1][2] is an American actor. Livingston is known for his starring role as Peter Gibbons in the 1999 movie Office Space, as well as his role as Captain Lewis Nixon in the 2001 miniseries Band of Brothers.", "James Earl Jones. With the war intensifying in Korea, Jones expected to be deployed as soon as he received his commission as a second lieutenant. As he waited for his orders, he worked as a part-time stage crew hand at the Ramsdell Theatre in Manistee, Michigan, where he had earlier performed. Jones was commissioned in mid-1953 and reported to Fort Benning to attend Infantry Officers Basic Course. He attended Ranger School and received his Ranger Tab (although he said during an interview on the BBC's The One Show, screened on November 11, 2009, that he \"washed out\" of Ranger training). He was initially to report to Fort Leonard Wood, but his unit was instead sent to establish a cold weather training command at the former Camp Hale near Leadville, Colorado. His battalion became a training unit in the rugged terrain of the Rocky Mountains. Jones was promoted to first lieutenant prior to his discharge.[21]", "Dad's Army. Clive Dunn made occasional appearances as Lance Corporal Jones at 1940s themed events in the 1980s and 1990s and on television on the BBC Saturday night entertainment show Noel's House Party on 27 November 1993.[32]", "Dale Dye. Dye appeared in Outbreak portraying Lieutenant Colonel Briggs, a U.S. Army officer. He played Theodore Roosevelt's superior officer, Colonel Leonard Wood, in the TNT miniseries Rough Riders. He appeared in Saving Private Ryan as an aide to General George Marshall; in Under Siege and Under Siege 2: Dark Territory as Captain Garza, an admiral's aide; in Spy Game as Commander Wiley during the rescue sequence; in Mission Impossible as Frank Barnes of the CIA; in JFK as General Y; and in Starship Troopers as a high-ranking officer in the aftermath of the Brain Bug capture. Dye played himself in Entourage, teaching Vince to scuba-dive in preparation for his role in Aquaman. He appeared in the 2011 Tom Hanks film Larry Crowne. He was the technical adviser for the 1994 Oliver Stone movie Natural Born Killers.[1] Dye played Col. Porter in the TNT science fiction series Falling Skies from 2011 to 2013. As of 2015[update] he was preparing to direct two films, No Better Place to Die, which he wrote, and Citizen Soldiers.[1][4]", "From Here to Eternity. Burt Lancaster, whose presence adds measurably to the marquee weight of the strong cast names, wallops the character of Top Sergeant Milton Warden, the professional soldier who wet-nurses a weak, pompous commanding officer and the GIs under him. It is a performance to which he gives depth of character as well as the muscles which had gained marquee importance for his name. Montgomery Clift, with a reputation for sensitive, three-dimensional performances, adds another to his growing list as the independent GI who refuses to join the company boxing team, taking instead the 'treatment' dished out at the C.O.'s instructions. Frank Sinatra scores a decided hit as Angelo Maggio, a violent, likeable Italo-American GI. While some may be amazed at this expression of the Sinatra talent versatility, it will come as no surprise to those who remember the few times he has had a chance to be something other than a crooner in films.[21]", "Richard Winters. Winters was featured in a number of books and was portrayed by English actor Damian Lewis in the 2001 HBO mini-series Band of Brothers.", "Lance Corporal Jones. Lance Corporal Jack Jones is a fictional Home Guard platoon lance corporal, veteran of the British Empire[1] and butcher, portrayed by Clive Dunn in the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army. His catchphrases are \"Don't panic!\", \"Permission to speak, sir?\" and \"They don't like it up 'em!\". Jones also often recounts his past military experiences particularly those in Sudan and India and gives a glimpse to the military traditions and events in the concluding years of the 19th century.", "Dad's Army. The Home Guard consisted of local volunteers otherwise ineligible for military service, either because of age (hence the name \"Dad's Army\") or by being in professions exempt from conscription. Dad's Army deals almost exclusively with men over military age, and featured older British actors, including Arthur Lowe, John Le Mesurier, Arnold Ridley and John Laurie. Younger members of the cast included Ian Lavender, Clive Dunn (who played the oldest guardsman, Lance Corporal Jones, despite Dunn being one of the youngest cast members), Frank Williams, James Beck (who died suddenly during production of the sixth series in 1973) and Bill Pertwee.", "Damian Lewis. Damian Watcyn Lewis, OBE (born 11 February 1971) is an English actor and producer. He played U.S. Army Major Richard Winters in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers, which earned him a Golden Globe nomination, and also portrayed U.S. Marine Sergeant Nicholas Brody in the Showtime series Homeland (which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award).[1] His performance as Henry VIII in Wolf Hall earned him his third Primetime Emmy nomination and fourth Golden Globe nomination.", "Clancy Lyall. Clarence Odell “Clancy” Lyall (October 14, 1925 – March 19, 2012) served with Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, in the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army during World War II. This unit would be popularized in the mini-series Band of Brothers based on the book by the same name.", "Shane Taylor. Taylor co-starred in the British-American miniseries Band of Brothers as the Louisianan medic Eugene Roe. Though a relatively minor character in the series, the sixth installment \"Bastogne\" is set from Roe's perspective and features him as the episode's central protagonist, as he struggles to help the men while they endure frigid conditions, low supplies, and constant enemy fire.[1] Taylor's performance was praised as \"a marvel of economy\" by The A.V. Club, and stated \"Watch how little he moves or speaks, unless he absolutely needs to... He’s exactly the right man for this part and for the way that Roe’s long slog through this siege begins to feel like an unending nightmare\".[2]", "Adam Baldwin. Adam Baldwin (born February 27, 1962) is an American actor. He is known for starring in Full Metal Jacket (1987) as Animal Mother, as well as in the television series Firefly and its continuation film Serenity as Jayne Cobb. His roles include Stillman in Ordinary People (1980) Colonel John Casey in Chuck and more recently Mike Slattery in The Last Ship.", "Eion Bailey. His television appearances include Dawson's Creek, HBO's highly acclaimed series, Band of Brothers produced by Tom Hanks and Steven Spielberg,[7] and the HBO original film And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself opposite Antonio Banderas.[8]", "David Jason. Jason was going to be cast in the role of Lance Corporal Jones in the Jimmy Perry and David Croft BBC comedy Dad's Army. Croft had been very impressed with the actor and knew that he had the ability to play a man much older than his real age. However, Bill Cotton over-ruled him, casting Clive Dunn. Jason appeared in the BBC comedy series Hugh and I, which starred Hugh Lloyd and Terry Scott as two friends who lived together in south London. He appeared in Randall and Hopkirk (\"That's How Murder Snowballs\", 1969) as Abel, a framed performer in a major London theatre.", "Michael O'Neill (actor). With a career stretching through three decades, he usually portrays senior law enforcement or military officers. He played Special Agent Ron Butterfield, the head of President Josiah Bartlet's Secret Service detail, on The West Wing,[5] and CTU Administrative Director Richard Walsh in the first two episodes of 24.[6] He played Sgt. Maj. Ron Cheals in CBS' action drama series The Unit. He starred in the Season 6 two-part finale of Grey's Anatomy as Gary Clark, the broken widower who holds the hospital hostage with a 9mm while pursuing the doctors responsible for unplugging his wife's life support.[7] He portrayed Nick Ford on the second season of Bates Motel,[8] and Alan Sparks on Extant.[9] His most notable film performances occur in Seabiscuit, Secondhand Lions, Transformers, Dancer, Texas Pop. 81, Traffic, Sea of Love, A Quiet Little Marriage, Nothing but the Truth, and Green Zone, J. Edgar, directed by Clint Eastwood, and Dallas Buyers Club.[10]", "Steve Zahn. Zahn is a lifelong military history buff, and has said that one of his biggest regrets was turning down a role in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers.[15] In 2007, he was awarded an honorary Ph.D in Fine Arts from Northern Kentucky University. A University of Kentucky sports fan, Zahn is often seen at games and events.[citation needed]", "James Best. James Best was born as Jewel Franklin Guy[1] on July 26, 1926, in Powderly, Kentucky, to Lark and Lena Guy. His mother was the sister of Ike Everly, the father of the pop duo The Everly Brothers.[2] After his mother died of tuberculosis in 1929, then three-year-old James was sent to live in an orphanage. He was later adopted by Armen Best (1897–1984) and his wife, Essa Myrtle (née Knowland; 1896–1988)[3] and went to live with them in Corydon, Indiana. He served honorably in the United States Army in World War II, training in 1944 in Biloxi, Mississippi, as a gunner on a B-17 bomber; but by the time he finished training the war was almost at an end and he joined the Military Police. As an MP, Best played a role in bringing stability to war-torn Germany immediately after their surrender. While stationed in Germany, Best transferred out of the MP and joined a special services unit of actors for the US Army that travelled around Europe performing plays for the troops. This was the true beginning of his acting career.[4]", "Sam J. Jones. Jones starred in the 1986 theatrical release My Chauffeur[6] and the straight-to-video movies Jungle Heat (1985), Jane and the Lost City (1987), Under the Gun (1988), Silent Assassins (1988), Whiteforce (1988), Driving Force (1989), and One Man Force (1989). In the 1990s, Jones had roles in films including In Gold We Trust (1990), Maximum Force (1992), Fist of Honor (1993), Hard Vice (1994), Enter the Shootfighter (1995), Texas Payback (1995), The Killer Inside (1996), Earth Minus Zero (1996), Baja Run (1996) and American Tigers (1996), and guest roles in the TV shows Baywatch, Diagnosis Murder and Walker: Texas Ranger.", "Tilky Jones. Tilky Montgomery Jones (born on June 24, 1981) is an American singer and actor. He was a member of the band Take 5 from 1997–2001.", "Ryan Hurst. Growing up in a Hollywood family, Hurst made a very early start in the show business, with a recurring role in the NBC teen situation comedy series Saved by the Bell: The New Class.[4] In the 1998 epic war drama film Saving Private Ryan, Hurst portrayed Mandelsohn, a paratrooper who, because of temporary hearing loss, cannot understand Captain Miller's (Tom Hanks) questions about sighting Private Ryan, which forces Miller to ask the questions in writing. Additionally, he appeared in the 2002 war film We Were Soldiers as Sgt. Ernie Savage, played the football player Lump Hudson in the black comedy thriller film The Ladykillers (2004), and starred in the TNT police drama series Wanted (2005). From 2005 to 2007, Hurst gained recognition for portraying the recurring role of Allison DuBois' half-brother, Michael Benoit, in NBC's supernatural procedural drama series Medium.", "List of James Earl Jones performances. American actor James Earl Jones has had an extensive career in film, television, and theatre. He started out in film by appearing in the 1964 political satire film Dr. Strangelove as Lt. Lothar Zogg. He then went on to star in the 1970 film The Great White Hope as Jack Jefferson, a role he first played in the Broadway production of the same name. The film role earned him two Golden Globe nominations, one for Best Actor and winning one for New Star of the Year. He also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.[1][2] His other work in the 1970s included playing the title character in Malcolm X (1972), Johnny Williams in The River Niger (1976), Nick Debrett in Swashbuckler (1976), and Malcolm X again in The Greatest (1977).", "Edward Shames. Colonel Edward D. Shames (born June 13, 1922) is a retired United States Army enlisted man and officer who later served in the U.S. Army Reserve. During World War II he was assigned to the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. Shames is the last surviving officer and, following the death of Donald Malarkey, oldest surviving member of Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment. He is Jewish and was affected deeply by seeing Nazi Germany's concentration camps. A character based on Shames appeared in the television series Band of Brothers.", "Colin Hanks. In 1999, Hanks won the role of Alex Whitman in the science-fiction series Roswell, where he appeared for the first two seasons (making a brief appearance in the third). During that time, he acted in the teen comedies Whatever It Takes with Shane West and Get Over It with Ben Foster. Hanks also made an appearance in an episode of The OC. He appeared in part eight of HBO mini-series Band of Brothers as Lt. Hank Jones. In 2002, he starred in his first film as Shaun Brumder in Orange County, alongside Jack Black and Schuyler Fisk. The comedy features Hanks trying to get into Stanford University after his guidance counselor mistakenly sends out the wrong transcript. In 2005, he appeared in the remake of King Kong, playing the assistant to Jack Black's character. In 2006, Hanks had a cameo role in Black's Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, playing a drunken fraternity brother. He starred in the romantic comedy The House Bunny, playing Oliver, a charming manager of a nursing home and the love interest of Anna Faris' character." ]

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[ "Theodore Wilson. Theodore Rosevelt \"Teddy\" Wilson (December 10, 1943 – July 21, 1991) was an American stage, film, and television actor. Wilson is best known for his recurring roles as Earl the Postman on the ABC sitcom That's My Mama, and Sweet Daddy Williams on the CBS sitcom Good Times.", "Theodore Wilson. In September 1976, Wilson signed with Tandem Productions, the production company owned by Bud Yorkin and Norman Lear who produced some of the most popular sitcoms of the 1970s. Wilson went on to guest star in several Yorkin/Lear-produced series including All in the Family, Sanford and Son, What's Happening!!, The Jeffersons, and 13 Queens Boulevard.[2] In 1976, Wilson was cast as Sweet Daddy Williams, a street hustler on the CBS sitcom Good Times. Wilson appeared as Sweet Daddy in a recurring role. In August 1977, it was announced that Wilson would star in a spin-off of the hit sitcom Sanford and Son called Sanford Arms. The series was intended to be a continuation of the highly popular Sanford and Son, which ended in March 1977 when both the series' stars, Redd Foxx and Demond Wilson, left the series. Wilson starred as Phil Wheeler, an Army veteran and widower who has purchased the Sanford Arms, a rooming house, from his old Army buddy Fred G. Sanford.[3] Upon its premiere in September 1977, Sanford Arms was critically panned and drew low ratings. It was cancelled after four episodes.", "Rusty Hamer. Russell Craig \"Rusty\" Hamer (February 15, 1947 – January 18, 1990) was an American stage, film and television actor. He is best known for portraying Rusty Williams, the wise cracking son of entertainer Danny Williams (Danny Thomas), on the popular ABC/CBS situation comedy Make Room for Daddy (later retitled The Danny Thomas Show), from 1953 to 1964. He reprised the role in three reunion specials and the sequel series, Make Room for Granddaddy, that aired on ABC from 1970 to 1971.", "List of Good Times episodes. The day after the wedding tragedy, Florida rallies the family together while Sweet Daddy Williams comes calling for his payment.", "Gary Anthony Williams. Williams has appeared in films such as Undercover Brother, appearing as Smart Brother (having previously voiced the Undercover Brother character in the original internet animated series),[9] Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle,[14] and Soul Plane. On the Boondocks second season premiere, \"...Or Die Trying\", Riley Freeman and Robert Freeman are seen watching the Soul Plane 2 trailer, when they distinctly hear Williams and voice of grandad, John Witherspoon (who also had an acting role in Soul Plane), having a conversation on the plane. He also voiced Sweet in The Trumpet of the Swan. Williams also appeared in the film The Factory, starring John Cusack. In 2011, Williams narrated the feature-length documentary Ayn Rand and the Prophecy of Atlas Shrugged.[citation needed] Perhaps his most recent role is as Melvin (a father) in House Party: Tonight's the Night. Williams played Bebop in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016).[15]", "Mike Farrell. Farrell was a producer of Patch Adams (1998) starring Robin Williams, and starred in the television series Providence (1999–2002). He appeared as Milton Lang, the father of Victor Lang (John Slattery), husband of Gabrielle Solis (Eva Longoria) on Desperate Housewives (2007–08).", "Rufus Sewell. After graduating, Sewell was set up with an agent by Judi Dench, who had directed him in a play while at the Central School of Speech and Drama.[citation needed] His breakthrough year was in 1993, in which he starred as the nasty Tim in Michael Winner's film Dirty Weekend. Winner chose him after seeing him in a play at the Criterion Theatre.[5] Also in 1993 Sewell starred in the BBC serial of George Eliot's Middlemarch and on stage in Tom Stoppard's play Arcadia at The Royal National Theatre (Lyttelton). His film work includes 1995's Cold Comfort Farm, directed by John Schlesinger, the lead role of John Murdoch in the science fiction film Dark City in 1998, Amazing Grace, The Illusionist and Nancy Meyers' romantic comedy The Holiday. Amazing Grace deals with William Wilberforce's political fight to abolish slavery in Britain, with Sewell playing Wilberforce's co-campaigner Thomas Clarkson. Sewell is known for his villainous roles, such as those in A Knight's Tale, The Legend of Zorro, Bless the Child, Helen of Troy and The Illusionist. He spoke of his unhappiness about this, saying that \"[I] don't want to play a baddie again.\"[6] \"Everyone has their thing they have to get around\",[7] notes Sewell. \"With me, it's like okay, how can I make this upper class bad guy in the 19th century different and interesting?\"", "Good Times. Good Times is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from February 8, 1974, to August 1, 1979. Created by Eric Monte and Mike Evans, and developed by Norman Lear, the series' primary executive producer, it was television's first African American two-parent family sitcom. Good Times was billed as a spin-off of Maude, which was itself a spin-off of All in the Family.", "Paul Wesley. In 2014, he was cast opposite Susan Sarandon in the film Mother's Day,[14] and it was also announced he is set to star in and produce the film Convergence.[5] He also co-starred in The Baytown Outlaws opposite Billy Bob Thornton and Andre Braugher.[15]", "Good Times. Good Times was intended to be a good show for Esther Rolle and John Amos. Both expected the show to deal with serious topics in a comedic way while providing positive characters for viewers to identify with.", "Billy Gray (actor). In 1955, Gray appeared in The Seven Little Foys, which starred Bob Hope as famed vaudeville entertainer Eddie Foy, in the teen role of Bryan Lincoln Foy.[7] In 1957, while still on Father Knows Best, Gray appeared as Mike Edwards in the episode \"Come Back Darling Asta\" of Peter Lawford's NBC crime series The Thin Man, based on the work of Dashiell Hammett.[6]", "Mike Evans (actor). Evans was also one of the creators and writers of the series Good Times (1974-79).[2]", "Good Times. Good Times was created by Eric Monte and actor Mike Evans. The series also features a character named \"Michael Evans\", after co-creator Mike Evans who portrayed Lionel Jefferson on the Norman Lear-produced series All in the Family and The Jeffersons.[18]", "Billy Dee Williams. In 1992, he portrayed Berry Gordy in The Jacksons: An American Dream.", "Ja'Net DuBois. Television producer Norman Lear saw DuBois in Lanford Wilson's play The Hot l Baltimore at the Mark Taper Forum, which led to her being cast in the 1974–1979 CBS comedy series Good Times.[2] DuBois recorded the album Again, Ja'Net DuBois, on her Peanuts and Caviar label, in 1983.[12] DuBois appeared in former Good Times co-star Janet Jackson's 1987 \"Control\" music video as her mother. In 1992, she co-starred with Clifton Davis in And I Still Rise, a play written and directed by Maya Angelou.[13] She co-starred in the films I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988) and Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003), and on television in Moesha, The Steve Harvey Show, A Different World, and The Wayans Bros..", "List of Good Times episodes. James (John Amos) is excited because he is sure that he is going to get a high paying job. However, at the interview, he learns that he is too old to join the company's union. Meanwhile, Florida (Esther Rolle) and the children (BernNadette Stanis, Jimmie Walker, and Ralph Carter) get ahead of themselves and throw a celebration party for James unaware that he was rejected.", "Dan Lauria. Lauria is best known for his portrayal of Jack Arnold, the money-conscious father on the TV series The Wonder Years, that ran from 1988 to 1993. He also played James Webb in the 1998 TV miniseries From the Earth to the Moon and Commanding Officer, USA in 1996's Independence Day. More recently he has appeared in a War Veterans public service announcement and as Police Commissioner Eustace Dolan in The Spirit. He appeared as Coach Hamstrung in The Three Stooges N.Y.U.K. on AMC in 2000. Lauria appeared on stage in New York in the summer of 2006 in an Off Broadway production of \"A Stone Carver\" by William Mastrosimone with Jim Iorio and Elizabeth Rossa. Lauria also had a small role in a Season two episode of Army Wives, as well as a season one episode of The Mentalist. In 2009, Dan has appeared as General Lee Whitworth, M.D. on T.V. series Criminal Minds Season 4. He has also appeared in an episode of Boy Meets World, starring Ben Savage, the younger brother of The Wonder Years's Fred Savage. In late 2009, Lauria returned to the Off Broadway stage, appearing as Jimmy Hoffa in Brian Lee Franklin's Good Bobby, a fictionalized account of Robert Kennedy's rise.", "David Mann (actor). David Anthony Mann (born August 7, 1966) is an American stage actor, gospel singer, and stand up-comedian who has starred in many Tyler Perry plays, including I Can Do Bad All By Myself, Madea's Family Reunion, Madea's Class Reunion, Meet the Browns, and What's Done in the Dark. His character Mr. Brown is the father of Madea's daughter Cora (wife - Tamela Mann). Mann also reprised his role as \"Mr. Brown\" in the movies Tyler Perry's Meet the Browns and Tyler Perry's Madea Goes to Jail.", "Lee Majors. In March 2010, Majors played the crusty sailing instructor in the Community episode \"Beginner Pottery\". In April 2010, he appeared as the mentor of the series lead in \"Christopher Chance\", the 12th episode of Human Target. Later that year, he provided the voice of General Abernathy in G.I. Joe: Renegades. He later reprised the role in a 2011 episode. In 2011, he appeared as \"Rockwell\" in Jerusalem Countdown. From 2011 to 2014 he appeared in three episodes of the Fox comedy Raising Hope, as Burt's father, Ralph.[8] On February 1, 2013, it was announced that Majors would appear in a two-episode guest spot in season two of TNT's Dallas as Ken Richards, an old flame of Sue Ellen's.[9] In 2015, he appeared as J.D. in the faith-based drama Do You Believe? and the hip-hop dance-themed series Avengers of eXtreme Illusions. Lee Majors appeared in season 2 of Ash vs Evil Dead on STARZ as Brock Williams, the dad of Ash Williams (Bruce Campbell) premiering October 2016.", "Ben Powers. Alton Adelbert Powers (July 5, 1950 – April 6, 2015), known professionally as Ben Powers, was an American actor. Powers was best known for his role as Thelma Evans's (portrayed by Bern Nadette Stanis) husband, Keith Albert Anderson, during the sixth and final season of the CBS sitcom Good Times (1978–79). Powers was also a cast member on the NBC television comedy series Laugh-In (1977–78). Powers died on April 6, 2015 at age 64 due to liver cancer.[1]", "Billy Dee Williams. In 1993, Williams had a guest appearance on the spin-off to The Cosby Show, A Different World, as Langston Paige, a grumpy landlord, in a backdoor pilot for his own series. He appeared as himself on Martin where he provided Martin with advice on getting back together with Gina.", "Sherry Jackson. Jackson may be best remembered for her role as older daughter Terry Williams on The Danny Thomas Show (known as Make Room for Daddy during the first three seasons) from 1953–1958. During the course of her five years on the series, she established a strong bond with her on-screen mother, Jean Hagen, but Hagen left the series after the third season in 1956.", "Robin Williams. After his first starring film role in Popeye (1980), Williams starred or co-starred in several films that achieved both critical acclaim and financial success, including Good Morning, Vietnam (1987), Dead Poets Society (1989), Aladdin (1992), The Birdcage (1996), and Good Will Hunting (1997). He also starred in widely acclaimed films such as The World According to Garp (1982), Moscow on the Hudson (1984), Awakenings (1990), The Fisher King (1991), One Hour Photo (2002), and World's Greatest Dad (2009), as well as box office hits such as Hook (1991), Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Jumanji (1995), and Night at the Museum (2006).", "Hans Conried. Hans Georg Conried, Jr. (April 15, 1917 – January 5, 1982), was an American actor, voice actor, radio actor, stage actor and comedian, who was very active in voice-over roles and known for providing the voices of Walt Disney's Mr. George Darling, and Captain Hook in Peter Pan (1953), for playing the title role in The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T, Dr. Miller on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, Professor Kropotkin on the radio and film versions of My Friend Irma, his work as Uncle Tonoose on Danny Thomas's sitcom Make Room for Daddy, and multiple roles on I Love Lucy.", "Janet Jackson. In 1977, she was selected to have a starring role as Penny Gordon Woods in the sitcom Good Times.[6] She later starred in A New Kind of Family and later got a recurring role on Diff'rent Strokes, portraying Charlene Duprey from seasons three to six.[6] Jackson also played the role of Cleo Hewitt during the fourth season of Fame, but expressed indifference towards the series.[8][9]", "Reggie Hayes. Reggie is best known for his impressive role as William Dent on BET/UPN/CW’s hit T.V. show “Girlfriends” that aired for 8 years until 2008. It earned him the “Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series” for three NAACP Image Awards, and People Magazine’s “Sexiest Man Alive” in 2007. But this recognition did not shake his humbled, driven and focused nature, and Reggie went on to appear in several other movies and T.V. shows, including Criminal Minds, Will & Grace and NCIS.", "Ross Martin. After The Wild, Wild West ended, Martin continued his career in various guest roles on television and in roles in television films. In 1970, Martin portrayed Alexander Hamilton in the NBC television special Swing Out, Sweet Land, hosted by John Wayne. He also appeared in a 1970 episode of The Immortal (\"White Elephants Don't Grow on Trees\"). The following year, Martin tried his hand at directing. He guest starred in the 1971 episode of Columbo entitled \"Suitable For Framing\", as a murderous art critic and also a 1971 episode of Love, American Style, which he also directed. Martin directed another episode of the series in 1973. Later that same year, he appeared as the famed Asian detective Charlie Chan in The Return of Charlie Chan. He made a guest appearance on Barnaby Jones in 1974, and also lent his voice to an episode of Wait Till Your Father Gets Home later that year.", "Rufus Gifford. After college, Gifford moved to Hollywood and served as an assistant to producer John Davis. During his time there, he became the associate producer for Daddy Day Care, and appeared as an actor in Garfield The Movie and The Hiding Place.[4]", "Otis Williams. Otis Williams (born Otis Miles Jr.; October 30, 1941) is an American baritone[1][2] singer. Nicknamed \"Big Daddy\", he is occasionally also a songwriter and a record producer.", "John Schuck. Under his full name of \"Conrad John Schuck,\" he opened in the role of Daddy Warbucks in the Broadway revival of Annie in December 2006, and toured nationally in the role. He later appeared in the films Holy Matrimony and String of the Kite. In 2013, he appeared as Senator Max Evergreen in Nice Work If You Can Get It.", "John Mills. On the big screen he was now mainly playing upper crust types as in Zulu Dawn (1979), Gandhi (1982), and Sahara (1983). He did Goodbye Mr Chips on stage (1982) followed by Little Lies (1983).", "Billy Dee Williams. Williams's television work included a recurring guest-starring role on the short-lived show Gideon's Crossing. He is also well known for his appearance in advertisements for Colt 45 (a brand of malt liquor) in the 1980s and early 1990s, for which he received much criticism. Williams responded indifferently to the criticism of his appearances in the liquor commercials. When questioned about his appearances, he allegedly replied by saying, \"I drink, you drink. Hell, if marijuana was legal, I'd appear in a commercial for it.\"[10]" ]

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[ "Mister Ed. Bamboo Harvester's trainer was Les Hilton. To create the impression that Ed was having a conversation, Hilton initially used a thread technique he had employed for Lubin's earlier Mule films; in time, though, this became unnecessary. As actor Alan Young recounted: \"It was initially done by putting a piece of nylon thread in his mouth. But Ed actually learned to move his lips on cue when the trainer touched his hoof. In fact, he soon learned to do it when I stopped talking during a scene! Ed was very smart.\"[17]", "Mister Ed. Reports circulated during and after the show's run that the talking effect was achieved by crew members applying peanut butter to the horse's gums. Alan Young said in later interviews that he invented the story. \"Al Simon and Arthur Lubin, the producers, suggested we keep the method [of making the horse appear to talk] a secret because they thought kids would be disappointed if they found out the technical details of how it was done, so I made up the peanut butter story, and everyone bought it.\"[17][18]", "Mister Ed. The show in effect had two leads operating as a comedy team. The title role of Mister Ed, a talking palomino, was played by gelding Bamboo Harvester and voiced by former Western film actor Allan Lane. The role of Ed's owner, a genial but somewhat klutzy architect named Wilbur Post, was played by Alan Young. Many of the program's gags follow from Mister Ed's tendency to talk only to Wilbur, his skills as a troublemaker, and his precociously human-like behaviour that far exceeds anything those around Wilbur expect of a horse. A running gag is other characters hearing Wilbur talking to Ed and asking to whom he is talking. Another running gag centers on Wilbur being accident-prone and inadvertently causing harm to himself and others. According to Lubin, Young was chosen for the lead role because he \"just seemed like the sort of guy a horse would talk to\".[4]", "Mister Ed. The Mister Ed show concept was derived from a series of short stories by children's author Walter R. Brooks, which began with The Talking Horse in the September 18, 1937, issue of Liberty magazine.[3] Brooks is otherwise best known for the Freddy the Pig series of children's novels, which likewise featured talking animals that interact with humans. Sonia Chernus, secretary to director Arthur Lubin, introduced Lubin to the Brooks stories and is credited with developing the concept for television.", "Mister Ed. Mister Ed is an American television sitcom produced by Filmways[1] which originally aired in syndication from January 5 to July 2, 1961, and then on CBS from October 1, 1961, to February 6, 1966.[2] The show's title character – a talking horse – originally appeared in short stories by Walter R. Brooks.", "Mister Ed. The voice actor for Ed's spoken lines was Allan \"Rocky\" Lane, a former B-movie cowboy star. Sheldon Allman provided Ed's singing voice in episodes; his solo line (\"I am Mister Ed\") at the close of the show's theme song was provided by its composer, Jay Livingston. Allan Lane was alluded to by the producers only as \"an actor who prefers to remain nameless.\" After the show became a hit, Lane campaigned the producers for credit but never received it.", "Mister Ed. The theme song, titled \"Mister Ed\", was written by the songwriting team of Jay Livingston and Ray Evans and sung by Livingston himself. The first seven episodes used only instrumental music to open the show; thereafter the version with lyrics was used. Livingston agreed to sing the song himself until a professional singer could be found; the producers liked the songwriter's vocals and kept them on the broadcast. During most of the show's run the ending theme song used only instrumental music. In some episodes, however, the theme song is sung during the closing credits.", "Harry Enfield's Television Programme. Parody of Mister Ed. A (supposedly) talking corpse (played by Whitehouse) who travels around with his living friend (Enfield) and often helps him get out of troublesome situations, such as in one sketch where he avoids a speeding ticket by pretending to rush Mister Dead to the hospital. The opening ditty is a parody of the original \"Mr Ed\" song: \"He lives in box, he looks like a corpse. He's dead of course!\". Additionally, all the characters display a typical southern US drawl", "Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem. Lips joined the Electric Mayhem for several numbers during the final season of The Muppet Show, playing the trumpet. His name naturally refers to the fact that trumpet players use their lips to play. He has yellow hair, goatee and a permanent squint. His appearances on the Muppet Show were few and far between and when he did appear in the later episodes or movies, he rarely did anything besides play the trumpet. One of his few speaking appearances was in the Shirley Bassey episode where he sang a line of \"Barnyard Boogie.\"", "Mister Ed. Mister Ed's producers left the talents that performed the title role uncredited. The show's credits listed Mister Ed as being played only by \"Himself\".", "Mister Ed. Ed's ability to talk was never explained, or ever contemplated much on the show. In the first episode, when Wilbur expresses an inability to understand the situation, Ed offers the show's only remark on the subject: \"Don't try. It's bigger than both of us!\"", "Mister Ed. The first horse that played Mister Ed for the first, unaired pilot episode was a chestnut gelding.[15] The horse proved to be unruly and difficult to work with and was replaced with the horse named Bamboo Harvester (1949–1970), a crossbred gelding of American Saddlebred, Arabian and grade ancestry.[16] A second pilot episode was filmed and Bamboo Harvester remained with the series until its cancellation.", "Mister Ed. Young added that Bamboo Harvester saw trainer Les Hilton as the disciplinarian father figure. When scolded by Hilton for missing a cue, the horse would move to Young for comfort, treating the actor as a mother figure. Hilton told Young this was a positive development.[19]", "Bamboo Harvester. A different horse that died in Oklahoma in February 1979 was widely thought to be Bamboo Harvester, but this horse was one that posed for the still pictures of \"Mr. Ed\" used by the production company for the show's press kits. After Bamboo Harvester's death in 1970, this horse was unofficially known as Mister Ed, which led to him being reported as such (including sardonic comments on Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update) following his own death.[6]", "Mister Ed. The show's concept resembles that of the Francis the Talking Mule movies in which an equine title character talks, but only to one person, thus causing a variety of opportunities and frustrations. The first six Francis films (1950–55) were also directed by Lubin.[4]", "List of Ed, Edd n Eddy characters. All the children have multicolored tongues; Antonucci said that the idea came after he saw his son and his friends with different-colored tongues because of eating different candy while he was working on a storyboard.[3] The characters went through a number of \"walking cycles\", a process used to determine how each character should walk or run, turn around, blink, etc. before the crew came up with the final product.[3]", "Lip. Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are a tactile sensory organ, and can be an erogenous zone when used in kissing and other acts of intimacy.", "Mister Ed. A different horse who died in Oklahoma in February 1979 was widely thought to be Bamboo Harvester, but this horse was, in fact, a horse that posed for the still pictures of Mister Ed used by the production company for the show's press kits. This horse was unofficially known as \"Mister Ed\", which led to his being reported as such (including sardonic comments on Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update) following his own death.[23]", "Francis the Talking Mule. The actual mule who appeared on-screen was not a male at all, but a female named Molly, selected because she was easy to handle. She was purchased from Jake and Jenny Frazier in Drexel, Missouri. According to author Pauline Bartel, Universal paid $350 for the animal, but made millions from the film series. Molly was trained by Les Hilton, a former apprentice of Will Rogers, who would also go on to train Bamboo Harvester, the horse who played Mister Ed. To create the impression that the mule was actually talking, Hilton used a thread fed into the animal's mouth, which when tugged, would cause Molly to try to remove it by moving her lips (the same technique used for Mister Ed).", "Mister Ed. The theme song received renewed publicity twenty years after the show went off the air when Jim Brown, a preacher from South Point, Ohio, claimed in May 1986 that it contained \"satanic messages\" if heard in reverse. Brown and his colleague Greg Hudson claimed that the phrases \"Someone sung this song for Satan\" and \"the source is Satan\" would be audible. At their behest teenagers burned over 300 records and cassettes of secular music with alleged satanic messages. The teens did not burn a copy of Television's Greatest Hits, but Brown asserted that \"Satan can be an influence whether they [the songwriters] know it or not. We don't think they did it on purpose and we're not getting down on Mister Ed.\"[24]", "Mister Ed. ♦- Shout! Factory Exclusives title, sold exclusively through Shout's online store", "Mister Ed. Syndicated versions of eight episodes were utilized for Season One DVD release. All other DVD releases contain unedited, full-length versions.[28]", "Mister Ed. One episode (the second-season episode \"Ed the Beneficiary\") has lapsed into the public domain. Also in the public domain is a 19-minute production of the United States Department of the Treasury, done in the style of a Mister Ed episode with the show's full cast (but without a laugh track), promoting Savings Bonds, and the original unaired pilot, which was published without a copyright notice.", "Mister Ed. There are conflicting stories involving of the death of Bamboo Harvester, the horse that played Mister Ed.", "Mister Ed. Comedian George Burns financed the original pilot for Mister Ed which was shot at his McCadden Studio in Hollywood at a cost of $70,000.[5] Scott McKay played Wilbur. Jack Benny was also involved behind the scenes.[6] Unable to sell the show to a network, Lubin decided to sell the show into syndication first. He managed to get single sponsor identification for the program on over 100 stations. The show was recast with Alan Young in the lead. Production began in November 1960, although Lubin did not direct early episodes because he was working in Europe on a film. The first 26 episodes were well received enough for the show to be picked up by CBS.[5][7]", "Ed, Edd n Eddy (season 3). Boys Will Be Eds: As Nazz gives them a lecture for making fun of Jimmy, all the boys (except Rolf and Jimmy) develop a crush on Nazz and try to woo her.", "Penn Jillette. While the off-Broadway hit was running, in 1988 Jillette was in a speed mariachi power trio called Bongos, Bass and Bob. He played bass; bongos were by Dean J. Seal; and guitar was by Rob \"Bob\" Elk (Running Elk). The latter two became the a capella comedy duo Mr. Elk and Mr. Seal after the band broke up due to Jillette's movie commitments. They recorded an album with Kramer at Noise New York called Never Mind the Sex Pistols, Here's Bongos Bass and Bob (What on Earth Were They Thinking?). It was released to almost no notice outside of a mention in Spin Magazine, but was immortalized with a claymation video of the single, \"Oral Hygiene\".", "Bamboo Harvester. Young said when the Oklahoma horse death story came out in 1979, he knew it was not the real Mr. Ed, but did not have the heart to \"shatter their illusions\" that the horse being memorialized was not the real Mr. Ed. He believes it was a horse used for early publicity photos.[5]", "Get Me Bodied. The staff members of Idolator showed high favoritism for the acclaimed the campaign, further stating the fact that \"when Beyonce tells people to dance, they tend to listen\" and so they considered that it was \"a pretty genius move\" on Michelle Obama’s part to get Beyoncé in on her 'Let's Move!' campaign to fight childhood obesity.[86] On April 9, 2011, an instructional video featuring a group of teenagers dancing to \"Move Your Body\" was released online.[79] After a few days, Beyoncé has said that she \"would record her own version of the exercise routine\"[79] to show kids how it is done by shooting a new music video featuring a series of fun workouts to accompany the track.[78] On April 26, 2011, Beyoncé released a video directed by Melina Matsoukas for \"Move Your Body\".[81] In the video, students join Beyoncé to perform choreography by Frank Gatson.[81] In the choreography, Beyoncé and the students mix salsa, dancehall, The Running Man, Dougie, stomp.[81][87] The music video for \"Move Your Body\" takes place as a four-minute long flash mob.[77] The video begins during lunch hour at what looks like a junior high cafeteria. Everything is normal until Beyoncé, wearing short shorts and green knee-high socks, enters the cafeteria doors to begin the song. After Beyoncé's entry, all the kids jump to their feet, following along as Beyoncé leads the group through all kinds of dances.[77]", "Mister Ed. Other known performers appeared in character roles:", "Julius Erving. However, Dr. J enjoyed success off the court, becoming one of the first basketball players to endorse many products and to have a shoe marketed under his name. It was at this time that he appeared in television commercials urging young fans asking for his autograph in an airport to refer to him henceforth as \"Dr. Chapstick\". He also starred in the 1979 basketball comedy film, The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh. A famous TV commercial for Sixers season tickets during the 1977–78 off-season summed up Erving's desire to win an NBA Title. In the commercial, Erving was in the Sixers locker room and he said to fans, \"We owe you one\" while he held up his index finger. It took a few years for the Sixers franchise to build around Erving. Eventually coach Billy Cunningham and top-level players like Maurice Cheeks, Andrew Toney, and Bobby Jones were added to the mix and the franchise was very successful.[citation needed]", "Mister Ed. The Posts resided at 17230 Valley Spring Road in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles.[8]" ]

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[ "One Moment in Time. \"One Moment in Time\" is a song by American singer Whitney Houston and written by Albert Hammond and John Bettis, produced by Narada Michael Walden for the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul, South Korea. The song was Houston's third number one in the UK Singles Chart, and reached number five on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song was later included on the second disc of her first greatest hits Whitney: The Greatest Hits and also on The Ultimate Collection and on the second disc of I Will Always Love You: The Best of Whitney Houston.", "One Moment in Time. The song's melody was inspired by the timeless figure of Elvis Presley, with Hammond imagining it as being sung by Presley at the opening of the Olympics. It appeared on the album 1988 Summer Olympics Album: One Moment in Time, produced in conjunction with NBC Sports' coverage of the Seoul games and which, in addition to Whitney Houston who sang it live at the main ceremony, also featured artists such as: The Four Tops, The Bee Gees, Eric Carmen, Taylor Dayne and the film composer John Williams. The track is an anthem for believing in yourself against all odds as Houston asks for \"One moment in time/when I'm racing with destiny/Then, in that one moment of time, I will feel eternity.\"", "One Moment in Time. \"One Moment in Time\" was released by Arista Records on August 27, 1988 as the first single from The 1988 Summer Olympics Album: One Moment in Time, the soundtrack to the Games in Seoul, South Korea.[1] The song debuted at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100, the issue dated September 10, 1988.[2] Nine weeks later, it peaked at number five on the chart, the issue date of November 12, 1988, becoming Houston's tenth top 10 hit on the Hot 100, and spent 17 weeks on the chart.[3] It also debuted on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (formerly \"Hot Black Singles\") at number 78, the issue dated September 17, 1988, and six weeks later reached a peak of 22, her lowest position on the R&B chart at the time.[4] On the issue date of November 5, 1988, the single peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart, making it her seventh number-one single on the chart, and stayed on the top for two weeks.[5][6] It ranked number 89 on the Billboard Hot 100 Year-End chart of 1988.[7]", "One Moment in Time. Appropriately for the song's origins as an Olympic anthem, Olympic gold medal-winning heptathlete Denise Lewis selected the song as one of her eight Desert Island Discs in February 2012. That same month, the song featured at the beginning of the 2012 Brit Awards at London's O2 Arena in tribute to Houston who had died earlier in the month by playing the song accompanied with a 30-second-video montage of her music videos.[35]", "One Moment in Time. The song was played during a montage of highlights at the end of NBC Sports' coverage of the 1988 World Series after the Los Angeles Dodgers defeated the Oakland Athletics four games to one. The song was also played during the 1995 Baltimore Orioles game when Cal Ripken broke Lou Gehrig's consecutive played games record.", "One Last Time (Ariana Grande song). \"One Last Time\" was written by the songwriting team Savan Kotecha, Rami Yacoub and Carl Falk, with Dutch producer Giorgio Tuinfort and French DJ David Guetta.[2] Kotecha had already previously collaborated with Grande when producing the first, second, third and fourth single from My Everything. Guetta was working on his album Listen, and while making the album he chose to give \"One Last Time\" to Grande, since \"[he] had like 120 songs and [was] trying to make an album that ma[de] sense because some of the songs can be great, but that doesn’t mean that they would fit together. [\"One Last Time\" is] one example,\" he claimed.[3] \"One Last Time\" was strongly considered to be My Everything's lead-single, according to Republic Records' executive vice president Charlie Walk, however \"Problem\" was chosen instead, being the song that best \"set the tone for the project.\" Later, \"\"Break Free\" felt like summer,\" Walk claimed, while \"Bang Bang\" helped usher in Jessie J's album Sweet Talker, and \"fall/winter felt like the best time for \"Love Me Harder\", since it's a heavier, darker record,\" he added.[4]", "Heat of the Moment (Asia song). \"Time Again\" is the B-side of the UK release. The song was written by all the band members, Geoff Downes, Steve Howe, Carl Palmer and John Wetton, and can also be found on the Asia album.", "The Power of Now. When Paris Hilton was incarcerated at the Century Regional Detention Facility in California in June 2007 she brought with her a copy of The Power of Now.[8] Singer Annie Lennox chose The Power of Now as one of her \"desert island books\", as did the comedian Tony Hawks.[8] Singer Katy Perry stated that she was inspired to write \"This Moment\", a song from her 2013 album Prism, after she heard the audio book of The Power of Now.[17]", "Ed Sheeran. The song, \"Moments\", on the debut album by boy band One Direction, released in November 2011, was co-written by Sheeran.[52] At the 2012 Brit Awards on 21 February, Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Breakthrough Act of the Year.[53][54] On 10 January 2012, it was announced that Sheeran would support Snow Patrol on their US tour from late March until May.[55] His song, \"Give Me Love\", was featured in the episode \"Dangerous Liaisons\" of The Vampire Diaries.[56] At the Ivor Novello Awards in May 2012, Sheeran's \"The A Team\" bested Adele's \"Rolling in the Deep\" and Florence and the Machine's \"Shake It Out\" for Best Song Musically and Lyrically.[57] Sheeran performed \"The A Team\" at the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II concert held on The Mall outside Buckingham Palace on 4 June 2012 and a cover of Pink Floyd's \"Wish You Were Here\" at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics on 12 August 2012.[58]", "One Moment in Time. A British pop group, the Shadows did an instrumental version on their 1989 album, Steppin' to the Shadows: 16 Great Tracks As Only the Shadows Can Play Them.[34]", "One Moment in Time. Worldwide, it was a big hit. In the United Kingdom, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 24, the week ending date of September 24, 1988, and within four weeks of its release reached the top position, a peak it maintained for two weeks, becoming Houston's third UK number-one single.[8][9] The single was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 200,000 copies on October 1, 1988.[10] According to The Official Charts Company, the single has sold 400,000 copies in the country.[11] In Germany, it debuted at number 58 on the Media Control Top 100 Singles chart, the week dated September 26, 1988, and the following week went straight into the top ten.[12] On October 24, 1988, the fifth week of its release, the song reached number one on the chart and stayed there for two weeks, making it her second German number-one hit.[13] The single was certified Gold for shipments of 250,000 copies or more by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) in 1988.[14] Across Europe, \"One Moment in Time\" was successful, topping the European Hot 100 Singles chart for five weeks. It peaked inside the top five in Austria,[15] Belgium,[16] Finland, Iceland, Italy,[17] Norway,[18] Sweden,[19] and Switzerland,[20] and reached top ten in France[21] and the Netherlands.[22] But the single became a minor hit in Oceania region, peaking at number 53 and 34 on the singles chart, in Australia and New Zealand, respectively.[23][24] The song re-entered the UK Singles Chart for week ending February 18, 2012 following Houston's death.[25]", "One Last Time (Ariana Grande song). \"One Last Time\" is a song recorded by American singer Ariana Grande for her second studio album My Everything. It was written by David Guetta, Savan Kotecha, Giorgio Tuinfort, Rami Yacoub, and Carl Falk. The song was produced by the latter two, with Tuinfort serving as a co-producer and Ilya serving both as a co-producer and vocal producer. \"One Last Time\" was first released on the iTunes Store on August 22, 2014 as the second promotional single from the album. On February 10, 2015, the song was sent to contemporary hit radio as the fifth and final single from the album. A French version of the song featuring French singer Kendji Girac, alternatively titled \"Attends-moi\", was released on February 16, 2015 in France, Belgium and Switzerland. It is also included on the deluxe version of Girac's debut studio album Kendji (2015). An Italian version of the song featuring Italian rapper Fedez was released on May 26, 2015 only in Italy.", "Rod Temperton. Temperton wrote successfully for other musicians, his hits including \"Stomp!\" for The Brothers Johnson, George Benson's \"Give Me the Night\", \"Baby, Come to Me\" for Patti Austin and James Ingram, \"Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)\" for Donna Summer, and \"Yah Mo B There\" for Ingram and Michael McDonald. He also wrote for Herbie Hancock, The Manhattan Transfer, Mica Paris, and many others.[11]", "In the Midnight Hour. \"In the Midnight Hour\" has also been recorded by Ace Cannon (inst) (album Memphis Golden Hits/ 1967), Archie Bell & the Drells, (album Tighten Up/ 1968), Tom Jones (album The Tom Jones Fever Zone/1968), the Chambers Brothers (album The Time Has Come/ 1967), Chris Farlowe (EP Farlowe in the Midnight Hour/ 1965), the Jam (album This is the Modern World/ 1977), Bob Kuban and the In-Men (album Look Out For the Cheater/ 1966), Roxy Music (album Flesh and Blood/1980), Delbert McClinton (album Plain' From The Heart/ 1981), the Righteous Brothers (album Soul & Inspiration/ 1966), Johnny Rivers (album ...And I Know You Wanna Dance/ 1966), Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels (album Breakout...!!!/ 1966), Guy Sebastian (album The Memphis Album/ 2007), James Taylor (album Covers/ 2008), Them (album Them/ 1970), Tina Turner (album Tina Live in Europe/ 1988), Mary Wells (album The Two Sides of Mary Wells/ 1966), and the Young Rascals (album The Young Rascals/ 1966).", "Give In to Me (Faith Hill song). \"Give In to Me\" is a mid-tempo country pop song written by Billy Falcon, Rose Falcon, and Elisha Hoffman.[2][6] Produced by Jay Joyce, the original Faith Hill recording lasts for four minutes and eleven seconds. According to the digital sheet music published by Spirit One Music, \"Give In to Me\" was composed in the key of C Major with a one octave vocal range that spans from G3 to G4.[6] The song was set in common time to a tempo of 80 BPM.[6] Matthew Wilkening of Taste of Country described the song's instrumentation as \"delicate guitar lines over a warm keyboard backdrop,\" and Hill's vocal performance on the song as \"restrained\" and \"elegant.\"[7] \"Give In to Me\" features passionate lyrics that describe a deep form of love and intimacy.[7]", "Give Me Just a Little More Time. I went to bed, and, and I literally was in bed thinking of all these records that I had in my life [...] I was going through the library mentally thinking, what song would she never have done that we could do that was just a great song. And one of my favorite songs was Chairman of the Board's \"Give Me Just a Little More Time.\"[3]", "Minnie Riperton. After Riperton died, several artists contributed vocals to tracks she had recorded before her death, to help compile Richard Rudolph's final tribute to his wife, Love Lives Forever. Included, among others, were Peabo Bryson, Michael Jackson, and Stevie Wonder. Riperton's last single, \"Give Me Time,\" was released in 1980. Richard Rudolph wrote the song, \"Now That I Have You\" for her, but she never got the chance to record it; he gave the song to Teena Marie, who recorded it (and co-produced it with Rudolph) on Marie's second LP, Lady T. Finally, in 1981, Capitol Records released The Best of Minnie Riperton, a greatest hits collection. The \"new\" song on the album was a remake of Joni Mitchell's \"A Woman of Heart and Mind,\" which was a holdover from the Minnie sessions. Also included were an alternate mix of \"Memory Lane\"; live versions of \"Can You Feel What I'm Saying,\" \"Lover And Friend,\" and \"Young, Willing, and Able\"; and two \"Moments with Minnie.\" It also included the hits \"Perfect Angel,\" \"Lovin' You,\" \"Inside My Love,\" \"Adventures In Paradise,\" and two tracks from Love Lives Forever: the single \"Here We Go\" (a duet with Peabo Bryson),[14] and the song \"You Take My Breath Away.\"\nDuring the 1990s, Riperton's music was sampled by many rap and hip-hop artists, including Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, A Tribe Called Quest, Blumentopf, The Orb and Tragedy Khadafi.[4] Rapper J. Cole sampled her in 2016, on the song \"Everybody Dies.\"[15]", "For Once in My Life. \"For Once in My Life\" is a swing song written by Ron Miller and Orlando Murden for Motown Records' Stein & Van Stock publishing company, and first recorded in 1966.", "Once Upon a Time (Donna Summer album). All tracks written by Donna Summer, Giorgio Moroder, and Pete Bellotte; all tracks produced by Moroder and Bellotte.", "Tears in Heaven. \"Eric and I were engaged to write a song for a movie called Rush. We wrote a song called 'Help Me Up' for the end of the movie... then Eric saw another place in the movie for a song and he said to me, 'I want to write a song about my boy.' Eric had the first verse of the song written, which, to me, is all the song, but he wanted me to write the rest of the verse lines and the release ('Time can bring you down, time can bend your knees...'), even though I told him that it was so personal he should write everything himself. He told me that he had admired the work I did with Steve Winwood and finally there was nothing else but to do as he requested, despite the sensitivity of the subject. This is a song so personal and so sad that it is unique in my experience of writing songs.\"[2]", "This Magic Moment. \"This Magic Moment\" is a song composed by lyricist Doc Pomus and pianist Mort Shuman, and is one of their best-known songs.[2] It was recorded first by Ben E. King and the Drifters.[1] The Drifters version spent 11 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached No. 16 on April 2, 1960.[3]", "Eric Stoltz. During the first part of the 2000s, he starred with Gillian Anderson in The House of Mirth (2000), based on the novel by Edith Wharton. From 2001 to 2002, he had a recurring role as the English teacher-poet August Dimitri in ABC's Once and Again, wherein Julia Whelan's character, a teenager, fell in love with his character. He directed an episode of the show in 2002. In 2003, he played his first leading TV role in Out of Order, which was canceled after five episodes. In 2004, he appeared in The Butterfly Effect as a child molester; the following year, he guest-starred in the NBC sitcom Will & Grace as Debra Messing's love interest. He was nominated for a Daytime Emmy for his direction of the cable movie My Horrible Year! (2001).[19] He also directed a short film entitled The Bulls[6] as well as the highest rated episode of Law & Order in 2005, entitled \"Tombstone\". He appeared in the music video of The Residents' \"Give it to Someone Else\", featured on The Commercial DVD.[20]", "...Baby One More Time (song). \"...Baby One More Time\" is the debut single by American singer Britney Spears. It was written by Max Martin and produced by Martin and Rami, and released in 1998, by Jive Records for Spears's debut album of the same name (1999). After recording and sending a demo tape with an unused song from Toni Braxton, Spears signed a multi-album deal with Jive. \"...Baby One More Time\" is a teen pop and dance-pop song that refers to a girl's feelings after a break-up with her boyfriend.", "The Next Time I Fall. \"The Next Time I Fall\" is a song written by Bobby Caldwell and Paul Gordon and recorded as a duet by Peter Cetera and Amy Grant for his 1986 album Solitude/Solitaire. It reached number one on Billboard magazine's Hot 100[1] and Adult Contemporary chart[2] and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.[3]", "Morton Salt. As part of their \"Walk Her Walk\" campaign, Morton Salt funded the development of the music video \"The One Moment\" by the band OK Go, released on November 23, 2016.[27]", "You Gave Me a Mountain. In Laine's autobiography That Lucky Old Son, he stated that \"Marty Robbins once told me that he'd been trying to bring 'You Gave Me a Mountain' to my attention for several years before he finally succeeded in November 1968. I wish he'd been quicker about it. There were many times in the mid-60s when I longed for a song of its quality.\"[1]", "Please Please Me. Therefore, at 10:00 am on Monday, 11 February 1963, the Beatles began working their way through their live set song by song, the number of takes varying on each, and finished at 10:45 pm—less than 13 hours later— capturing in essence an authentic representation of the band's Cavern Club-era sound. The day ended with a cover of \"Twist and Shout\", which had to be recorded last because John Lennon had a particularly bad cold and Martin feared the throat-shredding vocal would ruin Lennon's voice for the day. This performance, caught on the first take, prompted Martin to say: \"I don't know how they do it. We've been recording all day but the longer we go on the better they get.\"[11] Mark Lewisohn would later write: \"There can scarcely have been 585 more productive minutes in the history of recorded music\"[12] Paul McCartney double tracked his vocal on \"A Taste of Honey\" and Lennon added harmonica onto \"There's a Place\" during these sessions. Martin overdubbed piano on \"Misery\" and celesta on \"Baby It's You\" on 20 February, during which the Beatles were not present.[13]", "Max Martin. Martin Sandberg (born 26 February 1971),[1] known professionally as Max Martin, is a Swedish songwriter, record producer and singer. He rose to prominence in the second half of the 1990s after making a string of major hits for artists such as the Backstreet Boys, Britney Spears and NSYNC. Some of his earlier hits include \"...Baby One More Time\" (1998), \"I Want It That Way\" (1999) and \"It's My Life\" (2000).", "In the Midnight Hour. \"In the Midnight Hour\" is a song originally performed by Wilson Pickett in 1965 and released on his 1965 album of the same name, also appearing on the 1966 album The Exciting Wilson Pickett. The song was composed by Pickett and Steve Cropper at the historic Lorraine Motel in Memphis where Martin Luther King, Jr. would later be assassinated in April 1968. Pickett's first hit on Atlantic Records,[1] it reached number one on the R&B charts and peaked at number 21 on the pop charts.[2]", "Feel This Moment. \"Feel This Moment\" was written by Nasri Atweh, Chantal Kreviazuk, Adam Messinger, Sir Nolan, DJ Buddha, Pitbull and Aguilera,[7] while production was handled by Adam Messinger, Nasri Atweh, Sir Nolan and DJ Buddha.[8] It interpolates the hook from Norwegian synthpop band A-ha's famous 1985 hit \"Take on Me,\"[9] and the band members themselves, who wrote \"Take on Me,\" received writing credits for \"Feel This Moment.\"[9]", "Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma. On hearing of Mountbatten's death, the then Master of the Queen's Music, Malcolm Williamson, was moved to write the Lament in Memory of Lord Mountbatten of Burma for violin and string orchestra. The 11 minute work was given its first performance on 5 May 1980 by the Scottish Baroque Ensemble, conducted by Leonard Friedman.[126]", "Hootie & the Blowfish. In 1998, they performed on Frank Wildhorn's concept album of the musical The Civil War.[8] The group covered the 1968 Orpheus hit \"Can't Find the Time\" in 2001 for the soundtrack of the Jim Carrey movie Me, Myself and Irene. Orpheus creator and the song's writer Bruce Arnold traded verses with Darius on several occasions, when the band played live on the West Coast. The band had an extensive touring schedule, including an annual New Year's Eve show at Silverton Las Vegas (formerly known as Boomtown Las Vegas) in Enterprise, Nevada. In 2008, the band started releasing their concerts as downloads through trueAnthem.[9] In 2009, Hootie & the Blowfish performed live in a ballet which chronicled their rise and success in the 1990s.[10]" ]

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[ "Incredibles 2. The film grossed $18.5 million from Thursday night previews, increasing weekend projections to as high as $174 million. The previews set the record for an animated film, doubling Finding Dory's $9.2 million, and were higher than the likes of fellow superhero films Spider-Man: Homecoming, Thor: Ragnarok and Justice League. It made $71.6 million on its first day, including previews, the best-ever for an animated film (besting Dory's $54.7 million by 31%) and 14th highest all-time. It went on to debut to $182.7 million, the eighth best opening of all-time, far ahead of Finding Dory's animated record of $135.1 million and more than the entire lifetime gross of Pixar's A Bug's Life ($162.8 million), Cars 3 ($152.9 million) and The Good Dinosaur ($123.1 million).[60][61]", "Incredibles 2. Outside North America, the film made $51.5 million from 25 countries in its opening weekend, for a global debut of $231.5 million. Mexico was the largest debut with $12.3 million, followed by Australia ($7.7 million) and Russia ($5.4 million).[67] In its second weekend of release the film made $58.6 million from 28 countries, bringing its two-week total to $134.7 million. Its largest market was China where it made $21.2 million, the best ever opening for a Pixar film in the country. It was also released in India where it made $3.3 million.[68] In the United Kingdom, the film grossed $12.6 million in its opening weekend, the second biggest opening for Pixar after Toy Story 3.[69][70] The biggest markets in terms of total earnings are China ($53.5 million), followed by the UK ($52.2 million), Mexico ($37.2 million), Brazil ($35 million), and Australia ($33.1 million).[71]", "Incredibles 2. The film set animated records for its Monday and Tuesday grosses, making $23.9 million (beating the $23.4 million made by Shrek 2 in May 2004)[62] and $27.1 million (beating Finding Dory's $23.1 million), respectively. Its Tuesday gross also set a June record, topping Jurassic World ($24.3 million in 2015).[63] By Thursday, its seventh day of release, the film had grossed $269.4 million, topping the entire lifetime domestic gross of the original, not accounting for inflation ($261.4 million). In its second weekend the film dropped 56% to $80.9 million, finishing second behind newcomer Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom ($148 million), marking the first time two films opened to over $100 million in back-to-back weekends.[64] It remained in second place in its third and fourth weekends, grossing $45.5 million and $29 million, respectively.[50] On July 7, its 23rd day of release, the film crossed $495 million, passing Finding Dory to become the highest-grossing animated film and Pixar's highest-grossing film of all-time domestically,[65] and the following day became the first animated film to gross over $500 million domestically.[66]", "The Incredibles. Despite concerns that the film would receive underwhelming results,[38] the film's domestic gross was $70,467,623 in its opening weekend from 7,600 screens at 3,933 theaters, averaging $17,917 per theater or $9,272 per screen, the highest opening-weekend gross for a Pixar film (the record was later broken in 2010 by Toy Story 3, with $110,307,189), the highest November opening weekend for a Disney film (the record was broken in 2013 by Thor: The Dark World with $85.7 million),[39] the highest opening weekend for a non-sequel animated feature (the record was broken in 2007 by The Simpsons Movie, with $74,036,787), and the highest opening weekend for a non-franchise-based film for just over five years when Avatar opened with $77,025,481.[40] This opening was the second-highest for an animated film at the time. The film was also number one in its second weekend, grossing another $50,251,359, dropping just 29 percent, and easily out-grossing new animated opener The Polar Express. The film ultimately grossed $261,441,092, making it the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2004.[41] Worldwide, the film grossed $631,442,092, ranking fourth for 2004.[42] It is also the second-highest-grossing 2004 animated film behind Shrek 2 ($919.8 million).[43]", "Incredibles 2. On July 1, 2018, the film passed $648 million at the worldwide box office, surpassing the $633 million the original film made in its entire theatrical run.[50] It is currently the ninth highest-grossing film of all-time domestically and the highest-grossing animated film domestically.[51][52] The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 30, 2018, becoming the seventh animated film and the 36th film of all-time to reach the milestone. It was also the fifth animated Disney film, the third Pixar film, and Disney's 18th film overall to gross $1 billion worldwide, as well as the fastest animated film to gross $1 billion, doing so in 46 days, surpassing Minions (49 days).[53] On August 12, the film surpassed Toy Story 3 ($1.067 billion) to become the highest-grossing Pixar film worldwide.[54]", "Incredibles 2. As of August 28, 2018[update], Incredibles 2 has grossed $597.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $545.1 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $1.143 billion.[4]", "Incredibles 2. In April 2018, early box office projections had Incredibles 2 grossing $110 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada.[55] In May 2018, a month before the film's release, tracking revised to an opening weekend of $140 million or more.[56] A week prior to the film's opening, Fandango reported that pre-sale of tickets for the film had exceeded that of previous mid-year blockbusters Finding Dory, Wonder Woman, Spider-Man: Homecoming and Suicide Squad at the same point in their release cycles.[57] By the week of its release, opening weekend projections had reached upwards of $150 million.[58] A day before release, it became Fandango's top pre-selling animated film of all-time, outselling the previous record-holder, Finding Dory.[59]", "The Incredibles. The film premiered on October 27, 2004, at the BFI London Film Festival and had its general release in the United States on November 5, 2004. It performed well at the box office, grossing $633 million worldwide during its original theatrical run. The Incredibles received widespread approval from critics and audiences, winning two Academy Awards and the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature. It was the first entirely animated film to win the prestigious Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. A sequel, Incredibles 2, was released on June 15, 2018.", "Incredibles 2. Incredibles 2 premiered in Los Angeles on June 5, 2018, and it was theatrically released in the United States on June 15, 2018, in Disney Digital 3-D, Dolby Cinema and IMAX. The film received largely positive reviews from critics, who praised its animation, voice acting, humor, action sequences, and musical score, although some criticism was aimed at the story for being derivative of its predecessor. The film made $182.7 million in its opening weekend, setting the record for best debut for an animated film, and has grossed over $1.1 billion worldwide, making it the fourth highest-grossing film of 2018, as well as the third highest-grossing animated film of all-time and the 19th highest overall.", "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie earned $9,559,752 on its opening day in the United States, second behind Disney's National Treasure (which earned $11 million).[102][103] It grossed a combined total of $32,018,216 during its opening weekend, on 4,300 screens at 3,212 theaters, averaging $9,968 per venue (or $7,446 per screen,[104] again second to National Treasure).[104][105][106][107] The film dropped an unexpected 44 percent over the Thanksgiving weekend, and 57 percent the weekend after that.[108][109][110] The opening weekend earned 37.48 percent of the film's final gross.[108] It closed on March 24, 2005, failing to out-gross holiday animated competitors The Incredibles (from Disney-Pixar, grossing $261,441,092) and The Polar Express (Warner Bros., grossing $183,373,735). It was still profitable for distributor Paramount Pictures and producer Nickelodeon Movies, earning $85,417,988 in the United States and $140,161,792 worldwide on a budget of $30 million.[3] The film was the 29th-highest-grossing 2004 film domestically[111] and is the sixth-highest-grossing animated TV adaptation of all time.[112]", "The Incredible Hulk (film). The Incredible Hulk earned $134.8 million in the United States and Canada, as well as $128.6 million from other territories, for a worldwide total of $263.4 million.[3] The film, even though it barely passed its predecessor, and only equalled it if the smaller budget of the first film is taken into account, was still considered successful. Entertainment analyst David Davis told The Hollywood Reporter, \"The first Hulk had such high expectations after the NBC Universal merger and was supposed to be critical favorite Ang Lee's breakout commercial blockbuster. Then with the new Hulk film, Marvel was able to underplay the importance of the success after the great success of Iron Man this summer. So the new one overdelivered, relative to its underpromise.\"[89]", "Christmas with the Kranks. The film was a box office success. On its opening weekend, it earned $21,570,867 on 3,393 screens, ranking #3 behind National Treasure and The Incredibles. It eventually grossed $96,572,480 worldwide.[1]", "The Incredibles. The film was first released on both VHS and a two-disc collector's edition DVD set on March 15, 2005.[33] The DVD set included two newly commissioned Pixar short films, Jack-Jack Attack and Mr. Incredible and Pals, which were made specifically for this home-video release, and Boundin', a Pixar short film that premiered alongside the feature film in its original theatrical release.[28] It was the highest-selling DVD of 2005, with 17.38 million copies sold.[34] The film was also released on UMD for the Sony PSP.[35]", "The Incredibles. The Incredibles is a 2004 American computer-animated superhero film written and directed by Brad Bird, produced by Pixar Animation Studios, released by Walt Disney Pictures, and starring the voices of Craig T. Nelson, Holly Hunter, Sarah Vowell, Spencer Fox, Jason Lee, Samuel L. Jackson, and Elizabeth Peña. The film follows the Parrs, a family of superheroes who are forced to live a quiet suburban life while hiding their powers. Mr. Incredible's desire to help people draws the entire family into a confrontation with a vengeful fan-turned-foe and his killer robot.", "The Incredible Hulk (film). The Incredible Hulk earned $55.4 million in its opening weekend, becoming the top film at the box office.[76] Behind Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer, it was the second-highest gross for a film released over the Father's Day weekend.[90] This surpassed industry expectations of a $45 million opening, following the disappointing response to the 2003 film. Universal believed word of mouth would contribute to the film breaking even eventually.[2]", "The Incredibles. The film opened on November 5, 2004, as Pixar's first film to be rated PG (for \"action violence\").[19] Its theatrical release was accompanied with a Pixar short film Boundin'.[28] The promotional campaign included an official website with video segments, games, and printable memorabilia.[29] While Pixar celebrated another triumph with The Incredibles, Steve Jobs was embroiled in a public feud with the head of its distribution partner, The Walt Disney Company.[30] This would eventually lead to the ousting of Michael Eisner and Disney's acquisition of Pixar the following year.", "The Incredibles. The film won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, beating two DreamWorks films, Shrek 2 and Shark Tale, as well as Best Sound Editing at the 77th Academy Awards. It also received nominations for Best Original Screenplay (for writer/director Brad Bird) and Best Sound Mixing (Randy Thom, Gary Rizzo and Doc Kane).[62] It was Pixar's first feature film to win multiple Oscars, followed in 2010 by Up. Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal called The Incredibles the year's best picture.[12] Premiere magazine released a cross-section of all the top critics in America and The Incredibles placed at number three, whereas review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes cross-referenced reviews that suggested it was its year's highest-rated film.[12]", "List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada. * These films fall outside the top 100 when considering only initial gross, and would be replaced by Despicable Me 3 ($264.62m), The Amazing Spider-Man ($262.03m), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ($261.98m), and The Incredibles ($261.44). The initial gross of Star Wars is up to the date of its expansion on July 21, 1978. It was still in theatres at the time of the expansion so it could be argued that the initial run should include the expansion. If the expansion gross is included, the initial gross is $265.06m and therefore would not fall outside the top 100 at present.[5][6]", "The Incredibles. The film received a 97% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 236 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10.[45] which, as of January 2018[update], makes it the 20th-highest-rated animated film of all time.[46] The site's consensus reads \"Bringing loads of wit and tons of fun to the animated superhero genre, The Incredibles easily lives up to its name.\"[45] Metacritic, another review aggregator, indicates the film was met with \"universal acclaim\", with a score of 90/100 based on 41 critics.[47] Audiences polled for CinemaScore gave the film an \"A+\" on an \"A+ to F\" scale.[48]", "Incredibles 2. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 298 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Incredibles 2 reunites Pixar's family crimefighting team for a long-awaited follow-up that may not quite live up to the original, but comes close enough to earn its name.\"[72] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[73] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare grade of \"A+\" on an A+ to F scale, the same score as the first film, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 93% overall positive score and an 83% \"definite recommend\".[60]", "Pixar. Pixar has produced twenty feature films, beginning with Toy Story (1995), which was the first-ever computer-animated feature film, and its most recent being Incredibles 2 (2018). All 20 of its films have debuted with CinemaScore ratings of at least an \"A−,\" indicating positive receptions with audiences.[6] The studio has also produced dozens of short films. As of August 2018[update], its feature films have earned approximately $13 billion at the worldwide box office,[7] with an average worldwide gross of $634 million per film.[8] Finding Nemo (2003), along with its sequel Finding Dory (2016), as well as Toy Story 3 (2010) and Incredibles 2 (2018) are among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time, with the latter being the third all-time highest-grossing animated film with a gross of $1.142 billion. Fifteen of Pixar's films are also among the 50 highest-grossing animated films of all time.", "Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie. As of 7 August 2016[update], Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie has grossed $37 million worldwide, including $20.8 million in the United Kingdom, $4.2 million in the United States, under very limited release and $6.2 million in Australia. It was also released in New Zealand.[2]", "Incredibles 2. Incredibles 2 is a 2018 American 3D computer-animated superhero film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Written and directed by Brad Bird, it is the sequel to 2004's The Incredibles and second installment of the franchise. The plot picks up directly after the events of the first film and follows the Parr family as they balance regaining the public's trust of superheroes with their civilian family life, only to combat a new foe who seeks to turn the populace against all supers. The voice cast includes Craig T. Nelson, Holly Hunter, Sarah Vowell and Samuel L. Jackson, who reprise their roles from the first film, while newcomers to the cast include Huckleberry Milner (replacing Spencer Fox), Bob Odenkirk, Catherine Keener and Jonathan Banks (replacing Bud Luckey). The film's score was composed by Michael Giacchino, who had worked on the music for the previous film.", "The Incredibles. He imagined it as a homage to the 1960s comic books and spy films from his boyhood and he initially tried to develop it as a 2D cel animation.[6] When The Iron Giant became a box office bomb, he reconnected with old friend John Lasseter at Pixar in March 2000 and pitched his story idea to him.[5] Bird and Lasseter knew each other from their college years at CalArts in the 1970s.[9] Lasseter was sold on the idea and convinced Bird to come to Pixar, where the film would be done in computer animation. The studio announced a multi-film contract with Bird on May 4, 2000.[6] The Incredibles was written and directed solely by Brad Bird, a departure from previous Pixar productions which typically had two or three directors and as many screenwriters with a history of working for the company.[10] In addition, it would be the company's first film in which all characters are human.[9]", "The Incredibles. It was included on Empire's 500 Greatest Films of All Time at number 400.[64]", "Shrek 2. In 2001, soon after the original Shrek proved to be a hit, Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy and Cameron Diaz negotiated an upfront payment of $10 million each for voicing a sequel to the film.[8][9][10][11] That was significant rise from the $350,000 salary they were paid for the first film.[10] According to Jeffrey Katzenberg, the executive producer of Shrek 2 and a co-founder of DreamWorks, who led the negotiations, the payments were probably the highest in the actors' entire careers.[8] Each of the actors were expected to work between 15 and 18 hours in total.[8] The film was produced with a US$70 million budget.[12][13]", "The Smurfs 2. In North America, the film debuted at #1 on its opening day, earning $5.2 million. The film opened to #3 in its first weekend, behind 2 Guns and The Wolverine, earning $18.2 million. Over its extended five-day weekend, it earned $27.8 million, below the original's three-day weekend ($35.6 million), and below Sony's projection of $35 million, which blamed too many PG-rated films in theatres.[28]", "Far and Away. The movie, which cost $60 million to make, earned roughly $13 million in its first weekend at the box office and made a total of $58 million domestically (it also fared solidly abroad, with almost $79 million) and $137 million worldwide.[24][25][26] The film altogether made $166,694,840 from worldwide and home video rentals.", "Incredibles 2. Three months after defeating Syndrome, the Parr family pursue the Underminer. Although the villain robs the Metroville Bank and escapes, they manage to stop his out-of-control drill tank from destroying Metroville's City Hall with help from Lucius Best. However, the amount of collateral damage caused by the incident prompts the government to shut down the Superhero Relocation Program, leaving the Parrs without financial assistance from the head of the program, Rick Dicker. After Dicker learns that Violet's date, Tony Rydinger, is aware of Violet's superhero identity, he has that part of Tony's memory erased. That night, Lucius informs Bob and Helen of an offer presented to him by Winston Deavor, a superhero fan and the owner of DevTech, a telecommunications corporation. Winston and his sister, Evelyn – the genius inventor behind DevTech technology – propose a publicity stunt to regain the public's trust in Supers.", "The Incredible Hulk (film). The Incredible Hulk also opened in 38 other countries, adding $31 million to the total opening. The film outgrossed the 2003 film in South Korea, while its openings in Mexico and Russia created records for Universal.[91] The film grossed 24 million yuan (roughly $3.4 million) in its Chinese opening on August 26, outgrossing the previous film's overall gross of 10 million yuan.[92]", "Incredibles 2. One challenge in writing Incredibles 2 was how to deal with the large number of superhero films and television series that had been released since the first film, such as the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[22] To try to differentiate the sequel, Bird wanted to avoid tropes related to the superhero genre: \"I don't think that kind of idea stays interesting for very long. For me, the interesting thing was never the superhero part of it. It was more the family dynamic, and how do superhero things play into that.\"[23] He said he wanted to include some unused ideas that \"didn't fit\" in the first film,[24][25] and that the new story would focus on Helen Parr / Elastigirl.[26] Even though the sequel was released fourteen years after the first, Bird did not want to use a narrative element like a timeskip or to come up with new characters, and instead continued from where the first film left off. This allowed him to keep characters with the same superpowers and not have to develop new ones, nor did he need to figure out how to deal with Violet and Dash being adults. This also allowed him to keep Jack-Jack as an infant with a variable array of powers, which Bird likened to how infants are able to understand numerous languages.[27] While the plot of the 2005 follow-up video game to The Incredibles, The Incredibles: Rise of the Underminer, begins at that same point of time,[28] the film discards the game's continuity. The film was produced with a production budget of $200 million.[29][30]", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film). The film received mixed reviews from critics but was a box office success, spending four weeks at #1 in the United States and grossing $260 million in the United States and over $345 million worldwide, becoming the second highest-grossing holiday film of all time, with Home Alone being the first.[1][2] It won the Academy Award for Best Makeup, and was also nominated for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design." ]

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[ "Agriculture in Mexico. The result was the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920. The result afterwards was the breakup of most large private landholdings to be redistributed, especially under a system of common tenancy called ejidos. The lands could be worked individually or collectively by members of the ejido but the land could not be leased or sold. The process of dividing lands and developing ejido organizations continued into the 1930s under President Lázaro Cárdenas .[1][6] By the end of the 1930s, haciendas almost entirely disappeared from central and southern Mexico with numerous small holdings of ten to twenty acres as well as ejidos becoming dominant.[5]", "Land reform in Mexico. In 1914, Constitutionalist generals Alvaro Obregón and Pancho Villa called upon Venustiano Carranza, the political leader of the northern opposition to the government of Victoriano Huerta, to form a policy of land distribution.[74] One of Carranza's principal aides, Luis Cabrera Lobato drafted the Agrarian Decree of January 1, 1915, which promised to provide land for those in need of it.[74] During the Álvaro Obregón presidency (1920 - 1924), Mexico began to concentrate on land reform. Agrarian reform was a revolutionary goal for land redistribution as part of a process of nationalization and \"Mexicanization\". Land distribution began almost immediately and affected both foreign and large domestic land owners (hacendados). The process was very slow, however. Between 1915 and 1928, 53,000 square kilometres was distributed to over 500,000 recipients in some 1500 communities. By 1930, ejidal (communal land holdings) constituted only 6.3% of national agricultural property (by area) or 9.4% by value.", "Land reforms by country. In 1934, president Lázaro Cárdenas passed the 1934 Agrarian Code and accelerated the pace of land reform. He helped redistribute 45,000,000 acres (180,000 km2) of land, 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km2) of which were expropriated from American owned agricultural property. This caused conflict between Mexico and the United States. Agrarian reform had come close to extinction in the early 1930s. The first few years of the Cárdenas' reform were marked by high food prices, falling wages, high inflation, and low agricultural yields. In 1935 land reform began sweeping across the country in the periphery and core of commercial agriculture. The Cárdenas alliance with peasant groups was awarded by the destruction of the hacienda system. Cárdenas distributed more land than all his revolutionary predecessors put together, a 400% increase. The land reform justified itself in terms of productivity; average agricultural production during the three-year period from 1939 to 1941 was higher than it had been at any time since the beginning of the revolution.", "Land reform in Mexico. During the presidency of liberal general Porfirio Díaz, the situation of landless Mexicans became increasingly worse, since the economic boom of the late 19th century meant that haciendas expanded and actively utilized more of its land, displacing squatters who were not a problem when land was not needed. By the end of the Porfiriato, virtually all (95%) of villages lost their lands.[55][56] In Morelos, the expansion of sugar plantations triggered peasant protests against the Díaz regime and were a major factor in the outbreak and outcomes of the Mexican Revolution. There was resistance in Michoacán.[57]", "Agriculture in Mexico. Land reform in Mexico was a major achievement of the Mexican Revolution, with the distribution of land to peasants concentrated in Mexico's center and south. The breakup of the haciendas solved a political problem in Mexico, since it was one of the demands of the peasants who fought and was enshrined. By the 1930s and 40s, agricultural production was dropping and the government sought technical solutions. In the 1940s during the presidency of Manuel Avila Camacho, the Mexican government partnered with the U.S. government, and the Rockefeller Foundation to launch the so-called Green Revolution (1950–70).[7] Research facilities developed new strains of wheat, maize, and other crops, to engineer a variety of desirable traits, such as disease resistance, high protein content. Seeds and inputs of fertilizer and pesticides for irrigated agriculture were suited to Mexico's northwest. Sorghum, a new crop was introduced to Mexico during the era of the Green Revolution, which was used for animal fodder. Mexico expanded cattle production in this era, fed on sorghum.[8]", "Land reform in Mexico. In 1988, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari was elected. In December 1991, he amended Article 27 of the Constitution, making it legal to sell ejido land and allow peasants to put up their land as collateral for a loan.", "Land reform in Mexico. In 1970, President Luis Echeverría began his term by declaring land reform dead. In the face of peasant revolt, he was forced to backtrack, and embarked on the biggest land reform program since Cárdenas. Echeverría legalized take-overs of huge foreign-owned private farms, which were turned into new collective ejidos.", "Land reform in Mexico. President Lázaro Cárdenas passed the 1934 Agrarian Code and accelerated the pace of land reform. He helped redistribute 45,000,000 acres (180,000 km2) of land, 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km2) of which were expropriated from American owned agricultural property.[75] This caused conflict between Mexico and the United States. Cárdenas employed tactics of noncompliance and deception to gain leverage in this international dispute.[75]", "Economy of Mexico. After the Mexican Revolution Mexico began an agrarian reform, based on the 27th article of the Mexican Constitution than included transfer of land and/or free land distribution to peasants and small farmers under the concept of the ejido.[79] This program was further extended during President Cárdenas' administration during the 1930s[80] and continued into the 1960s at varying rates.[81] The cooperative agrarian reform, which guaranteed small farmers a means of subsistence livelihood, also caused land fragmentation and lack of capital investment, since commonly held land could not be used as collateral. In an effort to raise rural productivity and living standards, this constitutional article was amended in 1992 to allow for the transfer of property rights of the communal lands to farmers cultivating it.[82] With the ability to rent or sell it, a way was open for the creation of larger farms and the advantages of economies of scale. Large mechanized farms are now operating in some northwestern states (mainly in Sinaloa). However, privatization of ejidos continues to be very slow in the central and southern states where the great majority of peasants produce only for subsistence.", "Corazon Aquino. Critics argued that Aquino bowed to pressure from relatives by allowing stock redistribution under Executive Order 229. Instead of land distribution, Hacienda Luisita reorganized itself into a corporation and distributed stock. As such, ownership of agricultural portions of the hacienda were transferred to the corporation, which in turn, gave its shares of stocks to farmers.[38]", "Agriculture in Mexico. Ownership of agricultural land in Mexico is either private or in some form of collective tenure, most often in an ejido arrangement. Ejidos were created in the first half of the 20th century to give Mexican peasants rights over redistributed lands, but this did not include leasing or selling. In 1992, the Mexican constitution was amended to modify this arrangement. However, most commonly held lands such as ejidos are characterized by small plots worked by families which are not efficient nor qualify for financial products such as loans.[1]", "Land reform in Mexico. Starting with the government of Miguel Alemán (1946–52), land reform steps made in previous governments were rolled back. Alemán's government allowed entrepreneurs to rent peasant land. This created phenomenon known as \"neolatifundismo,\" where land owners build up large-scale private farms on the basis of controlling land which remains ejidal but is not cultivated by the peasants to whom it is assigned.", "Land reform in Mexico. A key influence on agrarian land reform in revolutionary Mexico was of Andrés Molina Enríquez, who is considered the intellectual father of Article 27 of the 1917 Constitution. His 1909 book, Los Grandes Problemas Nacionales (The Great National Problems) laid out his analysis of Mexico’s unequal land tenure system and his vision of land reform.[64] On his mother’s side Molina Enríquez had come from a prominent, politically well-connected, land-owning family, but his father’s side was from a far more modest background and he himself had modest circumstances. For nine years in the late 19th century, Molina Enríquez was a notary in Mexico State, where he observed first-hand how the legal system in Porfirian Mexico was slanted in favor of large estate owners, as he dealt with large estate owners (hacendados), small holders (rancheros), and peasants who were buying, transferring, or titling land.[65] In his observations, it was not the large estates or the subsistence peasants that produced the largest amount of maize in the region, but the rancheros and considered the hacendado group \"inherently evil\".[66] In his views on the need for land reform in Mexico, he advocated for the increase in the ranchero group.[67]", "Mexican Revolution. Under the Porfiriato, rural peasants suffered the most. The regime confiscated large sections of land, which caused major losses to the agrarian work force. In 1883 the government passed a land law giving ownership of more than 27.5 million hectares of land to foreign companies. By 1894 one out of every five acres of Mexican land was owned by a foreign interest. Many wealthy Mexican families already owned huge estates, resulting in landless rural peasants working on the property as virtual slaves. In 1910 at the beginning of the revolution, about half of the rural population lived and worked on such plantations. The rapid and brutal uprooting of the peasantry contributed greatly to the violent furies unleashed in the Mexican Revolution and its subsequent course, giving it the character of a gigantic peasant war for land that attacked the structure of the Mexican state.[122]", "Land reform in Mexico. One of the aims of the reform government was to develop the economy by returning to productive cultivation the underutilized lands of the Church and the municipal communities (Indian commons), which required the distribution of these lands to small owners. This was to be accomplished through the provisions of Ley Lerdo that prohibited ownership of land by the Church and the municipalities.[53] The reform government also financed its war effort by seizing and selling church property and other large estates.", "Mexican Revolution. Seeing no opposition from the bourgeoisie, generals, or conservative landlords, in 1936 Cárdenas began building collective farms called ejidos to help the peasantry, mostly in southern Mexico. These appeased the peasants, creating long-lasting stability; however, they were not very good at feeding large populations, causing an urban food crisis. To alleviate this, Cárdenas co-opted the support of capitalists to build large commercial farms to feed the urban population. This put the final nail in the coffin of the feudal hacienda system, making Mexico a mixed economy, combining agrarian socialism and industrial capitalism by 1940. Cárdenas left office in 1940, marking the end of the social revolution and ushering in half a century of relative stability.", "Land reforms by country. In 1988, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari was elected. In December 1991, he amended Article 27 of the Constitution, making it legal to sell ejido land and allow peasants to put up their land as collateral for a loan.", "Land reforms by country. In 1970, President Luis Echeverría began his term by declaring land reform dead. In the face of peasant revolt, he was forced to backtrack, and embarked on the biggest land reform program since Cárdenas. Echeverría legalized take-overs of huge foreign-owned private farms, which were turned into new collective ejidos.", "Porfirio Díaz. Because Díaz had created such an effective centralized government, he was able to concentrate decision-making and maintain control over the economic instability.[20] This instability arose largely as a result of the dispossession of hundreds of thousands of peasants of their land. Communal indigenous landholdings were privatized, subdivided, and sold. The Porfiriato thus generated a stark contrast between rapid economic growth and sudden, severe impoverishment of the rural masses, a situation that was to explode in the Mexican revolution of 1910.[38]", "Land reform in Mexico. Before the 1910 Mexican Revolution that overthrew Porfirio Díaz, most of the land was owned by a single elite ruling class.[clarification needed] Legally there was no slavery or serfdom; however, those with heavy debts, native wage workers, or peasants, were essentially debt-slaves to the landowners. A small percentage of rich landowners owned most of the country's farm land. With so many people brutally suppressed, revolts and revolution were common in Mexico. To relieve the Mexican peasant's plight and stabilize the country, various leaders tried different types of agrarian land reform.", "Old Three Hundred. The 1823 Imperial Colonization Law of Mexico allowed an empresario to receive a land grant within the Mexican province of Texas. The empresario and a commissioner appointed by the governor would be authorized the distribute land to settlers and issue them titles in the name of the Mexican government. Only one contract was ultimately approved under this legislation, the first contract granted to Stephen F. Austin.[5]", "Land reform in Mexico. Agrarian reform had come close to extinction in the early 1930s. The first few years of the Cárdenas' reform were marked by high food prices, falling wages, high inflation, and low agricultural yields.[76] In 1935 land reform began sweeping across the country in the periphery and core of commercial agriculture.[77] The Cárdenas alliance with peasant groups was awarded by the destruction of the hacienda system. Cárdenas distributed more land than all his revolutionary predecessors put together, a 400% increase. The land reform justified itself in terms of productivity; average agricultural production during the three-year period from 1939 to 1941 was higher than it had been at any time since the beginning of the revolution.[78]", "Mexican Revolution. Emiliano Zapata was one of the leading figures in the Mexican Revolution and is now considered one of the national heroes of Mexico: towns, streets and housing developments named \"Emiliano Zapata\" are common across the country. His image has been used on Mexican banknotes and there is a Zapata Metro station in Mexico City.[117] Opposed to the Porfirio Díaz regime because of the loss of peasant lands to large haciendas in Morelos, Zapata initially supported Francisco I. Madero, whose Plan de San Luis Potosí promised the return of such lands. When Madero did not implement his promise after becoming president of Mexico, Zapata rebelled against him under the Plan de Ayala.[118]", "Mexican Revolution. One such move, in regard to land reform, was to nationalize most farmland and give it to the peasants across Mexico. He also put into effect a national school system that was largely secular to combat church influence in late 1924. After two years the church protested the movement by refusing to give the blessed sacrament to the populace. Some peasants also joined in the protests, adding greater land reforms to the list of demands by the rebelling priests. The rebellion was openly supported by the Catholic Church and received funding, beginning the Cristero War.", "Land reforms by country. Getúlio Vargas, who rose to presidency in Brazil following the Brazilian Revolution of 1930, promised a land reform but reneged on his promise.", "Caudillo. A major example of a modernizing caudillo of the late nineteenth century is General Porfirio Díaz (r. 1876–1911), whose period of control is known as the Porfiriato. His slogan was “order and progress,” which was enforced by armed men controlled by the president, the Rurales. Díaz was averse to being dependent on the Mexican army, since as a general and leader of a coup d’etat himself, he knew their potential for intervening in national politics. Díaz coopted or crushed regional opposition to his regime, creating a political machine to forward his vision of modern Mexico. Desirous of economic development that necessitated foreign investment, Díaz sought capital and expertise from European powers (Britain, France, and Germany) to offset the closer power of the United States. Although elections were held in Mexico at regular intervals, they were by nature not democratic. The huge rural, illiterate, and mostly indigenous populations were more to be feared by the government than as a source for regime support. When Díaz failed to find a political solution to his succession, the Mexican Revolution erupted after blatantly fraudulent elections in 1910.\nDiaz came to power by a coup under the Plan of Tuxtepec and became president of Mexico 1876–1880, succeeded by his military and political compadre Manuel González (1880–1884) and returned to the presidency until he was overthrown in 1911 in the Mexican Revolution.[37]", "Land reforms by country. In 2001, Hugo Chávez's government enacted Plan Zamora to redistribute government and unused private land to campesinos in need.", "Mexican Revolution. Salvador Alvarado, after taking control of Yucatán in 1915, organized a large Socialist Party and carried out extensive land reform. He confiscated the large landed estates and redistributed the land in smaller plots to the liberated peasants.[123]", "History of Mexico. In the south, Emiliano Zapata continued his rebellion in Morelos under the Plan of Ayala, calling for the expropriation of land and redistribution to peasants. Huerta offered peace to Zapata, who rejected it.[50]", "Land reform in Mexico. During the first five years of agrarian reform, very few hectares were evenly distributed.[1] Land reform attempts by past leaders and governments proved futile, as the revolution from 1910-1920 had been a battle of dependent labor, capitalism, and industrial ownership.[2] Fixing the Agrarian problem was a question of education, methods, and creating new social relationships through co-operative effort and government assistance.[3] Initially the agrarian reform led to the development of many Ejidos for communal land use, while parceled ejidos emerged in the later years.[4]", "Collective farming. In Mexico the Ejido system provided poor farmers with collective use rights to agricultural land. The erosion of these rights under the 1994 NAFTA agreement directly led to the Chiapas conflict.[citation needed]", "Mexico–United States relations. During the presidency of revolutionary general Lázaro Cárdenas del Río, the controversy over petroleum again flared. Standard Oil had major investments in Mexico and a dispute between the oil workers and the company was to be resolved via the Mexican court system. The dispute, however, escalated, and on March 18, 1938, President Cárdenas used constitutional powers to expropriate foreign oil interests in Mexico and created the government-owned Petroleos Mexicanos or PEMEX. Although the United States had had a long history of interventions in Latin America, the expropriation did not result in that. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was implementing the Good Neighbor Policy, in which the U.S. eschewed the role of intervention and courted better relations with the region, which would be vital if another major conflict broke out in Europe. However, with the Great Depression, the United States implemented a program of expelling Mexicans from the U.S. in what was known as Mexican Repatriation." ]

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[ "Genghis Khan. Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan did not conquer the whole area of the eventual Mongol Empire. At the time of his death in 1227, the empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan. Its expansion continued for one or more generations. Under Genghis's successor Ögedei Khan the speed of expansion reached its peak. Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Western Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, clashed with the imperial Song dynasty of China, and eventually took control of all of China in 1279. They also pushed further into Russia and eastern Europe.", "Mongol conquest of China. The Mongol conquest of China was a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to invade China proper. It spanned six decades in the 13th century and involved the defeat of the Jin dynasty, Western Xia, the Dali Kingdom and the Southern Song. The Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan started the conquest with small-scale raids into Western Xia in 1205 and 1207.[1] By 1279, the Mongol leader Kublai Khan had established the Yuan dynasty in China and crushed the last Song resistance, which marked the onset of all of China under the Mongol Yuan rule. This was the first time in history that the whole of China was conquered and subsequently ruled by a foreign or non-native ruler.[2]", "Mongol invasions and conquests. Tartar and Mongol raids against Russian states continued well beyond the start of the Mongol Empire's fragmentation around 1260. Elsewhere, the Mongols' territorial gains in China continued into the 14th century under the Yuan dynasty, while those in Persia persisted into the 15th century under the Timurid Empire. In India, a Mongol state survived into the 19th century in the form of the Mughal Empire.", "Mongol invasions and conquests. The Mongol Empire developed in the course of the 13th century through a series of conquests and invasions throughout Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. In contrast with later empires such as the British, which can be defined as \"empires of the sea\", the Mongol empire was an empire of the land, a tellurocracy,[5]\nfuelled by the grass supporting Mongol cavalry and cattle.[6]\nThus most Mongol conquering and plundering took place during the warmer seasons, when there was sufficient grass for the herds.[6]", "Pax Mongolica. The new Mongol Nation quickly moved to annex more territory. The first Mongol conquests were campaigns against the Western Xia in north-western China.[7] In 1209 the Mongols conquered the Western Xia. Between 1213 and 1214 the Mongols conquered the Jin Empire, and by 1214 the Mongols had captured most of the land north of the Yellow River.[7] In 1221 Mongol generals Jebe and Subodei began their expedition around the Caspian Sea and into Kievan Rus'; Genghis Khan defeated Turkic Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu at the Battle of Indus and the war with the Khwarezmian Empire concluded the same year. In 1235 the Mongols invaded Korea.[7] Two years later in 1237 Batu Khan and Subodei began their conquest of Rus'; they invaded Poland and Hungary in 1241. In 1252 the Mongols began their invasion of Southern China; they would seize the capital of Hangzhou in 1276. In 1258 Hulagu Khan captured Baghdad.[7]", "Mongols. The Khitan fled west after being defeated by the Jurchens (later known as Manchu) and founded the Qara Khitai (1125–1218) in eastern Kazakhstan. In 1218, Genghis Khan destroyed the Qara Khitai after which the Khitan passed into obscurity. With the expansion of the Mongol Empire, the Mongolic peoples settled over almost all Eurasia and carried on military campaigns from the Adriatic Sea to Indonesian Java island and from Japan to Palestine (Gaza). They simultaneously became Padishahs of Persia, Emperors of China, and Great Khans of Mongolia, and one became Sultan of Egypt (Al-Adil Kitbugha). The Mongolic peoples of the Golden Horde established themselves to govern Russia by 1240.[23] By 1279, they conquered the Song dynasty and brought all of China under control of the Yuan dynasty.[23]", "Mongol conquest of China. In August 1226, Mongol troops approached Wuwei, the second-largest city of the Western Xia empire, which surrendered without resistance in order to escape destruction.[17] In Autumn 1226, Genghis took Liangchow, crossed the Helan Shan desert, and in November lay siege to Lingwu, a mere 30 kilometers from Yinchuan.[18][19] Here, in the Battle of Yellow River, the Mongols destroyed a force of 300,000 Western Xia that launched a counter-attack against them.[18][20]", "Mongol conquest of China. In the early 1200s, Temujin, soon to be Genghis Khan, began consolidating his power in Mongolia. Following the death of the Kerait leader Ong Khan to Temujin's emerging Mongol Empire in 1203, Kerait leader Nilqa Senggum led a small band of followers into Western Xia, also known as Xi-Xia.[3] However, after his adherents took to plundering the locals, Nilqa Senggum was expelled from Western Xia territory.[3]", "Mongol conquest of China. The Mongol force which invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256.[90]", "Mongol conquest of China. During the invasion of Transoxania in 1219, along with the main Mongol force, Genghis Khan used a Chinese specialist catapult unit in battle. They were used in Transoxania again in 1220. The Chinese may have used the catapults to hurl gunpowder bombs, since they already had them by this time[60] (although there were other siege engineers and technologies used in the campaigns, too.[61]) While Genghis Khan was conquering Transoxania and Central Asia, several Chinese who were familiar with gunpowder were serving with Genghis's army.[62] \"Whole regiments\" entirely made out of Chinese were used by the Mongols to command bomb hurling trebuchets during the invasion of Iran.[63] Historians have suggested that the Mongol invasion had brought Chinese gunpowder weapons to Central Asia. One of these was the huochong, a Chinese mortar.[64] Books written around the area afterward depicted the use of gunpowder weapons which resembled that of China.[65]", "Mongol conquest of China. After their defeat in 1210, Western Xia served as faithful vassals to the Mongol Empire for almost a decade, aiding the Mongols in their war against the Jin dynasty. In 1219, Genghis Khan launched his campaign against the Khwarazmian dynasty in Central Asia, and requested military aid from Western Xia. However, the emperor and his military commander Asha refused to take part in the campaign, stating that if Genghis had too few troops to attack Khwarazm, then he had no claim to supreme power.[10][11] Infuriated, Genghis swore vengeance and left to invade Khwarazm, while Western Xia attempted alliances with the Jin and Song dynasties against the Mongols.[12]", "History of Asia. The Mongol Empire conquered a large part of Asia in the 13th century, an area extending from China to Europe. Medieval Asia was the kingdom of the Khans. Never before had any person controlled as much land as Genghis Khan. He built his power unifying separate Mongol tribes before expanding his kingdom south and west. He and his grandson, Kublai Khan, controlled lands in China, Burma, Central Asia, Russia, Iran, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. Estimates are that the Mongol armies reduced the population of China by nearly a third. Genghis Khan was a pagan who tolerated nearly every religion, and their culture often suffered the harshest treatment from Mongol armies. The Khan armies pushed as far west as Jerusalem before being defeated in 1260.", "Mongol Empire. Kublai conquered the Dali Kingdom in 1253 after the Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols and helped them conquer the rest of Yunnan, and Möngke's general Qoridai stabilized his control over Tibet, inducing leading monasteries to submit to Mongol rule. Subutai's son Uryankhadai reduced the neighboring peoples of Yunnan to submission and defeated the Trần dynasty in northern Vietnam in 1257, but they had to draw back in 1258.[60] The Mongol Empire tried to invade Vietnam again in 1284 and 1287 but were defeated both times.", "Mongol conquest of China. Mongol Empire/Yuan dynasty", "Mongol conquest of China. Using his rival Nilga Senggum's temporary refuge in Western Xia as a pretext, Temujin launched a raid against the state in 1205 in the Edsin region.[3][4][5] The Mongols plundered border settlements and one local Western Xia noble accepted Mongol supremacy.[6] The next year, 1206, Temujin was formally proclaimed Genghis Khan, ruler of all the Mongols, marking the official start of the Mongol Empire. In 1207, Genghis led another raid into Western Xia, invading the Ordo region and sacking Wuhai, the main garrison along the Yellow River, before withdrawing in 1208.[5][7]", "History of Asia. By 1227, the Mongols had conquered the Western Xia kingdom northwest of China. Soon the Mongols incurred upon the Jin empire of the Jurchens. Chinese cities were soon besieged by the Mongol hordes that showed little mercy for those who resisted and the Southern Song Chinese were quickly losing territory. In 1271 the current great khan, Kublai Khan, claimed himself Emperor of China and officially established the Yuan Dynasty. By 1290, all of China was under control of the Mongols, marking the first time they were ever completely conquered by a foreign invader; the new capital was established at Khanbaliq (modern-day Beijing). Kublai Khan segregated Mongol culture from Chinese culture by discouraging interactions between the two peoples, separating living spaces and places of worship, and reserving top administrative positions to Mongols, thus preventing Confucian scholars to continue the bureaucratic system. Nevertheless, Kublai remained fascinated with Chinese thinking, surrounding himself with Chinese Buddhist, Taoist, or Confucian advisors.", "Mongol conquest of China. Genghis Khan declared war in 1211, and while Mongols were victorious in the field, they were frustrated in their efforts to take major cities. In his typically logical and determined fashion, Genghis and his highly developed staff studied the problems of the assault of fortifications. With the help of Chinese engineers, they gradually developed the techniques to take down fortifications. Islamic engineers joined later and especially contributed counterweight trebuchets, \"Muslim phao\", which had a maximum range of 300 meters compared to 150 meters of the ancient Chinese predecessor. It played a significant role in taking the Chinese strongholds and was as well used against infantry units on the battlefield. This eventually would make troops under the Mongols some of the most accomplished and most successful besiegers in the history of warfare.", "Mongol Empire. Major changes occurred in the Mongol Empire in the late 1200s. Kublai Khan, after having conquered all of China and established the Yuan dynasty, died in 1294, and was succeeded by his grandson Temür Khan, who continued Kublai's policies. At the same time, the Toluid Civil War, along with the Berke–Hulagu war and the subsequent Kaidu–Kublai war greatly weakened the authority of the great khan over the entirety of the Mongol Empire and the empire fractured into autonomous khanates, including the Yuan dynasty and the three western khanates (the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate). All of them became functionally autonomous; only the Ilkhanate remained loyal to the Yuan court but endured its own power struggle, in part because of a dispute with the growing Islamic factions within the southwestern part of the empire.[96]", "Mongol Empire. In 1304 the three western khanates briefly accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty,[10][11] but in 1368 the Han Chinese Ming dynasty took over the Mongol capital. The Genghisid rulers of the Yuan retreated to the Mongolian homeland and continued to rule there as the Northern Yuan dynasty, while the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate lasted in one form or another for some additional centuries after the fall of the Yuan dynasty and of the Ilkhanate (which disintegrated in the period 1335–1353).", "Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan died on August 18, 1227, by which time the Mongol Empire ruled from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea — an empire twice the size of the Roman Empire and Muslim Caliphate. Genghis named his third son, the charismatic Ögedei, as his heir. According to Mongol tradition, Genghis Khan was buried in a secret location. The regency was originally held by Ögedei's younger brother Tolui until Ögedei's formal election at the kurultai in 1229.[29]", "Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia. During the invasion of Transoxania in 1219, along with the main Mongol force, Genghis Khan used a Chinese specialist catapult unit in battle; they were used again in 1220 in Transoxania. The Chinese may have used the catapults to hurl gunpowder bombs, since they already had them by this time.[14] While Genghis Khan was conquering Transoxania and Persia, several Chinese who were familiar with gunpowder were serving with Genghis's army.[15] Historians have suggested that the Mongol invasion had brought Chinese gunpowder weapons to Central Asia. One of these was the huochong, a Chinese mortar.[16]", "Mongol Empire. In the southern part of the empire, Möngke Khan himself led his army to complete the conquest of China. Military operations were generally successful, but prolonged, so the forces did not withdraw to the north as was customary when the weather turned hot. Disease ravaged the Mongol forces with bloody epidemics, and Möngke died there on August 11, 1259. This event began a new chapter of history for the Mongols, as again a decision needed to be made on a new great khan. Mongol armies across the empire withdrew from their campaigns to once again convene for a new kurultai.[71]", "Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Mongolyn Ezent Güren  listen (help·info); Mongolian Cyrillic: Монголын эзэнт гүрэн; [mɔŋɡ(ɔ)ɮˈiːŋ ɛt͡sˈɛnt ˈɡurəŋ]; also Орда (\"Horde\") in Russian chronicles) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history.[2] Originating in the steppes of Central Asia, the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan, extending northwards into Siberia, eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, and the Iranian plateau, and westwards as far as the Levant.", "Mongol conquest of China. During their campaigns, the Mongol Empire recruited many nationalities in their warfare, such as those of Central and East Asia.[53][53][54][55][56][57] The Mongols employed Chinese troops,[58] especially those who worked catapults and gunpowder to assist them in other conquests. In addition to Chinese troops, many scholars and doctors from China accompanied Mongol commanders to the west. The Mongols valued workers with specialized skills.", "Mongol invasions of Georgia. The second Mongol invasion of the Caucasus started with the expedition of Chormaqan against Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, ordered by khan Ögedei in 1231. The Southern Persian dynasties in Fars and Kerman voluntarily submitted to the Mongols and agreed to pay tributes.[2] To the west, Hamadan and the rest of Persia was secured by Chormaqan. The Mongols turned their attention to Armenia and Georgia in 1236. They completed the conquest of the Kingdom of Georgia in 1238 and the Mongol Empire began to attack the kingdom's southern possessions in Armenia, which was under the Seljuks the next year. In 1236 Ogedei despoiled Khorassan and populated Herat. The Mongol military governors mostly made their camp in Mughan plain. Realizing the danger of the Mongols, rulers of Mosul and Cilician Armenia submitted to the Great Khan. Chormaqan divided the Transcaucasia region into three districts based on military hierarchy.[3] In Georgia, the population were temporarily divided into eight tumens.[4] By 1237 the Mongol Empire had subjugated most of Persia, excluding Abbasid Iraq and Ismaili strongholds, and all of Afghanistan and Kashmir.[5] The Mongols began conquering the North Caucasus in 1237, but encountered bloody resistance from the local populations there.", "Siege. In the Middle Ages, the Mongol Empire's campaign against China (then comprising the Western Xia Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, and Southern Song dynasty) by Genghis Khan until Kublai Khan, who eventually established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, with their armies was extremely effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas. Even if they could not enter some of the more well-fortified cities, they used innovative battle tactics to grab hold of the land and the people:", "Mongol Empire. The Mongols were eventually successful in their campaigns against (Song) China, and the Chinese Song imperial family surrendered to the Yuan in 1276, making the Mongols the first non-Chinese people to conquer all of China. Kublai used his base to build a powerful empire, creating an academy, offices, trade ports and canals, and sponsoring arts and science. Mongol records list 20,166 public schools created during his reign.[82]", "Mongol Empire. The area around Mongolia, Manchuria, and parts of North China had been controlled by the Liao dynasty since the 10th century. In 1125, the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens overthrew the Liao dynasty and attempted to gain control over former Liao territory in Mongolia. In the 1130s the Jin dynasty rulers, known as the Golden Kings, successfully resisted the Khamag Mongol confederation, ruled at the time by Khabul Khan, great-grandfather of Temujin (Genghis Khan).[15]", "Mongol invasions and conquests. Genghis Khan and his descendants launched numerous invasions of China, subjugating the Western Xia in 1209 before destroying them in 1227, defeating the Jin dynasty in 1234 and defeating the Song dynasty in 1279. They made the Kingdom of Dali into a vassal state in 1253 after the Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols and helped them conquer the rest of Yunnan, forced Korea to capitulate through invasions, but failed in their attempts to invade Japan.", "Mongols. In October 1919, the Republic of China occupied Mongolia after the suspicious deaths of Mongolian patriotic nobles. On 3 February 1921 the White Russian army—led by Baron Ungern and mainly consisting of Mongolian volunteer cavalries, and Buryat and Tatar cossacks—liberated the Mongolian capital. Baron Ungern's purpose was to find allies to defeat the Soviet Union. The Statement of Reunification of Mongolia was adopted by Mongolian revolutionist leaders in 1921. The Soviet, however, considered Mongolia to be Chinese territory in 1924 during secret meeting with the Republic of China. However, the Soviets officially recognized Mongolian independence in 1945 but carried out various policies (political, economic and cultural) against Mongolia until its fall in 1991 to prevent Pan-Mongolism and other irredentist movements.", "Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia. The Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia from 1219 to 1221[2] marked the beginning of the Mongol conquest of the Islamic states. The Mongol expansion would ultimately culminate in the conquest of virtually all of Asia (as well as parts of Eastern Europe) save for Japan, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and most of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.", "Mongol Empire. Meanwhile, in an offensive action against the Song dynasty, Mongol armies captured Siyang-yang, the Yangtze and Sichuan, but did not secure their control over the conquered sites. The Song generals were able to recapture Siyang-yang from the Mongols in 1239. After the sudden death of Ögedei's son Kochu in Chinese territory, the Mongols withdrew from southern China, although Kochu's brother Prince Koten invaded Tibet right after their withdrawal.[18]" ]

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[ "Soil salinity. Salinity is an important land degradation problem. Soil salinity can be reduced by leaching soluble salts out of soil with excess irrigation water. Soil salinity control involves watertable control and flushing in combination with tile drainage or another form of subsurface drainage.[3][4] A comprehensive treatment of soil salinity is available from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.[5]", "Soil conservation. Salinity in soil is caused by irrigating with salty water. Water then evaporates from the soil leaving the salt behind. Salt breaks down the soil structure, causing infertility and reduced growth.", "Soil. Soil salination is the accumulation of free salts to such an extent that it leads to degradation of the agricultural value of soils and vegetation. Consequences include corrosion damage, reduced plant growth, erosion due to loss of plant cover and soil structure, and water quality problems due to sedimentation. Salination occurs due to a combination of natural and human-caused processes. Arid conditions favour salt accumulation. This is especially apparent when soil parent material is saline. Irrigation of arid lands is especially problematic.[484] All irrigation water has some level of salinity. Irrigation, especially when it involves leakage from canals and overirrigation in the field, often raises the underlying water table. Rapid salination occurs when the land surface is within the capillary fringe of saline groundwater. Soil salinity control involves watertable control and flushing with higher levels of applied water in combination with tile drainage or another form of subsurface drainage.[485][486]", "Soil conservation. Use of humic acids may prevent excess salination, especially given excessive irrigation. Humic acids can fix both anions and cations and eliminate them from root zones. Planting species that can tolerate saline conditions to produce surface cover can preserve soil salinity can be reduced. Salt-tolerant plants include saltbush, a plant found in much of North America and in the Mediterranean regions of Europe.", "Soil salinity. Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization.[1] Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also come about through artificial processes such as irrigation.", "Soil salinity. Over long periods of time, as soil minerals weather and release salts, these salts are flushed or leached out of the soil by drainage water in areas with sufficient precipitation. In addition to mineral weathering, salts are also deposited via dust and precipitation. In dry regions salts may accumulate, leading to naturally saline soils. This is the case, for example, in large parts of Australia. Human practices can increase the salinity of soils by the addition of salts in irrigation water. Proper irrigation management can prevent salt accumulation by providing adequate drainage water to leach added salts from the soil. Disrupting drainage patterns that provide leaching can also result in salt accumulations. An example of this occurred in Egypt in 1970 when the Aswan High Dam was built. The change in the level of ground water before the construction had enabled soil erosion, which led to high concentration of salts in the water table. After the construction, the continuous high level of the water table led to the salination of the arable land.", "Salinity in Australia. High soil salt levels have dramatic impact on plant root zones, in both native vegetation as well as agricultural and pasture crops, natural wetlands and surrounding water ways. An increase in salt can decrease the ability of plants to absorb water through their roots via osmosis, cause leaf burn and necrosis through increased levels of sodium and chloride, and create nutrient and ionic imbalances, resulting in poor growth, and death.[8] Salinity can also adversely affect infrastructure such as roads and buildings, and underground pipes and cables through oxidation.[7]", "Soil salinity. Salinity from irrigation can occur over time wherever irrigation occurs, since almost all water (even natural rainfall) contains some dissolved salts.[2] When the plants use the water, the salts are left behind in the soil and eventually begin to accumulate. Since soil salinity makes it more difficult for plants to absorb soil moisture, these salts must be leached out of the plant root zone by applying additional water. This water in excess of plant needs is called the leaching fraction. Salination from irrigation water is also greatly increased by poor drainage and use of saline water for irrigating agricultural crops.", "Soil conservation. The ions responsible for salination are: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and chlorine (Cl-). Salinity is estimated to affect about one third of the earth’s arable land.[8] Soil salinity adversely affects crop metabolism and erosion usually follows.", "Soil salinity. The consequences of salinity are", "Environmental impact of agriculture. Among some of these problems is the depletion of underground aquifers through overdrafting. Soil can be over-irrigated because of poor distribution uniformity or management wastes water, chemicals, and may lead to water pollution. Over-irrigation can cause deep drainage from rising water tables that can lead to problems of irrigation salinity requiring watertable control by some form of subsurface land drainage. However, if the soil is under irrigated, it gives poor soil salinity control which leads to increased soil salinity with consequent buildup of toxic salts on soil surface in areas with high evaporation. This requires either leaching to remove these salts and a method of drainage to carry the salts away. Irrigation with saline or high-sodium water may damage soil structure owing to the formation of alkaline soil.", "Human impact on the environment. Effects on soil and water quality are indirect and complex, and subsequent impacts on natural, ecological and socio-economic conditions are intricate. In some, but not all instances, water logging and soil salinization can result. However, irrigation can also be used, together with soil drainage, to overcome soil salinization by leaching excess salts from the vicinity of the root zone.[35][36]", "Soil salinity. Salts are a natural component in soils and water. The ions responsible for salination are: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl−.\nAs the Na+ (sodium) predominates, soils can become sodic. Sodic soils present particular challenges because they tend to have very poor structure which limits or prevents water infiltration and drainage.", "Water well. The potential for soil salination is a large risk when choosing the placement of water wells. Soil salination is caused when the water table of the soil drops over time and salt begins to accumulate. In turn, the increased amount of salt begins to dry the soil out. This is a very detrimental problem because the increased level of salt in the soil can result in the degradation of soil and can be very harmful to vegetation.[citation needed]", "Soil salinity. High levels of soil salinity can be tolerated if salt-tolerant plants are grown. Sensitive crops lose their vigor already in slightly saline soils, most crops are negatively affected by (moderately) saline soils, and only salinity resistant crops thrive in severely saline soils. The University of Wyoming [6] and the Government of Alberta [7] report data on the salt tolerance of plants.", "Environmental impact of irrigation. The effects of irrigation on watertable, soil salinity and salinity of drainage and groundwater, and the effects of mitigative measures can be simulated and predicted using agro-hydro-salinity models like SaltMod and SahysMod[23]", "Soil fertility. The quality of irrigation water is very important to maintain soil fertility and tilth, and for using more soil depth by the plants.[11] When soil is irrigated with high alkaline water, unwanted sodium salts build up in the soil which would make soil draining capacity very poor. So plant roots can not penetrate deep into the soil for optimum growth in Alkali soils. When soil is irrigated with low pH / acidic water, the useful salts ( Ca, Mg, K, P, S, etc.) are removed by draining water from the acidic soil and in addition unwanted aluminium and manganese salts to the plants are dissolved from the soil impeding plant growth.[12] When soil is irrigated with high salinity water or sufficient water is not draining out from the irrigated soil, the soil would convert into saline soil or lose its fertility. Saline water enhance the turgor pressure or osmotic pressure requirement which impedes the off take of water and nutrients by the plant roots.", "Renewable resource. Methods to combat erosion include no-till farming, using a keyline design, growing wind breaks to hold the soil, and widespread use of compost. Chemical fertiliser and pesticides can also have an effect of soil erosion, which can contribute to soil salinity and prevent other species from growing. Phosphate is a primary component in the chemical fertiliser applied most commonly in modern agricultural production. However, scientists estimate that rock phosphate reserves will be depleted in 50–100 years and that Peak Phosphate will occur in about 2030.[20]", "Soil salinity. Salinity in drylands can occur when the water table is between two and three metres from the surface of the soil. The salts from the groundwater are raised by capillary action to the surface of the soil. This occurs when groundwater is saline (which is true in many areas), and is favored by land use practices allowing more rainwater to enter the aquifer than it could accommodate. For example, the clearing of trees for agriculture is a major reason for dryland salinity in some areas, since deep rooting of trees has been replaced by shallow rooting of annual crops.", "Leaching (agriculture). In agriculture, leaching refers to the loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from the soil, due to rain and irrigation. Soil structure, crop planting, type and application rates of fertilizers, and other factors are taken into account to avoid excessive nutrient loss. Leaching may also refer to the practice of applying a small amount of excess irrigation where the water has a high salt content to avoid salts from building up in the soil (salinity control). Where this is practiced, drainage must also usually be employed, to carry away the excess water.", "Salinity in Australia. Irrigation is also a contributor to salinity. Firstly, the addition of irrigation acts to simulate rainfall, and if not applied at appropriate levels, can result in the recharge of water tables, and promotes rises in the water table.[4][citation needed] Secondly, irrigation water itself can contain salts, which are deposited into the soil with its use. This level of salt can range from 0.5 - 2 tonne per hectare per year, and can greatly increase natural salt levels.[5]", "Land degradation. As a result of sea-level rise from climate change, salinity levels can reach levels where agriculture becomes impossible in very low-lying areas.", "Rice. Soil salinity poses a major threat to rice crop productivity, particularly along low-lying coastal areas during the dry season.[174] For example, roughly 1 million hectares of the coastal areas of Bangladesh are affected by saline soils.[178] These high concentrations of salt can severely affect rice plants’ normal physiology, especially during early stages of growth, and as such farmers are often forced to abandon these otherwise potentially usable areas.[179][180]", "Soil salinity. Salinity in urban areas often results from the combination of irrigation and groundwater processes. Irrigation is also now common in cities (gardens and recreation areas).", "Salinity in Australia. A number of organisations are seeking ways to reduce the impact of salinity on Australian agriculture, including the Cooperative Research Centre for Plant-Based Management of Dryland Salinity.[29] Greening Australia and Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics have also implemented projects to alleviate salinity in Australia.[30][31]", "Rice. When the problem of soil salinity arises it will be opportune to select salt tolerant varieties (IRRI [183] or to resort to soil salinity control.", "Sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture can be understood as an ecosystem approach to agriculture.[5] Practices that can cause long-term damage to soil include excessive tilling of the soil (leading to erosion) and irrigation without adequate drainage (leading to salinization). Long-term experiments have provided some of the best data on how various practices affect soil properties essential to sustainability. In the United States a federal agency, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, specializes in providing technical and financial assistance for those interested in pursuing natural resource conservation and production agriculture as compatible goals.", "Environmental impact of agriculture. Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality that can be a result of many factors, especially from agriculture. Soils hold the majority of the world's biodiversity, and healthy soils are essential for food production and an adequate water supply.[10] Common attributes of soil degradation can be salting, waterlogging, compaction, pesticide contamination, decline in soil structure quality, loss of fertility, changes in soil acidity, alkalinity, salinity, and erosion. Soil degradation also has a huge impact on biological degradation, which affects the microbial community of the soil and can alter nutrient cycling, pest and disease control, and chemical transformation properties of the soil.[11]", "Salinity in Australia. Where there is a reduction in rainfall it is expected that salinity will be reduced. This will occur as a result of the water table being recharged less often, reducing the chance of the water table transporting underground salts to the surface of the land.[37] Climate change may also result in the offsetting of rainfall into different seasons, resulting in larger down pours and extreme weather events in some locations within Australia. In these instances as evaporation will not occur at a faster pace than rainfall, it is likely to result in excessive additions to aquifers, which is also known as deep drainage.[38] This is an issue as dryland salinity is onset by additional deep drainage. In Australia this will be most evident in South Australia, Victoria and the lower half of Western Australia.[37] However these changes are expected to be minimal as the water table may already be reduced from excessive periods of drought.[38]", "Plant pathology. Abiotic disorders can be caused by natural processes such as drought, frost, snow and hail; flooding and poor drainage; nutrient deficiency; deposition of mineral salts such as sodium chloride and gypsum; windburn and breakage by storms; and wildfires. Similar disorders (usually classed as abiotic) can be caused by human intervention, resulting in soil compaction, pollution of air and soil, salinisation caused by irrigation and road salting, over-application of herbicides, clumsy handling (e.g. lawnmower damage to trees), and vandalism.[citation needed]", "Salinity in Australia. Soil salinity and dryland salinity are two problems degrading the environment of Australia. Salinity is a concern in most states, but especially in the south-west of Western Australia.[1]", "Soil conservation. Soil conservation is the preventing of soil loss from erosion or reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination." ]

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[ "American Horror Story: Roanoke. Colonial ware and design are incorporated into the season, which is theorized to be, at least partially, set in 1590 Roanoke, North Carolina. A pioneer cottage is incorporated in Santa Clarita, California. The set is fully dressed in time-period appropriate dressings, including an etched tree.[27] The production designers constructed an entire colonial house, that serves as the season's chief setting. The house was constructed in an undisclosed California forest, over the course of four months. The abode is completely functional, furnished, and finished inside and out. This is the first time in American Horror Story history that a complete home has been built, and is quite unprecedented for film and television productions in general.[28] A three-story set built in Malibu Canyon was not permitted properly, and after being torn down in October 2016, FX \"will be required to do extensive restoration.\"[29]", "American Horror Story: Roanoke. In March 2016, the series received a major tax credit for filming of the season in Los Angeles, California.[51] Cast alum Angela Bassett, along with Jennifer Lynch, Marita Grabiak, Gwyneth Horder-Payton, Elodie Keene, and Alexis Korycinski were set as directors during the season, marking the first time women have served in the capacity on the show.[33] In June 2016, cast member Jackson stated that the season had already clandestinely begun principal photography earlier that month.[52] On August 1, 2016, TMZ published photographs of the American Horror Story set in Santa Clarita, California; that consists of a small Pioneer home, and a tree with the word \"Croatoan\" carved into its center. Both of these things are attributed to the 1590 colony of 117 people, in Roanoke, North Carolina, that disappeared without a trace, and the only clue left was the carving – the name being a nearby island and tribe of Native Americans.[27] Later, TMZ unveiled more set photos from an unknown California forest.[28]", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Edward Philipe Mott (portrayed by Evan Peters and Elliott Ehlers) was a previous owner of the Roanoke farmhouse and the ancestor of Dandy and Gloria Mott, featured in American Horror Story: Freak Show. Previously married with an heir, Edward moved to North Carolina with Guinness, his slave as well as his lover. Edward has a deep commitment to art, loving his art more than his family and Guinness as he sees it to be encapsulate life's beauty. He had the Roanoke farmhouse built so he would to live in solitude, living there for only a couple days before the blood moon occurs. After locking her servants in the root cellar on the assumption that one of them destroyed all of his beloved art, Edward ends up being killed sacrificed by the Roanoke colonists. In 2015, acting on his desire to maintain as much solitude as he can, Edward's ghost helps Shelby, Matt and Flora escape the house.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke. The second half of the season is presented as found footage and depicts the production and aftermath of the follow-up series entitled Return to Roanoke: Three Days in Hell. Designed by My Roanoke Nightmare's producer Sidney Aaron James (Cheyenne Jackson), Return to Roanoke places the reenactors and their real life counterparts in the Roanoke house for three days during the Blood Moon, putting the lives of the cast and crew in danger as they face the true horrors within the Roanoke house.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. American Horror Story: Roanoke is the sixth season of the FX horror anthology series American Horror Story. The season’s theme centers on exploitation in two forms: the act of mistreatment to people, and the use of public-relation and advertising techniques (such as media) for personal gain; which took place at Roanoke Island, North Carolina in 2015 that focuses on the testimonies of the Miller family: married couple Matt and Shelby, and Matt’s sister Lee Harris, as they recount a series of paranormal experiences they have on their property on a documentary titled, My Roanoke Nightmare, produced by Sidney Aaron James. Actors reenact a dramatized version of the events. Audrey Tindall, Dominic Banks and Monet Tumusiime portray Shelby, Matt and Lee, respectively, as well as Agnes Mary Winstead, Rory Monahan, William van Henderson and Dylan portray Thomasin White, Edward Philippe Mott, Elias Cunningham and Ambrose White, respectively. In the later half of the season, set in 2016, the actors, as well as the real people, join the production of Return to Roanoke: 3 Days in Hell a year later as a part of a reality TV series for three days in the house. During these days all the people die in mysterious circumstances, except one. The epilogue shows the consequences of the events in the near future.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke. The leader of Roanoke's colonists, Thomasin White, known as The Butcher, is portrayed by the unstable actress Agnes Mary Winstead (Kathy Bates), while her son, Ambrose, is portrayed by Dylan (Wes Bentley). The builder and first owner of the house, Edward Philippe Mott, is played by Rory Monahan (Evan Peters) and the previous owner, before the arrival of the Millers, by William van Henderson (Denis O'Hare).", "American Horror Story: Roanoke. Presented as a paranormal documentary series titled My Roanoke Nightmare in the first half of the season, the story follows a married couple whose experiences are reenacted by actors. Shelby (Lily Rabe) and Matt Miller (André Holland) move from Los Angeles, California, to a house in North Carolina following a brutal assault which left Matt temporarily hospitalized and caused Shelby to have a miscarriage. As soon as the couple settles into their new home, located on a farmstead in rural North Carolina where the Roanoke Colony settled before their infamous disappearance, strange and paranormal occurrences begin to haunt them and Matt's sister, Lee Harris (Adina Porter). In the five-episode documentary, Shelby is portrayed by the extravagant English actress Audrey Tindall (Sarah Paulson), Matt by the conceited Dominic Banks (Cuba Gooding Jr.) and Lee by the alcoholic Monet Tumusiime (Angela Bassett).", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Shelby Miller (portrayed by Sarah Paulson and Lily Rabe) is a yoga teacher, the wife of Matt Miller and owner of the house. Soon after she and Matt move to LA, Matt is assaulted as part of a gang initiation ceremony, putting him into a coma. This causes Shelby to miscarry their child. Both these traumas prompt Shelby and Matt to relocate to North Carolina, where Matt grew up. They purchase a house on Roanoke Island in a bidding auction against the Polks. Shelby begins to experience strange things at the house while alone - teeth raining from the sky and figures appearing in the house. While bathing in her hot tub outside, somebody attempts to drown her. She calls the police, but they find no evidence and assume that Shelby was just intoxicated. Shelby's sister-in-law Lee is brought to the home to help protect her, although the two do not get along. Days later, the house is broken into. While Lee and Shelby take refuge in the basement, they find videotapes of Elias Cunningham, an academic studying the paranormal activity in the house. When they leave the basement, they find that the house has been decorated with totems. Shelby and Matt argue about how to react to this. Eventually, Shelby chooses to leave by herself and takes Matt's car. However, she crashes into a mysterious woman - the Butcher. Despite the fact that she seems unharmed, Shelby is horrified and gets out of the car to try and help her. She follows the Butcher into the woods but gets lost. She encounters a ritual, watching as a man is burned alive. Traumatized, she runs away. When she wakes up in the hospital, she assumes that the Polks are trying to scare them away from the house, and says as much to the police. Back at home, she sees a ghostly figure directing her to the underground bunker where Elias once lived. Shelby finds his account of the murders conducted by two nurses who previously owned the house. After her niece Flora goes missing, Shelby later encounters Elias in person when he fends off the Piggy Man. He explains that many people have gone missing from this house within the same five days every year. Meanwhile, her relationship with Matt is strained when she catches him sleeping with Scáthach. While he claims no memory of this, Shelby also takes issue with a deal he had made with the Butcher; he promised to burn the house down in return for Flora's safe return. Infuriated, Shelby reports Lee to the police for the suspected murder of her husband - which she had been considering doing anyway, as Matt's CCTV showed Lee leaving the house around the time of Mason's murder. Shelby, Flora and Matt flee the house with the help of Edward Philipe Mott, a previous resident in the house who shows them the underground escape tunnel. However, once out in the woods, they are captured by the Polks and eventually delivered to the Butcher, fulfilling a deal that allows the Polks to remain safely on their land. They are almost sacrificed by the Butcher, but are saved when she is attacked by the ghost of her son, Ambrose. They return to Los Angeles, but Shelby continues to be haunted by memories of the Butcher.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke. One of the earliest season hypotheses was that of Slender Man, the 2009 phenomenon, a man with a blank face, tractable arms, and killer of children. However, sources working on the show confirmed to Entertainment Weekly, in January 2016, that the myth would not be appearing, and that a theme had already been established for the season, and would be revealed in March. Though, this did not come to pass.[58] Based on the teaser trailers and several interviews given by Murphy, media reported the plot of the season as dealing with cult, farm, orphanage, colony, or the storyline of the Antichrist, which has already been touched on by the series in season one (Vivien and Tate's child, Michael, that Constance took as her own, was considered to be the titular figure).[59][60] Deadline's Ross A. Lincoln posited the theory that the cycle will revolve around the Bloody Benders family. They owned an inn and general store in rural 1800s Kansas and were responsible for the deaths of 11 passersby, later disappearing.[61] Photos from the set released by TMZ confirmed the season to incorporate colonial aspects. Vulture's Jordan Crucchiola theorized it to be about the Roanoke Colony, with Murphy likely to adapt the historical explanation of the settlers disappearance.[62] The Huffington Post added that another story avenue Murphy might venture on is the colloquial belief that the colonist vanished under supernatural circumstances.[63] Screener's Aaron Pruner noted that the colony was mentioned by Billie Dean Howard in Murder House, thus alluding to the possible Antichrist or supernatural presence in the sixth season. Pruner also mentioned that the history of the word \"Croatoan\" is vast and unnerving. Days before the death of author Edgar Allan Poe, he is said to have muttered the cryptic word as his final. Furthermore, in 1937, the word was found scribbled in fated pilot Amelia Earhart's journal.[64] Kate Feldman from New York Daily News has speculated that the season will revolve around the Manson family; she cited iconography in a teaser, Charles Manson's fascination with spiders (i.e. official poster for season), Evan Peters' appearance resembling Manson, and Murphy's previous comments stating that the series had considered the theme for the third year, which ultimately shifted to Coven.[65] However, Sarah Paulson has rejected the Manson theme, saying, \"Wrong! You can look me dead in the eyes. You are wrong, dead wrong. And you will see that I am not lying to you. I'm not pulling a little Jedi mind trick.\"[66] After the release of the revealing \"Anthology\" trailer, The Huffington Post's Bill Bradley suggested, after taking into account several factors, that the season would feature a discarded Murder House menace that slays his victims with hedge trimmers.[67] TV Guide suggested a major connection to Asylum concerning the spider shown travelling under the skin of a person in one of the teasers for the season.[68]", "American Horror Story: Roanoke. Prior to the premiere, series co-creator Ryan Murphy stated this season of the series would be \"more rogue\" and \"dark\" in contrast to its previous cycle, Hotel. Details about its plot and cast were kept secret until the first episode aired, an unusual approach to publicity for the series. As such, it became the first iteration of the series to not release a subtitle prior to the season premiere since its debut. Several potential themes were theorized based on various promotional material produced by FX. After the release of pictures taken from the set in Santa Clarita, it was widely speculated that the season would incorporate the infamous 1580s Roanoke Colony disappearance. The premiere episode revealed the season to be depicted as a paranormal documentary entitled My Roanoke Nightmare which reenacts the experiences of a married couple who relocate to North Carolina. Roanoke has received positive reviews, with critics noting its subdued aesthetic and pacing in comparison to earlier seasons of the series.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Matt Miller (portrayed by Cuba Gooding Jr. and André Holland) is the estranged husband of Shelby Miller, and owner of the house. After he is put into a coma during a gang initiation ceremony, Shelby miscarries their child due to stress. Attempting to recover from both these traumatic incidents, he and Shelby move to North Carolina, where he was raised. They buy a house on Roanoke Island by outbidding the Polks. While Matt is out of town on business, Shelby claims to have almost been killed by a torch-wielding clan while bathing in their hot tub. Though he wants to believe her, Matt is initially unable to bring himself to do so. He has his sister, Lee, come to stay at the house to help Shelby feel safe. He also installs security cameras throughout the house, which he can monitor from his phone. While out on business again, he intercepts footage of a torch-wielding clan entering the house. He rushes home to help his wife and sister, knowing that the police will not. When he arrives, he is shown the video of Elias Cunningham encountering the Piggy Man. He accuses the Polk family of racism, and taunting them in order to scare them from the house, as well as for being an interracial couple. However, rather than making him want to leave, this strengthens his resolve to stay, leading to an argument with Shelby. He witnesses a pair of nurses kill a patient in a hospital bed and laugh about it, but he believes it to be a hallucination. When Matt's niece Flora goes missing, he joins the search party to try and find her. With the guidance of a ghostly figure, Matt and Shelby discover the underground bunker. Inside, they find a video of Elias Cunningham documenting the story of two nurses who killed their patients in the house. Recognising the story, Matt begins to believe there are paranormal entities in the house. He soon finds that the word \"MURDE\" has been written in blood on the wall under the wallpaper. When Elias arrives at the house in person, saving Matt and Shelby from the Piggy Man, Matt learns that people often disappear from this house over the same five-day period. However, the Matt and Shelby are unable to leave the house; Flora is still missing, and all their money is tied up in this property. While continuing the search for Flora, he is seduced into a trance by Scáthach and has sex with her in the woods. Shelby stumbles across this, but Matt insists he has no memory of it. Further straining their relationship, he makes a deal with the Butcher that they will burn down the house and leave if she ensures Flora's safe return to them. He is seduced by Scáthach again, and she informs him of her journey to Roanoke Island. More lucid this time, Matt feels that he has never been more intimate with a person than he has with her. Despite this, Matt immediately leaves to go to Shelby's aid when he hears her cries for help. They initially prepare for another attack from the Roanoke colonists. However, the spirit of Edward Philipe Mott rescues them and guides them through a secret passageway under the house. Once out in the woods, they are kidnapped by the Polks. They deliver Flora, Shelby and Matt to the Butcher as a part of an agreement; the Polks' safe occupation of the land is dependent on this delivery. Before they can be killed, the Butcher's son stops the ceremony and kills his mother as penance for the sins of the colonies. Lee arrives back at the house after her police interrogation and rescues them. They all return to Los Angeles.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Dr. Elias Cunningham (portrayed by Denis O'Hare and Ric Sarabia) was the true-crime documentary maker, aspiring author, and enthusiast in the killings that took place in the house Shelby and Matt moved into, investigating the Jane sisters before learning the bloodied history revolving around the property. After living in the house for a few months, he seeks refuge in a nearby bunker due to his inability to sleep in the house and the paranormal events that have taken place and oversaw the property until he was unable to pay the taxes and the property was reposted, and eventually purchased by the Millers. He saves Matt and Shelby from being attacked by the Piggy Man by shouting \"Croatoan\" at him, and explains to the two of them the story of Roanoke colony, and extrapolates on the significance of the work \"Croatoan\", a word that possessed sinister meaning, but can be used to repel the spirits of Roanoke colony. He presents them with his documentations of the several disappearances that occurred in the house over the years, all taking place within the span of the same five days in October. He joins Matt and Shelby in an effort to help rescue Flora from the Roanoke colonists, but while negotiating with the Butcher for her release, he is shot and thought to have been killed by an arrow from one of the spirits of the Roanoke colony. He is later found to be alive in the Polk compound, where they had amputated his leg and consumed him. He is later bludgeoned by the Polks.", "American Horror Story. Set in the years 2014-2017, the season follows the supernatural events that occur in a renovated farmhouse in North Carolina, which is situated on the land where the Roanoke Colony moved after their infamous 1580s disappearance. In 2015, Shelby Miller (Lily Rabe), her husband Matt (André Holland), along with Matt's sister Lee Harris (Adina Porter) recount their harrowing experience living in the farmhouse a year prior in a popular documentary series titled My Roanoke Nightmare, including their encounters with the ghosts of the house's previous residents, the violent ghosts of the Roanoke Colony, the cannibalistic Polk family who live nearby, and the beautiful, yet terrifying Celtic goddess, Scáthach (Lady Gaga). The documentary becomes a huge success, featuring dramatic reenactments of the Millers' story starring Audrey Tindall (Sarah Paulson) as Shelby, Dominic Banks (Cuba Gooding Jr.) as Matt, Monet Tumusiime (Angela Bassett) as Lee, Agnes Mary Winstead (Kathy Bates) as Thomasin White, leader of the ghost colony, Audrey's husband Rory Monahan (Evan Peters) as Edward Philippe Mott, the creator and first owner of the house, William van Henderson (Denis O'Hare) as Dr. Elias Cunningham, a professor who becomes entranced with the paranormal happenings of the area, and Dylan (Wes Bentley) as Ambrose White, Thomasin's son and accomplice. In 2016, the success of the documentary leads to a sequel titled Return to Roanoke: Three Days In Hell, spearheaded by the producer of the original series, Sidney Aaron James (Cheyenne Jackson), who invites the Millers, as well as many of the reenactment actors, to return to the farmhouse for three days, where all their actions will be captured by hidden cameras. Although the Millers are aware of the entities that reside in the house, all three agree to return, each with their own agenda. The production eventually descends into disaster, however, as cast and crew alike are quickly targeted when the violent entities begin to surface. This season mostly deals with exploitation, with other themes including reality, fame, motherhood, family, drug abuse, publicity, revenge, the media, and television.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Sidney Aaron James (portrayed by Cheyenne Jackson) is the lead producer of \"My Roanoke Nightmare\". His primary focus is on producing a dramatic, successful TV show, and he does not allow ethical considerations to impede that goal. He frequently makes promises to the cast members which he has no intention of following - for example, he assures Shelby that Dominic will not be taking part in Return to Roanoke, but knows full well that Dominic's contract has already been arranged. He also often continues to film the participants against their will and incorporates these recordings in the final version of the television. Citing the success of My Roanoke Nightmare, it is Sidney who pitches the concept of Return to Roanoke. Despite the misgivings of the production board, his ambitions come to fruition and he is granted his special. In pre-production, he rigs the house with several gag-scares, including turning the TV on and playing a haunting video, and opening the cupboards and drawers remotely. Because Sidney does not believe in the Roanoke spirits, he is bemused to find an arrangement of pig fetuses on the set, and assumes this is vandalism by Agnes. This prompts him to serve her a restraining order to bar her from returning to Return to Roanoke - but makes it clear that he hopes she breaks it, because it will make good TV. He insists that all production trailers are several miles out from the house and that cameras are well-hidden to create a more immersive experience for the cast. While watching the happenings in the house from his trailer, he and his camera team are killed by Agnes. Their bodies are later discovered by Audrey, Lee, and Monet.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Monet Tumusiime (portrayed by Angela Bassett) is the actress who portrays Lee Harris in My Roanoke Nightmare. Monet fully immerses herself in the character to prepare for the part, which leads her to becoming a real alcoholic. Monet joins Audrey and Lee in searching for help after Shelby is assaulted by Agnes. She, Audrey, and Lee encounter the corpses of Sidney and other members of the production, and are then attacked by Agnes again. After Lee shoots Agnes, they flee the scene, but end up being kidnapped by the Polks. She and Audrey are tortured by Lot, Ishmael, and Mama Polk as retribution for their pejorative portrayal in My Roanoke Nightmare. Monet is eventually able to break free. She initially attempts to free Audrey, but fails to do so before her escape. She promises to return for Audrey. However, Lot and Ishmael manage to catch her, and they bind and gag her in a backroom in their compound. She is eventually rescued by Audrey the following day, and they flee back the house to wait out the remaining hours of the Blood Moon night. While there, Monet is skeptical about Lee's motive for acquiring the footage from the Polk compound. She watches the footage it with Audrey, only to find Lee's confession to Mason's murder. Having already disliked Lee, Monet is unsurprised to discover the truth. She taunts Lee when she returns to the house. Under the influence of Scáthach, Lee throws Monet off the landing onto the broken chandelier, which impales and kills her.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Lee Harris (née Miller) (portrayed by Angela Bassett and Adina Porter) is the sister of Matt Miller who was raised with him in North Carolina. She had a daughter at seventeen, but she was kidnapped when she was four. Formerly a police officer, she became addicted to prescription pain killers after being shot on the job when she was responding to a drug bust. She broke protocol when she blacked out, which led to a suspect committing suicide to evade being prosecuted. She was subsequently fired and spiraled into alcoholism, resulting in her neglecting her responsibility to her child, frequently forgetting to pick her daughter, Flora, up from school, and withdrawing from her husband, Mason. When Mason files for divorce, she is given visitation rights, and she moves in with Matt and Shelby. During the first night, an empty alcohol bottle is rolled into her room. Enraged, Lee accuses of Shelby of tempting her out of spite, with Shelby vehemently denying it. Lee harbors intense disdain from Shelby and constantly fights with her. During one of their fights, with Lee accusing Shelby of being paranoia and involving Matt in her delusions. However, the same torch-wielding clan that Shelby alleged tried to kill her returns to the house. Lee and Shelby take refuge in the basement. When the intruders leave, they find strange totems hung around the house, and a strange video playing in the basement of a man being attacked by the Piggy Man. The next day, Flora is dropped off at the house, but when she tells stories of a girl threatening to kill her, Mason takes her home, vowing to get full custody of Flora, causing Lee to relapse into alcoholism. In response to Mason's threat, she kidnaps Flora, enraging Mason, who threatens to involve the police until Shelby is able to deescalate the situation to a point where Mason decides against involving child services or the authorities. While Mason is driving to the house, Flora goes missing in the woods. An enraged Mason accuses Lee of orchestrating a fake kidnapping so that she may flee the country with Flora with full custody. Upset, Mason leaves the house in the middle of the night, with Lee following behind him, and returning several hours later without Mason. The next day, the police find Mason hung in a symbolic display, killed and burned to the point of being unrecognizable. Upon viewing footage of Lee's venture out into the woods after Mason, and the returning after the approximate time of death, Shelby accuses Lee of murdering Mason, to which she vehemently denies. Continuing in her search for Flora, she seeks the help of Cricket Marlowe, a psychic, who informs her that Flora is in possession of a spirit of a Roanoke colonist, Priscilla. Lee admits that she was skeptical and only sought Marlowe's expertise out of desperation, but began to believe him when he mentioned Priscilla, a person who Flora was talking about, who she thought was an imaginary friend conjured up by Flora to deal with the stress of her parents' divorce. Ensuring that Flora is safe, Cricket offers to take Lee to her for $25,000, to which Lee denies. Cricket pursues the case alone, and conveys Lee's concern to the Butcher, the leader of the colony that Priscilla is a part of, who is open to negotiation. In desperation, Matt and Lee offer to burn down the house if Flora is returned safely to her. Angered at Matt's betrayal, Shelby calls the police and implicates Lee in the murder of Mason. She undergoes two days of interrogation, but is released due to insufficient evidence. She returns to see Flora, Matt, and Shelby escaping a human sacrifice ceremony, whom she rescues and they flee Roanoke Island. She returned for Return to Roanoke, with almost everybody believing that she murdered Mason. When Shelby is nearly killed by Agnes, Lee joins Audrey and Monet in a search for help, venturing out into the woods, taking a gun with her. Upon finding the dead bodies of Sidney and other members of the production team, Agnes attempts to kill Audrey. In defense, Lee shoots Agnes, and the three of them flee into the woods. While fleeing both Agnes and paranormal entities that were chasing them, Lee, along with Audrey and Monet, is kidnapped by the Polk's. At the Polk compound, Mama Polk sharpens a knife while recounting her family's origin history. Jether Polk used the knife to cut part of Lee's leg off, which he eats, as well as removes her ear. Lee bargains with Jether to release her, promising he will become famous, and promises him a spot on further installations of Roanoke productions. Jether confides more family history in her, such as the creation of the Piggy Man and familial traditions. Lee seduces Jether into untying her, killing him and then saving Audrey from Mama Polk, knocking her unconscious and letting Audrey bludgeon her. Upon returning to the house to find Matt and Shelby dead, Lee assumed Dominic killed the latter and leaves him to be killed by the Piggy Man. Lee than convinces Audrey to get the footage of them killing two of the Polks, using it as a cover to find and destroy the footage of her confession of murdering Mason. While looking for Monet, she directs their search toward the Polk compound so she can retrieve her confession tape. She successfully fends off Lot Polk just before he is able to kill Dylan, but flees herself from the colonists. Similar to Thomasin, she is about to be attacked by a wild boar, but is spared by Scáthach and fed the boar's heart in return for her loyalty to Scáthach. Lee assumes the role of the Butcher and kills Todd, Monet, and chases Audrey into the bunker, in order to evict them from her land. She similarly assists the colonists in sacrificing Milo and Sophie. She is found by police unconscious outside the house with no memory of the actions she has committed. Following the production of Return to Roanoke, she stands trial and becomes a polarizing figure in America. She is interviewed by Lana Winters on The Lana Winters Special following her trial, where she is accused of being in someway involved with the tragedies that occurred in Roanoke. Lee rebukes her by claiming she was innocent, and only killed the Polk's because she needed to, similar to the way Lana had to kill her son. She ultimately returns to Roanoke in search of Flora, who wants to become a ghost to stay with Priscilla. Lee convinces Flora to let her die in her place, becoming a mother to Priscilla. She asks Flora to visit them when it is not the Blood Moon.", "American Horror Story. Filming for the sixth season began on July 6, 2016 at Santa Clarita, California.[91] Set constructions include a colonial settler home to speculate the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony.[92]", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. William van Henderson (portrayed by Denis O'Hare) is the actor who portrayed Dr. Elias Cunningham in My Roanoke Nightmare. He claims to have declined the invitation to join Return to Roanoke, but it is unclear whether he really received one. William is last seen being interviewed on a news program over the hostage situation at the house, leaving him the only major cast member of the first documentary to survive.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Dylan (portrayed by Wes Bentley) is the actor who portrays Ambrose White in My Roanoke Nightmare. He is a US veteran, having served two tours in Afghanistan. Dylan returns for Return to Roanoke, where he dresses up the Piggy Man as a part of pre-planned stunt orchestrated by Sidney to scare the participants. Upon arriving, he learns of the carnage that has ensued in the previous two days. He surveys the forest in a search for Monet, but upon finding nothing, he dispatches Lee and Audrey to search the Polk compound while he hotwires one of the Polk's trucks. Upon starting the ignition, he is found by Lot Polk, and is mortally wounded. The Roanoke colonists eventually capture, kill, and disembowel him in a ritualistic murder.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Rory Monahan (portrayed by Evan Peters) is the actor who portrays Edward Phillipe Mott in My Roanoke Nightmare. During the production, he begins a relationship with Audrey Tindall, the actress who portrays Shelby Miller. Prior to the production of Return to Roanoke, he and Audrey get married. He returns with his wife to Return to Roanoke. Like the other actors, Rory does not believe the accounts of Shelby, Matt, and Lee. Just after production begins, he is killed by the spirits of the Jane sisters, and is hung outside the house in a symbolic display.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Thomasin White (portrayed by Kathy Bates and Susan Berger), otherwise known as The Butcher, was an English colonist and member of an aristocratic family who lived during the sixteenth century. She was the wife of John White, with whom she had a son with, named Ambrose. In 1590, John White was the de facto leader of Roanoke colony, but was succeeded by his wife when he left for England to collect supplies. Despite demands from her starving colonists, as well as her son, Thomasin refused to move the colonists inland for the winter. A dissenting colonist, Cage recruited a reluctant Ambrose and orchestrated a coup d'état to displace Thomasin as the colony's leader. Cage shackled her wrists and encased her head in a Scold's bridle and exiled her from the colony into the woods. While dying of hunger, Thomasin is saved from being attacked by a wild boar by Scáthach, who harvests the boar's heart for a meal for Thomasin. In return for this, Thomasin swears loyalty to Scáthach. Returning to the colony, Thomasin kills the conspirators in the coup, including Cage, but spares her son out of mercy, with a warning to not defy her again. She resumes power and ultimately decides to move inland. From then on, Scáthach provides food for the colonists in return for an annual human sacrifices. Ambrose disapproves of these practices, and leads another coup d'état to oust his mother from power. In response, Thomasin poisons her colonists, forever binding them this land, and sacrifices herself to Scáthach. For every year since, Thomasin has performed human sacrifices for Scáthach, performed during the blood-moon period in October, where any occupants of the land, save the Polks due to an agreement that they will supply people in return for their peaceful occupation, are killed, both for sacrificial purposes, as well for the defense of her land against intruders. She killed Edward Phillipe Mott, Cricket Marlowe, and the Jane sisters for their intrusion on their land, and taunts Shelby, Matt, and Lee as well. In a confrontation with Agnes, Thomasin kills her and proceeds to lead an attack on Matt, Shelby, and Dominic during the production of Return to Roanoke.", "American Horror Story. The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[6]", "American Horror Story: Murder House. The series is filmed on sets that are an exact replica of the house.[36] Details such as Louis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows, and hammered bronze light fixtures, were re-created to preserve the look of the house.[33] The house became available for rent on Airbnb for six months, beginning February 2016, before being unlisted.[37]", "American Horror Story: Roanoke. ^1 These actors portray their characters solely in the My Roanoke Nightmare re-enactment.", "American Horror Story: Murder House. It centers on the Harmon family: Dr. Ben Harmon, Vivien and their daughter Violet, who move from Boston to Los Angeles after Vivien has a miscarriage and Ben has an affair. They move into a restored mansion, unaware that the house is haunted by the ghosts of its former residents and their victims.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Dominic Banks (portrayed by Cuba Gooding Jr.) is the actor who plays Matt Miller in My Roanoke Nightmare. Prior to the production of Return to Roanoke: 3 Days in Hell, he has an extramarital affair with Shelby; this is covered in the media. As he arrives on the set of Return to Roanoke, he immediately gets into a physical altercation with Matt. Speaking directly to camera, Dominic admits that he's here to be deliberately divisive, considering the 'bad guy' in reality TV to be the most engaging. He also has special arrangements with Sidney, and seems to know more about the production's intention to scare the cast than anybody else. When Shelby is attacked, it is Dominic who discovers and rescues her, and he remains in the house with Matt to care for her when the others leave. He witnesses Matt's murder. Shelby initially asks him to help her cover this up, but Dominic refuses, explaining that there is no way to do so because everything has been recorded. He is unaware that the production team are all dead, appealing to Sidney for help and insisting that this has gone too far for his liking. Later, Shelby and Dominic devise a plan to escape the house through the passageway in the basement. Once in the passageway, they are ambushed by the spirits of the Chen family and retreat to the basement. In another attempt to escape, they are ambushed by the spirits of the Roanoke colonists and the Piggy Man, and return to the house. Dominic begins to devise another escape plan, but Shelby commits suicide. When Lee and Audrey return the house, they assume that Dominic killed Shelby, and Lee leaves him to be killed by the Piggy Man in the hallway.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Audrey Tindall (portrayed by Sarah Paulson) is the British actress who plays Shelby Miller in My Roanoke Nightmare. She begins a relationship with fellow actor Rory Monahan during production and later marries him. She returns alongside her husband for the production of Return to Roanoke: 3 Days in Hell. While showering on the first night, she senses a presence. Unsure whether this is real or a production team trick, she allows Rory to go upstairs and investigate, where he is killed. Upon finding the bloodstain, Audrey refuses to assume the worst, instead choosing to believe that Rory has abandoned the set to pursue another acting opportunity. When Shelby is assaulted by Agnes, Audrey is among the group that goes into the woods to seek help. She finds the murdered production team. As the group decides what to do, they are attacked by Agnes and Audrey is almost killed. Lee fends her off and they escape. During this escape, Audrey discovers Rory's brutalised body displayed overhead in a tree. She, Lee and Monet are kidnapped by the Polks, who are acting in retribution for their pejorative portrayal in My Roanoke Nightmare and the loss of their feral sons. Monet escapes the Polk compound pursued by Ishmael and Lot Polk, promising to return for Audrey. In the meantime, Audrey is left to be tortured by Mama Polk. Once freed by Lee, Audrey bludgeons Mama Polk to death. Audrey and Lee escape the compound and return to the house. They discover Shelby's dead body and believe that Dominic killed her rather than accept that she committed suicide. Lee leaves him in the hallway to die, despite Audrey's protests that there's 'something out there'. Lee persuades Audrey to return to the Polk compound to retrieve the Polks' camera footage, which could see Audrey convicted of Mama Polk's murder if discovered. Audrey reluctantly agrees, unaware of Lee's own motivation to recover the tape. After Dylan arrives they persuade him to join them. They agree they will try to find Monet at the same time, allowing them all to escape together. Audrey finds Monet bound and gagged in a back room at the Polk house. She releases Monet and kills Ishmael Polk. Finding Dylan dead and their mode of transport gone, Audrey and Monet return to the house to wait out the remaining hours of the Blood Moon - without Lee. Audrey and Monet watch the tapes they recovered only to find Lee's confession to the murder of Mason. Lee returns to the house under the influence of Scáthach, and proceeds to chase Audrey from the house. Audrey attempts to take refuge in the bunker, but is attacked by Lee while climbing down, and falls badly. Despite her injuries, she survives. Having escaped the bunker, she is found by police officers the next morning. As she is led away for assistance, Audrey catches sight of Lee. Knowing that she murdered Mason and believing that she killed Monet in cold blood, Audrey attempts to pull a gun on her, but is instead shot and killed by police.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Agnes Mary Winstead (portrayed by Kathy Bates) is the actress who portrays Thomasin White, otherwise known as The Butcher, in My Roanoke Nightmare. Following the production of the show, she becomes infatuated with her character and convinces herself that she is The Butcher. This leads to a psychotic breakdown, during which she assaults Los Angeles tourists with a cleaver. After being released from treatment and regaining lucidity, she is served a restraining order preventing her from attending the set of Return to Roanoke: 3 Days in Hell. Though Sidney's motives are to enrage her further and create drama for the show, the order is purportedly served because Agnes is suspected of vandalising the set with threatening symbols. However, she claims to be innocent. She violates the restraining order and returns to the house during the production of Return to Roanoke during a mental relapse, eventually assaulting Shelby with a cleaver. She then proceeds to kill Sidney and the rest of the production team. She is shot by Lee during another murder attempt, but she survives and is able to seal her wounds in the underground bunker. As she makes her next approach to the house, the spirit of The Real Butcher confronts her. Agnes begs for her life, proclaiming her admiration, but is killed regardless.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke. American Horror Story: Roanoke is the sixth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story. It premiered on September 14, 2016, marking the first time the series has debuted outside of October, and concluded on November 16, 2016.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Matt and Shelby separate after Shelby has an extramarital affair with Dominic Banks, the actor who portrayed Matt in My Roanoke Nightmare. He returns for Return to Roanoke, where he immediately gets into a confrontation with Shelby, and then a physical fight with Dominic. He informs a disbelieving Rory, Monet, and Audrey that their stories are an accurate description of the events they suffered in the house, but they don't take him seriously and laugh it off. The next day, after Shelby is attacked by Agnes, he remains in the house to take care of her. However, he refuses to reconcile with Shelby, revealing that he only returned to reunite with Scáthach. Upon hearing this, Shelby bludgeons him to death.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke. ^1 Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.", "Roanoke Island. Roanoke Island (/ˈroʊəˌnoʊk/) is an island in Dare County on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, United States. It was named after the historical Roanoke Carolina Algonquian people who inhabited the area in the 16th century at the time of English exploration." ]

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[ "Hard Rock Cafe. The first Hard Rock Cafe (HRC) opened on June 14, 1971 at Gloucester House, Piccadilly, London, under the ownership of young Americans Peter Morton and Isaac Tigrett. Hard Rock initially had an eclectic decor but it later started to display memorabilia.", "Hard Rock Cafe. The chain began to expand worldwide in 1982 with locations in (among others) Toronto, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Paris, and Berlin.[4] Hard Rock Cafe locations in the United States vary from smaller, more tourist driven markets (Biloxi, Pigeon Forge, Key West, etc.) to large metropolises (Houston, Philadelphia, New York City, Chicago, Boston, Washington DC, etc.). Hard Rock Cafe typically does not franchise cafe locations in the United States. All US cafes are corporate owned and operated, except for cafes in Tampa and Four Winds New Buffalo casino.[5] However, in the transition of the Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel property originally owned and then later sold to Rank by founder Peter Morton. Morton retained hotel naming rights west of the Mississippi. When Morton sold his Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel to the Morgans Hotel Group, he also sold those naming rights, which then gave rise to two US franchised hotels (without cafes) in Albuquerque and Tulsa. The Albuquerque hotel no longer pays for the Hard Rock rights and reverted to its former name in June 2013. More hotels franchised from Morgan's are planned for Sioux City and Vancouver.", "Hard Rock Cafe. Hard Rock Cafe Inc. is a chain of theme restaurants founded in 1971 by Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton in London. In 1979, the cafe began covering its walls with rock and roll memorabilia, a tradition which expanded to others in the chain. In 2007, Hard Rock was sold to the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and since then it is headquartered in Orlando, Florida.[1][2] As of December 2015, there were 191 Hard Rock locations in 59 countries, including 168 cafes, 23 hotels, and 11 casinos.[3]", "Hard Rock Cafe. HRC is known for its collection of rock and roll memorabilia. The cafes solicit donations of music memorabilia but also purchase a number of items at auctions around the world, including autographed guitars, costumes from world tours and rare photographs; these are often to be found mounted on cafe walls. The collection began in 1979 with an un-signed Red Fender Lead II guitar from Eric Clapton, who was a regular at the first restaurant in London. Clapton wanted management to hang the guitar over his regular seat in order to lay claim to that spot, and they obliged. This prompted Pete Townshend of The Who to give one of his guitars, also un-signed with the note \"Mine's as good as his! Love, Pete.\"[7] Hard Rock's archive includes over 80,000 items,[8] and is the largest private collection of Rock and Roll memorabilia in the world. Marquee pieces from the collection were briefly displayed in a Hard Rock museum named \"The Vault\" in Orlando, Florida from January 2003 until September 2004. After the closure, items were disbursed to various restaurant locations.[9] The London Vault remains open and free to visitors, located in the retail Rock Shop of the original cafe.[10]", "Hard Rock Cafe. In 1995, Peter Morton spent $80 million to open the Hard Rock Hotel near the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas, Nevada. A subsequent $100 million expansion in 1999 nearly doubled the hotel's capacity.[11]", "Hard Rock Cafe. In 1990, The Rank Group, a London-based leisure company, acquired Mecca Leisure Group and continued expansion of the concept in its geographic territory. Rank went on to purchase Hard Rock America from Peter Morton as well as Hard Rock Canada from Nick Bitove. After the completion of these acquisitions, Rank gained worldwide control of the brand. In March 2007, the Seminole Tribe of Florida acquired Hard Rock Cafe International, Inc. and other related entities from Rank for US$965 million.[1] In 2008, anonymous members of the wait staff criticized the business because of its practice of paying them less than half the official minimum wage in the UK, with the business allocating tips to staff to bring their salaries within the law. Most customers, it was argued, do not realize that they are subsidizing a low wage when they give the tip.[6]", "Hard Rock Cafe. In March 2006, Hard Rock Cafe International announced that it had licensed the \"Hard Rock\" name to HRP Myrtle Beach Operations, LLC, to design, build, and operate a $400 million 150-acre (0.61 km2) theme park called Hard Rock Park. Hard Rock Park opened on April 15, 2008 in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The park was expected to draw an estimated 30,000 visitors per day, promised to create more than 3,000 jobs, and was billed as the largest single investment in South Carolina's history. It planned to feature a large concert arena and six zones with more than 40 attractions. HRP Myrtle Beach Operations, LLC, filed for Chapter 11 on September 25, 2008. The company hoped to re-open in 2009 after restructuring.[22] On January 2, 2009 after failing to attract a buyer with a minimum $35 million bid for over two months, Hard Rock Park asked a Delaware Bankruptcy Court to convert the filing to Chapter 7, triggering immediate liquidation of assets to pay off creditors, and closing the park.[23]", "Hard Rock Cafe. The Hotel Zoso in Palm Springs, California was converted into a 160-room Hard Rock Hotel and opened in 2014.[18][19] A location in Atlantic City, New Jersey was planned but canceled.[20] All-inclusive resorts operate under the Hard Rock brand in Mexico and the Dominican Republic. In 2013, the Hard Rock Rocksino Northfield Park, opened as joint slot machine and track venture. The Rocksino is located near Cleveland.", "The Cavern Club. The Hard Rock Cafe restaurant and hotel chain owns the trademark to the \"Cavern Club\" name in the US. When the Hard Rock Cafe was built in Boston in 1991, it included a brick Cavern Club cellar that was a reproduction of the Liverpool club, including a stage for local bands. In 2006, the Boston restaurant moved to a new location, and although the new restaurant still has a \"Cavern Club\" performing area, it bears no resemblance to the Liverpool cellar. In 2014, a lawsuit was filed to revoke Hard Rock's trademark on the Cavern Club name.[14]", "Hard Rock Cafe. International locations include", "Hard Rock Cafe. Today, the Seminole Tribe of Florida owns and operates all units except the Las Vegas, Tulsa, Sioux City, and Vancouver properties. In 2004, Hard Rock International and Sol Melia Hotels and Resorts launched Lifestar Hoteles España SL, a joint venture that intended to manage Europe's first Hard Rock Hotel in Madrid, but it was never opened as a Hard Rock property upon the dissolution of the joint venture in 2007.[15] The other joint venture hotels are in Chicago, New York and San Diego (the San Diego property includes Hard Rock condominiums). Hard Rock also operates hotels and resorts in Orlando, Florida (a joint venture with Loews Hotels); Bali, Indonesia; and Pattaya, Thailand, (a joint venture with Ong Beng Seng/Hotel Properties Limited). Hard Rock International continues to expand internationally (including hotels, casinos, resorts, and condominiums) through several joint ventures (Becker Ventures, Ong Beng Seng/Hotel Properties Limited and Loews Hotels), including hotels in Chicago, Bali, Orlando, Penang, San Diego, Singapore, and planned openings in Abu Dhabi, Cancun, Dubai, Hungary, Panama, Punta Cana and Vallarta[16] - as well as hotel-casinos in Hollywood, Florida; Tampa, Florida; Biloxi, Mississippi; Las Vegas, Nevada; and Tulsa Catoosa, Oklahoma.[17]", "Hardee's. Hardee's founder, Wilber Hardee, opened his first restaurant in Greenville, North Carolina, on September 3, 1960.[4] After a year of success, Wilber decided to look into expanding his restaurant and opening another location so he met with James Gardner and Leonard Rawls to discuss doing so.[5] Shortly thereafter, the first company store was opened in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, in May 1961 by James Carson Gardner and Leonard Rawls on McDonald Street in on North Church Street in Rocky Mount, known within the chain as building number 1. That location was demolished in 2007 and replaced with a veterans' park named for Jack Laughery, a former Hardee's chairman and military veteran.[6]", "Hard Rock Cafe. In 2015 Hard Rock announced the opening of a new and Inclusive Hotel located in Bogotá, Colombia, who will start the construction in 2018 and opens in 2019, the company had its plans to open in the biggest financial district in Colombia, the Centro Internacional, but finally and with all the plans the Hotel will be located in the exclusive zone of Zona Rosa de Bogotá, home of boutiques from Louis Vuitton, Dolce & Gabbana, Versace among others, the Hotel will be located in the Heart of the zone, In the top floor of the exclusive mall, El Retiro Shopping Mall with exclusive brands including Swarovski, Mango, Maybelline and one of the most expensive restaurants in Colombia, The Andrés D.C..", "Internet café. The first public, commercial American Internet café was conceived and opened by Jeff Anderson and Alan Weinkrantz in August 1994, at Infomart in Dallas, Texas and was called The High Tech Cafe.[5]", "Bogotá. Atlantis Plaza Mall, featuring the Hard Rock Cafe", "Hard Rock Hotel and Casino (Las Vegas). The Hard Rock Hotel & Casino was a joint venture in 1995 of Harveys Lake Tahoe and Peter Morton, co-founder of the Hard Rock Cafe. In 1997, Morton bought out the entire project. It was expanded in 1999, and began another expansion in 2007. In June 2002 influential rock bassist John Entwistle of The Who died in one of the hotel's rooms. The hotel management originally refused to release the room number out of respect, but later reports indicate that Entwistle died in Room 658 (considered a \"deluxe suite\"). Many fans still pay tribute to Entwistle, by visiting the hotel.[citation needed]", "Soho. The 2i's Coffee Bar was one of the first rock clubs in Europe. It initially opened on No. 44 Gerard Street in 1956, but soon moved to its more famous venue of No. 59 Old Compton Street.[68] Soho quickly became the centre of the fledgling rock scene in London. Clubs included the Flamingo Club, a regular gig for Georgie Fame,[69][70] Ronan O'Rahilly's The Scene, which opened in 1963 and catered for the Mod movement with regular attendees including Steve Marriot and Andrew Loog Oldham,[71] and jazz clubs like Ronnie Scott's, which opened in 1959 at 39 Gerrard Street and moved to 47 Frith Street in 1965.[72]", "Hard Rock Cafe. New owners renamed the venue Freestyle Music Park and planned to reopen retaining a music-theme but, without the Hard Rock name by Memorial Day, 2009. The park only operated one additional year and never reopened due to poor attendance.[24]", "Broadway at the Beach. Hard Rock Cafe prior to relocation in 2015, currently Dave & Buster's", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City. The casino, originally known as the Trump Taj Mahal, was inaugurated by its then-owner Donald Trump in 1990, and was built at a total cost of nearly one billion dollars. Originally Restaurants at the Taj Mahal included Hard Rock Cafe, Sultan's Feast, Dynasty, Il Mulino New York, Moon at Dynasty, and Robert's Steakhouse. It was also the home of Scores, the country's first in-casino strip club.", "Hard Rock Cafe. On December 7, 2006, Rank sold its Hard Rock business to the Seminole Tribe of Florida for $965 million. Included in the deal were 124 Hard Rock Cafes, four Hard Rock Hotels, two Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Hotels, two Hard Rock Live! concert venues, and stakes in three unbranded hotels. Rank retained the Hard Rock Casino in London, and rebranded it the G Casino Piccadilly. The Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas was also not part of the deal, as it was sold by Peter Morton to Morgans Hotel Group in May 2006.[26] The final takeover was mired in controversy, due to a payment clause in a contract with one casino developer, Power Plant Entertainment. Power Plant and the Seminoles announced a settlement in April 2007 which both sides called equitable.[27] On January 8, 2007, Rank shareholders approved the Seminoles' $965 million offer. The Tribe announced it had finalized the deal on March 11, 2007.[28]", "St. George, Utah. The Cafe Rio restaurant chain was started in St. George in 1997.[20]", "Famous Dave's. In 1994, he was one of the first investors in Rainforest Café, a theme restaurant chain, and in October 1994, Dave Anderson opened the first Famous Dave’s in Hayward, Wisconsin.[7]", "Coffee. In 1672 an Armenian named Pascal established a coffee stall in Paris that was ultimately unsuccessful and the city had to wait until 1689 for its first coffeehouse when Procopio Cutò opened the Café Procope. This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the Encyclopédie, the first modern encyclopedia.[184] America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676.[185] Coffee, tea and beer were often served together in establishments which functioned both as coffeehouses and taverns; one such was the Green Dragon in Boston, where John Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere planned rebellion.[31]", "Hard Rock Stadium. At the time it opened in 1987, the stadium was located in an unincorporated area within Miami-Dade County, and had a Miami address. Miami Gardens was incorporated on May 13, 2003.[11]", "House of Blues. House of Blues is a chain of live music concert halls and restaurants in major markets throughout the United States. House of Blues' first location, in Cambridge, Massachusetts' Harvard Square, was opened in 1992 by Isaac Tigrett, co-founder of Hard Rock Cafe, and Dan Aykroyd, co-star of the 1980 film The Blues Brothers.", "Hard Rock Cafe. The Hard Rock Café is also in possession of a Bedford VAL 6 axle coach used in the 1967 film The Beatles Magical Mystery Tour. The vehicle was completely refurbished after filming. It is currently displayed in the US, but makes regular appearances in events in the UK, especially at the original Hard Rock Cafe in London. In 2001, a competition was run to win the actual bus, but it was never given away and remained with the cafe.", "Soho. In the early 1950s, Soho became the centre of the beatnik culture in London. The first coffee bar to open was Moka at No. 29 Frith Street. It was formally opened in 1953 by the film star Gina Lollobrigida, and the frothed coffee produced from stainless steel machines was pioneering in British culture.[65] Le Macabre on Wardour Street, had coffin-shaped tables, fostered beat poetry, jive dance and political debate.[66] The Goings On, in Archer Street, was a Sunday afternoon club organised by the beat poet Pete Brown, active in the mid-1960s. For the rest of the week, it operated as an illegal gambling den. Pink Floyd played at the club at the beginning of their career.[67]", "Freestyle Music Park. The grand opening celebration as Hard Rock Park on June 2, 2008, featured a concert by Eagles and The Moody Blues. The park featured six \"rock environs\" celebrating rock's culture, lifestyle, legends and irreverence. These rock environs included the All Access Entry Plaza, Rock & Roll Heaven, British Invasion, Lost in the 70's, Born in the USA and Cool Country.[14] At opening, the park had amusement rides, live shows, interactive elements, kids play areas, gardens, shopping and dining attractions. The main attractions of the park were the roller coasters and live shows that were set to music. The park included an amphitheater with 10,000-person capacity featuring live daily shows and special performances. Other amusements included a carousel, a water play structure and swings. Most attractions prominently featured music, bands, and rock memorabilia like its cafe counterpart.", "Internet café. The online café phenomenon in the United States was started in July 1991 by Wayne Gregori in San Francisco when he began SFnet Coffeehouse Network. Gregori designed, built and installed 25 coin-operated computer terminals in coffeehouses throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. The café terminals dialed into a 32 line Bulletin Board System that offered an array of electronic services including FIDOnet mail and, in 1992, Internet mail.[2]", "Hard Rock Cafe. On June 22, 2008, the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood began \"Vegas-style\" table gambling in addition to the Class II slots already in operation. To win approval for the table games, which were barred under Florida law, the Seminole Tribe paid the State of Florida $100 million as part of a 25-year pact signed by Governor Charlie Crist. On July 3, 2008, the Florida Supreme Court ruled that the governor's agreement was unconstitutional, but table games continue to operate because the Federal Department of the Interior approved the now-invalid pact with the state.[29]", "Gas Monkey Bar N' Grill. Gas Monkey Bar N' Grill is an American restaurant and live music bar in Dallas, Texas started by entrepreneur Richard Rawlings, who is also the star of Discovery Channel reality television show Fast N' Loud." ]

[ 6.47265625, 1.3330078125, 3.84375, 1.6826171875, 1.857421875, 0.93017578125, 2.107421875, -0.79833984375, 1.4228515625, -4.90234375, -1.7431640625, -1.35546875, -3.154296875, -3.818359375, -2.056640625, -2.41015625, -1.5224609375, -2.693359375, -3.091796875, -0.75439453125, -0.744140625, -5.203125, -4.5546875, -3.02734375, -5.1015625, -2.26953125, 0.80419921875, -2.63671875, -5.125, -4.05859375, -0.98828125, -6.7734375 ]

[ "War Admiral. In 1938, he won eight major races, including the Whitney Handicap and the Jockey Club Gold Cup. He is linked forever with the year-older Seabiscuit, who was a grandson of Man o' War and the preeminent horse based in the western U.S. Seabiscuit's owner, Charles Howard, brought his horse across country to give Seabiscuit the chance to prove himself to the eastern racing establishment. Seabiscuit and War Admiral almost faced each other several times that summer but for one reason or another, they never met. Finally, a meeting was arranged for November 1, 1938, in the Pimlico Special, in what was billed as The Match Race of the Century. Samuel Riddle asked that the race be run without a starting gate in light of War Admiral's problematic history. With War Admiral's early speed, he was widely seen to have a tactical advantage in a match race and went off as the favorite. However, Seabiscuit's trainer had secretly conditioned Seabiscuit to bolt at the sound of a bell, which resulted in Seabiscuit getting the all important early lead. Seabiscuit won by four lengths and broke the track record.[7]", "Seabiscuit. Throughout 1937 and 1938, the media speculated about a match race between Seabiscuit and the seemingly invincible War Admiral (sired by Man o' War, Seabiscuit's grandsire). The two horses were scheduled to meet in three stakes races, but one or the other was scratched, usually due to Seabiscuit's dislike of heavy ground. After extensive negotiation, the owners organized a match race for May 1938 at Belmont, but Seabiscuit was scratched.", "Seabiscuit. On November 1, 1938, Seabiscuit met War Admiral and jockey Charles Kurtsinger in what was dubbed the \"Match of the Century.\" The event was run over 1 3⁄16 miles (1.9 km) at Pimlico Race Course. From the grandstands to the infield, the track was jammed with fans. Trains were run from all over the country to bring fans to the race, and the estimated 40,000 at the track were joined by 40 million listening on the radio. War Admiral was the favorite (1–4 with most bookmakers) and a nearly unanimous selection of the writers and tipsters, excluding a California contingent.", "War Admiral. The 2003 movie Seabiscuit features the match race between Seabiscuit and War Admiral. The film portrays War Admiral at 18 hands (72 in, or 183 cm) even though War Admiral and Seabiscuit were about the same size with Seabiscuit standing at 15.2 hands and outweighing War Admiral 1,040 to 960 lb (470 to 440 kg)[17]", "Seabiscuit. When the bell rang, Seabiscuit broke in front, led by over a length after 20 seconds, and soon crossed over to the rail position. Halfway down the backstretch, War Admiral started to cut into the lead, gradually pulling level with Seabiscuit, then slightly ahead. Following advice he had received from Pollard, Woolf had eased up on Seabiscuit, allowing his horse to see his rival, then asked for more effort. Two hundred yards from the wire, Seabiscuit pulled away again and continued to extend his lead over the closing stretch, finally winning by four lengths despite War Admiral's running his best time for the distance.", "Seabiscuit. Head-to-head races favor fast starters, and War Admiral's speed from the gate was well known. Seabiscuit, on the other hand, was a pace stalker, skilled at holding with the pack before pulling ahead with late acceleration. From the scheduled walk-up start, few gave him a chance to lead War Admiral into the first turn. Smith knew these things and trained Seabiscuit to run against this type, using a starting bell and a whip to give the horse a Pavlovian burst of speed from the start.", "War Admiral. War Admiral was elected to the Hall of Fame in the same year as arch-rival Seabiscuit.[1] In The Blood-Horse ranking of the top 100 US thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century, War Admiral was ranked #13, with Seabiscuit as #25.", "War Admiral. War Admiral (May 2, 1934 – October 30, 1959) was an American thoroughbred racehorse, best known as the fourth winner of the American Triple Crown and Horse of the Year in 1937, and rival of Seabiscuit in the 'Match Race of the Century' in 1938.[1] During his career toward the end of the Great Depression, War Admiral won 21 of his 26 starts with earnings of $273,240 ($3.5 million in 2016 dollars.) After his retirement stud, he was the leading sire in North America for 1945 and was also an outstanding broodmare sire whose influence is still felt today in descendants such as American Pharoah.", "Seabiscuit. Howard arranged a match race for Seabiscuit against Ligaroti, a highly regarded horse owned by the Hollywood entertainer Bing Crosby and Howard's son, Lindsay, through Binglin Stable, in an event organized to promote Crosby's resort and Del Mar Racetrack in Del Mar, California. With Woolf aboard, Seabiscuit won that race, despite persistent fouling from Ligaroti's jockey. After three more outings and with only one win, he was scheduled to go head-to-head with War Admiral in the Pimlico Special in November, in Baltimore, Maryland.[6]", "Seabiscuit. Seabiscuit (May 23, 1933 – May 17, 1947) was a champion thoroughbred racehorse in the United States, who became the top money winning racehorse up to the 1940s, as noted in films and books. He beat the 1937 Triple-Crown winner, War Admiral, by 4 lengths in a 2-horse special at Pimlico, and was voted American Horse of the Year for 1938.", "War Admiral. The injury was severe enough to cause War Admiral to miss the summer racing season. He returned in October to win three more races, including the Washington Handicap and inaugural Pimlico Special.[1] All told, in 1937 War Admiral won eight of eight races including the Triple Crown. He was the unanimous selection as Champion 3-Year-Old, and also earned the title of Horse of the Year in a close battle with Seabiscuit, the Champion older horse.[11]", "War Admiral. The Preakness Stakes was held just a week later. After again acting up at the start, War Admiral went to the lead early but had trouble negotiating the turns. Pompoon saved ground along the rail and closed alongside War Admiral as they exited the last turn. The two horses dueled down the stretch with War Admiral finally prevailing by a head.[8]", "Seabiscuit. In 1937, Seabiscuit won 11 of his 15 races and was the year's leading money winner in the United States. War Admiral, having won the Triple Crown that season, was voted the most prestigious honor, the American Horse of the Year Award.", "Seabiscuit. As a result of his races that year, Seabiscuit was named American Horse of the Year for 1938, beating War Admiral by 698 points to 489 in a poll conducted by the Turf and Sport Digest magazine.[8] Seabiscuit was the number one newsmaker of 1938.[9] The only major prize that eluded him was the Santa Anita Handicap.", "War Admiral. War Admiral raced twice more, winning the Rhode Island Handicap in 1938 and a race at Hialeah in February 1939, before an injury prompted his retirement.[1]", "War Admiral. In 1937, War Admiral started his 3-year-old campaign by winning two races at Havre de Grace, including the Chesapeake Stakes. His owner, Samuel Riddle, then made a fateful decision. In 1920, Man o' War was not entered in the Kentucky Derby as Riddle did not like racing outside of New York and Maryland, and also felt the distance of the Derby was too great for 3-year-olds so early in the season.[5] For War Admiral, Riddle made an exception and made the trip west to Churchill Downs. War Admiral went off as the favorite, and, despite delaying the start for several minutes, won in wire-to-wire fashion with Pompoon ​1 3⁄4 lengths back in second.[6] Neville Dunn, sports editor for the Lexington Herald, wrote, \"A little brown horse that takes after his mammy in size but runs like his daddy charged to victory in the 63rd Kentucky Derby… and he won so easily, so effortlessly, that 65,000 fans nudged one another in the ribs and said, 'I told you so! I told you that War Admiral could run like Man o' War.'\"[7]", "War Admiral. Most sources say that War Admiral also inherited his sire's fiery temperament,[3] which manifested chiefly in his reluctance to load in the starting gate. Away from the crowds though, he was more relaxed and given to taking long naps. His groom called him sweet, and his trainer, George Conway, found him more like his dam in terms of personality. Conway was in a position to know as he had been stable foreman to Louis Feustel while the latter trained Man o' War. Conway stayed with Riddle after Feustel's retirement, and trained several of Man o' War's most successful offspring.[5] War Admiral's regular jockey was Charles Kurtsinger.", "War Admiral. On June 5, 1937, War Admiral faced six rivals in the Belmont Stakes, going off as the 4-5 favorite. He was particularly fractious at the start, repeatedly breaking through the barrier. After delaying the start for eight minutes, he stumbled leaving the gate. He quickly recovered his stride and won the race by three lengths with \"speed to spare\".[9] His time of 2:28​3⁄5 tied the American Record for ​1 1⁄2 miles, while breaking Man o' War's track record by a fifth of a second. War Admiral thus became the fourth winner of the Triple Crown. But the victory came at a price: War Admiral had struck the quarter of his right front fore-foot when stumbling at the gate, which left a gaping wound. When led into the winner's circle, his trainer and jockey found his belly and legs covered with his own blood.[5][10]", "War Admiral. As a 2-year-old in 1936, War Admiral won three of six races including the Eastern Shore Handicap at Havre de Grace Racetrack in Maryland. However, the star of the his crop was then considered to be Pompoon, who defeated War Admiral in the National Stallion Stakes.[3] War Admiral was rated at 121 pounds on the Experimental Free Handicap, 7 pounds below 2-year-old champion Pompoon and seventh overall.[2]", "Seabiscuit. Over the fall and winter of 1939, Seabiscuit's fitness seemed to improve by the day. By the end of the year, Smith was ready to return the horse to race training, with a collection of stable jockeys in the saddle. By the time of his comeback race, Pollard had cajoled Howard into allowing him the ride. After the horse was scratched due to soft going, the pair finally lined up at the start of the La Jolla Handicap at Santa Anita, on February 9, 1940. Seabiscuit was third, beaten by two lengths. By their third comeback race, Seabiscuit was back to his winning ways, running away from the field in the San Antonio Handicap to beat his erstwhile training partner, Kayak II, by two and a half lengths. Under 124 pounds (56 kg), Seabiscuit equalled the track record for a mile and 1/16.", "Seabiscuit. Sent to race on the East Coast, on October 16, 1938, Seabiscuit ran second by two lengths in the Laurel Stakes to the filly Jacola, who set a new Laurel Park Racecourse record of 1:37.00 for one mile.[7]", "War Admiral. Although War Admiral's sire line no longer exists, he remains a significant influence in modern pedigrees due to his daughters. Their descendants include the likes of Swaps, Buckpasser, Numbered Account, as well as two Triple Crown winners, Seattle Slew and Affirmed. Other descendants of note include Dr. Fager, Alysheba, Cigar and Zenyatta.[5] War Admiral's name appears eight times in the pedigree of the 2015 Triple Crown winner, American Pharoah.[15]", "Seabiscuit. Howard assigned Seabiscuit to a new trainer, Tom Smith,[3] who, with his unorthodox training methods, gradually brought Seabiscuit out of his lethargy. Smith paired the horse with Canadian jockey Red Pollard (1909–1981), who had experience racing in the West and in Mexico. On August 22, 1936, they raced Seabiscuit for the first time. Improvements came quickly, and in their remaining eight races in the East, Seabiscuit and Pollard won several times, including the Detroit Governor's Handicap (worth $5,600) and the Scarsdale Handicap ($7,300) at Empire City Race Track in Yonkers, New York.", "Seabiscuit. Trusting in his horse's acceleration, Pollard steered between the leaders and burst into the lead, taking the firm ground just off the rail. As Seabiscuit showed his old surge, Wedding Call and Whichcee faltered, and Pollard drove his horse on, taking \"The Hundred Grander\" by a length and a half from the fast-closing Kayak II under jockey Leon Haas. Pandemonium engulfed the course. Neither horse and rider, nor trainer and owner, could get through the crowd of well-wishers to the winner's enclosure for some time.", "War Admiral. War Admiral was bred in Kentucky by his owner, Samuel D. Riddle, who also owned Man o' War. War Admiral was foaled at Faraway Farm in Lexington, the offspring of Man o' War and Brushup. Man o' War was widely regarded as the greatest American racehorse of his time, but Brushup never won a race. They were bred together six times, producing five undistinguished fillies and one Triple Crown winner.[1]", "War Admiral. Source: Daily Racing Form Past Performances[12]", "Seabiscuit. Seabiscuit was foaled in Lexington, Kentucky, on May 23, 1933,[1][2] from the mare Swing On and sire Hard Tack, a son of Man o' War.[3] Seabiscuit was named for his father, as hardtack or \"sea biscuit\" is the name for a type of cracker eaten by sailors.[4]", "Seabiscuit. Woolf's first race aboard Seabiscuit was the Santa Anita Handicap, \"The Hundred Grander\" the horse had narrowly lost the previous year. Seabiscuit was drawn on the outside, and at the start was impeded by another horse, Count Atlas, angling out. The two were locked together for the first straight, and by the time Woolf disentangled his horse, they were six lengths off the pace. Seabiscuit worked his way to the lead but lost in a photo finish to the fast-closing Santa Anita Derby winner, Stagehand (owned by Maxwell Howard, not related to Charles), who had been assigned 30 pounds (14 kg) less than Seabiscuit.", "Seabiscuit. Seabiscuit was injured during a race. Woolf, who was riding him, said that he felt the horse stumble. The injury was not life-threatening, although many predicted Seabiscuit would never race again. The diagnosis was a ruptured suspensory ligament in the front left leg. With Seabiscuit out of action, Smith and Howard concentrated on their horse Kayak II, an Argentine stallion.", "Seabiscuit. Seabiscuit ran 89 times at 16 different distances over the course of his career.[30]", "Seabiscuit. In early November 1936, Howard and Smith shipped the horse to California, by rail. His last two races of the year were at Bay Meadows racetrack in San Mateo, California. The first was the $2,700 Bay Bridge Handicap, run over one-mile (1.6 km). Despite starting badly and carrying the top weight of 116 pounds (53 kg), Seabiscuit won by five lengths. At the World's Fair Handicap (Bay Meadows' most prestigious stakes race), Seabiscuit led throughout.", "Red Pollard. Down and out in Detroit in 1936, Pollard was hired by horse trainer Tom Smith to ride Charles S. Howard's Seabiscuit.[3] The team's first stakes win came in the 1936 Governor's Handicap. Pollard and Seabiscuit won numerous important races, including the 1937 Brooklyn Handicap at Old Aqueduct Racetrack in New York City, the 1937 Massachusetts Handicap at Suffolk Downs in Boston, and famously lost by a nose at the 1937 Santa Anita Handicap. Pollard and Seabiscuit were considered by most as the best pairing of race horse and jockey in the USA at that time. In 1940, Pollard jockeyed the then 7-year-old Seabiscuit to a win the Santa Anita Handicap at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California. It was Seabiscuit's last race. Pollard rode Seabiscuit 30 times with 18 wins - all of them stakes or handicaps." ]

[ 4.75, 2.470703125, 3.173828125, 2.9140625, 3.947265625, 0.423095703125, 0.2041015625, 1.591796875, 4.7421875, 3.158203125, 0.74560546875, 1.0673828125, 2.30859375, 3.73828125, -1.7470703125, -1.236328125, -2.3984375, -0.57958984375, -0.97509765625, -0.623046875, -0.92529296875, -3.056640625, -0.452392578125, 0.54541015625, -1.103515625, -2.955078125, -5.1875, 0.253662109375, -2.041015625, -4.20703125, -1.076171875, -2.736328125 ]

[ "Reconciliation (United States Congress). On December 19-20, 2017 the House and Senate passed a landmark tax reform bill, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, and President Trump signed it into law on December 22. Due to the Byrd rule the individual tax rate cuts and other reforms sunset in 2026. Corporate tax rate cuts and other reforms, such as switching the United States to the territorial system, were made permanent.", "Capital gains tax in the United States. The 15% tax rate was extended through 2010 as a result of the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005, and through 2012 in legislation signed on December 17, 2010. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (signed on January 2, 2013) made qualified dividends a permanent part of the tax code but added a 20% rate on income in the new highest 39.6% tax bracket.", "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The individual and pass-through tax cuts fade over time and become net tax increases starting in 2027 while the corporate tax cuts are permanent. This enabled the Senate to pass the bill with only 51 votes, without the need to defeat a filibuster, under the budget reconciliation process.[7] The House passed the penultimate version of the bill on December 19, 2017, though for Senate procedural reasons small changes were needed and a revote was held in the House.[8] The Senate passed the final version on December 20 in a 51–48 vote and that final version was passed by the House of Representatives on that same day. The bill was signed into law by President Donald Trump on December 22, 2017. Most of the changes introduced by the bill went into effect on January 1, 2018 and will not affect 2017 taxes.[9]", "Internal Revenue Code. The 1954 Code temporarily extended the Revenue Act of 1951's 5 percentage point increase in corporate tax rates through March 31, 1955, increased depreciation deductions by providing additional depreciation schedules, and created a 4 percent dividend tax credit for individuals.", "Law of India. However, this Act may soon be repealed and be replaced with a new Act consolidating the law relating to Income Tax and Wealth Tax, the new proposed legislation is called the Direct Taxes Code (to become the Direct Taxes Code, Act 2010). Act was referred to Parliamentary standing committee which has submitted its recommendations. Act is expected to be implemented with changes from the Financial Year 2013–14.[30]", "Corporate tax in the United States. After the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, on December 20, 2017, the corporate tax rate has been changed to a flat 21% starting January 1, 2018.[25]", "Income tax in the United States. Beginning in 2013, an additional tax of 3.8% applies to net investment income in excess of certain thresholds.[25]", "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. Most individual income taxes are reduced, until 2025. The number of income tax brackets remain at seven, but the income ranges in several brackets have been changed and each new bracket has lower rates. These are marginal rates that apply to income in the indicated range as under current law (i.e., prior Public Law 115-97 or the Act), so a higher income taxpayer will have income taxed at several different rates.[28][29] A different inflation measure (Chained CPI or C-CPI) will be applied to the brackets instead of the Consumer Price Index (CPI), so the brackets increase more slowly. This is effectively a tax increase over time, as people move more quickly into higher brackets as their income rises; this element is permanent.[30][31]", "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. In final changes prior to approval of the Senate bill on December 2, additional changes were made (among others) that were reconciled with the House bill in a conference committee, prior to providing a final bill to the President for signature.[187] The Conference Committee version was published on December 15, 2017. It had relatively minor differences compared to the Senate bill. Individual and pass-through tax cuts expire after ten years, while the corporate tax changes are permanent.[181]", "Internal Revenue Code. The tax statutes were re-codified by an Act of Congress on February 10, 1939 as the \"Internal Revenue Code\" (later known as the \"Internal Revenue Code of 1939\"). The 1939 Code was published as volume 53, Part I, of the United States Statutes at Large and as title 26 of the United States Code. Subsequent permanent tax laws enacted by the United States Congress updated and amended the 1939 Code.", "Goods and Services Tax (India). The tax came into effect from July 1, 2017 through the implementation of One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India by the Government of India. The tax replaced existing multiple cascading taxes levied by the central and state governments. The tax rates, rules and regulations are governed by the Goods and Services Tax Council which comprises finance ministers of centre and all the states. GST simplified a slew of indirect taxes with a unified tax and is therefore expected to dramatically reshape the country's 2 trillion dollar economy.[3]", "Internal Revenue Code. In 1919, a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives began a project to recodify U.S. statutes, which eventually resulted in a new United States Code in 1926 (including tax statutes).", "Tax Day. Since 1955, for those living in the United States, Tax Day has typically fallen on April 15.[1] For people who file a U.S. tax return and live outside the United States and Puerto Rico, Tax Day has typically fallen on June 15, because of the two-month automatic extension granted to filers by IRS Publication 54.[2]", "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. According to The New York Times, \"economists and tax experts across the political spectrum warn that the proposed system would invite tax avoidance. The more the tax code distinguishes among types of earnings, personal characteristics or economic activities, the greater the incentive to label income artificially, restructure or switch categories in a hunt for lower rates.\"[117] According to The Wall Street Journal, the bill's changes to \"business and individual taxation could lead to a new era of business reorganization and tax-code gamesmanship with unknown consequences for the economy and federal revenue collection.\"[118]", "Kazakhstan. On 29 November 2003, the Law on Changes to Tax Code which reduced tax rates was adopted. The value added tax fell from 16% to 15%, the social tax,[clarification needed] from 21% to 20%, and the personal income tax, from 30% to 20%. On 7 July 2006, the personal income tax was reduced even further to a flat rate of 5% for personal income in the form of dividends and 10% for other personal income. Kazakhstan furthered its reforms by adopting a new land code on 20 June 2003, and a new customs code on 5 April 2003.", "Estate tax in the United States. --Internal Revenue Code section 2001(c), as amended by section 302(a)(2) of the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 (H.R. 4853), Pub. L. No. 111-312, 124 Stat. 3296, 3301 (Dec. 17, 2010), as amended by section 101(c)(1) of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012; see \"Instructions for Form 706 (Rev. August 2013),\" page 5, Internal Revenue Service, U.S. Dep't of the Treasury, at (PDF)", "Corporate tax in the United States. On December 20, 2017, the US Senate and House of Representatives passed the Tax Cut and Jobs Act, setting a flat and effective corporate tax rate of 21% on all businesses that was implemented on January 1, 2018.", "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The non-partisan Joint Committee on Taxation of the U.S. Congress published its macroeconomic analysis of the final version of the Act, on December 22, 2017:", "Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand). This new piece of GST legislation mirrors similar rules governing the supply of digital services introduced in the European Union (EU) in January 2015.", "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. Republicans justified the tax reform initially as an effort to simplify the tax code. Kevin Brady, the chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, and Speaker Paul Ryan said in November 2017 that they would simplify the tax code so much that 9 in 10 Americans would be able to file their taxes on a postcard.[119] President Donald Trump said on December 13, 2017, that people would be able to file their taxes \"on a single, little, beautiful sheet of paper\".[119] However, when the final version of the tax legislation passed through houses of Congress, the legislation kept most loopholes intact and did not simplify the tax code.[119][120] The announcements by the House leaders hurt the stock prices of tax preparers, but upon the release of the actual bill, the stock prices of tax preparers sharply increased.[119]", "Taxation in New Zealand. Rates are for the tax year 1 April 2017 to 31 March 2018, and are based on tax code M (primary income without student loan) and excludes the ACC earners' levy. The earners' levy rate (including GST) for the period 1 April 2015 to 31 March 2016 is 1.45% ($1.45 per $100).[7][8]", "Goods and services tax (Canada). Despite the opposition, the tax came into force on January 1, 1991.", "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018,[1] Pub.L. 115–97, is a congressional revenue act originally introduced in Congress as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA),[2][3] that amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Major elements of the changes include reducing tax rates for businesses and individuals; a personal tax simplification by increasing the standard deduction and family tax credits, but eliminating personal exemptions and making it less beneficial to itemize deductions; limiting deductions for state and local income taxes (SALT) and property taxes; further limiting the mortgage interest deduction; reducing the alternative minimum tax for individuals and eliminating it for corporations; reducing the number of estates impacted by the estate tax; and repealing the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).[4]", "Tax protester statutory arguments. The version of the Internal Revenue Code published as \"title 26\" of the United States Code is what the Office of Law Revision Counsel of the U.S. House of Representatives refers to as \"non-positive law.\" It is one of a number; titles 2, 6–8, 12, 15, 16, 19–22, 24–27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 40–43, 45, 47, 48, and 50 are \"non-positive law\".[29] However, according to the United States Statutes at Large, the original version of the current 1986 code was enacted by the Eighty-Third Congress of the United States as the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, with the phrase \"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled.\" The Code was approved (signed into law) by President Dwight D. Eisenhower at 9:45 A.M., Eastern Daylight Time, on Monday, August 16, 1954, and was published as volume 68A of the United States Statutes at Large. Section 1(a)(1) of the enactment states: \"The provisions of this Act set forth under the heading 'Internal Revenue Title' may be cited as the 'Internal Revenue Code of 1954'. Section 1(d) of the enactment is entitled \"Enactment of Internal Revenue Title Into Law\", and the text of the Code follows, beginning with the statutory Table of Contents. The enactment ends with the approval (enactment) notation on page 929. Section 2(a) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 changed the name of the Code from the \"1954\" Code to the \"1986\" Code. The Internal Revenue Code is also separately published as title 26 of the United States Code.[30]", "First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency. The White House memo entitled \"2017 Tax Reform for Economic Growth and American Jobs\" was presented on April 26[494] in what The Wall Street Journal described as his \"finest moment\" in the first 100 days and a policy and political success.[495] Individual reform includes \"reducing the 7 tax brackets to 3 tax brackets for 10%, 25% and 35%, doubling the standard deduction, providing tax relief for families with child and dependent care expenses.\" The taxation system will be simplified to \"eliminate targeted tax breaks that mainly benefit the wealthiest taxpayers, protect the home ownership and charitable gift tax deductions, repeal the Alternative Minimum Tax, repeal the death tax and repeal the 3.8% Obamacare tax that hits small businesses and investment income.\"[494] Business reform includes \"15% business tax rate, territorial tax system to level the playing field for American companies, one-time tax on trillions of dollars held overseas and elimination of tax breaks for special interests.\"[494] The memo did not provide legislative content but rather broad outlines that will be developed in Congress but may face some opposition from both sides.[496]", "The Income-tax Act, 1961. Union Government sets up Arbind Modi-led panel to overhaul, simplify income tax laws On 22nd November 2017, the government formed a task force to draft a new direct tax law to replace the existing Income Tax Act, which has been in force since 1961. Arbind Modi, Member, Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), will lead a six-member panel. Chief Economic Advisor Arvind Subramanian will be apermanent special invitee on the panel.", "Form 1040. With the Current Tax Payment Act of 1943, income tax withholding was introduced. The Individual Income Tax Act of 1944 created standard deductions on the 1040.[62]", "American Health Care Act of 2017. The current law (ACA) established two taxes on high-income individuals (defined as income over $200,000 for individuals or $250,000 for couples, roughly the top 6% of earners), via a 0.9% Medicare payroll surtax on earnings over that threshold and a 3.8% tax on net investment income. The latter tax is steeply progressive, with the top 1% paying 90% of the tax, as investment income is highly concentrated with the wealthy. The ACA also established a penalty tax (related to the individual mandate) for individuals without adequate insurance, an excise tax on employers with 50 or more workers who offer insufficient coverage, annual fees on health insurance providers, and the \"Cadillac tax\" (yet to be implemented as of 2017) on generous employer-sponsored health plans. Combined with subsidies that primarily benefit low-income households, the law significantly reduced income inequality after taxes and transfers.[60]", "Form 1040. In 1954 the tax return deadline was changed to April 15.[62]", "Income tax in India. The \"Direct Taxes Code Bill\" was tabled in the Parliament on 30 August 2010 by the then Finance Minister to replace the Income Tax Act, 1961 and Wealth Tax Act.[4] The bill, however, could not go through and eventually lapsed after revocation of the Wealth Tax Act in 2015.", "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. An Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy analysis indicated the Act has more of a tax increase impact on \"upper-middle-class families in major metropolitan areas, particularly in Democratic-leaning states where taxes, and usually property values, are higher. While only about one-in-five families between the 80th and 95th income percentiles in most red states would face higher taxes by 2027 under the House GOP bill, that number rises to about one-third in Colorado and Illinois, around two-fifths or more in Oregon, Virginia, Massachusetts, New York and Connecticut, and half or more in New Jersey, California and Maryland...\"[80]", "Internal Revenue Code. The Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was enacted in the form of a separate code by act of August 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 1. The Tax Reform Act of 1986[2] changed the name of the 1954 Code to the \"Internal Revenue Code of 1986\". In addition to being published in various volumes of the United States Statutes at Large, the Internal Revenue Code is separately published as Title 26 of the United States Code. The text of the Internal Revenue Code as published in title 26 of the U.S. Code is virtually identical to the Internal Revenue Code as published in the various volumes of the United States Statutes at Large.[3] Of the 50 enacted titles, the Internal Revenue Code is the only volume that has been published in the form of a separate code." ]

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[ "Robb Stark. Robb is the eldest legitimate son of Lord Eddard Stark, and heir to Winterfell. When Lord Eddard relocates to King's Landing to become the King's Hand, Robb remains at Winterfell to rule in his father's stead. When Eddard is beheaded by Ser Ilyn Payne, Robb is declared King in the North by his bannermen rather than swear fealty to the Lannister king, Joffrey Baratheon, drawing the lords of the North and of the Riverlands to his cause. Despite displaying a proficiency in military tactics in his victories against the Lannisters, he makes numerous political and strategic errors, culminating into his betrayal and murder by disgruntled allies Walder Frey and Roose Bolton, all under discreet command of Tywin Lannister at the wedding of his uncle, Edmure Tully, to Frey's daughter Roslin.", "Robb Stark. He wins a succession of battles in Season 2, earning him the nickname the Young Wolf. However, he feels that he botched the political aspects of war. He sends Theon to the Iron Islands hoping that he can broker an alliance with Balon Greyjoy, Theon's father. In exchange for Greyjoy support, Robb as King in the North will recognize the Iron Islands' independence. He also sends his mother Catelyn to deal with Stannis Baratheon and Renly Baratheon, both of whom are fighting to be the rightful king. Theon and Catelyn fail in their missions, and Balon launches an invasion of the North. Robb falls in love with Talisa Maegyr, a healer from Volantis due to her kindness and spirit. Despite his mother's protest, Robb breaks his engagement with the Freys and marries Talisa in the 2nd-season finale. On news of his grandfather, Lord Hoster Tully's, death, Robb and his party travel north to Riverrun for the funeral, where the young king is reunited with his great-uncle, Brynden Blackfish, and his uncle, Edmure Tully, the new lord of Riverrun. While at Riverrun, Robb makes the decision to execute Lord Rickard Karstark for the murders of two teenage squires related to the Lannisters, a decision that loses the support of the Karstarks and leads Robb to make the ultimately fatal decision to ask the Freys for their alliance. He is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre, after witnessing the murder of his pregnant wife and their unborn child. Lord Bolton personally executes Robb, stabbing him through the heart while taunting that \"the Lannisters send their regards\", in fact a promise made to Jaime (who had no knowledge of Bolton's impending treason) when leaving for the Twins. His corpse is later decapitated and Grey Wind's head is sewn on and paraded around as the Stark forces are slaughtered by the Freys and the Boltons. Though House Stark is stripped of all lands and titles by House Lannister as a result of Robb's death and his failed rebellion against the Iron Throne, he and his mother are later avenged in Season 6 and the first episode of Season 7, when his cousin (believed to be half-brother) Jon Snow and sister Sansa Stark successfully overthrow House Bolton and retake Winterfell. Jon is crowned the King in the North by the remaining Northern lords, wildlings, and Knights of the Vale, restoring Stark rule in the North in the process. Meanwhile, his youngest sister Arya Stark returns to Westeros, murders Walder Frey, and later uses his face to disguise herself as Frey to poison all of his sons and male descendants at the Twins, ultimately avenging the Red Wedding and exterminating House Frey.", "Robb Stark. Robb has risen to take his father’s place, as a lord of Winterfell and as a focal character in the show. We never saw what kind of warrior Ned was in the field, but in King’s Landing, he fought a straight-ahead battle, telegraphing his moves, and died for it. Robb, seeing the Lannisters' numbers, shows himself capable of feints and deceptions—albeit at the cost of 2,000 men and the guilt of having sent them on a suicide mission.[7]", "Robb Stark. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Robb is the eldest child and son of Eddard Stark, the honorable lord of Winterfell, an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000).", "Robb Stark. Robb is fourteen years old at the beginning of A Game of Thrones (1996). He is the eldest son of Eddard \"Ned\" Stark and his wife Catelyn, and has five siblings: Sansa, Arya, Bran, Rickon, and the illegitimate half-brother Jon Snow. Robb is constantly accompanied by his direwolf, Grey Wind.", "Robb Stark. On their way to the Twins, Robb learns that Balon Greyjoy has accidentally died, and the ironborn commanders are returning to the Iron Islands to attend Kingsmoot. He decided to lead his army to retake the North immediately after the wedding is complete. He soon learns that his sister Sansa has been forcibly married off to Tyrion Lannister. To prevent the Lannisters from claiming Winterfell through Sansa's child by Tyrion, against the opposition of his mother Catelyn, Robb disinherits Sansa and signs a decree legitimizing his half-brother Jon Snow as his heir if he happens to die with no children, and requests the Night's Watch release Jon from service. He then entrusts the decree to Lord Galbart Glover and Lady Maege Mormont, sending them to secretly sail up the Neck seeking contact with Howland Reed, Lord of Greywater Watch, so he can launch a coordinated attack to recapture the strategically crucial Moat Cailin. However at the Twins, the Northern convoy, who are unarmed in attendance to the wedding, are betrayed and massacred by the Freys during the wedding feast in an event known as the \"Red Wedding\". Robb is personally murdered by his chief vassal lord Roose Bolton, who has also secretly defected to the Lannisters and rewarded with the title of the Warden of the North.", "Robb Stark. Robb Stark is the eldest son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark and the heir to Winterfell. His direwolf is called Grey Wind. Robb becomes involved in the war against the Lannisters after his father, Ned Stark, is arrested for treason. Robb summons his bannermen for war against House Lannister and marches to the Riverlands. Eventually, crossing the river at the Twins becomes strategically necessary. To win permission to cross, Robb agrees to marry a daughter of Walder Frey, Lord of the Twins. Robb leads the war effort against the Lannisters and successfully captures Jaime. After Ned is executed, the North and the Riverlands declare their independence from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaim Robb as their new King, \"The King in the North\".", "Robb Stark. Robb continues to win victories against the Lannister army, and earns the nickname \"Young Wolf\" for his ferocity in battle. He sends his mother Lady Catelyn to negotiate an alliance with Renly Baratheon, but Renly is assassinated by his brother Stannis Baratheon with blood magic from the red priestess Melisandre. As Stannis and the Starks still share a common enemy, Robb invades the Westerlands in order to strategically assist Stannis's campaign against the Lannisters. He also sends Theon Greyjoy to Pyke in hope to win the alliance of Theon's father Balon Greyjoy, ruler of the Iron Islands. However Balon decides to take advantage and attack the North instead. Theon joins his father and seizes Winterfell by surprise, where he is believed to have murdered Robb's youngest siblings Bran and Rickon, though in reality they have escaped and gone into hiding.", "Robb Stark. When his father leaves for King's Landing to be made King Robert Baratheon's Hand, Robb becomes acting Lord of Winterfell. After his father's arrest for presumed treason, he marches south with an army in attempt to free his father. To secure passage through the Green Fork at the vital crossing of the Twins, Robb consents to the marriage to one of Walder Frey's daughters or granddaughters negotiated by his mother Lady Catelyn Tully. After crossing the river, he surprises and destroys the Lannister army besieging Riverrun, capturing Jaime Lannister in the process. Upon hearing of his father's execution at King's Landing, Robb is crowned the King in the North by his bannermen and King of the Trident by the Riverlands lords.", "List of Game of Thrones characters. Robb Stark (season 1–3) portrayed by Richard Madden. Robb Stark of House Stark is the eldest son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark and the heir to Winterfell. His dire wolf is called Grey Wind. Robb becomes involved in the war against the Lannisters after his father, Ned Stark, is arrested for treason. Robb summons his bannermen for war against House Lannister and marches to the Riverlands. Eventually, crossing the river at the Twins becomes strategically necessary. To win permission to cross, Robb agrees to marry a daughter of Walder Frey, Lord of the Twins. Robb leads the war effort against the Lannisters and successfully captures Jaime. After Ned is executed, the North and the Riverlands declare their independence from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaim Robb as their new King, \"The King in The North\". He wins a succession of battles in Season 2, earning him the nickname the Young Wolf. However, he feels that he botched the political aspects of war. He sends Theon to the Iron Islands hoping that he can broker an alliance with Balon Greyjoy, Theon's father. In exchange for Greyjoy support, Robb as King in the North will recognize the Iron Islands' independence. He also sends his mother Catelyn to deal with Stannis Baratheon and Renly Baratheon, both of whom are fighting to be the rightful king. Theon and Catelyn fail in their missions, and Balon launches an invasion of the North. Robb falls in love with Talisa Maegyr, a healer from Volantis due to her kindness and spirit. Despite his mother's protest, Robb breaks his engagement with the Freys and marries Talisa in the 2nd-season finale. On news of his grandfather, Lord Hoster Tully's, death, Robb and his party travel north to Riverrun for the funeral, where the young king is reunited with his great-uncle, Ser Brynden \"Blackfish\" Tully, and his uncle, Edmure Tully, the new lord of Riverrun. While at Riverrun, Robb makes the decision to execute Lord Rickard Karstark for the murders of two teenage squires related to the Lannisters, a decision that loses the support of the Karstarks and leads Robb to make the ultimately fatal decision to ask the Freys for their alliance. He is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre, after witnessing the murder of his pregnant wife and their child. Lord Bolton personally executes Robb, stabbing him through the heart while taunting that \"the Lannisters send their regards\", in fact a promise made to Jaime (who had no knowledge of Bolton's impending treason) when leaving for the Twins. His corpse is later decapitated and Grey Wind's head is sewn on and paraded around as the Stark forces are slaughtered by the Freys and the Boltons.", "Robb Stark. Robb Stark is played by Richard Madden in the television adaption of the series of books.[11] There are some slight differences between the TV portrayal and the book version of Robb. Due to the child characters' ages being increased, Robb's age is changed from 14 to 17 years old at the start of the series. Instead of marrying Jeyne Westering (as in the novels), he marries a healer from Volantis named Talisa Maegyr, who is also killed during the Red Wedding. And while Robb is a background character in the books, not having any chapters told from his perspective, he is listed ahead of Michelle Fairley, who plays POV character Catelyn Stark in the books, in the opening credits of many episodes, and we see the Stark's storyline in Seasons 2 and 3 revolve more around Robb in the viewers' eyes as opposed to the readers'.", "Robb Stark. After Stannis's defeat at the Blackwater, Robb withdraws from the Westerlands and returns to Riverrun to attend the funeral of his grandfather Lord Hoster Tully. Upon returning, Robb learns that his mother Lady Catelyn has secretly released the prisoner Jaime Lannister in the hope of exchanging her hostage daughter Sansa in King's Landing. This leads to the mutiny of Lord Rickard Karstark, whose two sons were slain by Jaime during the Battle of Whispering Woods, forcing Robb to execute Lord Rickard and losing the Karstark support. As the war situation is looking bad, Robb tries to repair the alliance with the Freys, by bargaining his uncle Edmure Tully to marry Roslin Frey, hence rebuilding the marriage alliance. The Freys then demand that Robb personally attend the wedding at the Twins as a gesture of apology.", "Robb Stark. In the third novel, A Storm of Swords, Robb Stark is assassinated in an event called the Red Wedding, which was inspired by the Black Dinner and Glencoe Massacre from Scottish history.[8] George Martin has said that he decided to kill Robb Stark because he wished to keep the story difficult to predict: \"I killed Ned because everybody thinks he’s the hero ... The next predictable thing is to think his eldest son is going to rise up and avenge his father. And everybody is going to expect that. So immediately [killing Robb] became the next thing I had to do.\"[8]", "Robb Stark. During one of his assaults in the Westerlands, Robb is wounded, at the same time learns the news of his brothers' apparent murder. Falling ill due to mourning and injury, he falls in love with the noble maiden in charge of nursing him, Jeyne Westerling, taking her virginity. To preserve Jeyne's honor, Robb marries her, rescinding the previous marriage arrangement with House Frey, causing the Freys to desert his army. Meanwhile, Stannis Baratheon, who has suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Blackwater, is urged by Melisandre to use blood magic with leeches to curse the three rival kings Joffrey, Robb and Balon.", "Robb Stark. Robb Stark is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones.", "Rickon Stark. In A Game of Thrones (1996), Ned Stark departs Winterfell with his daughters to serve King Robert Baratheon in King's Landing, while his wife Catelyn remains behind with their sons, grief-stricken over their comatose son Bran. An overwhelmed young Rickon can only follow around his oldest brother Robb, crying.[7] Upset when Robb prepares to leave himself, Rickon hides in the crypts of Winterfell. Shortly after Ned's death in King's Landing, both Bran and Rickon share a vision of their father's spirit in the crypts.[4]", "Robb Stark. In his article \"The War in Westeros and Just War Theory,\" Richard H. Corrigan uses Robb to illustrate the concepts of just cause and right intention in the decision to go to war: \"Robb is not only fighting this war to ensure that his fellow Northerners have a just king [Robb's cause]. He is also doing it to avenge his father, Ned, and to recover his sisters Arya and Sansa [Robb's intention].\" Corrigan speculates that Robb may be suffering from cognitive dissonance and says that, ethically, once Robb has achieved his cause, he is obligated to cease fighting even if he has not yet avenged his family.[13]", "Robb Stark. Madden said that he learned that the character would be killed off early on but otherwise read the books season by season, focusing primarily on the scripts: \"I'm, as an actor, forced to bend the path I put Robb on and change it and keep the surprises coming. Hopefully, I managed to do that.\"[12]", "A Game of Thrones. Robb Stark has gathered an army and marched south in response to his father's arrest; and upon learning of Ned's death, attempts to raise further support from and to aid his maternal grandfather, Lord Hoster Tully. To reach the Tully lands, he agrees to a marital alliance with the notoriously unreliable House Frey, who control the intervening territory but declined to assist the Tullys despite being sworn to Riverrun. Robb proves victorious against Jaime Lannister, who is captured and taken prisoner, while his father Tywin decides to withdraw to the southern border of the Tully lands, sending Tyrion to King's Landing to keep Joffrey under control. When Robb elects not to ally himself with Robert's brothers Renly and Stannis, who have both made claims to the throne, the southern and northern lords hail him as \"King in the North\": his family's ancestral title.", "A Storm of Swords. Robb's forces dwindle further at the Battle of Duskendale, wherein the eastern half of the Stark's armies, under the command of Roose Bolton, are ambushed by a joint army under Gregor Clegane and Lord Randyll Tarly. More losses are taken as the army retreats. Meanwhile, the Greyjoys now hold the Neck, having taken Moat Cailin, thus barring Robb from returning to his homeland. To recapture Moat Cailin from the Greyjoys, Robb relies on the support of the Freys. When Lord Hoster Tully dies, Catelyn's brother Edmure becomes Lord of Riverrun and Lord Paramount of the Trident. Robb gains renewed hope when he learns that Balon Greyjoy has died in a fall from a bridge, whereafter two of Balon's brothers, as well as his daughter Asha, vie to succeed him. The Freys propose a wedding between Edmure and Roslin Frey, one of Lord Walder Frey's daughters, to compensate for the loss of Robb's marriage.", "Richard Madden. He played Callum McGregor in the stage production of Malorie Blackman's Noughts and Crosses in 2008. He later gained the lead role of Dean McKenzie in the 2009 BBC series Hope Springs,[4] followed by his roles as Ripley in the 2010 film Chatroom,[8] and as Theatre of Hate singer Kirk Brandon in the 2010 film Worried About The Boy.[9] From 2011 to 2013, he starred as Robb Stark in the HBO series Game of Thrones, based upon George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels. [10][11][12] Speaking in September 2018, Madden claimed that he was not paid much for his role in Game of Thrones.[13] During this period, Madden also starred in the Channel 4 series Sirens, and in the BBC series Birdsong.", "A Storm of Swords. Robb Stark's army reaches the Twins, where Walder agrees to forgive Robb if the wedding between Edmure and Roslin takes place. At the wedding celebration, the Boltons and Freys turn on the Stark soldiers, massacring the Stark forces. Robb is murdered by Roose Bolton, while Catelyn has her throat cut by Raymund Frey and her body is thrown into the adjacent river. Many of the northern lords are killed, and the survivors captured. Edmure, after consummating his marriage, is kept as a hostage. These events become known as the Red Wedding.", "Robb Stark. Robb is portrayed by Scottish actor Richard Madden in the HBO television adaptation.[1][2][3]", "Robb Stark. But the Internet-crashing shock wasn't fundamentally about death. There's loads of that on TV. What really made this stand out was that it broke the rules – the story just wasn't supposed to go this way. We'd invested in the revenge story of Robb Stark and his family who, in Hollywood narrative terms, should clearly win the war against the Lannisters because that's the way things are done in fairy stories.[9]", "The Rains of Castamere. Martin also said he killed off Robb because he believed the audience would assume that the story was about Ned Stark's heir avenging his death and wished to keep them guessing.[7] He later suggested Talisa — whose counterpart Jeyne Westerling was not killed in the books — died so Robb's heir could not avenge his death.[9]", "Roose Bolton. Following the Northern army's arrival at Harrenhal, Roose presents a letter from Ramsay claiming that the Ironborn sacked Winterfell before fleeing. Robb orders Roose and the Bolton forces to hold Harrenhal while the rest of his army rides to Riverrun. One of Roose's man-at-arms, Locke, captures the escaped Jaime Lannister and his escort Brienne of Tarth, cutting off Jaime's swordhand in the process, before bringing the two to Harrenhal. Roose agrees to let Jaime go, but keeps Brienne as a hostage, though Jaime later returns to secure her release. He then meets up with the Stark army at the Twins for the wedding of Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey. However, it is revealed that Roose has conspired with Lord Walder Frey to betray the Starks, and after the wedding the Freys and Bolton slaughter the Stark forces, with Roose personally killing Robb. As part of the Bolton-Frey alliance, Roose agrees to marry Walder's daughter Walda - Walder offers him the bride's weight in silver as dowry, so Roose decides to marry the fattest of Walder's daughters. In the aftermath of the massacre, Roose hints to Walder that his betrayal of Robb was motivated by resentment at having his advice ignored by Robb. Roose also reveals that Winterfell was actually sacked by his bastard Ramsay, who subsequently flayed the Ironborn garrison there and took Theon prisoner, for his own amusement. As reward for his defection, Tywin Lannister names Roose the Warden of the North.", "Roose Bolton. Roose declares for King in the North Robb Stark and serves as a chief member of his war council, although Robb sternly admonishes Roose when he advocates flaying Lannister prisoners to obtain information. After Theon Greyjoy betrays the Starks and seizes Winterfell, Roose brings the news to Robb and offers to send his bastard son Ramsay Snow with a force of Dreadfort men to oust Theon and the Ironborn from Winterfell.", "Ned Stark. At the decisive Battle of the Trident, Robert manages to kill Prince Rhaegar and scatter the Targaryen army. Robert is injured in the battle, so Ned takes command and marches on the capital. In King's Landing, Ned finds that House Lannister has — through treachery — already sacked the city, and murdered Aerys and the royal family. Disgusted by the dishonorable massacre, Ned departs to lift the siege of the Baratheon stronghold Storm's End, and later attempts to rescue Lyanna but finds his sister dying; her last words are \"Promise me Ned.\" Ned returns to Winterfell with his bastard son Jon Snow in tow; meanwhile Catelyn has delivered their son and Ned's heir, Robb, conceived on their wedding night.", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters. Robb Stark is the oldest child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark, and the heir to Winterfell. He is not a POV character, but features in the POV chapters of his family members in the first three novels in the series.", "Valar Dohaeris. Robb Stark and his forces arrive at Harrenhal, where they discover that Gregor Clegane has abandoned it and slaughtered all the prisoners. Lord Roose Bolton gives sympathy to a still-grieving Lord Rickard Karstark who expresses his frustration that Catelyn Stark let Jaime Lannister go. Bolton assures Karstark that Jaime will be found soon, as his best hunter is after them. Robb stumbles across a survivor among the dead, a man named Qyburn.", "Robb Stark. Robb Stark is not a point of view character in the novels and is mostly a background character.[4] His actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his brother Bran and his mother Lady Catelyn, as well as memories from Jon Snow and Theon Greyjoy.", "Robert Baratheon. At the beginning of A Game of Thrones Robert, then king, has just come to Winterfell to appoint Eddard Stark the Hand of The King.[6] He was unaware that Cersei's three children were therefore fathered by her brother Jaime. More interested in food, drink, and tourneys than in governance, Robert has squandered the royal treasury, leaving the crown heavily in debt. After he dies in a hunting accident orchestrated by Cersei, the kingdoms plunge into civil war. His death incites the war that encompasses the entirety of the following two books, the War of the Five Kings, in which his two brothers, Lords Renly and Stannis Baratheon, declare themselves the rightful kings. Robb Stark is also declared King in the North and King of the Trident, and Lord Balon Greyjoy declares himself King of the Iron Islands.[7]" ]

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[ "Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!. Dadasaheb Phalke Film Foundation Awards", "Sahitya Akademi Award. The recipients who announced to return the awards include: Ajmer Singh Aulakh (Punjabi),[13] Ambika Dutt (Hindi),[14] Anil R. Joshi (Gujarati),[15] Ashok Vajpeyi (Hindi),[16] Atamjit Singh (Punjabi),[13] Baldev Singh Sadaknama (Punjabi),[17] Bhoopal Reddy (Telugu),[18] Chaman Lal (Hindi),[19] Darshan Buttar (Punjabi),[20] Ganesh Devy (Gujarati/English),[21] Ghulam Nabi Khayal (Kashmiri),[22] GN Ranganatha Rao (Kannada),[23] Gurbachan Singh Bhullar (Punjabi),[24] Homen Borgohain (Assamese)[25] Jaswinder Singh (Punjabi),[17] K. Katyayani Vidhmahe (Telugu),[14] Kashi Nath Singh (Hindi),[26] Keki N. Daruwalla (English),[27] Krishna Sobti (Hindi),[14] Kumbar Veerabhadrappa (Kannada),[28] Mandakranta Sen (Bengali),[29] Manglesh Dabral (Hindi),[30] Marghoob Banihali (Kashmiri),[14] Mohan Bhandari (Punjabi),[14] Munawwar Rana (Urdu),[31] Nand Bhardwaj (Rajasthani),[32] Nayantara Sahgal (English),[33] Nirupama Borgohain (Assamese),[14] Rahman Abbas (Urdu),[34] Rahamat Tarikere (Kannada),[35] Rajesh Joshi (Hindi),[36] Sarah Joseph (Malayalam),[37] Srinath DN (Kannada),[38] Surjit Patar (Punjabi),[39] Uday Prakash (Hindi),[40][30] and Waryam Singh Sandhu (Punjabi).[13]", "Dadasaheb Phalke Award. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India's highest award in cinema. It is presented annually at the National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals, an organisation set up by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The recipient is honoured for their \"outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema\"[1] and is selected by a committee consisting of eminent personalities from the Indian film industry.[2] As of 2016[update], the award comprises a Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus) medallion, a shawl, and a cash prize of ₹1,000,000 (US$14,000).[3]", "Dadasaheb Phalke Award. The first recipient of the award was actress Devika Rani, who was honoured at the 17th National Film Awards. As of 2017[update], there have been 49 awardees. Among those, actor Prithviraj Kapoor (1971) and actor Vinod Khanna (2017) are the only posthumous recipients.[5] His actor-filmmaker son, Raj Kapoor, accepted the award on his behalf at the 19th National Film Awards in 1971 and was himself a recipient in 1987 at the 35th National Film Awards ceremony.[6][7][a] Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy (1974) and Bommireddy Nagi Reddy (1986);[10] Raj Kapoor (1987) and Shashi Kapoor (2014);[11] Lata Mangeshkar (1989) and Asha Bhosle (2000) along with Baldev Raj Chopra (1998) and Yash Chopra (2001) are the siblings who have won the award.[12][13][14] The most recent recipient of the award is actor Vinod Khanna who will be honoured at the 65th National Film Awards ceremony. Khanna has been awarded posthumously.", "2018 Open Championship. 16. Winner of the 2017 Asian Tour Order of Merit", "Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan. Mr Kishor Gaikwad was awarded for best design by Hon'ble Chief Minister of Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis on 4th January 2018 in Mumbai.", "Nach Baliye. Farah Khan, Karisma Kapoor, and Arjun Rampal served as the judges.", "Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala. Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala and its cast and crew have been nominated for Zee Gold Awards 2018. Child actress Aakriti has received her first award for this show as the Best Child Actor. Otherside, Mohit Malik has won the Stellar Performer of the Year award for his exhibiting role.[55]", "Hannah Höch. Höch also made strong statements on racial discrimination. Her most famous piece is Schnitt mit dem Küchenmesser DADA durch die letzte Weimarer Bierbauchkulturepoche Deutschlands (\"Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany\"), a critique of Weimar Germany in 1919. This piece combines images from newspapers of the time mixed and re-created to make a new statement about life and art in the Dada movement.", "Cinema of India. Vishal Bhardwaj's 2014 film Haider, the third instalment of Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after Maqbool (2003) and Omkara (2006),[121] won the People's Choice Award at the 9th Rome Film Festival in the Mondo Genere category making it the first Indian film to achieve this feat.[122] Other art film directors active today include Mrinal Sen, Mir Shaani, Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Gautam Ghose, Sandip Ray and Aparna Sen in Bengali cinema; Puttanna Kanagal, Dore Bhagavan, Siddalingaiah in Kannada; Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Shaji N. Karun and T.V. Chandran in Malayalam cinema; Nirad Mohapatra in Oriya cinema; Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalani, Shyam Benegal,[70] Mira Nair, Nagesh Kukunoor, Sudhir Mishra and Nandita Das in Hindi cinema; K. N. T. Sastry, B. Narsing Rao, Akkineni Kutumba Rao, Deva Katta in Telugu cinema and Santosh Sivan in Tamil cinema. Deepa Mehta, Anant Balani, Homi Adajania, Vijay Singh and Sooni Taraporevala have garnered recognition in Indian English cinema.", "The Asian Awards. The following were recipients at the 8th Asian Awards which took place on 27 April 2018.[41]", "Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2018. On 12 April, the SunRisers eked out a hard fought win over the Mumbai Indians in a last-ball thriller. Earlier, Williamson won the toss and elected to field. Sandeep Sharma was handed his debut for the SunRisers, replacing the injured Bhuvneshwar, and started troubling the Mumbai Indians batsmen right from the start, but it was Stanlake who succeeded in dismissing Rohit Sharma. Later, Kaul dismissed Ishan Kishan and Evin Lewis inside power-play. The Mumbai Indians were slowly choked in the middle overs by Rashid, who bowled 18 dot balls and took wicket of Ben Cutting.[26] The Mumbai Indians' batsmen also played some reckless shots losing wickets which finally saw them finishing the innings with 147/8. With a low total to chase, Dhawan played aggressively and laid the platform for the chase stitching a 62-run partnership with Saha in just 6.5 overs. But the introduction of Mayank Markande saw the SunRisers slip from 73/1 to 107/5. Yusuf Pathan and Deepak Hooda brought the SunRisers to within 12 runs of victory before Jasprit Bumrah and Mustafizur Rahman delivered two vital strikes each. Off the final ball, Stanlake hoicked the slower delivery to the midwicket fence to script a one-wicket win.[27][28]", "Hungarian parliamentary election, 2018. Orbán was congratulated by German Chancellor Angela Merkel,[49] Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki,[49][50] Czech Prime Minister Andrej Babiš,[50] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu,[51][52] European Council President Donald Tusk,[53] British foreign minister Boris Johnson[54] and Former Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper.[55] In addition, numerous hard-right and far-right European leaders, including Marine Le Pen, Geert Wilders, Beatrix von Storch, Vice Chancellor of Austria Heinz-Christian Strache, Matteo Salvini, Alexander Gauland, Alice Weidel, and Nigel Farage, congratulated Orbán's election victory.[49][56][57][58][59] German Interior Minister Horst Seehofer also reacted positively at the election results.[59]", "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain. Sakshi Tanwar and Ram Kapoor received the Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Award for portraying their respective roles in the soap opera while Ekta Kapoor received the Best Producer award.[25] Bade Achhe Lagte Hain has also won the Kalakar Award for the Best Serial in 2012.[26] The soap opera was also voted the Most Inspiring Soap in 2013, receiving a vote count of 43.68%.[10]", "The Best FIFA Football Awards 2018. The players chosen were David de Gea as goalkeeper, Dani Alves, Raphaël Varane, Sergio Ramos and Marcelo as defenders, Luka Modrić, N'Golo Kanté and Eden Hazard as midfielders, and Kylian Mbappé, Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo as forwards.[22]", "Diya Aur Baati Hum. Awards and Nominations", "Hungarian parliamentary election, 2018. 1. Gábor Vona\n2. János Volner\n3. Dóra Dúró\n4. Ádám Steinmetz\n5. Andrea Varga-Damm\n6. Dániel Z. Kárpát\n7. Tamás Sneider\n8. Ádám Mirkóczki\n9. Erik Fülöp\n10. Dávid Janiczak\n11. Márton Gyöngyösi\n12. Gergely Farkas\n13. Gábor Staudt\n14. György Szilágyi\n15. Péter Jakab\n16. Enikő Hegedűs\n17. István Szávay\n18. László Lukács\n19. Balázs Ander\n20. Tibor Bana", "Bhaag Milkha Bhaag. Bollywood Hungama's Taran Adarsh predicted that it would \"win accolades, admiration, respect and esteem, besides emerging as a champ\",[44] while Sneha May Francis of Emirates 24/7 gave a thumbs up, saying that the film is \"truly epic\" and that \"despite the prestigious Olympic glory eluding him, Mehra deservedly honors the runner’s other victories and impeccable talent, allowing us to applaud the prodigy.\"[45] Desimartini, with almost 5000 ratings by the end of the weekend stated the following: \"Superbly directed, Bhaag Milkha Bhaag is an outstanding film with an incredible performance by Farhan Akhtar. Though long, it keeps you hooked throughout. Don't miss this patriotic tribute to Milkha Singh.\"", "64th National Film Awards. Introduced in 1969, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award is the highest award given to recognise the contributions of film personalities towards the development of Indian cinema and for distinguished contributions to the medium, its growth and promotion. \"[4]", "Ardh Satya. Govind Nihalani said in an interview on Indian TV after winning the National Award that the \"moment\" had actually occurred just before filming, during the rehearsal, where actor Om Puri broke down and started weeping openly while reciting this poem; Nihalani reached out a hand to comfort him and then withdrew it feeling that \"his anguish was too monumental for a mere touch to provide any solace\". He subsequently instructed Smita Patil to play the scene like this, giving her his futile gesture.", "2018 Open Championship. 25. Winner of the 2018 European Amateur", "National Film Awards. In addition, a lifetime achievement award, named after the father of Indian cinema Dadasaheb Phalke, is awarded to a film personality for the outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian Cinema.[6][7]", "Shreya Ghoshal. At the age of 26, Ghoshal has won four National Film Awards[293] for Best Female Playback Singing: \"Bairi Piya\" for Devdas (2002),[27] \"Dheere Jalna\" for Paheli (2005),[50] \"Yeh Ishq Haaye\" for Jab We Met (2007),[86] and one award for both songs \"Pherari Mon\" for the Bengali film Antaheen (2008) and \"Jeev Rangla\" for the Marathi film Jogwa (2008).[97][98] Ghoshal has won six Filmfare Awards: one RD Burman Award for New Music Talent ,[294] and five awards in Best Female Playback Singer category for \"Dola Re Dola\" for Devdas (2003),[294] \"Jaadu Hai Nasha Hai\" for Jism (2004),[295] \"Barso Re\" for Guru (2008),[296] \"Teri Ore\" for Singh Is Kinng (2009),[297] and \"Deewani Mastani\" for Bajirao Mastani (2016).[157] Ghoshal has won nine Filmfare Awards South for Best Female Playback Singer to date.[298]", "Manna Dey. Dey was bestowed with the Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan.", "FIFA World Cup awards. Fritz Walter \n József Bozsik \n Nándor Hidegkuti \n Zoltán Czibor", "63rd National Film Awards. Introduced in 1969, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award is the highest award given to recognise the contributions of film personalities towards the development of Indian cinema and for distinguished contributions to the medium, its growth and promotion.[2]", "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain. Sakshi Tanwar and Ram Kapoor received the Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Award for portraying their respective roles in Bade Achhe Lagte Hain, while Ekta Kapoor received the Best Producer award.[25] Bade Achhe Lagte Hain also won the Kalakar Award for the Best Serial in 2012.[26] In addition, the show has won six Indian Television Academy Awards,[69] three Star Guild Awards,[70] five Indian Telly Awards, three FICCI Frames Excellence Honours and two People's Choice Awards.[71]", "MasterChef India. Finalists Nikita Gandhi became the winner, with Neha Deepak Shah as first runner-up, and Bhakti Arora as second runner up. [8]", "Dadasaheb Phalke. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award, for lifetime contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honour by the Government of India in 1969. The award is one of the most prestigious awards in Indian cinema and is the highest official recognition for film personalities in the country.[5] A postage stamp bearing his face was released by India Post to honour him in 1971. An honorary award from the Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Mumbai was introduced in the year 2001, for lifetime achievement in Indian cinema.[6]", "Hina Khan (actress). In late February 2018, she wrapped up the shooting of a Punjabi music video with Sonu Thukral which is set to release in March 2018.[35] In the same year, she became the victim of troll for posting the image of her teddybear named 'Pooh' which she have lost it when saving her co-contastant Luv Tyagi during the task in Bigg Boss.[36][37] Again, she was trolled for her Dubai photos which she posted on Twitter, but this time, she also replied to trollers.[38] On 7th March 2018, a day before Women's Day, Hina also received a \"Power Woman\" award at Power Women Fiesta Awards 2018.[39] In March 2018, she appeared on the magazine cover of Fitlook magazine for March issue.[40] On March 31st, it was announced that she has signed on to make her digital debut with Ankoosh Bhatt's short film 'SmartPhone' opposite actor Kunaal Roy Kapur.[41] On April 2nd, she walked the ramp for Streax Professional in Mumbai for marigold collection.[42] On April 21st, Hina Was awarded \"Dada Saheb Phalke Excellence Award\" for the Best Entertainer in Reality Show Bigg Boss.[43]", "Saajan. The music of the film was a blockbuster with many popular songs such as \"Dekha Hai Pehli Baar\", \"Mera Dil Bhi Kitna Pagal Hai\", \"Jiye toh Jiye Kaise\" and \"Bahut Pyar Karte Hai\". The music is composed by Nadeem-Shravan and lyrics by Sameer. Most of the songs are sung by SP Balasubramanyam for Salman Khan. Kumar Sanu who voiced for Sanjay Dutt's character bagged his second Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song \"Mera Dil Bhi Kitna Pagal Hai\". Pankaj Udhas, Anuradha Paudwal and Alka Yagnik also rendered their voice for the album. All the singers were nominated for Filmfare Awards.", "65th National Film Awards. Introduced in 1969, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award is the highest award given to recognise the contributions of film personalities towards the development of Indian cinema and for distinguished contributions to the medium, its growth and promotion.\"[4]" ]

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[ "Missouri. There is no official state nickname.[15] However, Missouri's unofficial nickname is the \"Show Me State\", which appears on its license plates. This phrase has several origins. One is popularly ascribed to a speech by Congressman Willard Vandiver in 1899, who declared that \"I come from a state that raises corn and cotton, cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I'm from Missouri, and you have got to show me.\" This is in keeping with the saying \"I'm from Missouri\" which means \"I'm skeptical of the matter and not easily convinced.\"[16] However, according to researchers, the phrase \"show me\" was already in use before the 1890s.[17] Another one states that it is a reference to Missouri miners who were taken to Leadville, Colorado to replace striking workers. Since the new men were unfamiliar with the mining methods, they required frequent instruction.[15]", "Missouri. Well-known Missourians include U.S. President Harry S. Truman, Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry and Nelly. Some of the largest companies based in the state include Cerner, Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, H&R Block, Wells Fargo Advisors and O'Reilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the \"Mother of the West\" and the \"Cave State\"; however, Missouri's most famous nickname is the \"Show Me State\", as Missourians are known for being skeptical.", "Missouri. Missouri has been known for its population's generally \"stalwart, conservative, noncredulous\" attitude toward regulatory regimes, which is one of the origins of the state's unofficial nickname, the \"Show-Me State\".[86] As a result, and combined with the fact that Missouri is one of America's leading alcohol states, regulation of alcohol and tobacco in Missouri is among the most laissez-faire in America. For 2013, the annual \"Freedom in the 50 States\" study prepared by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University ranked Missouri as #3 in America for alcohol freedom and #1 for tobacco freedom (#7 for freedom overall).[87] The study notes that Missouri's \"alcohol regime is one of the least restrictive in the United States, with no blue laws and taxes well below average\", and that \"Missouri ranks best in the nation on tobacco freedom\".[87]", "Alcohol laws of Missouri. Nicknamed the \"Show Me State\" for Missourians' well-known \"stalwart, conservative, noncredulous\" attitude toward regulation in general,[2] this tendency always has been readily visible with regard to the state's alcohol laws. Missouri's laissez-faire approach to alcohol regulation also stems from its position as the leading alcohol-producing state in America, well known for wine production in the Missouri Rhineland and for beer production in St. Louis by Anheuser-Busch, which produces Budweiser. Anheuser-Busch is the principal advocate of keeping Missouri's alcohol laws as lax as they are.[3]", "Missouri. Other nicknames for Missouri include \"The Lead State\", \"The Bullion State\", \"The Ozark State\", \"The Mother of the West\", \"The Iron Mountain State\", and \"Pennsylvania of the West\".[18] It is also known as the \"Cave State\" because there are more than 6000 recorded caves in the state (second to Tennessee). Perry County is the county with the largest number of caves and the single longest cave.[19]", "Major League Baseball rivalries. The rivalry between the St. Louis Cardinals of the National League and Kansas City Royals of the American League is a Major League Baseball series sometimes known as the I-70 Series or the Show-Me Series. This rivalry is so called because the two cities are located in the state of Missouri, whose nickname is the \"Show Me State\", and both cities are located along Interstate 70. They played each other for the first time in the 1985 World Series, which the Royals won in seven games. Owing to their geographical proximity, the teams face each other every regular season in interleague play.", "The Dome at America's Center. The Dome held the annual Missouri State High School Activities Association football championship games from 1996–2015. The Show-Me Bowl had previously been contested at Faurot Field in Columbia, Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Robert W. Plaster Stadium in Springfield and Busch Memorial Stadium. With the Rams' departure and the effective end of football at the facility, the MSHSAA voted to return to rotating hosts, with Springfield getting the 2016 championship and Columbia the 2017.", "Missouri. Missouri is widely regarded as a bellwether in American politics, often making it a swing state. The state had a longer stretch of supporting the winning presidential candidate than any other state, having voted with the nation in every election from 1904 to 2004 with a single exception: 1956, when Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson of neighboring Illinois lost the election despite carrying Missouri. The state's status as a bellwether has been questioned in recent years, as Missouri twice voted against Democrat Barack Obama, who nonetheless widely prevailed in the 2008 and 2012 elections. Missouri's nearly 10% margin in favor of the losing Mitt Romney in 2012 suggests the state is starting to trend more Republican in presidential contests.", "Missouri bellwether. The Missouri bellwether is a political phenomenon that notes that the state of Missouri voted for the winner in all but three U.S. Presidential elections from 1904 to 2016 (the exceptions are 1956, 2008 and 2012). While states like Ohio, Iowa, Nevada, and New Mexico have been arguably stronger indicators of political trends in recent years, Missouri was a consistent swing state throughout the 20th century. Nevada has voted for the winner of every presidential election from 1912 to the present, excluding 1976 and 2016, perhaps making it the new bellwether state. Prior to the 2008 elections, Lincoln County, Missouri was said to be the only bellwether county in a bellwether state.[1] Missouri is also considered a bellwether of U.S. views on hot-button social issues such as stem cell research,[2] gay rights,[3] and school vouchers.[4] Some economists also consider the state a bellwether for economic trends such as consumer confidence and unemployment.[5]", "Missouri. Missouri's culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States. The musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser-known St. Louis-style barbecue, can be found across the state and beyond. St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing; Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks. Missouri's alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks and Branson.", "Missouri State University. MSU is also the licensee operating Ozark Public Television, providing PBS programming and instructional television services to 549,540 households in Southwest Missouri and the adjoining three state area.[42] KOZK, the PBS member station in Springfield airs on digital channel 23, virtual channel 21, and a sister station, KOZJ, airs in Joplin, Missouri as digital channel 25, virtual channel 26. The stations digital signal multicasts as 21.1/26.1: OPT-High Definition; 21.2/26.2: OPT-ED (Airs telecourses from MSU as well as miscellaneous PBS programming); and 21.3/26.3: Create, a how-to/DIY network. The broadcast and studio facilities are located in Strong Hall.", "St. Louis Cardinals. Although both teams play in the state of Missouri, they did not play each other for the first time until the 1985 World Series, which the Royals won in seven games, but which is perhaps best remembered for a controversial call from umpire Don Denkinger in Game 6. Due to their geographical proximity, the teams have faced each other every regular season in interleague play since it started in 1997. This is also referred to as the \"Show Me Series\" or the \"I-70 Series\", as both cities are located in Missouri and are connected by Interstate 70. The two teams celebrated the 30th anniversary of their rivalry in 2015. St. Louis leads the series 51 games to 37 as of June 28, 2016.", "Missouri. Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States.[5] With over six million residents, it is the 18th most populous state. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River. The state is the 21st most extensive in area. In the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the eastern border of the state.", "Missouri. Missouri is the native state of Mark Twain. His novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are set in his boyhood hometown of Hannibal. Authors Kate Chopin, T. S. Eliot and Tennessee Williams were from St. Louis. Kansas City-born writer William Least Heat-Moon resides in Rocheport. He is best known for Blue Highways, a chronicle of his travels to small towns across America, which was on the New York Times Bestseller list for 42 weeks in 1982–1983.", "Missouri bellwether. Location and demographics are most often cited as the cause of Missouri's bellwether status. In 2004, the Chicago Tribune called Missouri the \"bellwether state that almost exactly mirrors the demographic, economic and political makeup of the nation.\"[10] A microcosm of the country's current political makeup, Missouri has its two Blue \"coasts\" of St. Louis and Kansas City with Red middle and southern areas (see Red states and blue states).[citation needed]", "Missouri Waltz. \"Missouri Waltz\" is the official state song of Missouri and is associated with the University of Missouri.", "Midwestern United States. Missouri was historically considered a \"bellwether state\", having voted for the winner in every presidential election since 1904, with three exceptions: in 1956 for Democrat Adlai Stevenson II; in 2008 for Republican John McCain; and in 2012 for Republican Mitt Romney. Missouri's House delegation has generally been evenly divided, with the Democrats holding sway in the large cities at the opposite ends of the state, Kansas City and St. Louis (although the Kansas City suburbs are now trending Republican), and the Republicans controlling the rest of the state, save for a pocket of Democratic strength in Columbia, home to the University of Missouri. However, as a result of the 2012 elections, Republicans now have a 6–2 majority in the state's House delegation, with African-American Democrats representing the major cities. Missouri's Senate seats were mostly controlled by Democrats until the latter part of the 20th century, but the Republicans have held one or both Senate seats continuously since 1976.[citation needed]", "American frontier. Missouri, a Union state where slavery was legal, became a battleground when the pro-secession governor, against the vote of the legislature, led troops to the federal arsenal at St. Louis; he was aided by Confederate forces from Arkansas and Louisiana. However Union General Samuel Curtis regained St. Louis and all of Missouri for the Union. The state was the scene of numerous raids and guerrilla warfare in the west.[122]", "Culture of the Southern United States. Missouri is classified as a Midwestern state by the Census Bureau and some of its residents. St. Louis was known as the \"Gateway to the West\" when settlement was expanding. The northern edge of the Ozark Plateau was settled chiefly by mid-to-late 19th century German immigrants, however, who founded numerous vineyards and wineries. Due to this, Missouri was the second-largest wine-producing state before Prohibition, which destroyed the industry. Wineries have been rebuilt since the later decades of the 20th century, and Missouri wineries are competing well in national festivals. Part of the Missouri River valley, from beyond St. Louis suburbs in St. Charles County to east of Jefferson City, is known as the Missouri Rhineland because of the extensive vineyards and wineries based on German immigrant tradition and descendants.", "Tell 'Em Steve-Dave!. The show influenced the creation of the 2012 AMC TV reality show Comic Book Men. The show is set in the Stash and the cast includes Walt, Bryan, Ming, Mike, and Kevin. A producer on Smith's film Red State knew someone at AMC and talked to Smith abdout doing a TV show. Smith had the idea of a comic store version of Pawn Stars. The network liked it and the search for a suitable store began. An AMC producer heard the TESD podcast, and this eventually led to the show being set in the Secret Stash store itself.[2] Johnson can be seen wearing a TESD shirt during many episodes of the show. His arm tattoo also features a zombified picture of his niece wearing a TESD shirt.[3]", "Missouri. The University of Missouri System is Missouri's statewide public university system. The flagship institution and largest university in the state is the University of Missouri in Columbia. The others in the system are University of Missouri–Kansas City, University of Missouri–St. Louis, and Missouri University of Science and Technology in Rolla.", "Missouri bellwether. From 1904 to 2004, Missouri's electoral votes went to the person who became President of the United States, with one exception. In 1956 during the landslide re-election of President Dwight Eisenhower, when Missouri went to Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson. Missouri's accuracy in voting with the national consensus includes the \"too close to call\" elections of 1948 (when Missourian Harry S. Truman was elected to his only full term as President), 1960, 1976, 2000, and 2016.", "Missouri. The Missouri State Board of Education has general authority over all public education in the state of Missouri. It is made up of eight citizens appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Missouri Senate.", "Missouri in the American Civil War. A slave state since statehood in 1821, Missouri's geographic position in the center of the country and at the rural edge of the American frontier ensured that it remained a divisive battleground for competing Northern and Southern ideologies in the years preceding the war. When the war began in 1861, it became clear that control of the Mississippi River and the burgeoning economic hub of St. Louis would make Missouri a strategic territory in the Trans-Mississippi Theater.", "Buck passing. The reverse of the sign reads, \"I'm from Missouri.\"[6] This is a reference to Truman's home state, as well as Willard Duncan Vandiver's statement, \"I'm from Missouri. You've got to show me\".", "Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The Missouri State building was the largest of the state buildings, as Missouri was the host state. Though it had sections with marble floors and heating and air conditioning, it was planned to be a temporary structure. However, it burned the night of November 18–19, just eleven days before the Fair was to end. Most of the interior was destroyed, but some contents were rescued without damage, including some furniture and much of the contents of the fair's Model Library. Since the fair was almost over, the building was not rebuilt. After the fair, the current World's Fair Pavilion in Forest Park was built on the site of the Missouri building with profits from the fair in 1909–10.", "Missouri. Though regular Confederate troops staged some large-scale raids into Missouri, the fighting in the state for the next three years consisted chiefly of guerrilla warfare. \"Citizen soldiers\" or insurgents such as Captain William Quantrill, Frank and Jesse James, the Younger brothers, and William T. Anderson made use of quick, small-unit tactics. Pioneered by the Missouri Partisan Rangers, such insurgencies also arose in portions of the Confederacy occupied by the Union during the Civil War. Historians have portrayed stories of the James brothers' outlaw years as an American \"Robin Hood\" myth.[33] The vigilante activities of the Bald Knobbers of the Ozarks in the 1880s were an unofficial continuation of insurgent mentality long after the official end of the war, and they are a favorite theme in Branson's self-image.[34]", "Springfield, Missouri. Springfield's nickname is \"Queen City of the Ozarks\" and it is known as the \"Birthplace of Route 66\". It is home to three universities, including Missouri State University, Drury University, and Evangel University.", "Jackson County, Missouri. During the Civil War, Jackson County was the scene of several engagements, the most notable of which was the Battle of Westport, sometimes referred to as \"the Gettysburg of Missouri,\" in 1864. The Union victory here firmly established Northern control of Missouri, and led to the failure of Confederate General Sterling Price's Missouri expedition. Other noteworthy battles were fought in Independence in 1862, Lone Jack a few days later, and again in Independence in 1864.", "Missouri. The U.S. Census of 2010 found that the population center of the United States is in Texas County, while the 2000 Census found the mean population center to be in Phelps County. The center of population of Missouri is in Osage County, in the city of Westphalia.[54]", "Missouri. The southeastern part of the state is known as the Bootheel region, which is part of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain or Mississippi embayment. This region is the lowest, flattest, warmest, and wettest part of the state. It is also among the poorest, as the economy there is mostly agricultural.[25] It is also the most fertile, with cotton and rice crops predominant. The Bootheel was the epicenter of the four New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811 and 1812.", "Missouri Compromise. When the Missouri statehood bill was opened for debate in the House of Representative on February 13, 1819, early exchanges on the floor proceeded without serious incident.[21]" ]

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[ "List of Arrow episodes. As of May 17, 2018,[update] 138 episodes of Arrow have aired, concluding the sixth season. On April 2, 2018, the CW renewed the series for a seventh season, which is set to premiere on October 15, 2018.[1][2]", "Arrow (season 7). In May 2018, it was announced that Arrow would move to Mondays for its seventh season, a first for the series, due to The CW's programming expansion to Sunday nights.[45] On June 20, the network released its fall schedule, revealing that the series would additionally move from the 9:00 pm time-slot to the 8:00 pm time-slot, to serve as the lead-in to Legends of Tomorrow. The season premiered on The CW in the United States on October 15, 2018.[46]", "Arrow (season 7). The ninth episode will be part of the \"Elseworlds\" crossover event, and air on December 10, 2018.[8] David Ramsey will direct the eleventh episode of the season.[9] Alexandra La Roche will direct an episode this season.[10]", "Arrow (season 7). The seventh season of the American television series Arrow, which is based on the DC Comics character Oliver Queen / Green Arrow, premiered on The CW on October 15, 2018 and is set to consist of 22 episodes.[1] The season follows Oliver, a former billionaire businessman and politician, and the aftermath of outing himself as a vigilante. It is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe. The season is produced by Berlanti Productions, Warner Bros. Television, and DC Entertainment. This is the first season with Beth Schwartz as showrunner following the departures of Marc Guggenheim and Wendy Mericle.", "Arrow (TV series). In October 2014, a spin-off series set in the same universe, titled The Flash, premiered.[2] In August 2015, an animated spin-off, Vixen, was released, while a second live-action spin-off, Legends of Tomorrow, premiered in January 2016, featuring a number of characters from Arrow and The Flash. On January 8, 2017, The CW renewed the show for a sixth season,[3] which debuted on October 12, 2017.[4]", "Arrow (season 7). The season was ordered in April 2018, and production began that July. Stephen Amell stars as Oliver, with principal cast members David Ramsey, Emily Bett Rickards, Echo Kellum, Rick Gonzalez, Juliana Harkavy, and Katie Cassidy also returning from previous seasons. Colton Haynes, a principal cast member for seasons two and three and a special guest actor for seasons four and six, was reinstated as a series regular for the seventh season. They are joined by Kirk Acevedo, who was promoted to a series regular from his recurring status in season six.", "Arrow (season 7). Production for the season began on July 6, 2018,[41] in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is set to conclude on April 18, 2019.[10] In May 2018, Stephen Amell revealed that co-star David Ramsey would direct the eleventh episode of the season, marking Ramsey's directorial debut.[37] Amell also grew a beard during the filming hiatus to accurately resemble the Green Arrow of the comics.[42]", "List of Arrow episodes. Arrow is an American television series, developed by Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg, based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow. The series premiered in the United States on October 10, 2012 for The CW television network. The first five seasons have been released on DVD to Regions 1, 2 and 4 and on Blu-ray to Regions A and B.", "Arrow (TV series). During the 100th episode of Arrow season 5, some returning characters from previous seasons make an appearance in \"Invasion!\", a crossover episode of Supergirl, The Flash, Arrow and Legends of Tomorrow,[206] where Thea, Diggle, Sara, Ray and Oliver are abducted by the Dominators and were put in dream stasis to gather intel while they are shown what would their lives be like if Oliver never got on the boat. In an interview with Variety, Guggenheim said that a 2017 crossover event between the four shows is possible, but it's \"something that is more up to the network and the audience\".[207]", "Arrow (TV series). On February 23, 2016, Titan Books released Arrow: Vengeance, a tie-in novelization written by Oscar Balderrama and Lauren Certo, which is set before and during the second season, detailing the origins of Slade Wilson, Sebastian Blood, and Isabel Rochev, and how they eventually meet and collaborate with each other to battle Oliver's alter-ego as seen in the television series.[173] On November 29, 2016, Titan Books released The Flash: The Haunting of Barry Allen, a tie-in novelization written by Susan and Clay Griffith, set during the second season of The Flash and the fourth season of Arrow, which features characters from both shows;[174] the story continued in Arrow: A Generation of Vipers, released on March 28, 2017, again written by the Griffiths.[175]", "Arrow (season 2). This season was prefaced with a recap episode airing on October 2, 2013, titled \"Year One\". It featured highlights from season one and a special preview of season two.[12]", "Arrow (TV series). A third series, Arrow: The Dark Archer, is written by Barrowman with his sister Carole, and with an art team led by Daniel Sampere. The comic, initially set between season three and four of the show before flashing back, explores a younger Malcolm Merlyn and his past, with Corto Maltese and Nanda Parbat featured. Barrowman, who initially pitched the series to DC Comics as another with the ability to tell Merlyn's backstory, said he \"had a backstory in my head for Malcolm from the beginning and a lot of it has made its way into our comic and onto the screen. I think it's always been my job to help the audience relate to Malcolm in some way despite his questionable morals and evil ways.\" Executive producers Guggenheim and Kreisberg helped the Barrowmans ensure the story would fit within the continuity of the series. The 12 chapter series will be released digitally bi-weekly starting January 13, 2016, before the entire story is collected in a single print edition at a later date.[162]", "Arrow (TV series). Arrow premiered on The CW network from October 10, 2012, during the 2012–13 television season.[67][68] In Canada, the show is broadcast simultaneously on the same day as the United States.[69] The show premiered outside North America throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland,[70] on October 22, 2012.[71] In Australia, the series premiered on May 1, 2013,[72] on the Nine Network, before moving to Foxtel for the fourth season.[73]", "Arrow (season 7). The main cast of the season as well as Beth Schwartz attended San Diego Comic-Con on July 21, 2018 to promote the season and debut exclusive footage.[47]", "Arrow (season 1). Arrow: Season 1 was released as a 5-disc DVD set and as a 9-disc Blu-ray/DVD Combo Pack set on September 17, 2013 in the United States and September 23, 2013 in the United Kingdom. The DVD/Blu-ray box sets contain additional features, including making-of featurettes, deleted scenes, gag reel, and highlights from the Paley Fest 2012.[84]", "Arrow (season 2). The second season of the American television series Arrow premiered on The CW on October 10, 2013 and concluded on May 14, 2014 with a total of 23 episodes. The series is based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow, a costumed crime-fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp. The showrunners for this season were Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg. This season introduces characters from The Flash, which was being developed as a potential spin-off at the time.", "Flash vs. Arrow. The episodes, along with the rest of The Flash's first season and Arrow's third season, were released separately on Blu-ray and DVD on September 22, 2015. Bonus features include behind-the-scenes featurettes, audio commentary, deleted scenes, and a blooper reel.[34][35] The episodes became available for streaming on Netflix on October 6 and October 7, 2015, respectively.[36][37]", "Arrowverse. On February 23, 2016, Titan Books released Arrow: Vengeance, a tie-in novel by Oscar Balderrama and Lauren Certo, which is set before and during Arrow's second season, which details the origins of Slade Wilson, Isabel Rochev, and Sebastian Blood, and how they would all eventually meet and collaborate with each other to battle Oliver Queen/The Arrow as seen in the TV series. On November 29, 2016, Titan released Flash: The Haunting of Barry Allen, a tie-in novel by Susan and Clay Griffith, which is set during The Flash's second season and Arrow's fourth season, which detailed that after he closed the temporal anomaly that nearly destroyed Central City, Barry an older version of himself, beaten, injured, and batter, but before he can speak, his doppelganger disappears. Barry then starts experiencing glitches in his powers, moments that leave him immobile and ghostly during missions. When a group of his worst villains, including Pied Piper, Weather Wizard, and Peek-a-Boo, decide to launch an assault on him, so Barry decides to seek help from his most trusted ally, Oliver Queen/Green Arrow. The story continues in Arrow: A Generation of Vipers, by Susan and Clay Griffith, which was released by Titan on March 28, 2017, which detailed Team Flash and Team Arrow working together to eliminate the bizarre energy that threatens to kill the Flash. When their quest leads them to Markovia, they must get past an army of mercenaries and assassins to face the mysterious Count Wallenstein.", "Crisis on Earth-X. The crossover began with Supergirl and Arrow on November 27, 2017, and concluded on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28, all on The CW. Arrow, which normally aired on Thursdays at 9 pm, moved to Monday at 9 pm for the crossover and did not air an additional episode on November 30. Pedowitz stated that they decided to have the crossover occur over two nights, as opposed to the four nights of \"Invasion!\", because The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow were already paired together on The CW's schedule, and \"it would be better and tighter in terms of storytelling to make it like a two-night, four-hour miniseries. We thought this was a tight, concise way of doing it.\"[22] Guggenheim added, \"We're really approaching this big four-part event as two back-to-back two-hour movies, and I think when you look at it through that lens, it becomes less important for the Supergirl episode to feel like a Supergirl episode and the Arrow episode to feel like an Arrow episode, which was always our approach in the past.\"[19]", "Arrowverse. A fourth novel entitled Arrow: Fatal Legacies was released in January 2018. It is co-authored by Arrow executive producer Marc Guggenheim and James R. Tuck, and is set between the fifth-season finale and sixth-season premiere of Arrow.[238] A fifth novel, following The Flash villain Weather Wizard in his attempts at revenge, was released in May 2018. Written by Richard A. Knaak, the novel is titled The Flash: Climate Changeling.[239]", "Arrow (season 2). On February 11, 2013, The CW renewed Arrow for a second season for the 2013-14 season.[37]", "Arrow (season 7). Main cast members Stephen Amell, David Ramsey, Emily Bett Rickards, Echo Kellum, Rick Gonzalez, Juliana Harkavy, and Katie Cassidy return from previous seasons as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow, John Diggle / Spartan, Felicity Smoak / Overwatch, Curtis Holt / Mister Terrific, René Ramirez / Wild Dog, Dinah Drake / Black Canary, and Laurel Lance / Black Siren, respectively.[37] The seventh season is the first not to feature original cast members Willa Holland and Paul Blackthorne, who play Thea Queen / Speedy and Quentin Lance, respectively, following both actors' departures during the previous season.[38] On April 9, 2018, it was announced that Colton Haynes would return as a series regular for the seventh season after previously starring in the second and third seasons and making guest appearances in the fourth and sixth seasons.[39] The following month, Guggenheim confirmed that Haynes would be reprising his role as Roy Harper / Arsenal from previous appearances, and not another version of the character.[40] On October 11, Kirk Acevedo was promoted to series regular status after previously recurring in the sixth season as main antagonist, Ricardo Diaz / Dragon.[26] Jack Moore returned in the recurring role of Oliver's son William Clayton, with Ben Lewis portraying the character in flashforwards.[12]", "Invasion! (Arrowverse). The episodes, along with the rest of Legends of Tomorrow's second season, The Flash's third season, and Arrow's fifth season, were released separately on Blu-ray and DVD in Region 1 on August 15, 2017,[35] on September 5,[36] and on September 19, respectively.[37] The three episodes accompanied with three Allied: The Invasion Complex behind-the-scenes featurettes, included separately in each series home media release, were also released together on a separate DVD on August 17, 2017 in Region 2,[38] and will be released on September 20 in Region 4.[39] The episodes are available for streaming on Netflix and The CW app.[40][41]", "Arrow (season 1). Filming for the rest of the season commenced on July 18, 2012 and finalized on April 18, 2013.", "Arrow (season 7). In May 2018, Stephen Amell announced at The CW upfronts that the next Arrowverse crossover would feature Batwoman and Gotham City. The crossover, \"Elseworlds\", is slated to air in December 2018, ahead of a potential 2019 solo series for the character.[43][44][8]", "Arrow (season 1). The first season of the American action television series Arrow premiered on October 10, 2012 at 8:00 pm (ET) on The CW, consisting of a total of 23 episodes after the network ordered a full season on October 22, 2012.[1] The series is based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow, a costumed crime-fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp. The showrunners for this season were Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg.", "List of Arrow episodes. Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen (Stephen Amell), who, after five years of being stranded on a hostile island, returns home to his mother, Moira Queen (Susanna Thompson) and sister, Thea Queen (Willa Holland) and becomes a bow and arrow-wielding vigilante. He is initially aided by his friends, John Diggle (David Ramsey) and Felicity Smoak (Emily Bett Rickards), and later aspiring vigilantes Roy Harper (Colton Haynes), Ray Palmer (Brandon Routh), Curtis Holt (Echo Kellum), Rene Ramirez (Rick Gonzalez), Evelyn Sharp (Madison McLaughlin), Rory Regan (Joe Dinicol), and Dinah Drake (Juliana Harkavy) join them. In addition, Queen's team receives help from the Lance family; Laurel (Katie Cassidy), Sara (Caity Lotz), and Quentin (Paul Blackthorne), sharing the goal of bringing justice to Starling City (later, Star City). The series also featured flashbacks in most episodes in the first five seasons to the time Queen was missing, and how his experiences there shaped him into the man who returned home to fight crime.", "Arrow (season 7). At the Television Critics Association winter press tour in January 2018, The CW president Mark Pedowitz said he was \"optimistic\" and \"confident\" about Arrow and the other Arrowverse shows returning next season, but added that it was too soon to announce anything just yet.[22] On April 2, The CW gave the series an early renewal for its seventh season.[23] Marc Guggenheim and Wendy Mericle stepped down as showrunners at the end of the sixth season, with veteran writer Beth Schwartz taking over as sole showrunner for the seventh season. Guggenheim, who co-created the show, will still be involved as a consultant.[24]", "List of Arrow episodes. David Ramsey will direct the eleventh episode of the season.[151]", "Green Arrow. On January 18, 2012, The CW green-lit a pilot for a proposed Green Arrow series with Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg producing. The series, Arrow, offers a fresh take on the character, and initially does not feature superpowers, as a way to take a realistic look at the characters in this universe. In addition to being the vigilante archer the series also features flashbacks to Oliver's time on the island and the events that shaped him into the hero in the present.[37]Andrew Kreisberg explained that, \"We designed [Oliver] as a character a little more tortured\" than the comic series Green Arrow.[38] Stephen Amell portrays Oliver Queen in the series.[39][40] It premiered in North America on October 10, 2012,[41] and was picked up for a full season later that month.[42] On February 11, 2013, Arrow was renewed for a second season,[43] which premiered on October 9, 2013.[44] On February 13, 2014, The CW renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on October 8, 2014.[45] On January 11, 2015, Arrow was renewed for a 23-episode fourth season,[46] which has premiered on October 7, 2015. Unlike in the comic books, Queen does not go by the alias \"Green Arrow\" until the fourth season; in the first season he is called \"The Hood\" and during the second and third seasons, he re-dubs himself \"The Arrow\" until Ra's al Ghul's monomania in trying to get him to be his successor forces Roy Harper to take the fall as being the Arrow to save Oliver from the police. On January 8, 2017, The CW renewed the show for a sixth season.", "Arrow (TV series). Arrow is an American superhero television series developed by writer/producers Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim, and Andrew Kreisberg. It is based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow, a costumed crime-fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp. It premiered in North America on The CW on October 10, 2012, with international broadcasting taking place in late 2012. Primarily filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the series follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen (Stephen Amell), who, five years after being stranded on a hostile island, returns home to fight crime and corruption as a secret vigilante whose weapon of choice is a bow and arrow.", "New Battles Without Honor and Humanity: The Boss's Head. Arrow Films released a limited edition Blu-ray and DVD box set of all three films in the UK on August 21, 2017, and in the US on August 29, 2017. Special features include interviews with screenwriter Koji Takada and an appreciation video by Fukasaku biographer Sadao Yamane.[3]" ]

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[ "Uncle Sam. Uncle Sam (initials U.S.) is a common national personification of the American government or the United States in general that, according to legend, came into use during the War of 1812 and was supposedly named for Samuel Wilson. The actual origin is by a legend.[2] Since the early 19th century, Uncle Sam has been a popular symbol of the US government in American culture and a manifestation of patriotic emotion.[3] While the figure of Uncle Sam represents specifically the government, the goddess Columbia represents the United States as a nation.", "Uncle Sam. The precise origin of the Uncle Sam character is unclear, but a popular legend is that the name \"Uncle Sam\" was derived from Samuel Wilson, a meatpacker from Troy, New York who supplied rations for American soldiers during the War of 1812. There was a requirement at the time for contractors to stamp their name and where the rations came from onto the food they were sending. Wilson's packages were labeled \"E.A – US.\" When someone asked what that stood for, a co-worker jokingly said, \"Elbert Anderson [the contractor] and Uncle Sam,\" referring to Wilson, though the \"US\" actually stood for United States.[10] Doubts have been raised as to the authenticity of this story, as the claim did not appear in print until 1842.[11] Additionally, the earliest known mention definitely referring to the metaphorical Uncle Sam is from 1810, predating Wilson's contract with the government.[9] As early as 1835, Brother Jonathan made a reference to Uncle Sam, implying that they symbolized different things: Brother Jonathan was the country itself, while Uncle Sam was the government and its power.[12]", "Uncle Sam. When we meet him in politics we call him Uncle Sam; when we meet him in society we call him Brother Jonathan. Here of late Uncle Sam alias Brother Jonathan has been doing a powerful lot of complaining, hardly doing anything else. [sic][8]", "Uncle Sam. According to an article in the 1893 The Lutheran Witness, Uncle Sam was simply another name for Brother Jonathan:", "Americans. Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of the flag of the United States – for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.", "Uncle Sam. The first reference to Uncle Sam in formal literature (as distinct from newspapers) was in the 1816 allegorical book The Adventures of Uncle Sam, in Search After His Lost Honor by Frederick Augustus Fidfaddy, Esq.[4] Other possible references date to the American Revolutionary War: an Uncle Sam is mentioned as early as 1775, in the original lyrics of \"Yankee Doodle\",[5] though it is not clear whether this reference is to Uncle Sam as a metaphor for the United States, or to an actual person named Sam. The lyrics as a whole celebrate the military efforts of the young nation in besieging the British at Boston. The 13th stanza is:", "Uncle Sam. In 1989, \"Uncle Sam Day\" became official. A Congressional joint resolution[17] designated September 13, 1989 as \"Uncle Sam Day\", the birthday of Samuel Wilson. In 2015, the family history company MyHeritage researched Uncle Sam's family tree and claims to have tracked down his living relatives.[18][19]", "Uncle Sam. By the 1850s, the names Brother Jonathan and Uncle Sam were being used nearly interchangeably, to the point that images of what had previously been called \"Brother Jonathan\" were being called \"Uncle Sam\". Similarly, the appearance of both personifications varied wildly. For example, one depiction of Uncle Sam in 1860 showed him looking like Benjamin Franklin,[13] while a contemporaneous depiction of Brother Jonathan[14] looks more like the modern version of Uncle Sam, though without a goatee.", "Uncle Sam. Uncle Sam did not get a standard appearance, even with the effective abandonment of Brother Jonathan near the end of the American Civil War, until the well-known \"recruitment\" image of Uncle Sam was first created by James Montgomery Flagg during World War I. The image was inspired by a British recruitment poster showing Lord Kitchener in a similar pose. It is this image more than any other that has influenced the modern appearance of Uncle Sam: an elderly white man with white hair and a goatee, wearing a white top hat with white stars on a blue band, a blue tail coat, and red-and-white-striped trousers.", "Uncle Sam. The earliest known personification of the United States was as a woman named Columbia, who first appeared in 1738 (pre-USA) and sometimes was associated with another female personification, Lady Liberty. With the American Revolutionary War came Brother Jonathan, a male personification, and Uncle Sam finally appeared after the War of 1812.[7] Columbia appeared with either Brother Jonathan or Uncle Sam, but her use declined as a national personification in favor of Liberty, and she was effectively abandoned once she became the mascot of Columbia Pictures in the 1920s.", "Ulysses S. Grant. Grant's father wrote to Representative Thomas L. Hamer requesting that he nominate Ulysses to the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York. When a spot opened in March 1839, Hamer nominated the 16-year-old Grant.[19] He mistakenly wrote down \"Ulysses S. Grant\", which became Grant's adopted name.[20][d] Initially reluctant because of concerns about his academic ability, Grant entered the academy on July 1, 1839, as a cadet and trained there for four years.[23] On Sundays, cadets were required to march to and attend services at the academy's church, a requirement that Grant disliked.[24] His nickname became \"Sam\" among army colleagues since the initials \"U.S.\" also stood for \"Uncle Sam\".[25]", "Uncle Sam. Old Uncle Sam come there to change\nSome pancakes and some onions,\nFor 'lasses cakes, to carry home\nTo give his wife and young ones.[6]", "Uncle Sam. Flagg's depiction of Uncle Sam was shown publicly for the first time, according to some, on the cover of the magazine Leslie's Weekly on July 6, 1916, with the caption \"What Are You Doing for Preparedness?\"[1][15] More than four million copies of this image were printed between 1917 and 1918. Flagg's image was also used extensively during World War II, during which the U.S. was codenamed \"Samland\" by the German intelligence agency Abwehr.[16] The term was central in the song \"The Yankee Doodle Boy\", which was featured in 1942 in the musical Yankee Doodle Dandy.", "Bill Clinton. As the first baby boomer president, Clinton was the first chief executive since Calvin Coolidge who was not alive during World War II.[192] Authors Martin Walker and Bob Woodward stated that Clinton's innovative use of sound bite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning were a major factor in his high public approval ratings.[193][194] When Clinton played the saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show, he was described by some religious conservatives as \"the MTV president\".[195] Opponents sometimes referred to him as \"Slick Willie\", a nickname which was first applied to him in 1980 by Pine Bluff Commercial journalist Paul Greenberg;[196] Greenberg believed that Clinton was abandoning the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such as Winthrop Rockefeller, Dale Bumpers and David Pryor.[196] The claim \"Slick Willie\" would last throughout his presidency.[197] Standing at a height of 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), Clinton is tied with five others as the fourth-tallest president in the nation's history.[198][199] His folksy manner led him to be nicknamed Bubba, especially in the South.[200] Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as \"The Big Dog\" or \"Big Dog\".[201][202] His prominent role in campaigning for President Obama during the 2012 presidential election and his widely publicized speech at the 2012 Democratic National Convention, where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican nominee Mitt Romney and Republican policies in detail, earned him the nickname \"Explainer-in-Chief\".[203][204]", "Spam (food). During WWII, Spam was not only eaten but was also incorporated into many other aspects of the war (grease for guns, can for scrap metal, etc.); it was so prominent that Uncle Sam was nicknamed \"Uncle Spam\".[52] Other terms influenced by the product’s name include the European invasion fleet, or the \"Spam Fleet\". Furthermore, the United Service Organizations (USO) toured the \"Spam Circuit\".[10]", "Paul Kruger. The President was by this time widely nicknamed Oom Paul (\"Uncle Paul\"), both among the Boers and the uitlanders, who variously used it out of affection or contempt.[139] He was perceived by some as a despot after he compromised the independence of the republic's judiciary to help his friend Alois Hugo Nellmapius, who had been found guilty of embezzlement—Kruger rejected the court's judgement and granted Nellmapius a full pardon, an act Nathan calls \"completely indefensible\".[140] Kruger defeated Joubert again in the 1888 election, by 4,483 votes to 834, and was sworn in for a second time in May. Nicolaas Smit was elected Vice-President, and Leyds was promoted to State Secretary.[141]", "List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States. Full name: James Abram Garfield", "Joseph Stalin. In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war.[503] In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday,[504] and in 1942, Time magazine named him \"Man of the Year\".[503] When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him \"Uncle Joe\" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified.[505] There remained mutual suspicions between Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who were together known as the \"Big Three\".[506] Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944.[507] Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war,[508] with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them.[509]", "List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States. Full name: Lyndon Baines Johnson", "United States Bicentennial. The movie Rocky cited the Bicentennial in several scenes, mostly during Apollo Creed's entering; Carl Weathers dressed first as George Washington then as Uncle Sam.", "List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States. Full name: James Earl Carter, Jr.", "Charles Erwin Wilson. Wilson, a folksy, honest, and outspoken man, sometimes got into trouble because of casual remarks. In January 1957, for example, he referred to enlistees in the National Guard during the Korean War as \"draft dodgers.\" That caused a storm of protest and even brought a rebuke from Eisenhower, who said he thought Wilson had made \"a very... unwise statement, without stopping to think what it meant.\" On another occasion, Wilson jokingly referred to the White House as a \"dung hill,\" generating further controversy. Those episodes should not detract from recognition of Wilson's determined efforts to run the Department of Defense efficiently and to maintain the nation's security forces within reasonable budget guidelines.[editorializing]", "List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States. Full name: Dwight David Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower)", "List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States. Full name: Harry S. Truman", "List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States. Full name: William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III)", "List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States. Full name: Stephen Grover Cleveland", "William Hale Thompson. Thompson was meant to attend Yale University but instead moved to Wyoming at the age of 14, where he became a cowboy and cattle owner and traveled across Europe, taking up ranching in Texas and New Mexico later on in his life. The experiences influenced him to add Western touches into his campaign, including his sombrero, which became a symbol for his campaign. By the age of twenty-one, he had accumulated a stake of $30,000. He returned to Chicago in 1892 after his father's death to manage his estates. Shortly after returning to Chicago, Thompson joined the Illinois Athletic Club and the Sportsmen's Club of America and quickly was appointed director-general and captain of the water polo and football teams. His six-foot frame and athletic prowess earned him the nickname \"Big Bill,\" which stuck with him throughout his career as a politician.[4][8] In 1901, Thompson married Miss Mary \"Maysie\" Walker Wyse a secretary in his father's office, but the two of them never had children.[9][10]", "List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States. Full name: Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.)", "List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States. Full name: Thomas Jefferson", "W. Former U.S. president George W. Bush was given the nickname \"Dubya\" after the colloquial pronunciation of his middle initial in Texas, where he spent much of his childhood.", "Circus clown. His shows became more famous than any of the other shows touring at the time including that of rival, Phineas Taylor. During the 19th century, his name was synonymous with theater. At a time, Dan Rice was more of a household name than Abraham Lincoln. He reinvented the theater into a vaudevillian style before there was vaudeville. He was a very patriotic person later influencing the likes of George M. Cohan. He was also one of the main models for \"Uncle Sam\".", "List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States. Full name: Herbert Clark Hoover" ]

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[ "Ice core. An ice core is a core sample that is typically removed from an ice sheet or a high mountain glacier. Since the ice forms from the incremental buildup of annual layers of snow, lower layers are older than upper, and an ice core contains ice formed over a range of years. Cores are drilled with hand augers (for shallow holes) or powered drills; they can reach depths of over two miles (3.2 km), and contain ice up to 800,000 years old.", "Ice core. It was understood in the 1960s that analyzing the air trapped in ice cores would provide useful information on the paleoatmosphere, but it was not until the late 1970s that a reliable extraction method was developed. Early results included a demonstration that the CO\n2 concentration was 30% less at the last glacial maximum than just before the start of the industrial age. Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO\n2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.[76]", "Ice core. In addition to the impurities in a core and the isotopic composition of the water, the physical properties of the ice are examined. Features such as crystal size and axis orientation can reveal the history of ice flow patterns in the ice sheet. The crystal size can also be used to determine dates, though only in shallow cores.[98]", "Ice core. There are several locations around the world that store ice cores, such as the National Ice Core Laboratory in the US. These locations make samples available for testing. A substantial fraction of each core is archived for future analyses.[33][34]", "Ice core. Many different kinds of analysis are performed on ice cores, including visual layer counting, tests for electrical conductivity and physical properties, and assays for inclusion of gases, particles, radionuclides, and various molecular species. For the results of these tests to be useful in the reconstruction of palaeoenvironments, there has to be a way to determine the relationship between depth and age of the ice. The simplest approach is to count layers of ice that correspond to the original annual layers of snow, but this is not always possible. An alternative is to model the ice accumulation and flow to predict how long it takes a given snowfall to reach a particular depth. Another method is to correlate radionuclides or trace atmospheric gases with other timescales such as periodicities in the earth's orbital parameters.[38]", "Ice core. The first systematic study of snow and firn layers was by Ernst Sorge, who was part of the Alfred Wegener Expedition to central Greenland in 1930–1931. Sorge dug a 15 m pit to examine the snow layers, and his results were later formalized into Sorge's Law of Densification by Henri Bader, who went on to do additional coring work in northwest Greenland in 1933.[100] In the early 1950s, a SIPRE expedition took pit samples over much of the Greenland ice sheet, obtaining early oxygen isotope ratio data. Three other expeditions in the 1950s began ice coring work: a joint Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE), in Queen Maud Land in Antarctica; the Juneau Ice Field Research Project (JIRP), in Alaska; and Expéditions Polaires Françaises, in central Greenland. Core quality was poor, but some scientific work was done on the retrieved ice.[101]", "Proxy (climate). Ice cores are cylindrical samples from within ice sheets in the Greenland, Antarctic, and North American regions.[6][7] First attempts of extraction occurred in 1956 as part of the International Geophysical Year. As original means of extraction, the U.S. Army’s Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory used an 80-foot (24 m)-long modified electrodrill in 1968 at Camp Century, Greenland, and Byrd Station, Antarctica. Their machinery could drill through 15–20 feet of ice in 40–50 minutes. From 1300 to 3,000 feet (910 m) in depth, core samples were 4 ¼ inches in diameter and 10 to 20 feet (6.1 m) long. Deeper samples of 15 to 20 feet (6.1 m) long were not uncommon. Every subsequent drilling team improves their method with each new effort.[8]", "Ice core. In 1841 and 1842, Louis Agassiz drilled holes in the Unteraargletscher in the Alps; these were drilled with iron rods and did not produce cores. The deepest hole achieved was 60 m. On Erich von Drygalski's Antarctic expedition in 1902 and 1903, 30 m holes were drilled in an iceberg south of the Kerguelen Islands and temperature readings were taken. The first scientist to create a snow sampling tool was James E. Church, described by Pavel Talalay as \"the father of modern snow surveying\". In the winter of 1908–1909, Church constructed steel tubes with slots and cutting heads to retrieve cores of snow up to 3 m long. Similar devices are in use today, modified to allow sampling to a depth of about 9 m. They are simply pushed into the snow and rotated by hand.[99]", "Ice core. The brittle ice zone typically returns poorer quality samples than for the rest of the core. Some steps can be taken to alleviate the problem. Liners can be placed inside the drill barrel to enclose the core before it is brought to the surface, but this makes it difficult to clean off the drilling fluid. In mineral drilling, special machinery can bring core samples to the surface at bottom-hole pressure, but this is too expensive for the inaccessible locations of most drilling sites. Keeping the processing facilities at very low temperatures limits thermal shocks. Cores are most brittle at the surface, so another approach is to break them into 1 m lengths in the hole. Extruding the core from the drill barrel into a net helps keep it together if it shatters. Brittle cores are also often allowed to rest in storage at the drill site for some time, up to a full year between drilling seasons, to let the ice gradually relax.[35][37]", "Climate change. Analysis of ice in a core drilled from an ice sheet such as the Antarctic ice sheet, can be used to show a link between temperature and global sea level variations. The air trapped in bubbles in the ice can also reveal the CO2 variations of the atmosphere from the distant past, well before modern environmental influences. The study of these ice cores has been a significant indicator of the changes in CO2 over many millennia, and continues to provide valuable information about the differences between ancient and modern atmospheric conditions.", "Ice core. Cylindrical sample drilled from an ice sheet", "Ice core. The boundary between the Pleistocene and the Holocene, about 11,700 years ago, is now formally defined with reference to data on Greenland ice cores. Formal definitions of stratigraphic boundaries allow scientists in different locations to correlate their findings. These often involve fossil records, which are not present in ice cores, but cores have extremely precise palaeoclimatic information that can be correlated with other climate proxies.[54]", "Ice core. In addition to manual inspection and logging of features identified in a visual inspection, cores can be optically scanned so that a digital visual record is available. This requires the core to be cut lengthwise, so that a flat surface is created.[64]", "Indian Antarctic Program. The 'ice cores' retrieved by drilling holes in Antarctic's vast ice-sheets yield information 'on the palaeoclimate and eco-history of the earth as records of wind-blown dust, volcanic ash or radioactivity are preserved in the ice as it gets accumulated over time'.[4] The NCAOR developed a polar research & development laboratory with a 'low-temperature laboratory complex at −20 °C for preservation and analysis of ice core and snow samples' according to S.D. Gad (2008).[4] The 'ice core' samples are held, processed, and analyzed in containment units designed by such technology.[4] Storage cases made of poly propylene also ensure that the samples do not alter characteristics and are preserved for analysis in the form that they were recovered.[4]", "Ice core. Meteorites and micrometeorites that land on polar ice are sometimes concentrated by local environmental processes. For example, there are places in Antarctica where winds evaporate surface ice, concentrating the solids that are left behind, including meteorites. Meltwater ponds can also contain meteorites. At the South Pole Station, ice in a well is melted to provide a water supply, leaving micrometeorites behind. These have been collected by a robotic \"vacuum cleaner\" and examined, leading to improved estimates of their flux and mass distribution.[95] The well is not an ice core, but the age of the ice that was melted is known, so the age of the recovered particles can be determined. The well becomes about 10 m deeper each year, so micrometeorites collected in a given year are about 100 years older than those from the previous year.[96] Pollen, an important component of sediment cores, can also be found in ice cores. It provides information on changes in vegetation.[97]", "Ice core. The physical properties of the ice and of material trapped in it can be used to reconstruct the climate over the age range of the core. The proportions of different oxygen and hydrogen isotopes provide information about ancient temperatures, and the air trapped in tiny bubbles can be analysed to determine the level of atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide. Since heat flow in a large ice sheet is very slow, the borehole temperature is another indicator of temperature in the past. These data can be combined to find the climate model that best fits all the available data.", "Ice core. Radiocarbon dating can be used on the carbon in trapped CO\n2. In the polar ice sheets there is about 15–20 µg of carbon in the form of CO\n2 in each kilogram of ice, and there may also be carbonate particles from wind-blown dust (loess). The CO\n2 can be isolated by subliming the ice in a vacuum, keeping the temperature low enough to avoid the loess giving up any carbon. The results have to be corrected for the presence of 14C produced directly in the ice by cosmic rays, and the amount of correction depends strongly on the location of the ice core. Corrections for 14C produced by nuclear testing have much less impact on the results.[43] Carbon in particulates can also be dated by separating and testing the water-insoluble organic components of dust. The very small quantities typically found require at least 300 g of ice to be used, limiting the ability of the technique to precisely assign an age to core depths.[44]", "Ice core. In 2016, cores were retrieved from the Allan Hills in Antarctica in an area where old ice lay near the surface. The cores were dated by potassium-argon dating; traditional ice core dating is not possible as not all layers were present. The oldest core was found to include ice from 2.7 million years ago—by far the oldest ice yet dated from a core.[115]", "Ice core. Ice cores are collected by cutting around a cylinder of ice in a way that enables it to be brought to the surface. Early cores were often collected with hand augers and they are still used for short holes. A design for ice core augers was patented in 1932 and they have changed little since. An auger is essentially a cylinder with helical metal ribs (known as flights) wrapped around the outside, at the lower end of which are cutting blades. Hand augers can be rotated by a T handle or a brace handle, and some can be attached to handheld electric drills to power the rotation. With the aid of a tripod for lowering and raising the auger, cores up to 50 m deep can be retrieved, but the practical limit is about 30 m for engine-powered augers, and less for hand augers. Below this depth, electromechanical or thermal drills are used.[10]", "Ice core. The International Geophysical Year (1957–1958) saw increased glaciology research around the world, with one of the high priority research targets being deep cores in polar regions. SIPRE conducted pilot drilling trials in 1956 (to 305 m) and 1957 (to 411 m) at Site 2 in Greenland; the second core, with the benefit of the previous year's drilling experience, was retrieved in much better condition, with fewer gaps.[102] In Antarctica, a 307 m core was drilled at Byrd Station in 1957–1958, and a 264 m core at Little America V, on the Ross Ice Shelf, the following year.[103] The success of the IGY core drilling led to increased interest in improving ice coring capabilities, and was followed by a CRREL project at Camp Century, where in the early 1960s three holes were drilled, the deepest reaching the base of the ice sheet at 1387 m in July 1966.[104] The drill used at Camp Century then went to Byrd Station, where a 2164 m hole was drilled to bedrock before the drill was frozen into the borehole by sub-ice meltwater and had to be abandoned.[105]", "Ice core. A log is kept with information about the core, including its length and the depth it was retrieved from, and the core may be marked to show its orientation. It is usually cut into shorter sections, the standard length in the US being one metre. The cores are then stored on site, usually in a space below snow level to simplify temperature maintenance, though additional refrigeration can be used. If more drilling fluid must be removed, air may be blown over the cores. Any samples needed for preliminary analysis are taken. The core is then bagged, often in polythene, and stored for shipment. Additional packing, including padding material, is added. When the cores are flown from the drilling site, the aircraft's flight deck is unheated to help maintain a low temperature; when they are transported by ship they must be kept in a refrigeration unit.[33]", "Ice core. When there is summer melting, the melted snow refreezes lower in the snow and firn, and the resulting layer of ice has very few bubbles so is easy to recognise in a visual examination of a core. Identification of these layers, both visually and by measuring density of the core against depth, allows the calculation of a melt-feature percentage (MF): an MF of 100% would mean that every year's deposit of snow showed evidence of melting. MF calculations are averaged over multiple sites or long time periods in order to smooth the data. Plots of MF data over time reveal variations in the climate, and have shown that since the late 20th century melting rates have been increasing.[62][63]", "Ice core. An ice core is a vertical column through a glacier, sampling the layers that formed through an annual cycle of snowfall and melt.[1] As snow accumulates, each layer presses on lower layers, making them denser until they turn into firn. Firn is not dense enough to prevent air from escaping; but at a density of about 830 kg/m3 it turns to ice, and the air within is sealed into bubbles that capture the composition of the atmosphere at the time the ice formed.[2] The depth at which this occurs varies with location, but in Greenland and the Antarctic it ranges from 64 m to 115 m.[3] Because the rate of snowfall varies from site to site, the age of the firn when it turns to ice varies a great deal. At Summit Camp in Greenland, the depth is 77 m and the ice is 230 years old; at Dome C in Antarctica the depth is 95 m and the age 2500 years.[4] As further layers build up, the pressure increases, and at about 1500 m the crystal structure of the ice changes from hexagonal to cubic, allowing air molecules to move into the cubic crystals and form a clathrate. The bubbles disappear and the ice becomes more transparent.[2]", "Ice core. Ice cores have been studied since the early 20th century, and several cores were drilled as a result of the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958). Depths of over 400 m were reached, a record which was extended in the 1960s to 2164 m at Byrd Station in Antarctica. Soviet ice drilling projects in Antarctica include decades of work at Vostok Station, with the deepest core reaching 3769 m. Numerous other deep cores in the Antarctic have been completed over the years, including the West Antarctic Ice Sheet project, and cores managed by the British Antarctic Survey and the International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition. In Greenland, a sequence of collaborative projects began in the 1970s with the Greenland Ice Sheet Project; there have been multiple follow-up projects, with the most recent, the East Greenland Ice-Core Project, expected to complete a deep core in east Greenland in 2020.", "Ice core. Summer snow in Greenland contains some sea salt, blown from the surrounding waters; there is less of it in winter, when much of the sea surface is covered by pack ice. Similarly, hydrogen peroxide appears only in summer snow because its production in the atmosphere requires sunlight. These seasonal changes can be detected because they lead to changes in the electrical conductivity of the ice. Placing two electrodes with a high voltage between them on the surface of the ice core gives a measurement of the conductivity at that point. Dragging them down the length of the core, and recording the conductivity at each point, gives a graph that shows an annual periodicity. Such graphs also identify chemical changes caused by non-seasonal events such as forest fires and major volcanic eruptions. When a known volcanic event, such as the eruption of Laki in Iceland in 1783, can be identified in the ice core record, it provides a cross-check on the age determined by layer counting.[81] Material from Laki can be identified in Greenland ice cores, but did not spread as far as Antarctica; the 1815 eruption of Tambora in Indonesia injected material into the stratosphere, and can be identified in both Greenland and Antarctic ice cores. If the date of the eruption is not known, but it can be identified in multiple cores, then dating the ice can in turn give a date for the eruption, which can then be used as a reference layer.[82] This was done, for example, in an analysis of the climate for the period from 535 to 550 AD, which was thought to be influenced by an otherwise unknown tropical eruption in about 533 AD; but which turned out to be caused by two eruptions, one in 535 or early 536 AD, and a second one in 539 or 540 AD.[83] There are also more ancient reference points, such as the eruption of Toba about 72,000 years ago.[82]", "Ice core. Ice cores have been drilled at locations away from the poles, notably in the Himalayas and the Andes. Some of these cores reach back to the last glacial period, but they are more important as records of El Niño events and of monsoon seasons in south Asia.[60] Cores have also been drilled on Mount Kilimanjaro,[60] in the Alps,[60] and in Indonesia,[118] New Zealand,[119] Iceland,[120] Scandinavia,[121] Canada,[122] and the US.[123]", "Ice core. The drill removes an annulus of ice around the core but does not cut under it. A spring-loaded lever arm called a core dog can break off the core and hold it in place while it is brought to the surface. The core is then extracted from the drill barrel, usually by laying it out flat so that the core can slide out onto a prepared surface.[32] The core must be cleaned of drilling fluid as it is slid out; for the WAIS Divide coring project, a vacuuming system was set up to facilitate this. The surface that receives the core should be aligned as accurately as possible with the drill barrel to minimise mechanical stress on the core, which can easily break. The ambient temperature is kept well below freezing to avoid thermal shock.[33]", "Greenland ice sheet. The ice sheet, consisting of layers of compressed snow from more than 100,000 years, contains in its ice today's most valuable record of past climates. In the past decades, scientists have drilled ice cores up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) deep. Scientists have, using those ice cores, obtained information on (proxies for) temperature, ocean volume, precipitation, chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, sea-surface productivity, desert extent and forest fires. This variety of climatic proxies is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate, such as tree rings or sediment layers.", "Ice core. Ice cores from different depths are not all equally in demand by scientific investigators, which can lead to a shortage of ice cores at certain depths. To address this, work has been done on technology to drill replicate cores: additional cores, retrieved by drilling into the sidewall of the borehole, at depths of particular interest. Replicate cores were successfully retrieved at WAIS divide in the 2012-2013 drilling season, at four different depths.[25]", "Milankovitch cycles. Artifacts taken from the Earth have been studied to infer the cycles of past climate. A study of the chronology of Antarctic ice cores using oxygen-nitrogen ratios in air bubbles trapped in the ice, which appear to respond directly to the local insolation, concluded that the climatic response documented in the ice cores was driven by northern hemisphere insolation as proposed by the Milankovitch hypothesis.[8] Analysis of deep-ocean cores, analysis of lake depths,[9][10] and a seminal paper by Hays, Imbrie, and Shackleton[11] provide additional validation through physical artifacts. Climate records contained in a 1,700 ft (520 m) core of rock drilled in Arizona show a pattern synchronized with Earth's eccentricity, and cores drilled in New England match it, going back 215 million years.[12]", "Ice core. where d is the deuterium excess. It was once thought that this meant it was unnecessary to measure both ratios in a given core, but in 1979 Merlivat and Jouzel showed that the deuterium excess reflects the temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed of the ocean where the moisture originated. Since then it has been customary to measure both.[72]", "Ice core. Diffusion within the firn layer causes other changes that can be measured. Gravity causes heavier molecules to be enriched at the bottom of a gas column, with the amount of enrichment depending on the difference in mass between the molecules. Colder temperatures cause heavier molecules to be more enriched at the bottom of a column. These fractionation processes in trapped air, determined by the measurement of the 15N/14N ratio and of neon, krypton and xenon, have been used to infer the thickness of the firn layer, and determine other palaeoclimatic information such as past mean ocean temperatures.[68] Some gases such as helium can rapidly diffuse through ice, so it may be necessary to test for these \"fugitive gases\" within minutes of the core being retrieved to obtain accurate data.[33] Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which contribute to the greenhouse effect and also cause ozone loss in the stratosphere,[79] can be detected in ice cores after about 1950; almost all CFCs in the atmosphere were created by human activity.[79][80]" ]

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[ "History of science. Aristarchus of Samos published work on how to determine the sizes and distances of the Sun and the Moon, and Eratosthenes used this work to figure the size of the Earth. Hipparchus later discovered the precession of the Earth.", "Christopher Columbus. As far back as the 3rd century BC, Eratosthenes had correctly computed the circumference of the Earth by using simple geometry and studying the shadows cast by objects at two different locations: Alexandria and Syene (modern-day Aswan).[34] Eratosthenes's results were confirmed by a comparison of stellar observations at Alexandria and Rhodes, carried out by Posidonius in the 1st century BC. These measurements were widely known among scholars, but confusion about the old-fashioned units of distance in which they were expressed had led, in Columbus's day, to some debate about the exact size of the Earth.", "Earth radius. The first published reference to the Earth's size appeared around 350 BC, when Aristotle reported in his book On the Heavens[3] that mathematicians had guessed the circumference of the Earth to be 400,000 stadia. Scholars have interpreted Aristotle's figure to be anywhere from highly accurate[4] to almost double the true value.[5] The first known scientific measurement and calculation of the radius of the Earth was performed by Eratosthenes in about 240 BC. Estimates of the accuracy of Eratosthenes’s measurement range from 0.5% to 17%.[6] For both Aristotle and Eratosthenes, uncertainty in the accuracy of their estimates is due to modern uncertainty over which stadion length they meant.", "Heliocentrism. The first person known to have proposed a heliocentric system, however, was Aristarchus of Samos (c. 270 BC). Like Eratosthenes, Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth, and measured the size and distance of the Moon and Sun, in a treatise which has survived. From his estimates, he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth and thus hundreds of times more voluminous. His writings on the heliocentric system are lost, but some information is known from surviving descriptions and critical commentary by his contemporaries, such as Archimedes. Some have suggested that his calculation of the relative size of the Earth and Sun led Aristarchus to conclude that it made more sense for the Earth to be moving than for the huge Sun to be moving around it. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book The Sand Reckoner describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model. Archimedes wrote:", "Eratosthenes. Seventeen hundred years after Eratosthenes's death, while Christopher Columbus studied what Eratosthenes had written about the size of the Earth, he chose to believe, based on a map by Toscanelli, that the Earth's circumference was one-third smaller. Had Columbus set sail knowing that Eratosthenes's larger circumference value was more accurate, he would have known that the place that he made landfall was not Asia, but rather the New World.[20]", "History of geography. The size of the Earth was an important question to the Ancient Greeks. Eratosthenes attempted to calculate its circumference by measuring the angle of the sun at two different locations. While his numbers were problematic, most of the errors cancelled themselves out and he got quite an accurate figure. Since the distance from the Atlantic to India was roughly known, this raised the important question of what was in the vast region east of Asia and to the west of Europe. Crates of Mallus proposed that there were in fact four inhabitable land masses, two in each hemisphere. In Rome a large globe was created depicting this world. That some of the figures Eratosthenes had used in his calculation were considerably in error became known, and Posidonius set out to get a more accurate measurement. This number actually was considerably smaller than the real one, but it became accepted that the eastern part of Asia was not a huge distance from Europe.", "Eratosthenes. Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a friend of Archimedes. Around 255 BC, he invented the armillary sphere. In On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies, Cleomedes credited him with having calculated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC, using knowledge of the angle of elevation of the Sun at noon on the summer solstice in Alexandria and on Elephantine Island near Syene (modern Aswan, Egypt).", "Figure of the Earth. The concept of a spherical Earth dates back to around the 6th century BC,[2] but remained a matter of philosophical speculation until the 3rd century BC. The first scientific estimation of the radius of the earth was given by Eratosthenes about 240 BC, with estimates of the accuracy of Eratosthenes’s measurement ranging from 2% to 15%.", "Eratosthenes. He is best known for being the first person to calculate the circumference of the Earth, which he did by comparing altitudes of the mid-day sun at two places a known North-South distance apart. His calculation was remarkably accurate. He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy). Additionally, he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day.[4] He created the first map of the world, incorporating parallels and meridians based on the available geographic knowledge of his era.", "Metre. In 1867 at the second general conference of the International Association of Geodesy held in Berlin, the question of an international standard unit of length was discussed in order to combine the measurements made in different countries to determine the size and shape of the Earth.[22][23][24] The conference recommended the adoption of the metre and the creation of an international metre commission, according to the proposal of Johann Jacob Baeyer, Adolphe Hirsch and Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero.[22]", "Discovery of America: Voyages of Christopher Columbus. A spherical Earth had been the general opinion of Ancient Greek science, and this view continued through the Middle Ages (for example, Bede mentions it in The Reckoning of Time). In fact Eratosthenes had measured the diameter of the Earth with good precision in the 2nd century BC.[12] Where Columbus did differ from the generally accepted view of his time was in his incorrect arguments that assumed a significantly smaller diameter for the Earth, claiming that Asia could be easily reached by sailing west across the Atlantic. Most scholars accepted Ptolemy's correct assessment that the terrestrial landmass (for Europeans of the time, comprising Eurasia and Africa) occupied 180 degrees of the terrestrial sphere, and dismissed Columbus's claim that the Earth was much smaller, and that Asia was only a few thousand nautical miles to the west of Europe. Columbus's error was attributed to his insufficient experience in navigation at sea.[7]", "Ancient Greek literature. Eratosthenes of Alexandria, who died about 194 BC, wrote on astronomy and geography, but his work is known mainly from later summaries. He is credited with being the first person to measure the Earth's circumference. Much that was written by the mathematicians Euclid and Archimedes has been preserved. Euclid is known for his Elements, much of which was drawn from his predecessor Eudoxus of Cnidus. The Elements is a treatise on geometry, and it has exerted a continuing influence on mathematics. From Archimedes several treatises have come down to the present. Among them are Measurement of the Circle, in which he worked out the value of pi; The Method of Mechanical Theorems, on his work in mechanics; The Sand Reckoner; and On Floating Bodies. A manuscript of his works is currently being studied.[86]", "Voyages of Christopher Columbus. A spherical Earth had been the general opinion of Ancient Greek science, and this view continued through the Middle Ages (for example, Bede mentions it in The Reckoning of Time). In fact Eratosthenes had measured the diameter of the Earth with good precision in the 2nd century BC.[12] Where Columbus did differ from the generally accepted view of his time was in his incorrect arguments that assumed a significantly smaller diameter for the Earth, claiming that Asia could be easily reached by sailing west across the Atlantic. Most scholars accepted Ptolemy's correct assessment that the terrestrial landmass (for Europeans of the time, comprising Eurasia and Africa) occupied 180 degrees of the terrestrial sphere, and dismissed Columbus's claim that the Earth was much smaller, and that Asia was only a few thousand nautical miles to the west of Europe. Columbus's error was attributed to his insufficient experience in navigation at sea.[7]", "History of science. The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth. Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) produced the first systematic star catalog. The level of achievement in Hellenistic astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150–100 BC), an analog computer for calculating the position of planets. Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century, when mechanical astronomical clocks appeared in Europe.[27]", "Hellenistic period. Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes (c. 287 – 212 BC), Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 – c. 190 BC), and Euclid (c. 325 – 265 BC), whose Elements became the most important textbook in mathematics until the 19th century, built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans. Euclid developed proofs for the Pythagorean Theorem, for the infinitude of primes, and worked on the five Platonic solids.[126] Eratosthenes used his knowledge of geometry to measure the circumference of the Earth. His calculation was remarkably accurate. He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy). Additionally, he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day.[127] Known as the \"Father of Geography \", Eratosthenes also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians, based on the available geographical knowledge of the era.", "Eratosthenes. His knowledge of the size of Egypt was founded on the work of many generations of surveying trips. Pharaonic bookkeepers gave a distance between Syene and Alexandria of 5,000 stadia (a figure that was checked yearly).[18] Some historians say that the distance was corroborated by inquiring about the time that it took to travel from Syene to Alexandria by camel. Some claim Eratosthenes used the Olympic stade of 176.4 m, which would imply a circumference of 44,100 km, an error of 10%,[18] but the 184.8 m Italian stade became (300 years later) the most commonly accepted value for the length of the stade,[18] which implies a circumference of 46,100 km, an error of 15%.[18] It was unlikely, even accounting for his extremely primitive measuring tools, that Eratosthenes could have calculated an accurate measurement for the circumference of the Earth. He made five important assumptions (none of which is perfectly accurate):[18][19]", "Age of the Earth. Holmes' persistence finally began to pay off in 1921, when the speakers at the yearly meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science came to a rough consensus that Earth was a few billion years old, and that radiometric dating was credible. Holmes published The Age of the Earth, an Introduction to Geological Ideas in 1927 in which he presented a range of 1.6 to 3.0 billion years. No great push to embrace radiometric dating followed, however, and the die-hards in the geological community stubbornly resisted. They had never cared for attempts by physicists to intrude in their domain, and had successfully ignored them so far.[31] The growing weight of evidence finally tilted the balance in 1931, when the National Research Council of the US National Academy of Sciences decided to resolve the question of the age of Earth by appointing a committee to investigate. Holmes, being one of the few people on Earth who was trained in radiometric dating techniques, was a committee member, and in fact wrote most of the final report.[32]", "Age of the Earth. In 1892, Thomson had been made Lord Kelvin in appreciation of his many scientific accomplishments. Kelvin calculated the age of the Earth by using thermal gradients, and he arrived at an estimate of about 100 million years.[26] He did not realize that the Earth mantle was convecting, and this invalidated his estimate. In 1895, John Perry produced an age-of-Earth estimate of 2 to 3 billion years using a model of a convective mantle and thin crust.[26] Kelvin stuck by his estimate of 100 million years, and later reduced it to about 20 million years.", "Culture of the United Kingdom. Naturalist Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species and discovered the principle of evolution by natural selection. James Hutton, founder of modern geology, worked on the age of the Earth (deep time) which forms a key element of Darwin's theory. Other important geologists include Charles Lyell, author of Principles of Geology, who also coined the term Pleistocene, and Adam Sedgwick, who proposed (and coined) the name of the Cambrian Period.[211] William Thomson (Baron Kelvin) drew important conclusions in the field of thermodynamics and invented the Kelvin scale of absolute zero. Paul Dirac was one of the pioneers of quantum mechanics. Botanist Robert Brown discovered the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid (Brownian motion). John Stewart Bell created Bell's Theorem. Harold Kroto discovered buckminsterfullerene.", "History of the metric system. In 1670, Gabriel Mouton, a French abbot and astronomer, published the book Observationes diametrorum solis et lunae apparentium in which he proposed a decimal system of measurement of length for use by scientists in international communication, to be based on the dimensions of the Earth. The milliare would be defined as a minute of arc along a meridian and would be divided into 10 centuria, the centuria into 10 decuria and so on, successive units being the virga, virgula, decima, centesima, and the millesima. Mouton used Riccioli's estimate that one degree of arc was 321,185 Bolognese feet, and his own experiments showed that a pendulum of length one virgula would beat 3959.2 times[Note 1] in half an hour.[13] Current pendulum theory shows that such a pendulum would have had an equivalent length of 205.6 mm – using today's knowledge of the size of the earth, the virgula would have been approximately 185.2 mm.[Note 2] He believed that with this information scientists in a foreign country would be able to construct a copy of the virgula for their own use.[14]", "Geography. Abu Rayhan Biruni (976-1048) first described a polar equi-azimuthal equidistant projection of the celestial sphere.[23] He was regarded as the most skilled when it came to mapping cities and measuring the distances between them, which he did for many cities in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. He often combined astronomical readings and mathematical equations, in order to develop methods of pin-pointing locations by recording degrees of latitude and longitude. He also developed similar techniques when it came to measuring the heights of mountains, depths of the valleys, and expanse of the horizon. He also discussed human geography and the planetary habitability of the Earth. He also calculated the latitude of Kath, Khwarezm, using the maximum altitude of the Sun, and solved a complex geodesic equation in order to accurately compute the Earth's circumference, which was close to modern values of the Earth's circumference.[24] His estimate of 6,339.9 km for the Earth radius was only 16.8 km less than the modern value of 6,356.7 km. In contrast to his predecessors, who measured the Earth's circumference by sighting the Sun simultaneously from two different locations, al-Biruni developed a new method of using trigonometric calculations, based on the angle between a plain and mountain top, which yielded more accurate measurements of the Earth's circumference, and made it possible for it to be measured by a single person from a single location.[25]", "Geologic time scale. The Neptunist theories popular at this time (expounded by Abraham Werner (1749–1817) in the late 18th century) proposed that all rocks had precipitated out of a single enormous flood. A major shift in thinking came when James Hutton presented his Theory of the Earth; or, an Investigation of the Laws Observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land Upon the Globe[11] before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in March and April 1785. It has been said[by whom?] that \"as things appear from the perspective of the 20th century, James Hutton in those readings became the founder of modern geology\".[12]:95-100 Hutton proposed that the interior of Earth was hot, and that this heat was the engine which drove the creation of new rock: land was eroded by air and water and deposited as layers in the sea; heat then consolidated the sediment into stone, and uplifted it into new lands. This theory, known as \"Plutonism\", stood in contrast to the \"Neptunist\" flood-oriented theory.", "Age of the Earth. In the mid-18th century, the naturalist Mikhail Lomonosov suggested that Earth had been created separately from, and several hundred thousand years before, the rest of the universe. Lomonosov's ideas were mostly speculative. In 1779 the Comte du Buffon tried to obtain a value for the age of Earth using an experiment: He created a small globe that resembled Earth in composition and then measured its rate of cooling. This led him to estimate that Earth was about 75,000 years old.", "Ancient Greek astronomy. Aristarchus also wrote a book On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon, which is his only work to have survived. In this work, he calculated the sizes of the Sun and Moon, as well as their distances from the Earth in Earth radii. Shortly afterwards, Eratosthenes calculated the size of the Earth, providing a value for the Earth radii which could be plugged into Aristarchus' calculations. Hipparchus wrote another book On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon, which has not survived. Both Aristarchus and Hipparchus drastically underestimated the distance of the Sun from the Earth.", "History of cartography. A vital contribution to mapping the reality of the world came with a scientific estimate of the circumference of the earth. This event has been described as the first scientific attempt to give geographical studies a mathematical basis. The man credited for this achievement was Eratosthenes (275–195 BC). As described by George Sarton, historian of science, \"there was among them [Eratosthenes's contemporaries] a man of genius but as he was working in a new field they were too stupid to recognize him\".[23] His work, including On the Measurement of the Earth and Geographica, has only survived in the writings of later philosophers such as Cleomedes and Strabo. He was a devoted geographer who set out to reform and perfect the map of the world. Eratosthenes argued that accurate mapping, even if in two dimensions only, depends upon the establishment of accurate linear measurements. He was the first to calculate the circumference of the Earth (within 0.5 percent accuracy) by calculating the heights of shadows at different points in Egypt at a given time. The first in Alexandria, the other further up the Nile, in the Ancient Egyptian city of Swenet (known in Greek as Syene) where reports of a well into which the sun shone only on the summer solstice, long existed. Proximity to the Tropic of Cancer being the dynamics creating the effect. He had the distance between the two shadows calculated and then their height. From this he determined the difference in angle between the two points and calculated how large a circle would be made by adding in the rest of the degrees to 360. His great achievement in the field of cartography was the use of a new technique of charting with meridians, his imaginary north–south lines, and parallels, his imaginary west–east lines.[24] These axis lines were placed over the map of the earth with their origin in the city of Rhodes and divided the world into sectors. Then, Eratosthenes used these earth partitions to reference places on the map. He also divided Earth into five climatic regions: a torrid zone across the middle, two frigid zones at extreme north and south, and two temperate bands in between.[citation needed] He was also the first person to use the word \"geography\".", "History of geography. The Vishnudharmottara Purana (compiled between 300-350 AD) contains six chapters on physical and human geography. The locational attributes of peoples and places, and various seasons are the topics of these chapters.[16] Varahamihira's Brihat-Samhita gave a thorough treatment of planetary movements, rainfall, clouds and the formation of water.[18] The mathematician-astronomer Aryabhata gave a precise estimate of the earth's circumference in his treatise Āryabhaṭīya.[16] Aryabhata accurately calculated the Earth's circumference as 24,835 miles, which was only 0.2% smaller than the actual value of 24,902 miles.", "Water well. Eratosthenes first calculated the radius of the Earth in about 230 BC by comparing shadows in wells during the summer solstice.[citation needed]", "On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus). A similar procedure was later used by Hipparchus, who estimated the mean distance to the moon as 67 Earth radii, and Ptolemy, who took 59 Earth radii for this value.", "Cavendish experiment. Cavendish expressed his result in terms of the density of the Earth; he referred to his experiment in correspondence as 'weighing the world'. Later authors reformulated his results in modern terms.[19][20][21]", "Earth mass. An expedition from 1737 to 1740 by French scientist Pierre Bouguer attempted to determine the density of Earth by measuring the period of a pendulum (and therefore the strength of gravity) as a function of elevation. The experiments were carried out in Ecuador and Peru, on Pichincha Volcano and mount Chimborazo.[12] Bouguer's work led to an estimate that is two to three times larger than the true mass of Earth. However, this historical determination showed that the Earth was not hollow nor filled with water, as some had argued at the time.[13] Modern gravitometers are now used for measuring the local gravitational field. They surpass the accuracy limitations of pendulums.", "Age of the Earth. Nicolas Steno in the 17th century was one of the first naturalists to appreciate the connection between fossil remains and strata.[13] His observations led him to formulate important stratigraphic concepts (i.e., the \"law of superposition\" and the \"principle of original horizontality\").[14] In the 1790s, William Smith hypothesized that if two layers of rock at widely differing locations contained similar fossils, then it was very plausible that the layers were the same age.[15] William Smith's nephew and student, John Phillips, later calculated by such means that Earth was about 96 million years old.[16]", "History of geography. Thales of Miletus is one of the first known philosophers known to have wondered about the shape of the world. He proposed that the world was based on water, and that all things grew out of it. He also laid down many of the astronomical and mathematical rules that would allow geography to be studied scientifically. His successor Anaximander is the first person known to have attempted to create a scale map of the known world and to have introduced the gnomon to Ancient Greece." ]

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[ "DC Talk. DC Talk (stylized as dc Talk) is a Christian rap and rock trio. The group was formed at Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia in 1987 by Toby McKeehan, Michael Tait, and Kevin Max Smith. They released five major studio albums together: DC Talk (1989), Nu Thang (1990), Free at Last (1992), Jesus Freak (1995), and Supernatural (1998). In 2002, the Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music called DC Talk \"the most popular overtly Christian act of all time.\"[1]", "DC Talk. \"DC Talk\" was a nickname that Toby Michael McKeehan, later \"TobyMac\", (1964- ), who was born in Falls Church, Virginia, was given for being from the Washington D.C., area.[2] While attending Liberty University, McKeehan met Michael DeWayne Tait (1966- ), and the two began to perform together. Tait had been featured singing on Jerry Falwell’s The Old Time Gospel Hour and recorded with the Falwell Singers.[3] He also performed solo, what TobyMac later described his \"kind of an R&B / church-oriented music.\"[4]", "DC Talk. The two joined forces to record a song that McKeehan had written, \"Heavenbound\".[3] They performed the song before an audience of 8,000 Liberty students with McKeehan rapping and Tait singing the chorus.[3] The song was well received, selling out the approximately 3,000 copies[3] of their demo tape, Christian Rhymes to a Rhythm. The tape included \"Heavenbound\" and was distributed by the group in the Washington D.C. area.[2] The group’s demo tape eventually led to a recording contract with Forefront Records in 1988.[3] Kevin Max Smith, later \"Kevin Max\", (1967- ) came from a campus rock band to join the group,[4] and the trio called themselves \"DC Talk and the One Way Crew\".[2] The name was later simplified to \"DC Talk\", which came to stand for \"decent Christian talk\".[2]", "DC Talk. The group's musical style evolved significantly throughout its career. Its first two releases, DC Talk and Nu Thang, were of the hip hop genre. DC Talk's third album, Free at Last, also mainly took influence from the hip hop style, although the group's music began taking on a rock sound. The trio's last two albums, Jesus Freak and Supernatural, were predominantly pop rock.", "DC Talk. After signing the recording contract with ForeFront the label released their self-titled debut album, DC Talk, in 1989 with Mike Valliere and Vic Mignogna. The music video for their first single, \"Heavenbound\", received airplay on the BET network.[5]", "DC Talk. In 2001, the group released an EP titled Solo, which contained two solo songs from each member. Since that time, DC Talk has been on an indefinite hiatus, and the three band members all have led solo careers. They performed and recorded individual songs together several times during the 2000s, although the group never officially reunited or disbanded.", "DC Talk. In 1998, the group began the E.R.A.C.E. Foundation to combat racism.[52] The foundation was started after four years of discussion and planning with manager Dan Pitts and Gotee Records President, Joey Elwood. The primary aim of the foundation is to educate and equip America's youth with \"an understanding of the importance of interracial unity\". The foundation works on healing historically divided groups and healing rifts within the society.[52]", "DC Talk. Kevin Max has released seven albums since the group's hiatus. Stereotype Be was released by Forefront Records in 2001, and included the singles \"You\", \"Be\", and \"Existence\". He signed with Northern Records to release his next three projects. Between the Fence and the Universe was an EP released in 2004, and his next major studio album, The Imposter, was released in 2005. Holy Night, a Christmas album, was also released in 2005 through the Northern label. The Blood was released on December 26, 2007 by Infinity Music Distribution. It features covers of several well-known gospel songs, both classic and contemporary, as well as the original-written track \"One Way, One Blood\". The album includes collaborations with several other artists, including Chris Sligh and Amy Grant. DC Talk made an appearance on his version of Prince's song \"The Cross\", with each member singing one verse in the beginning of the song. In 2008, Max starred in the independent film The Imposter, named after his first full length project on Northern Records, and also went on to saying it was not executed the way he wanted it to be. In early 2009 he released an EP titled \"Crashing Gates\" and partnered with independent label dpulse, which subsequently re-released his previous poetry collaboration with Adrian Belew. In August 2012, he became the lead singer for Christian rock band Audio Adrenaline after Mark Stuart retired and started writing for the band.[citation needed] In June 2014, he left the group to resume his solo career. In 2015 he independently released Broken Temples through crowd funding.[48] The album contained unfinished songs from his time in Audio Adrenaline. The song \"Infinite\" gained Christian radio airplay even though it was released independently. He now releases albums at his own pace through PledgeMusic.[49][50]", "DC Talk. In 2008, Gospel Music Channel interviewed TobyMac, Michael Tait, Joey Elwood, Michael W. Smith, Greg Ham, Peter York, Amanda McKeehan, and Dan Pitts for a TV show called Faith and Fame. Another Greatest Hits album was also released that year.", "DC Talk. In 2010, the trio performed with Aaron Shust, Brandon Heath, Matthew West, Natalie Grant, Steven Curtis Chapman, Casting Crowns, and many other artists to serve as backing choir for \"Come Together Now\", a song about the 2010 Haiti earthquakes. The song was co-written by Michael W. Smith, David Mullen, and Cindy Morgan.[18] On February 21, 2010 TobyMac and Michael Tait, along with the Newsboys, performed the song \"Jesus Freak\" during Winter Jam in Nashville, Tennessee.[19] In June 2010 Kevin Max tweeted that he was trying to arrange a reunion tour for \"perhaps\" 2011.[20] On August 3, 2010 \"Jesus Freak\" was released as a download to the Rock Band store. The song has a \"Supervision Recommended\" rating.[21] The Rock Band store states that \"Supervision Recommended\" tracks \"may contain suggestive lyrics and the infrequent use of strong language,\" and the song is not playable in LEGO Rock Band due to the rating.[22] In October 2010 Kevin Max discussed the prospect of new DC Talk music. He admitted that he would love to make more music but he thinks \"that time has passed us by...\". He then explained, \"as individuals we are so different in our approaches that it might be quite a process.\" Kevin expressed interest in a reunion tour for the fans.[23]", "DC Talk. In addition to touring and recording Supernatural, the members of the group went on to co-author a book titled Jesus Freaks in collaboration with The Voice of the Martyrs in 1999. The book contains the shortened biographies and incidents in the lives of famous and lesser-known Christians who stood up for their faith. Since then, the group has co-authored a series of other books.", "DC Talk. On January 12, 2006, Gotee Records (co-founded by DC Talk's TobyMac) announced the production of a 10th anniversary Jesus Freak tribute album entitled, Freaked!. This album, which was released in June 2006, features songs from such Gotee Records artists as Relient K, Sarah Kelly, The Showdown, House of Heroes, Verbs, Liquid, and Family Force 5. It also features a reunion of the Gotee Brothers. In August 2006 an album titled The Early Years, a compilation of songs from their first three albums, was released. On December 26, 2006, a 10th anniversary special edition of Jesus Freak was released.", "DC Talk. E.R.A.C.E. (Eliminating Racism And Creating Equality) was launched in September 1997 when DC Talk participated in the \"Racial Reconciliation Rally\" in Little Rock, Arkansas. The rally was part of a week-long emphasis on racial reconciliation.[52]", "DC Talk. In November 1992, the group released an album that would forever change the landscape of Christian music, Free at Last, which was certified as platinum by the RIAA in 1995.[8] In 2001, CCM ranked \"Free at Last\" as the 9th best album in Christian music.[9] The album included \"The Hardway\"; a cover version of the Bill Withers song \"Lean on Me\"; and a remake of \"Jesus Is Just Alright\", originally recorded by the Art Reynolds Singers.[6] It stayed at the No. 1 spot on the Billboard CCM sales chart for 34 weeks.[6][7] DC Talk became one of the first contemporary Christian groups to perform on late-night television when, on November 12, 1993, the band performed \"Jesus Is Still Alright\" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.[10] Free at Last also garnered the group's first Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album in 1994.[1][6] The success of the album is attributed to the group moving away from a strictly rap sound to a blend of hip hop and pop.[7] The album also prompted the filming of a documentary film with the same name.", "DC Talk. DC Talk performed two concerts on July 13, 2017, and a third show on July 14, 2017. These were aboard the MSC Divina in the Bahamas on the reunion cruise announced over a year earlier. The group hinted at more reunions to take place in the future.[39]", "DC Talk. On September 12, 2005, they performed \"In the Light\" and \"Jesus Freak\" together during a September 12 concert in Redmond, WA.", "DC Talk. In 2000, the members announced that they would be taking a break from the group to pursue solo efforts. They released Solo: Special Edition EP, which contained two new songs from each member's solo ventures and a live version of the U2 song \"40\" performed by all three members. The EP reached No. 142 on the Billboard 200 and won dc Talk their fourth Grammy award.[1][12]", "DC Talk. On May 11, 2016, DC Talk announced a 2017 reunion cruise.[34]", "DC Talk. The group is notable for its stances against racism (as evidenced by \"Colored People\", the second track of Jesus Freak), as well as the uncompromising Christian message in its music. \"We're very open about our Christian faith,\" says McKeehan, \"but when we make our records we want to create a musical experience that anyone can immerse themselves in.\" But still, he says, \"one of our goals is to encourage listeners to question themselves and to seek out truth.\"[51]", "DC Talk. In 1992, a year after its release, Nu Thang sold more than 300,000 copies and gave the trio two more Dove Awards.[2] In addition to the increasing attention that the group began to receive, DC Talk appeared on The Arsenio Hall Show that same year.[2] \"Nu Thang\" was eventually certified gold, selling over 500,000 copies, an impressive feat for a Christian artist at that time.[1]", "DC Talk. In 2000, DC Talk hosted a show titled Intermission: A Decade of DC Talk.[17] A compilation album titled Intermission: The Greatest Hits was then released, containing many of their previously recorded songs either remixed or in their original formats. Two new songs, \"Chance\" and \"Sugar Coat It\", were recorded for the album. Intermission reached No. 81 on the Billboard 200.[12]", "DC Talk. Jesus Freak marked a milestone in the group's commercial career as they signed a deal with Virgin Records in 1996 to distribute their music to the mainstream market.[7][14] It also earned dc Talk their second Grammy.[1]", "DC Talk. In January 2011, TobyMac stated that a reunion tour would probably happen \"sooner or later\". He mentioned talking with Michael and Kevin about \"when it should be\" and \"what it could look like.\" Fans hoping for a reunion tour in the near future may be disappointed: \"Right now, I think we're really just enjoying the mountain we're climbing, each of us individually. It's never been a completely closed door. We've always sort of laughed about it, smiled about it. It's timing, I guess.\"[24] On May 28 and 29, 2011, at the Big Church Day Out in Wiston, UK, TobyMac joined the Newsboys twice to perform \"Jesus Freak\", and Michael sang \"In the Light\" on both days with Toby's band, Diverse City.[25] In June 2011 Toby admitted that he thought about Kevin and Michael for every song that he writes. His song \"Wonderin'\" is about his past with Kevin and Michael in DC Talk. \"It's just a warm look back at DC Talk,\" says Toby, almost wistfully. \"It's reminiscing about Michael and Kevin and what we did together, and recognizing their influence on me. I love what I do today, but there are times when I wonder, What if we stayed together? I've got these dreams I'm pursuing now, but are they stealing me from you?\"[26] On June 7, 2011, Back 2 Back Hits, featuring songs off Jesus Freak and Supernatural, was released.[27]", "Dewey, Cheatem & Howe. Tom and Ray Magliozzi, of NPR's Car Talk radio program, named their business corporation \"Dewey, Cheetham & Howe\". Their corporate offices were located on a third-floor office at the corner of Brattle and JFK Streets in Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Magliozzi brothers declared that they established DC&H in 1989.[7]", "DC Talk. In September 2002, DC Talk recorded and released a single about the September 11, 2001 attacks titled \"Let's Roll\". A 10th Anniversary Edition of Free at Last, which includes all of the songs from the original album (including interludes), a 2002 remake of \"The Hardway\", as well as a commentary at the end was released. The Special Edition releases also include the DVD of their Free at Last documentary, as well as the music videos for \"The Hardway\" and \"Jesus Is Just Alright\".", "Jesus Is Just Alright. At the 24th GMA Dove Awards in 1994, \"Jesus Is Just Alright\" was awarded the Dove Award for Best Rock Recorded Song.[26] DC Talk also became one of the first contemporary Christian acts to perform on late-night television when, on November 12, 1993, the band performed \"Jesus Is Just Alright\" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.", "DC Talk. In 2007, the members joined together to cover the Prince-penned song \"The Cross\", featuring on Kevin's album, The Blood.", "DC Talk. In 2004, they performed together on a remix of tobyMac's \"Atmosphere\" as the final track of the Welcome to Diverse City album.", "Vic Mignogna. Mignogna grew up in Greensburg, Pennsylvania.[2] He graduated from Liberty University with a degree in television and film production.[3] He helped produce and arrange some of the songs on DC Talk's eponymous first album.[3][4] Mignogna taught drama and speech in Jacksonville, Florida,[2] and was an officer with the Ocean City Police Department.[3] In 1990, he moved to Houston, Texas, where he was a film and video production instructor at The Art Institute of Houston.[4] In 1993, he was a contestant on American television talent show Star Search, on which he sang \"Worth Waiting For\".[5]", "DC Talk. On October 11, 2016, DC Talk performed \"Love Feels Like\" [35] at the Allen Arena in Nashville, Tennessee at the 47th Annual GMA Dove Awards.[36] The performance was posted Live on the DC Talk Facebook page,[37] making it the very first Facebook Live[38] performance for the band.", "Tyler Joseph. His first real exposure to music was the Christian hip hop group DC Talk.[45]", "Bill Danoff. Bill Danoff's career began in high school in Springfield when he helped form a group called the Reflections. They were very successful in competing at local band contests. Members of the original Reflections included Don \"Skippy\" Parent, Ricky Rydell, Jimmy Blanchard and another member who was the drummer. They recorded several 45's during their time together and were very popular throughout the Northeast United States." ]

[ 6.05859375, 4.2578125, 6.18359375, -1.2783203125, 3.61328125, 1.5087890625, 0.0254058837890625, -0.1165771484375, 0.482177734375, 1.884765625, -0.76025390625, 1.5263671875, -1.53515625, 1.6787109375, -2.31640625, -2.537109375, 0.181884765625, -2.271484375, -2.48828125, 1.28125, -1.0205078125, -0.3271484375, 1.2685546875, -1.51171875, -2.3515625, -2.55078125, -0.90625, -1.876953125, -2.2734375, -4.09375, -1.0498046875, -4.38671875 ]

[ "iTunes. iTunes can read, write and convert between MP3, AIFF, WAV, MPEG-4, AAC and Apple Lossless (.m4a).[32]", "iTunes. iTunes can also play any audio files that QuickTime can play (as well as some video formats), including Protected AAC files from the iTunes Store and Audible.com audio books. Because tag editing and album art is done within iTunes and not QuickTime, these features will not work with these QuickTime components. As of Snow Leopard, iTunes 9 (Mac) will play HE-AAC / AAC+ internet streams. The latest version of iTunes (Win/Mac) supports importing audio CDs using any of the standard audio file formats iTunes supports (AIFF, WAV, Apple Lossless, AAC, MP3), with the AAC and MP3 available in constant bit rate (CBR) or variable bitrate (VBR) encoding.", "iTunes. iTunes keeps track of songs by creating a virtual library, allowing users to access and edit a song's attributes. These attributes, known as metadata, are stored in a binary library file called iTunes Library, which uses a proprietary file format (\"ITL\"). It caches information like artist and genre from the audio format's tag capabilities (the ID3 tag, for example) and stores iTunes-specific information like play count and rating. iTunes typically reads library data only from this file.[27] A second file can also be created if users activate a preference; the iTunes Music Library.xml file is refreshed whenever information in iTunes is changed. It uses an XML format, allowing third-party apps to access the library information (including play count, last played date, and rating, which are not standard fields in the ID3v2.3 format). Apple's own iDVD, iMovie, and iPhoto applications all access the library.[28] If the first file exists but is corrupted, such as by making it zero-length, iTunes will attempt to reconstruct it from the XML file. Detailed third-party instructions regarding this can be found elsewhere.[29] Beginning with iTunes 10.5.3 this behavior has been changed such that the XML file is not read automatically to recreate the database when the database is corrupted. Rather, the user should load the iTunes Library.xml file via File > Library > Import Playlist....", "iTunes. iTunes supports MP4, M4V and MOV files.", "Vendor lock-in. As of 29 May 2007[update], tracks on the EMI label became available in a DRM-free format called iTunes Plus. These files are unprotected and are encoded in the AAC format at 256 kilobits per second, twice the bitrate of standard tracks bought through the service. iTunes accounts can be set to display either standard or iTunes Plus formats for tracks where both formats exist.[8] These files can be used with any player that supports the AAC file format and are not locked to Apple hardware. They can be converted to MP3 format if desired.", "iTunes. In addition to importing CDs into the iTunes library, users can also import digital audio files from other sources, in any format that iTunes supports. This can be accomplished by either right clicking on the file, selecting open with, and then selecting iTunes or dragging the file into the open iTunes window. Alternatively, for Amazon.com MP3 files, the Amazon MP3 Downloader application will automatically import the files into the iTunes library.[34]", "iTunes. Advanced Audio Coding and Apple Lossless files support Unicode metadata, stored in the MPEG-4 Part 14 container as so-called \"atoms\". iTunes uses the Gracenote interactive audio CD database to provide track name listings for audio CDs. The service can be set to activate when a CD is inserted into the computer and an Internet connection is available. Track names for albums imported to iTunes while not connected to the Internet can be obtained during a later connection, by a manual procedure.[36] For any album loaded into iTunes for which there is not an existing Gracenote track listing, the user can choose to submit track name data to Gracenote.[37]", "iTunes Store. Following the introduction of iTunes Store, individual songs were all sold for the same price, though Apple introduced multiple prices in 2007. Music in the store is in the Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) format, which is the MPEG-4-specified successor to MP3. Originally, songs were only available with DRM and were encoded at 128 kbit/s. At the January 2009 Macworld Expo, Apple announced that all iTunes music would be made available without DRM, and encoded at the higher-quality rate of 256 kbit/s. Previously, this model, known as \"iTunes Plus\", had been available only for music from EMI and some independent labels. Users can sample songs by listening to previews, ninety seconds in length, or thirty seconds for short tracks.", "Steve Jobs. iTunes is a media player, media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It is used to play, download, and organize digital audio and video (as well as other types of media available on the iTunes Store) on personal computers running the macOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems. The iTunes Store is also available on the iPod Touch, iPhone, and iPad.", "iTunes. iTunes acts as a front end for Apple's QuickTime media framework.[23] Officially, it is required in order to manage the audio data of an iPod, iPhone, or iPad, although alternative software does exist. Users can organize their music into playlists within one or more libraries, edit file information, record Compact Discs, copy files to a digital audio player, purchase music and videos through its built-in music store (iTunes Store), download free podcasts, back up songs onto a CD or DVD, run a visualizer to display graphical effects in time to the music, and encode music into a number of different audio formats.[24]", "iTunes. iTunes (/ˈaɪtjuːnz/ or /ˈaɪtuːnz/)[4] is a media player, media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It is used to play, download, and organize digital downloads of music and video (as well as other types of media available on the iTunes Store) on personal computers running the macOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems. The iTunes Store is also available on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch.", "iTunes. iTunes does not feature any transfer facility for importing music files between computers directly. This is being addressed in September 2011 by iCloud, but only tracks that Apple sell in their iTunes Store are available (in 256 kbit/s AAC format) without uploading them to iCloud first. Any other tracks, that are either not available in the Store or that the user wants in different encoding can be uploaded to the iCloud with 5 GB of free space and the, as yet undisclosed, potential to purchase more storage. Though what audio formats will be accepted for upload has not been confirmed.", "iTunes. When iTunes was released, it came with support for the Kerbango Internet radio tuner service, giving users a selection of some of the more popular online radio streams available.[77] When Kerbango went out of business in 2001, Apple created its own Internet radio service for use with iTunes 2.0 and later.[78] As of February 2008, the iTunes radio service features 1795 \"radio stations\", mostly in MP3 streaming format. Programming covers many genres of music and talk, including streams from both internet-only sources and traditional radio stations. iTunes also supports the .pls and .m3u stream file formats used by Winamp and other media players.", "iTunes. Through the iTunes Store, users can purchase and download music, music videos, television shows, audiobooks, podcasts, movies, and movie rentals (in some countries), available on the iPhone and iPod Touch (fourth generation onward). Application software for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch can be downloaded from the App Store. iTunes 12.5 is the most recent major version of iTunes, available for Mac OS X v10.9.5 or later and Windows 7 or later; it was released on September 13, 2016.[5] iTunes 12.2 added Apple Music to the application, along with the Beats 1 radio station, and iTunes 12.5 offers a refinement of the Apple Music interface.", "iTunes Store. iTunes Store uses Apple's FairPlay digital rights management (DRM) technology. FairPlay is built into the MP4 multimedia file format as an encrypted AAC audio layer, and is used by the company to protect copyrighted works sold through the store, allowing only authorized devices to play the content.[129][130] The restrictions imposed by FairPlay, mainly limited device compatibility, have sparked criticism, with a lawsuit alleging antitrust violation[131] that was eventually closed in Apple's favor,[132] and various successful efforts to remove the DRM protection from files,[133][134] with Apple continually updating its software to counteract such projects.[135]", "iTunes. Video content available from the store used to be encoded as 540 kbit/s Protected MPEG-4 video (H.264) with an approximately 128 kbit/s AAC audio track. Many videos and video podcasts require the latest version of QuickTime, QuickTime 7, which is incompatible with older versions of Mac OS (only v10.3.9 and later are supported). On September 12, 2006, the resolution of video content sold on the iTunes Store was increased from 320×240 (QVGA) to 640×480 (VGA). The higher resolution video content is encoded as 1.5 Mbit/s (minimum) Protected MPEG-4 video (H.264) with a minimum 128 kbit/s AAC audio track.", "iPod. The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod Photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth- and sixth-generation iPod Classics, as well as third-generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and QuickTime video formats, with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data rates.[57] Originally, iPod software only worked with Classic Mac OS and macOS; iPod software for Microsoft Windows was launched with the second-generation model.[58] Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support Microsoft's WMA audio format—but a converter for WMA files without digital rights management (DRM) is provided with the Windows version of iTunes. MIDI files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the \"Advanced\" menu in iTunes. Alternative open-source audio formats, such as Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox).", "iTunes. For MP3 files, iTunes writes tags in ID3v2.2 using UCS-2 encoding by default, but converting them to ID3v2.3 (UCS-2 encoding) and ID3v2.4 (which uses UTF-8 encoding) is possible via its \"Advanced\" > \"Convert ID3 Tags\" toolbar menu. If both ID3v2.x and ID3v1.x tags are in a file, iTunes ignores the ID3v1.x tags.[35]", "iTunes. In macOS, applications can access the iTunes Library directly, allowing access to its playlists and songs. Music files from iTunes can be embedded directly into Pages documents and can be used as soundtracks for iDVD, iMovie, and Keynote productions. In addition, any song exported from GarageBand, Apple's basic music-making application, is automatically added to the user's iTunes music library. iTunes Artwork.saver is a screen saver included in macOS that displays album artwork as a screen saver.", "iTunes Store. Prior to iTunes 9.0, iTunes Store was delivered using a custom XML format that describes the position of all of the elements, boxes, album art and all of their properties – including whether a reference link can be dragged out of iTunes and into another document.", "iTunes. The addition of podcasting functionality to such a widespread audio application like iTunes greatly helped podcasting enter the mainstream.[58] Within days after iTunes 4.9 was released, podcasters were reporting that the number of downloads of their audio files had tripled, sometimes even quadrupled,[59] and iTunes is considered the dominant podcast client.", "iTunes. Originally a Mac OS 9-only application, iTunes began to support Mac OS X when version 2.0 was released nine months later, which also added support for the original iPod.[11] Version 3 dropped Mac OS 9 support but added smart playlists and a ratings system.[12] In April 2003, version 4.0 introduced the iTunes Store (then the iTunes Music Store); in October, version 4.1 added support for Windows 2000 and Windows XP.[13] Introduced at Macworld 2005 with the new iPod Shuffle, Version 4.7.1 introduced the ability to automatically convert higher-bitrate songs to 128kbit/s AAC as these devices did not natively support audio encoded in AIFF or Apple Lossless formats, also improving the value proposition of the Shuffle's limited flash-only storage.[14] Version 7.0 introduced gapless playback and Cover Flow in September 2006.[15] In March 2007, iTunes 7.1 added support for Windows Vista,[16] and 7.3.2 was the last Windows 2000 version.[17] iTunes lacked support for 64-bit versions of Windows until the 7.6 update on January 16, 2008. iTunes is supported under any 64-bit version of Windows Vista, although the iTunes executable is still 32-bit. The 64-bit versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 are not supported by Apple, but a workaround has been devised for both operating systems.[18] Version 8.0 added Genius playlists, grid view, and a new default visualizer.[19] iTunes 9 added \"Homeshare\", enabling automatic updating of purchased items across other computers on the same subnet and offers a new iTunes Store UI. Genius Mixes were added, as well as improved app synchronization abilities, extending the iPod Shuffle 128 kbit/s down-convert feature to all of Apple's AAC-capable devices.[20] It also adds iTunes LPs to the store, which provides additional media with an album. Apple added iTunes Extras as well to the store, which adds content usually reserved for films on DVD and Blu-ray discs.[21] Both iTunes LPs and Extras use web-standards HTML, JavaScript and CSS.[22]", "iTunes. The Windows version of iTunes can automatically transcode DRM-free WMA (including version 9) files to other audio formats, but does not support playback of WMA files and will not transcode DRM protected WMA files. Telestream, Inc. provides free codecs for Mac users of QuickTime to enable playback of unprotected Windows Media files. These codecs are recommended by Microsoft.[33]", "Vendor lock-in. Prior to March 2009, digital music files with digital rights management were available for purchase from the iTunes Store, encoded in a proprietary derivative of the AAC format that used Apple's FairPlay DRM system. These files are compatible only with Apple's iTunes media player software on Macs and Windows, their iPod portable digital music players, iPhone smartphones, iPad tablet computers, and the Motorola ROKR E1 and SLVR mobile phones. As a result, that music was locked into this ecosystem and available for portable use only through the purchase of one of the above devices,[3] or by burning to CD and optionally re-ripping to a DRM-free format such as MP3 or WAV.", "iTunes. File metadata is displayed in columns, including album, artist, beats per minute, bit rate, composer, date added, date modified, disc number, genre, last played, last skipped, plays, purchase date, size, skips, time, track number, year, and a few fields that may be supplied by users, such as description, kind, and rating. Metadata fields not loaded with the song, or added by a user, remain blank.[38]", "iPod Shuffle. The second-generation Shuffle could play MP3, MP3 VBR, AAC, Protected AAC, Audible (formats 2, 3 and 4), WAV and AIFF. Due to its low processing power, the only iTunes-supported file format that the iPod did not support is Apple Lossless.[citation needed]", "iTunes Store. In September 2009, Apple introduced the iTunes LP format (known pre-launch by the code name \"Cocktail\")[42] which features visual, interactive content alongside album tracks and lyrics.", "iTunes. Users can subscribe to RSS feeds through the iTunes Store or by directly entering the feed URL. Video podcasts can contain downloadable video files (in MOV, MP4, M4V, or MPG format), but also streaming sources and even IPTV.[61]", "iTunes. iTunes includes sound processing features, such as equalization, \"sound enhancement\" and crossfade. There is also a feature called Sound Check, which automatically adjusts the playback volume of all songs in the library to the same level; this is usually called volume leveling or audio normalization. Like \"sound enhancement\" and crossfade, this can be turned on in the Playback section of iTunes' preferences.", "iTunes. On May 9, 2005, video support was introduced to iTunes with the release of iTunes 4.8. Users can drag and drop video clips from the computer into the iTunes Library for cataloging and organization. They can be viewed in a small frame in the main iTunes display, in a separate window, or full screen. Before version 7 provided separate libraries for media types, videos were only distinguished from audio in the Library by a small icon resembling a TV screen and grouped with music in the library, organized by the same musical categories (such as \"album\" and \"composer\").", "iTunes. The following is for the newest version of iTunes.", "History of iTunes. Originally a Mac OS 9-only application, iTunes began to support Mac OS X with the release of version 1.1 in March 2001. Release 2.0 added support for a then-new product, the iPod.[4] Version 3 dropped Mac OS 9 support but added smart playlists and a ratings system.[5] In April 2003, version 4.0 introduced the iTunes Store; in October, version 4.1 added support for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP.[6] Introduced at Macworld 2005 with the new iPod Shuffle, Version 4.7.1 introduced the ability to convert higher-bitrate songs to 128kbit/s AAC automatically, as these devices did not natively support audio encoded in AIFF or Apple Lossless formats, also improving the value proposition of the Shuffle's limited flash-only storage.[7] Version 7.0 introduced gapless playback and Cover Flow in September 2006.[8] In March 2007, iTunes 7.1 added support for Windows Vista,[9] and 7.3.2 was the last Windows 2000 version.[10]" ]

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[ "Anno Domini. Traditionally, English followed Latin usage by placing the \"AD\" abbreviation before the year number.[b] However, BC is placed after the year number (for example: AD 2018, but 68 BC), which also preserves syntactic order. The abbreviation is also widely used after the number of a century or millennium, as in \"fourth century AD\" or \"second millennium AD\" (although conservative usage formerly rejected such expressions).[14] Because BC is the English abbreviation for Before Christ, it is sometimes incorrectly concluded that AD means After Death, i.e., after the death of Jesus. However, this would mean that the approximate 33 years commonly associated with the life of Jesus would neither be included in the BC nor the AD time scales.[15]", "History by period. Note that BC and BCE refer to the same time period. BCE is an abbreviation for Before Common Era, and BC for Before Christ. AD is Anno Domini, and CE is Common Era. This is done in order to standardize time periods across the world (ISO 8601).", "Anno Domini. This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era. There is no year zero in this scheme, so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC. This dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor, but was not widely used until after 800.[10][11]", "Timeline of ancient history. Centuries: 34th BC - 33rd BC - 32nd BC - 31st BC - 30th BC - 29th BC - 28th BC - 27th BC - 26th BC - 25th BC - 24th BC - 23rd BC - 22nd BC - 21st BC - 20th BC - 19th BC - 18th BC - 17th BC - 16th BC - 15th BC - 14th BC - 13th BC - 12th BC - 11th BC - 10th BC - 9th BC - 8th BC - 7th BC - 6th BC - 5th BC - 4th BC - 3rd BC - 2nd BC - 1st BC - 1st AD - 2nd AD - 3rd AD - 4th AD", "0. In the BC calendar era, the year 1 BC is the first year before AD 1; there is not a year zero. By contrast, in astronomical year numbering, the year 1 BC is numbered 0, the year 2 BC is numbered −1, and so on.[58]", "Anno Domini. For computational reasons, astronomical year numbering and the ISO 8601 standard designate years so that AD 1 = year 1, 1 BC = year 0, 2 BC = year −1, etc.[c] In common usage, ancient dates are expressed in the Julian calendar, but ISO 8601 uses the Gregorian calendar and astronomers may use a variety of time scales depending on the application. Thus dates using the year 0 or negative years may require further investigation before being converted to BC or AD.", "Common Era. Some oppose the Common Era notation for explicitly religious reasons. Because the BC/AD notation is based on the traditional year of the conception or birth of Jesus, some Christians are offended by the removal of the reference to him in era notation.[68] The Southern Baptist Convention supports retaining the BC/AD abbreviations.[69]", "Century. Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor introduced the anno Domini system in AD 525, counting the years since the birth of Christ. This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception of Jesus of Nazareth, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era. There is no year zero in this scheme, so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC. This dating system was devised in 525, but was not widely used until after 800.", "Century. There is no \"zeroth century\" in between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD. Also, there is no year 0 AD.[3] The Julian calendar \"jumps\" from 1 BC to 1 AD. The first century BC includes the years 100 BC to 1 BC. Other centuries BC follow the same pattern.", "Year. A calendar era assigns a cardinal number to each sequential year, using a reference point in the past as the beginning of the era. Worldwide, the most commonly used calendar era is referenced from the traditional—now believed incorrect—year of the birth of Jesus. Dates in this era are designated Anno Domini (Latin for in the year of the Lord), abbreviated AD, or the secular common era, abbreviated CE. The year before 1 AD, or 1 CE, is designated 1 Before Christ (BC), or 1 Before the Common Era (BCE), and the year before that is 2 BC/2 BCE, etc.; hence, there was no year 0 AD/0 CE.", "Common Era. In the United States, the usage of the BCE/CE notation in textbooks is growing.[47] Some publications have moved over to using it exclusively. For example, the 2007 World Almanac was the first edition to switch over to the BCE/CE usage, ending a 138-year usage of the traditional BC/AD dating notation. It is used by the College Board in its history tests,[54] and by the Norton Anthology of English Literature. Others have taken a different approach. The US-based History Channel uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as Jerusalem and Judaism.[55]", "Common Era. Common Era or Current Era (CE)[1] is one of the notation systems for the world's most widely used calendar era – an alternative to the Dionysian AD and BC system. The era preceding CE is known as before the Common Era or before the Current Era (BCE), while the Dionysian era distinguishes eras as AD (anno Domini, \"[the] year of [the] Lord\")[2] and BC (\"before Christ\"). Since the two notation systems are numerically equivalent, \"2018 CE\" corresponds to \"AD 2018\" and \"400 BCE\" corresponds to \"400 BC\".[2][3][4][a] Both notations refer to the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar). The year-numbering system utilized by the Gregorian calendar is used throughout the world today, and is an international standard for civil calendars.[5]", "Chronology. By comparing the parallel columns, the reader can determine which events were contemporaneous, or how many years separated two different events. To place all the events on the same time scale, Eusebius used an Anno Mundi (A.M.) era, meaning that events were dated from the supposed beginning of the world as computed from the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Pentateuch. According to the computation Eusebius used, this occurred in 5199 B.C. The Chronicon of Eusebius was widely used in the medieval world to establish the dates and times of historical events. Subsequent chronographers, such as George Syncellus (died circa 811), analyzed and elaborated on the Chronicon by comparing with other chronologies. The last great chronographer was Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609) who reconstructed the lost Chronicon and synchronized all of ancient history in his two major works, De emendatione temporum (1583) and Thesaurus temporum (1606). Much of modern historical datings and chronology of the ancient world ultimately derives from these two works.[7] Scaliger invented the concept of the Julian Day which is still used as the standard unified scale of time for both historians and astronomers.[citation needed]", "Common Era. The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number. Unlike AD, which traditionally precedes the year number, CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all).[70] Thus, the current year is written as 2018 in both notations (or, if further clarity is needed, as 2018 CE, or as AD 2018), and the year that Socrates died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital letters, or with periods (e.g., \"B.C.E.\" or \"C.E.\").[74] Style guides for academic texts on religion generally prefer BCE/CE to BC/AD.[75]", "Timeline of ancient history. World in AD 1.", "Chronology. Dionysius Exiguus’ Anno Domini era (which contains only calendar years AD) was extended by Bede to the complete Christian era (which contains, in addition all calendar years BC, but no year zero). Ten centuries after Bede, the French astronomers Philippe de la Hire (in the year 1702) and Jacques Cassini (in the year 1740), purely to simplify certain calculations, put the Julian Dating System (proposed in the year 1583 by Joseph Scaliger) and with it an astronomical era into use, which contains a leap year zero, which precedes the year 1 (AD).[5]", "Year zero. Dionysius did not use AD years to date any historical event. This began with the English cleric Bede (c. 672–735), who used AD years in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (731), popularizing the era. Bede also used a term similar to the English before Christ once, but that practice did not catch on until very much later. Bede did not sequentially number days of the month, weeks of the year, or months of the year. However, he did number many of the days of the week using a counting origin of one in Ecclesiastical Latin. Previous Christian histories used anno mundi (\"in the year of the world\") beginning on the first day of creation, or anno Adami (\"in the year of Adam\") beginning at the creation of Adam five days later (the sixth day of creation according to the Genesis creation narrative), used by Africanus, or anno Abrahami (\"in the year of Abraham\") beginning 3,412 years after Creation according to the Septuagint, used by Eusebius of Caesarea, all of which assigned \"one\" to the year beginning at Creation, or the creation of Adam, or the birth of Abraham, respectively. Bede continued this earlier tradition relative to the AD era.", "Prehistory. All dates are approximate and conjectural, obtained through research in the fields of anthropology, archaeology, genetics, geology, or linguistics. They are all subject to revision due to new discoveries or improved calculations. BP stands for \"Before Present (1950).\" BCE stands for Before Common Era\".", "Common Era. Also in 2011, media reports suggested that the BC/AD notation in Australian school textbooks would be replaced by BCE/CE notation.[60] The story became national news and drew opposition from some politicians and church leaders. Weeks after the story broke, the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority denied the rumour and stated that the BC/AD notation would remain, with CE and BCE as an optional suggested learning activity.[61]", "Timeline of ancient history. World in AD 100.", "Common Era. In the 200 years between 1808 and 2008 the ratio of usage of BCE to BC has increased by about 20% and CE to AD by about 50%, primarily since 1980.[50]", "Radiocarbon dating. Calibrated 14C dates are frequently reported as cal BP, cal BC, or cal AD, again with BP referring to the year 1950 as the zero date.[77] Radiocarbon gives two options for reporting calibrated dates. A common format is \"cal <date-range> <confidence>\", where:", "British Iron Age. The end of the Iron Age extends into the very early Roman Empire under the theory that Romanisation required some time to take effect. In parts of Britain that were not Romanised, such as Scotland, the period is extended a little longer, say to the 5th century. The geographer closest to AD 100 is perhaps Ptolemy. Pliny and Strabo are a bit older (and therefore a bit more contemporary), but Ptolemy gives the most detail (and the least theory).", "Excavation (archaeology). By separating a site into these basic, discrete units, archaeologists are able to create a chronology for activity on a site and describe and interpret it. Stratigraphic relationships are the relationships created between contexts in time representing the chronological order they were created. An example would be a ditch and the back-fill of said ditch. The relationship of \"the fill\" context to the ditch \"cut\" context is \"the fill\" occurred later in the sequence, i.e., you have to dig a ditch first before you can back-fill it. A relationship that is later in the sequence is sometimes referred to as \"higher\" in the sequence and a relationship that is earlier \"lower\" though the term higher or lower does not itself imply a context needs to be physically higher or lower. It is more useful to think of this higher or lower term as it relates to the contexts position in a Harris matrix, which is a two-dimensional representation of a site's formation in space and time.", "Anno Domini. In the AD year numbering system, whether applied to the Julian or Gregorian calendars, AD 1 is preceded by 1 BC. There is no year \"0\" between them, so a new century begins in a year which has \"01\" as the final digits (e.g., 1801, 1901, 2001). New millennia likewise are considered to have begun in 1001 and 2001. This is at odds with the much more common conception that centuries and millennia begin when the trailing digits are zeroes (1800, 1900, 2000, etc.); for example, the worldwide celebration of the new millennium took place on New Year's Eve 1999, when the year number ticked over to 2000.[10]", "Chronology. Ab Urbe condita is Latin for \"from the founding of the City (Rome)\",[4] traditionally set in 753 BC. It was used to identify the Roman year by a few Roman historians. Modern historians use it much more frequently than the Romans themselves did; the dominant method of identifying Roman years was to name the two consuls who held office that year. Before the advent of the modern critical edition of historical Roman works, AUC was indiscriminately added to them by earlier editors, making it appear more widely used than it actually was.", "Timeline. A timeline is a display of a list of events in chronological order.[1] It is typically a graphic design showing a long bar labelled with dates alongside itself and usually events. A Gantt chart is a form of timeline used in project management.", "History of calendars. Marcus Terentius Varro introduced the Ab urbe condita epoch, assuming a foundation of Rome in 753 BC. The system remained in use during the early medieval period until the widespread adoption of the Dionysian era in the Carolingian period. In the Roman Empire, the AUC year could be used alongside the consular year, so that the consulship of Quintus Fufius Calenus and Publius Vatinius could be determined as 707 AUC (or 47 BC), the third consulship of Caius Julius Caesar, with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, as 708 AUC (or 46 BC), and the fourth consulship of Gaius Julius Caesar as 709 AUC (or 45 BC).[11]", "B.C. (comic strip). Originally, the strip was set firmly in prehistoric times, with the characters clearly living in an era untouched by modernity. Typical plotlines, for example, include B.C.'s friend, Thor (inventor of the wheel and the comb), trying to discover a use for the wheel. Thor was also seen making calendars out of stone every December. Other characters attempt to harness fire or to discover an unexplored territory, like Peter trying to find the \"new world\" by crossing the ocean on a raft. Animals, like the dinosaur, think such thoughts as, \"There's one consolation to becoming extinct—I'll go down in history as the first one to go down in history.\" Grog arrived in early 1966,[6] emerging from a miniature glacier which melted to reveal what Wiley called \"Prehistoric man!\"", "Chronology. The familiar terms calendar and era (within the meaning of a coherent system of numbered calendar years) concern two complementary fundamental concepts of chronology. For example, during eight centuries the calendar belonging to the Christian era, which era was taken in use in the 8th century by Bede, was the Julian calendar, but after the year 1582 it was the Gregorian calendar. Dionysius Exiguus (about the year 500) was the founder of that era, which is nowadays the most widespread dating system on earth. An epoch is the date (year usually) when an era begins.", "Common Era. According to a Los Angeles Times report, it was a student's use of BCE/CE notation, inspired by its use within Wikipedia, which prompted the teacher and politician Andrew Schlafly to found Conservapedia, a cultural conservative wiki.[72] One of its \"Conservapedia Commandments\" is that users must always apply BC/AD notation, since its sponsors perceive BCE/CE notation to \"deny the historical basis\" of the dating system.[73]", "Year zero. Historians have never included a year zero. This means that between, for example, 1 January 500 BC and 1 January AD 500, there are 999 years: 500 years BC, and 499 years AD preceding 500. In common usage anno Domini 1 is preceded by the year 1 BC, without an intervening year zero.[6] Thus the year 2017 actually signifies \"the 2017th year\". Neither the choice of calendar system (whether Julian or Gregorian) nor the era (Anno Domini or Common Era) determines whether a year zero will be used. If writers do not use the convention of their group (historians or astronomers), they must explicitly state whether they include a year 0 in their count of years, otherwise their historical dates will be misunderstood.[7]" ]

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[ "Biblical manuscript. P\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {P}}}\n\n52 is the oldest known manuscript fragment of the New Testament, containing a portion of the Gospel of John", "New Testament. The Muratorian fragment, dated at between 170 and as late as the end of the 4th century (according to the Anchor Bible Dictionary), may be the earliest known New Testament canon attributed to mainstream Christianity. It is similar, but not identical, to the modern New Testament canon.", "Development of the New Testament canon. The Muratorian fragment[52] is the earliest known example of a defined list of mostly New Testament books.[53] It survives, damaged and thus incomplete, as a bad Latin translation of an original, no longer extant, Greek text that is usually dated in the late 2nd century,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] although a few scholars have preferred a 4th-century date.[62][63][64] This is an excerpt from Metzger's translation:[65]", "Gospel of John. Rylands Library Papyrus P52, a Greek papyrus fragment with John 18:31–33 on one side and 18:37–38 on the other, commonly dated to the first half of the 2nd century, is the oldest New Testament manuscript known.[36] A substantially complete text of John exists from the beginning of the 3rd century at the latest, so that the textual evidence for this gospel is commonly accepted as both earlier and more reliable than that for any other. John stands fourth in the standard ordering of the gospels, after Matthew, Mark and Luke.", "Biblical manuscript. The earliest manuscript of a New Testament text is a business-card-sized fragment from the Gospel of John, Rylands Library Papyrus P52, which may be as early as the first half of the 2nd century. The first complete copies of single New Testament books appear around 200, and the earliest complete copy of the New Testament, the Codex Sinaiticus dates to the 4th century.[23] The following table lists the earliest extant manuscript witnesses for the books of the New Testament.", "New Testament. Like other literature from antiquity, the text of the New Testament was (prior to the advent of the printing press) preserved and transmitted in manuscripts. Manuscripts containing at least a part of the New Testament number in the thousands. The earliest of these (like manuscripts containing other literature) are often very fragmentarily preserved. Some of these fragments have even been thought to date as early as the 2nd century (i.e., Papyrus 90, Papyrus 98, Papyrus 104, and famously Rylands Library Papyrus P52, though the early date of the latter has recently been called into question).[138]", "Septuagint. The oldest manuscripts of the LXX include 2nd century BCE fragments of Leviticus and Deuteronomy (Rahlfs nos. 801, 819, and 957), and 1st century BCE fragments of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, and the Minor Prophets (Alfred Rahlfs nos. 802, 803, 805, 848, 942, and 943). Relatively complete manuscripts of the LXX postdate the Hexaplar rescension and include the Codex Vaticanus from the 4th century CE and the Codex Alexandrinus of the 5th century. These are indeed the oldest surviving nearly complete manuscripts of the Old Testament in any language; the oldest extant complete Hebrew texts date some 600 years later, from the first half of the 10th century.[23][55] The 4th century Codex Sinaiticus also partially survives, still containing many texts of the Old Testament.[56] While there are differences between these three codices, scholarly consensus today holds that one LXX—that is, the original pre-Christian translation—underlies all three. The various Jewish and later Christian revisions and recensions are largely responsible for the divergence of the codices.[11] The Codex Marchalianus is another notable manuscript.", "Biblical manuscript. Codex Sinaiticus (c. 350) contains the oldest complete copy of the New Testament, as well as most of the Greek Old Testament, known as the Septuagint", "Gospel of Matthew. The oldest relatively complete manuscripts of the Bible are the Codex Vaticanus and the Codex Sinaiticus, which date from the 4th century. Besides these, there exist manuscript fragments ranging from a few verses to whole chapters. \n\n\n\n\n\nP\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {P}}}\n\n104 and \n\n\n\n\n\nP\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {P}}}\n\n67 are notable fragments of Matthew. These are copies of copies. In the process of recopying, variations slipped in, different regional manuscript traditions emerged, and corrections and adjustments were made. Modern textual scholars collate all major surviving manuscripts, as well as citations in the works of the Church Fathers, in order to produce a text which most likely approximates to the lost autographs.[13]", "Biblical manuscript. The New Testament has been preserved in more manuscripts than any other ancient work, having over 5,800 complete or fragmented Greek manuscripts, 10,000 Latin manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages including Syriac, Slavic, Gothic, Ethiopic, Coptic and Armenian. The dates of these manuscripts range from c. 125 (the \n\n\n\n\n\nP\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {P}}}\n\n52 papyrus, oldest copy of John fragments) to the introduction of printing in Germany in the 15th century.", "New Testament. The earliest works that became part of the New Testament are the letters of the Apostle Paul. The earliest of the books of the New Testament was First Thessalonians, an epistle of Paul, written probably in 51, or possibly Galatians in 49 according to one of two theories of its writing.", "Matthew the Apostle. In the 3rd-century Jewish–Christian gospels attributed to Matthew were used by Jewish–Christian groups such as the Nazarenes and Ebionites. Fragments of these gospels survive in quotations by Jerome, Epiphanius and others. Most academic study follows the distinction of Gospel of the Nazarenes (26 fragments), Gospel of the Ebionites (7 fragments), and Gospel of the Hebrews (7 fragments) found in Schneemelcher's New Testament Apocrypha. Critical commentators generally regard these texts as having been composed in Greek and related to Greek Matthew.[18] A minority of commentators consider them to be fragments of a lost Aramaic or Hebrew language original.", "Vulgate. A number of early manuscripts containing or reflecting the Vulgate survive today. Dating from the 8th century, the Codex Amiatinus is the earliest surviving manuscript of the complete Vulgate Bible. The Codex Fuldensis, dating from around 545, contains most of the New Testament in the Vulgate version, but the four gospels are harmonized into a continuous narrative derived from the Diatessaron.", "Codex Sinaiticus. In May 1975, during restoration work, the monks of Saint Catherine's Monastery discovered a room beneath the St. George Chapel which contained many parchment fragments. Kurt Aland and his team from the Institute for New Testament Textual Research were the first scholars who exclusively were invited to analyse, examine and photograph these new fragments of the New Testament in 1982.[109] Among these fragments were twelve complete leaves from the Sinaiticus, 11 leaves of the Pentateuch and 1 leaf of the Shepherd of Hermas.[17] Together with these leaves 67 Greek Manuscripts of New Testament have been found (uncials 0278 – 0296 and some minuscules).[110]", "Development of the New Testament canon. The Codex Claromontanus ,[74] c. 303–67,[75] a page found inserted into a 6th-century copy of the Epistles of Paul and Hebrews, has the Old Testament, including Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach, 1–2,4 Maccabees, and the New Testament, plus Acts of Paul, Apocalypse of Peter, Barnabas, and Hermas, but missing Philippians, 1–2 Thessalonians, and Hebrews.", "Old St. Peter's Basilica. The fragment of an eighth-century mosaic, the Epiphany, is one of the very rare remaining bits of the medieval decoration of Old St. Peter's Basilica. The precious fragment is kept in the sacristy of Santa Maria in Cosmedin. It proves the high artistic quality of the destroyed mosaics. Another one, a standing madonna, is on a side altar in the Basilica of San Marco in Florence.", "Mosaic. The fragment of an 8th-century mosaic, the Epiphany is one of the very rare remaining pieces of the medieval decoration of Old St. Peter's Basilica, demolished in the late 16th century. The precious fragment is kept in the sacristy of Santa Maria in Cosmedin. It proves the high artistic quality of the destroyed St. Peter's mosaics.", "Biblical manuscript. P\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {P}}}\n\n45 is a manuscript of Gospels and Acts. It contains the earliest known text of Mark. Scholars find it hard to read it because of its fragmentary state.", "Old City (Jerusalem). In 2010, Jerusalem's oldest fragment of writing was found outside the Old City's walls.[10]", "Codex Sinaiticus. Along with Codex Vaticanus, the Codex Sinaiticus is considered one of the most valuable manuscripts for establishing the original text (textual criticism) of the Greek New Testament, as well as the Septuagint. It is the only uncial manuscript with the complete text of the New Testament, and the only ancient manuscript of the New Testament written in four columns per page which has survived to the present day.[2] With only 300 years separating the Codex Sinaiticus and the proposed lifetime of Jesus, it is considered to be more accurate than most later New Testament copies in preserving superior readings where many later manuscripts are in error.[9]", "New Testament. Increasing standardization of distinct (and once local) text-types eventually gave rise to the Byzantine text-type. Since most manuscripts of the New Testament do not derive from the first several centuries, that is, they were copied after the rise of the Byzantine text-type, this form of text is found the majority of extant manuscripts and is therefore often called the \"Majority Text.\" As with all of the other (earlier) text-types, the Byzantine can also occasionally preserve early readings.", "New Testament. In the 19th century, manuscript evidence was discovered for an \"Old Syriac\" version of the four distinct (i.e., not harmonized) gospels. These \"separated\" (Syriac: da-Mepharreshe) gospels, though old, have been shown to be later than the Diatessaron. The Old Syriac gospels are fragmentarily preserved in two manuscripts: the 5th-century Curetonian Syriac and the Sinaitic Syriac from the 4th or 5th century.", "Biblical manuscript. P\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {P}}}\n\n1 is an early third century fragment of the Gospel of Matthew.", "New Testament. The New Testament (Greek: Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē; Latin: Novum Testamentum) is the second part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Testament, based on the Hebrew Bible. The New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity. Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture. The New Testament (in whole or in part) has frequently accompanied the spread of Christianity around the world. It reflects and serves as a source for Christian theology and morality. Extended readings and phrases directly from the New Testament are incorporated (along with readings from the Old Testament) into the various Christian liturgies. The New Testament has influenced religious, philosophical, and political movements in Christendom and left an indelible mark on literature, art, and music.", "New Testament. Collections of related texts such as letters of the Apostle Paul (a major collection of which must have been made already by the early 2nd century)[7] and the Canonical Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John (asserted by Irenaeus of Lyon in the late-2nd century as the Four Gospels) gradually were joined to other collections and single works in different combinations to form various Christian canons of Scripture. Over time, some disputed books, such as the Book of Revelation and the Minor Catholic (General) Epistles were introduced into canons in which they were originally absent. Other works earlier held to be Scripture, such as 1 Clement, the Shepherd of Hermas, and the Diatessaron, were excluded from the New Testament. The Old Testament canon is not completely uniform among all major Christian groups including Roman Catholics, Protestants, the Greek Orthodox Church, the Slavic Orthodox Churches, and the Armenian Orthodox Church. However, the twenty-seven-book canon of the New Testament, at least since Late Antiquity, has been almost universally recognized within Christianity (see Development of the New Testament canon).", "Biblical manuscript. None of the original documents of the New Testament is extant and the existing copies differ from one another. The textual critic seeks to ascertain from the divergent copies which form of the text should be regarded as most conforming to the original.[26] The New Testament has been preserved in three major manuscript traditions: the 4th-century-CE Alexandrian text-type, the Western text-type, and the Byzantine text-type, which includes over 80% of all manuscripts, the majority comparatively very late in the tradition.", "New Testament apocrypha. In addition to the known apocryphal works, there are also small fragments of texts, parts of unknown (or uncertain) works. Some of the more significant fragments are:", "New Testament. For each subsequent century, more and more manuscripts survive that contain a portion or all of the books that were held to be part of the New Testament at that time (for example, the New Testament of the 4th-century Codex Sinaiticus, once a complete Bible, contains the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas), though occasionally these manuscripts contain other works as well (e.g., Papyrus 72 and the Crosby-Schøyen Codex). The date when a manuscript was written, however, does not necessarily reflect the date of the form of text it contains. That is, later manuscripts can, and occasionally do, contain older forms of text or older readings.", "Book of Leviticus. The En-Gedi Scroll, a burnt text that was excavated from an ancient Synagogue in Ein Gedi in 1970, and has been carbon dated to the late 5th century AD, was recently discovered to contain verses from the second chapter of Leviticus, making it the oldest piece of the Torah ever discovered after the Dead Sea Scrolls. The text was unreadable until analyzed with a micro CT scanner that was then used to recreate a 3D image of the scroll. It is the first Torah scroll to be found in an ancient Synagogue.[22]", "New Testament. The New Testament is a collection of Christian works written in the common (Koine) Greek language of the first century, at different times by various writers, and the modern consensus is that it provides important evidence regarding Judaism in the first century AD.[1] In almost all Christian traditions today, the New Testament consists of 27 books. The original texts were written in the first and perhaps the second centuries of the Christian Era, in Greek, which was the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean from the conquests of Alexander the Great (335–323 BC) until the Muslim conquests in the 7th century AD. All the works that eventually became incorporated into the New Testament are believed to have been written no later than around 120 AD,.[2][3][better source needed] John A. T. Robinson, Dan Wallace, and William F. Albright dated all the books of the New Testament before 70 AD.[4] Others give a final date of 80 AD,[5] or at 96 AD.[6]", "New Testament. Outside of these unimportant variants, there are a couple variants of some importance. The two most commonly cited examples are the last verses of the Gospel of Mark[143][144][145] and the story of the adulterous woman in the Gospel of John.[146][147][148] Many scholars and critics also believe that the Comma Johanneum reference supporting the Trinity doctrine in 1 John to have been a later addition.[149][150] According to Norman Geisler and William Nix, \"The New Testament, then, has not only survived in more manuscripts than any other book from antiquity, but it has survived in a purer form than any other great book—a form that is 99.5% pure\"[151]", "Codex Sinaiticus. The codex is an Alexandrian text-type manuscript written in the 4th century in uncial letters on parchment. Current scholarship considers the Codex Sinaiticus to be one of the best Greek texts of the New Testament,[2] along with the Codex Vaticanus. Until the discovery by Constantin von Tischendorf of the Sinaiticus text, the Codex Vaticanus was unrivaled.[3]" ]

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[ "Honda CR-V. The facelifted 2015 model year CR-V went on sale during October 2014.[13] The CR-V uses the direct injected \"Earth Dreams\" engine and continuously variable transmission (CVT) transmission combination first introduced on the ninth generation Accord, EPA estimated fuel economy is improved +4/+3/+3 mpg (city/highway/combined). The structure has been modified to improve crash performance, particularly in the IIHS's small offset crash test. The suspension shock absorbers, springs, anti-roll bars and lower control arms are also revised to improve ride performance, while a reduced 15.6:1 steering gear ratio and larger brake booster gives it a sportier feel.", "Continuously variable transmission. An early application of CVT was in the British Clyno car, introduced in 1923.", "Continuously variable transmission. After studying pulley-based CVT for years, Honda[31] also introduced their own version on the 1995 Honda Civic VTi. Dubbed Honda Multi Matic, this CVT gearbox accepted higher torque than traditional pulley CVTs, and also includes a torque converter for \"creep\" action. The CVT is employed in the Honda City ZX that is manufactured in India and Honda City Vario manufactured in Pakistan.", "Continuously variable transmission. CVTs are used in some all terrain vehicles. The first ATV equipped with CVT was Polaris's Trail Boss in 1985.", "Continuously variable transmission. Some vehicles that offer CVT are the Chrysler Pacifica hybrid, the Ford C-MAX hybrid, the Mitsubishi Lancer, the Dodge Caliber, the Toyota Corolla, the Scion iQ, the Honda Insight, Fit, CR-Z hybrid, CR-V, Capa, Honda Civic, Honda Accord, the Nissan Tiida/Versa (SL, SV, and Note S Plus or higher models), Cube, Juke, Sentra, Altima, Maxima, 2013 1.2 Note, Rogue, X-Trail, Murano, Pathfinder, Sunny and the non-Mexican Micra, the Jeep Patriot and Compass, the Suzuki SX4 S-Cross, and the Subaru Forester, Impreza, Legacy, and Outback, Suzuki Kizashi, Toyota Allion 2009 onwards, Toyota Premio 2009 onwards, Toyota Avalon, Toyota Mark X, etc.", "Honda Civic (tenth generation). Honda Automobile Thailand debuted the Civic on 12 March 2016.[25] Choices include E, El, Turbo and Turbo RS, redeveloped 1.8-litre naturally aspirated with i-VTEC technology that produces 141 hp (105 kW) and 174 N⋅m (128 lb⋅ft) of torque and the new 1.5-litre VTEC TURBO produces 173 hp (129 kW) and 220 N⋅m (160 lb⋅ft) of torque, achieved with the employment of turbocharger, and unlike North American models, it is equipped with VTEC. Both engines are mated to a continuously variable transmission (CVT).[26]", "Honda CR-V. Mechanically, the 2005 model was also changed. A major change included a drive-by-wire throttle for all CR-Vs. The all-wheel drive system was improved; it had been tuned to activate faster in low traction situations. US market models were equipped with a five-speed automatic, as opposed to the previous four-speed automatic.", "Nissan Sentra. At the time it was launched, there was some controversy regarding the possibility of vehicles equipped with CVT transmission be converted to flex fuel, since this was the statement that was made by Honda Motor of Brazil in the launch of the second generation Honda Fit in Brazil. During the 2008 upgrade of the Honda Fit, the CVT system was replaced by a conventional automatic transmission and according to the manufacturer it was not possible to attach the CVT transmission infinite relations to a flex fuel engine. Honda's decision to change the type of transmission reduced manufacturing costs and Brazilian auto press inquired the truth of that statement following the release of the CVT-equipped Sentra FFV.[49][50][51]", "Honda Civic (sixth generation). The Civic was introduced in 1996 initially with two 1.6-litre engines. The VTEC motor was found in the VTI, while the non-VTEC was standard across the range in the GLi and CXi models, with an optional 4-speed automatic in both the CXi and GLi or CVT in the VTi. The high output B16A2 engine was introduced later and available in the coupe and hatch, known as the VTi-R.", "Honda. As Honda entered into automobile manufacturing in the late 1960s, where Japanese manufacturers such as Toyota and Nissan had been making cars since before WWII, it appears that Honda instilled a sense of doing things a little differently than its Japanese competitors. Its mainstay products, like the Accord and Civic (with the exception of its USA-market 1993–97 Passport which was part of a vehicle exchange program with Isuzu (part of the Subaru-Isuzu joint venture)), have always employed front-wheel-drive powertrain implementation, which is currently a long-held Honda tradition. Honda also installed new technologies into their products, first as optional equipment, then later standard, like anti lock brakes, speed sensitive power steering, and multi-port fuel injection in the early 1980s. This desire to be the first to try new approaches is evident with the creation of the first Japanese luxury chain Acura, and was also evident with the all aluminum, mid-engined sports car, the Honda NSX, which also introduced variable valve timing technology, Honda calls VTEC.", "Continuously variable transmission. Between 1913 and 1923 Spanish manufacturer David produced cyclecars with CVT.[24]", "Honda Fit. The engines are mated to a five-speed manual, five-speed automatic, and continuously variable transmission (CVT), depending on the region (CVT not offered in United States prior to 2015). Two forms of the CVT are offered: the regular, and the CVT-7. The CVT-7 offers a smooth, continuous flow of power, or seven simulated \"gears\" controlled by paddle shifters on the steering column.", "Honda CR-V. The Honda CR-V is a compact crossover manufactured by Honda since 1995. It uses the Honda Civic platform with an SUV body design. The CR-V is Honda's mid-range utility vehicle, slotting between the smaller HR-V and the larger Pilot. Honda states \"", "Continuously variable transmission. In February 1987, Subaru released the Justy in Tokyo with an electronically controlled continuously variable transmission (ECVT) developed by Fuji Heavy Industries which owns Subaru, and Van Doorne's Transmissie in The Netherlands. One and a half years later in November 1988, Subaru also brought out the Justy 4WD ECVT, a Justy with part-time 4WD and the ECVT gearbox. Production was limited to 500 units per month as Van Doorne's could only produce this many steel belts for them. In June, supplies increased to 3,000 per month and Subaru responded by installing the extra volume into transmissions for their Rex microcar.[26] In 1989 the Justy became the first production car in the U.S. to offer CVT technology. While the Justy saw only limited success, Subaru continues to use CVT in its kei cars to this day,[when?] while also supplying it to other manufacturers.[27] Subaru offers CVT (Lineartronic) on 2014 Outback, Legacy, Forester, Impreza, and Crosstrek.[28]", "Continuously variable transmission. GM introduced its version of CVT known as VTi in 2002. It was used in the Saturn Vue and Saturn Ion models.", "Continuously variable transmission. Suzuki has used CVT since 2010 on their SX4 and Kizashi models.", "Continuously variable transmission. A CVT, called Variomatic, was designed and built by Hub van Doorne, co-founder of Van Doorne's Automobiel Fabriek (DAF), in the late 1950s, specifically to produce an automatic transmission for a small, affordable car. The first DAF car using van Doorne's CVT, the DAF 600, was produced in 1958.[25] Van Doorne's patents were later transferred to a company called VDT (Van Doorne Transmissie B.V.) when the passenger car division was sold to Volvo in 1975; its CVT was used in the Volvo 340. In 1995, VDT was acquired by Robert Bosch GmbH.", "Continuously variable transmission. CVTs have been used in aircraft electrical power generating systems since the 1950s and in Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) Formula 500 race cars since the early 1970s. Farm equipment, namely harvester combines, used variable belt drives as early as the 1950s, as well. CVTs were banned from Formula 1 in 1994 because of concerns that the best-funded teams would dominate if they managed to create a viable F1 CVT.[3] More recently,[when?] CVT systems have been developed for go-karts and have proven to increase performance and engine life expectancy. The Tomcar range of off-road vehicles also utilizes the CVT system.", "Honda Fit. The U.S. model debuted at the 2014 North American International Auto Show and went on sale in June as a 2015 model year vehicle. The third generation model replaces the previous SOHC engine with an all-new 1.5-liter DOHC i-VTEC engine featuring direct injection and an intake cam using continuously variable cam phasing with a variable lift dual cam lobe profile. Transmission options include a 6-speed manual or continuously variable transmission (CVT) with available paddle shifters adopted from the Civic.[86] Fuel mileage ratings for automatic models are 33/41/36 mpg (LX model, city/highway/combined) or 32/38/35 mpg (EX and EX-L trim levels).[citation needed]", "Honda CR-V. The CR-V Concept debuted at the Orange County International Auto Show in September 2011,[9] the production 2012 CR-V debuted at the 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show.[10] The CR-V went on sale in the U.S. on December 15, 2011.[11]", "Continuously variable transmission. Mercedes-Benz introduced their version of the CVT Transmission, known as \"Autotronic\" back in 2004 for the 2005 model year A-Class. And later in 2005 for the 2006 model year B-Class. \"Autotronic\" is one of the most compact CVT Transmissions in the world.", "Continuously variable transmission. The 1992 Nissan March contained Nissan's N-CVT based on the Fuji Heavy Industries ECVT.[27] In the late 1990s, Nissan designed its own CVT that allowed for higher torque and included a torque converter. This gearbox was used in a number of Japanese-market models. Nissan is also the only car maker to bring a roller-based CVT to the market in recent years.[when?] Their toroidal CVT, named the Extroid, was available in the Japanese market Y34 Nissan Gloria and V35 Skyline GT-8. However, the gearbox was not carried over when the Cedric/Gloria was replaced by the Nissan Fuga in 2004. The Nissan Murano, introduced in 2003, and the Nissan Rogue, introduced in 2007, also use CVT in their automatic transmission models. In a Nissan press release, dated 12 July 2006, Nissan announced a large-scale shift to CVT transmissions when they selected their XTronic CVT technology[29] for all automatic versions of the Versa, Cube, Sentra, Altima and Maxima vehicles in North America, making the CVT a mainstream transmission system. One major motivator for Nissan to make a switch to CVTs was as a part of their 'Green Program 2010' aimed at reducing CO2 emissions by 2010. The CVT found in Nissan’s Maxima, Murano and the V6 version of the Altima is considered to be the world's first \"3.5 L class\" belt CVT and can hold much higher torque loads than other belt CVTs.[30]", "Continuously variable transmission. In summer 1987, the Ford Fiesta and Fiat Uno became the first mainstream European cars to be equipped with steel-belted CVT (as opposed to the less robust rubber-belted DAF design). This CVT, the Ford CTX was developed by Ford, Van Doorne, and Fiat, with work on the transmission starting in 1976.[27]", "Honda CR-V. The third generation CR-V went on sale in the US in late September 2006, as the 2007 model year. The third generation CR-V was launched for the 2007 model year. Unlike preceding models it features a rear liftgate rather than a side-opening rear door and no longer has the spare tire mounted on the rear door.", "Honda CR-V. The \"Honda Sensing\" package, which includes features like Adaptive Cruise Control with Low-Speed Follow (ACC), Collision Mitigation Braking (CMBS) and Lane Keeping Assist (LKAS), are standard on EX and above trims; the package was formerly reserved to the Touring trim prior to the 5th gen release. New safety features include Blind Spot Information (BSI) with Rear Cross Traffic Monitor (CTM), replacing the LaneWatch system from the previous generation CR-V, and Auto High Beam (HSS) headlights.[18]", "Honda CR-V. Introduced in Japan in 1995 as a concept[citation needed], the CR-V (Chassis Code RD1-RD3) was Honda's first in-house designed sport utility vehicle by Hiroyuki Kawase. The CR-V was introduced in Japan at Honda Verno dealerships only and was regarded as a luxury vehicle in Japan due to the exterior width dimensions exceeding Japanese Government dimension regulations. For North American market, it was displayed at the 1996 Chicago Auto Show and went on sale in February 1997.", "Continuously variable transmission. Leonardo da Vinci, in 1490, conceptualized a stepless continuously variable transmission.[dubious – discuss] Milton Reeves invented a variable-speed transmission for saw milling in 1879, which he applied to his first car in 1896.[21] The first patent for a friction-based belt CVT for a car was filed in Europe[clarification needed] by Daimler and Benz in 1886, and a US patent for a toroidal CVT was granted in 1935.[22][23]", "Honda CR-V. It is powered with a 2.4-liter i-VTEC inline-four engine puts out 185 hp and 163 pound-feet (220Nm ) of torque at 4,400 rpm along with an all-new Real-Time all-wheel-drive (AWD) with intelligent control system. All North American Honda CR-Vs come equipped with a 5-speed automatic transmission.[12]", "Honda CR-V. Honda began producing the CR-V at Greensburg, Indiana (HMIN) during February 2017.[20]", "Honda Civic (seventh generation). The seventh generation North American Civic DX/LX/Value Package engines were the last in the Honda and Acura not to use Honda's variable valve time system aka (VTEC) along with the 1996-2004 Acura 3.5RL Non-Vtec engines.", "Honda Accord. After a period of developing idiosyncratic automobiles such as the Honda 1300 that met a lukewarm response in both Japan and North America, Honda considered pulling out of automobile manufacturing altogether by the early 1970s. However, Honda released a more conventional automobile in 1972 called the \"Civic\" which immediately reversed their flagging fortunes due to its economy, reliability and low cost in an era of rising fuel prices. The Civic utilized Honda's CVCC technology, later used in the Accord, to help Honda meet emission standards of the 1970s and early 1980s without the added expense of a catalytic converter.[3]", "Honda Civic (sixth generation). HX: Available as coupé only, this trim package was specially tooled for higher fuel efficiency. It was the only trim available with a CVT (continuously variable transmission), though customers could also choose a 5-speed manual transmission. It included all standard equipment from DX, plus a slightly higher horsepower VTEC-E engine, alloy wheels, power windows, power locks, power steering, and tachometer.[7][8]" ]

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[ "FA Cup. The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League (formerly named the UEFA Cup; from its launch in 1960 until 1998, they entered the now-defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup instead). This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight. In the past, if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season's Champions League or Europa League through their league position, then the losing FA Cup finalist were given this European berth instead. FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage. Losing finalists, if they haven't qualified for Europe via the league, began earlier, at the play-off or third qualifying round stage.[16] From the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League season, however, UEFA does not allow the runners-up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition.[17] If the winner – and until 2015, the runner-up –\nhas already qualified for Europe through their league position (with the exception of the UEFA Cup until 1998), the FA Cup berth is then given to the highest-place team in the league who has not yet qualified.", "2017 FA Cup Final. The winners would enter the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage, had they not already qualified for the UEFA Champions League via other competitions.[3]", "Premier League. The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, and the sixth and seventh-placed teams can also qualify, depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the EFL Cup. Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament; if the winner of either the FA Cup or EFL Cup qualifies for the Champions League, then that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League.[56][57]", "2013 FA Cup Final. The competition winners were awarded a place in the group stage of the 2013–14 Europa League competition. Because Manchester City and their semi-final opponent Chelsea had already qualified for the following season's Champions League by virtue of the clubs' league positions, Wigan gained a Europa League place by winning their semi-final match.[8]", "2011 FA Cup Final. Manchester City's victory set up a Community Shield match against rivals Manchester United – who City had beaten in the semi-finals – after United clinched the Premier League shortly before kick-off in the Final. The FA Cup winners are usually awarded qualification for the UEFA Europa League, but because Manchester City qualified for the UEFA Champions League via their league position, the Europa League place was passed to Stoke City as runners-up. In the 2011 FA Community Shield match in August, the FA Cup winners Manchester City lost 3–2 to Manchester United after creating a 2–0 lead at half time.[75]", "2016 FA Cup Final. The winners Manchester United qualified for the 2016 FA Community Shield and the group stage of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League.[4] Since Manchester United had also qualified for the Europa League group stage based on their league position, Southampton entered the group stage (taking the league spot from Manchester United instead of their original spot in third qualifying round), while Southampton's spot in the third qualifying round was given to West Ham United as the highest placed Premier League team not already qualified for European competitions.[5]", "2017–18 FA Cup. All of the competing teams that are not members of either the Premier League or English Football League had to compete in the qualifying rounds to secure one of 32 available places in the First Round Proper. The qualifying competition began with the Extra Preliminary Round on 5 August 2017.[1] The final (fourth) qualifying round was played over the weekend of 14 October 2017.[1]", "Liverpool F.C. in European football. As runners-up to League champions Manchester United in the 1996 FA Cup Final, Liverpool were able to compete in the 1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. This proved the club's most successful campaign since their return to European competition, as they reached the semi-finals, where they were eliminated 3–2 on aggregate by Paris Saint–Germain.[62] In the next two seasons, Liverpool played in the UEFA Cup but were eliminated at an early stage of the competition, by Strasbourg and Celta de Vigo, respectively.[63][64] A seventh-place finish in the 1998–99 FA Premier League meant the club did not qualify for Europe in 1999–2000.[65]", "2018–19 FA Cup. All of the competing teams that are not members of either the Premier League or English Football League will compete in the qualifying rounds to secure one of 32 available places in the First Round Proper. The qualifying competition began with the Extra Preliminary Round on 11 August 2018.[1] The final (fourth) qualifying round was played over the weekend of 20 October 2018.[1]", "2018–19 FA Cup. The 2018–19 FA Cup (also known as the FA Challenge Cup) is the 138th edition of the oldest recognised football tournament in the world. It is sponsored by Emirates, and known as The Emirates FA Cup for sponsorship purposes. It started with the Extra Preliminary Round on the weekend of 11 August 2018, and will conclude with the final on 18 May 2019. The winner will qualify for the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League group stage.", "2017–18 FA Cup. The 2017–18 FA Cup (also known as the FA Challenge Cup) is the 137th edition of the oldest recognised football tournament in the world. It is sponsored by Emirates, and known as The Emirates FA Cup for sponsorship purposes. 737 clubs were accepted into the tournament. It began with the Extra Preliminary Round on 5 August 2017, and will conclude with the final on 19 May 2018.[1] The winner will qualify for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League group stage.", "Wigan Athletic F.C.. Wigan's victory in the 2013 FA Cup Final qualified them for European football for the first time, earning them an automatic place in the group stage of the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League.", "2018 FA Cup Final. As winners, Chelsea qualified for the group stage of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League, although they had qualified for that phase already via their league position.[4][5] Chelsea also earned the right to play 2017–18 Premier League champions Manchester City for the 2018 FA Community Shield.", "UEFA Europa League. The top three ranked associations may qualify for the fourth berth if both the Champions League and Europa League champions are from that association and do not qualify for European competition through their domestic performance. In that case, the fourth-placed team in that association will join the Europa League instead of the Champions League, in addition to their other qualifying teams.", "Irish Cup. The Cup winners qualify to represent Northern Ireland in the following season’s UEFA Europa League. However, if they have already qualified for European competition as winners or runners-up of the NIFL Premiership, the 4th-placed Premiership club[4] are awarded the berth, and do not have to participate in the Premiership's Europa League play-offs.[5]", "FA Cup. The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria. All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible. Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season. Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season. All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.", "FA Cup. Beginning in August, the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout, consisting of twelve rounds, a semi-final and then a final, in May. A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages. There is no seeding, the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw. Prior to the quarter-finals, fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only.[10] The first six rounds are qualifiers, with the draws organised on a regional basis. The next six rounds are the \"proper\" rounds where all clubs are in one draw.", "Playoffs. In addition to their league competitions, most European footballing nations also have knockout cup competitions – English football, for example, has the FA Cup and the League Cup. These competitions are open to many teams — 92 clubs compete for the League Cup, and hundreds compete for the FA Cup. These competitions run concurrently with the \"regular season\" league competitions and are not regarded as playoffs.", "FA Cup. The competition is open to any eligible club down to Level 10 of the English football league system – all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League (Level 1) and the English Football League (Levels 2 to 4), and several hundred \"non-league\" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10).[2] A record 763 clubs competed in 2011–12. The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. Entrants are not seeded, although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds – the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen.", "FA Cup. The FA Cup winners also qualify for the following season's single-match FA Community Shield, the traditional season opener played against the previous season's Premier League champions (or the Premier League runners-up if the FA Cup winners also won the league – the double).", "Culture of the United Kingdom. The best-placed teams in the domestic leagues of England and Scotland qualify for Europe's premier competition, the UEFA Champions League (European Cup). Previous winners from the UK are Liverpool, Manchester United, Nottingham Forest, Celtic, Chelsea and Aston Villa. The UEFA Champions League Anthem, written by English composer Tony Britten, is played before each game.[322] Henry Lyte's Christian hymn \"Abide With Me\" is sung prior to kick-off at every FA Cup Final, a tradition since 1927.", "2006 FA Cup Final. Liverpool's victory set up a Community Shield match against Chelsea, winners of the 2005–06 Premier League. As FA Cup winners, Liverpool would have been awarded qualification into the UEFA Cup, but because they had qualified for the UEFA Champions League via their league position, the UEFA Cup place was passed to runners-up, West Ham.[1]", "FA Cup Final. For a full list of FA Cup winners and runners-up, see List of FA Cup Finals.", "FA Cup. The qualifying rounds are regionalised to reduce the travel costs for smaller non-league sides. The first and second proper rounds were also previously split into Northern and Southern sections, but this practice was ended after the 1997–98 competition.", "1997–98 FA Premier League. Premiership champions Arsenal and runners-up Manchester United qualified for the Champions League, while UEFA Cup places went to Liverpool, Leeds United, Aston Villa and Blackburn Rovers. Qualifying for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup were Chelsea (as defending champions) and FA Cup runners-up Newcastle United. Crystal Palace, while finishing bottom, qualified for the Intertoto Cup[3]", "UEFA European Championship. In order to qualify, a team must finish in one of the qualifying spots or win a play-off. After this, a team proceeds to the finals round in the host country, although hosts qualify for the tournament automatically. The qualifying phase begins in the autumn after the preceding FIFA World Cup, almost two years before the finals.", "FA Cup. Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for the Europa League and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Arsenal are the current holders, having beaten Chelsea 2–1 in the 2017 final to win the cup for the 13th time in their history and become the tournament's most successful club. Arsenal's Arsène Wenger is the most successful manager in the competition with seven finals won.", "Liverpool F.C. in European football. Liverpool's victory over Sunderland in the 1992 FA Cup Final qualified them for the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup, but this campaign was short-lived, as they were eliminated in the second round by Russian side Spartak Moscow.[60] Liverpool finished no higher than sixth in the Premier League during the next two seasons, thus failing to qualify for European competition. In the 1995–96 season, they entered the UEFA Cup, but again progressed no further than the second round, this time losing to Brøndby of Denmark.[61]", "2016–17 Manchester United F.C. season. As FA Cup winners, United entered the Europa League at the group stage. The draw took place on 26 August 2016 and saw United paired with Turkish league runners-up Fenerbahçe, Dutch cup winners Feyenoord and the fourth-placed team from the Ukrainian league, Zorya Luhansk. They had met Fenerbahçe in Europe twice before (1996–97 and 2004–05) and Feyenoord once before (1997–98). The fixture schedule saw United first head to the Netherlands to play Feyenoord on 15 September, then a home game against Zorya Luhansk two weeks later, followed by a double-header against Fenerbahçe, first at home then away. The programme then closed with the return games against Feyenoord and Zorya Luhansk. Due to the war in Donbass, the away game against Zorya Luhansk was played at Chornomorets Stadium in Odessa.", "UEFA Europa League. Usually, each country's places are awarded to teams who finish in various runners-up places in its top-flight league and the winner of the main cup competition. Typically the teams qualifying via the league are those in the highest places not eligible for the UEFA Champions League; however, the Belgian league awards one place via a playoff between First A and First B teams. A few countries have secondary cup competitions, but the only ones whose winners are currently granted a UEFA Europa League place are England's and France's.", "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group F. The group winners, England, qualified directly for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The group runners-up, Slovakia, were eliminated as the worst runners-up.[1]", "UEFA Europa League. Qualification has changed significantly. Associations ranked 7–9 in the UEFA coefficients sent the cup winners and three (two since 2015–16 season) other teams to the UEFA Europa League qualification, all other nations sent a Cup winners and two other teams, except Andorra and San Marino, who sent only a Cup winner and a runner-up, and Liechtenstein, who sent only a Cup winner. Since Gibraltar was accepted as a full UEFA member at the UEFA congress held in London on 24 May 2013, their Cup winner also qualified for Europa League. Usually, the other teams will be the next highest ranked clubs in each domestic league after those qualifying for the UEFA Champions League, however France and England will continue to use one spot for their League Cup winner. With the abolition of the Intertoto Cup, all participants of Europa League are qualified through domestic routes. Generally, the higher an association is ranked in the UEFA coefficients, the later its clubs start in the qualification. However, every team except for the title-holder (up to 2014–15 season) and the highest ranked teams (usually the cup winner and/or the best Europa League qualified team) from the top (six in 2012–15 seasons, 12 since 2015–16 season) associations had to play at least one qualification round." ]

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[ "Happy Birthday to You. The origins of \"Happy Birthday to You\" date back to at least the late 19th century, when two sisters, Patty and Mildred J. Hill, introduced the song \"Good Morning to All\" to Patty's kindergarten class in Kentucky.[10] Years later, in 1893, they published the tune in their songbook Song Stories for the Kindergarten. Kembrew McLeod stated that the Hill sisters likely copied the tune and lyrical idea from other popular and similar nineteenth-century songs that predated theirs, including Horace Waters' \"Happy Greetings to All\", \"Good Night to You All\" also from 1858, \"A Happy New Year to All\" from 1875, and \"A Happy Greeting to All\", published 1885. However, American law professor Robert Brauneis disputes this, noting that these earlier songs had quite different melodies.[22]", "Happy Birthday to You. \"Happy Birthday to You\", more commonly known as simply \"Happy Birthday\", is a song that is traditionally sung to celebrate the anniversary of a person's birth. According to the 1998 Guinness World Records, \"Happy Birthday to You\" is the most recognized song in the English language, followed by \"For He's a Jolly Good Fellow\". The song's base lyrics have been translated into at least 18 languages.[1] The melody of \"Happy Birthday to You\" comes from the song \"Good Morning to All\",[2] which has traditionally been attributed to American sisters Patty and Mildred J. Hill in 1893,[3][4] although the claim that the sisters composed the tune is disputed.[5]", "Happy Birthday to You. Patty Hill was a kindergarten principal in Louisville, Kentucky, developing various teaching methods at what is now the Little Loomhouse;[6] her sister Mildred was a pianist and composer.[7] The sisters used \"Good Morning to All\" as a song that young children would find easy to sing.[8] The combination of melody and lyrics in \"Happy Birthday to You\" first appeared in print in 1912, and probably existed even earlier.[9]", "Happy Birthday to You. It is likely that teachers and students spontaneously adapted the published version of \"Good Morning to All\" to celebrate birthdays in the classroom, changing the lyrics to \"Happy Birthday\" in the process.[3] The complete text of \"Happy Birthday to You\" first appeared in print as the final four lines of Edith Goodyear Alger's poem \"Roy's Birthday\", published in her book A Primer of Work and Play, copyrighted by D. C. Heath in 1901, with no reference to the words being sung.[23] The first book including \"Happy Birthday\" lyrics set to the tune of \"Good Morning to All\" that bears a date of publication is from 1911 in The Elementary Worker and His Work, but earlier references exist to a song called \"Happy Birthday to You\" including an article from 1901 in the Inland Educator and Indiana School Journal.[24] Children's Praise and Worship, edited by Andrew Byers, Bessie L. Byrum and Anna E. Koglin, published the song in 1918. In 1924, Robert Coleman included \"Good Morning to All\" in a songbook with the birthday lyrics as a second verse. Coleman also published \"Happy Birthday\" in The American Hymnal in 1933.", "Happy Birthday to You. One of the most famous performances of \"Happy Birthday to You\" was Marilyn Monroe's rendition to U.S. President John F. Kennedy in May 1962.[55] Another notable use was by comedy pianist Victor Borge, who played the song in styles of various composers,[56] or would begin playing Moonlight Sonata, smoothly transitioning into the song.[57]", "Happy Birthday to You. In 1935, several specific piano arrangements and an unused second verse of \"Happy Birthday to You\" were copyrighted as a work for hire crediting Preston Ware Orem for the piano arrangements and Mrs. R. R. Forman for the lyrics by the Summy Company, the publisher of \"Good Morning to All\".[25][26] This served as the legal basis for claiming that Summy Company legally registered the copyright for the song, as well as the later renewal of these copyrights.[27] A later 2015 lawsuit would find this claim baseless. That specific new lyrics that also included the full text of \"Happy Birthday to You\", was a copyright on the derivative work. A 1957 acquisition of C.C. Birchard & Company saw Summy Company becoming the Summy-Birchard Company. A later corporate restructuring in the 1970s saw Summy-Birchard becoming a division of a new company: Birch Tree Group Limited.", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. I believe this is the Minuet from Mozart's Divertimento in D, K205. If this is the origination of the melody, then this entire article is completely off. 24.6.202.178 (talk) 00:55, 13 June 2010 (UTC)", "Happy, Happy Birthday Baby. \"Happy, Happy Birthday Baby\" is a 1957 song written by Margo Sylvia & Gilbert Lopez. \"Happy, Happy Birthday Baby\" was originally performed by The Tune Weavers, who had their only hit with this song. Both Margo Sylvia and Gilbert Lopez were members of The Tune Weavers. The single went to number four on the R&B chart and went to number five on the Hot 100.[1] The B-side of \"Happy, Happy Birthday Baby, was The Tune Weavers version of \"Ol' Man River\"", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. The Happy Birthday to You theme in part of an unknown string quartet, possibly by Mozart, can be heard below:", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. In addition, this version says specifically that the song is sung to the same tune as \"Good Morning to you.\" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.163.59.6 (talk) 01:25, 2 August 2015 (UTC)", "Happy Birthday to You. On July 28, 2015, one day prior to a scheduled ruling, Nelson's attorneys Betsy Manifold and Mark Rifkin presented new evidence that they argued was conclusive proof that the song was in the public domain, \"thus making it unnecessary for the Court to decide the scope or validity of the disputed copyrights, much less whether Patty Hill abandoned any copyright she may have had to the lyrics\". Several weeks prior, they had been given access to documents held back from them by Warner/Chappell, which included a copy of the 15th edition of The Everyday Song Book, published in 1927. The book contained \"Good Morning and Happy Birthday\", but the copy was blurry, obscuring a line of text below the title. Manifold and Rifkin located a clearer copy of an older edition, published in 1922, that also contained the \"Happy Birthday\" lyrics. The previously obscured line was revealed to be the credit \"Special permission through courtesy of The Clayton F Summy Co.\". Manifold and Rifkin argued that because the music and lyrics were published without a valid copyright notice as was required at the time, \"Happy Birthday\" was in the public domain.[39]", "Happy Birthday to You. In 2010, the Western Classical music conductor Zubin Mehta conducted the orchestra to play variations of Happy Birthday in the styles of various Western classical music composers including Wagner, Bach, Mozart and Beethoven, and in the Viennese, New Orleans and Hungarian composition styles.[61][62]", "Happy Birthday to You. The American copyright status of \"Happy Birthday to You\" began to draw more attention with the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act in 1998. When the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Act in Eldred v. Ashcroft in 2003, Associate Justice Stephen Breyer specifically mentioned \"Happy Birthday to You\" in his dissenting opinion.[16] American law professor Robert Brauneis, who extensively researched the song, concluded in 2010 that \"It is almost certainly no longer under copyright.\"[17] In 2013, based in large part on Brauneis's research, Good Morning to You Productions, a company producing a documentary about \"Good Morning to All\", sued Warner/Chappell for falsely claiming copyright to the song.[5][10] In September 2015, a federal judge declared that the Warner/Chappell copyright claim was invalid, ruling that the copyright registration applied only to a specific piano arrangement of the song, and not to its lyrics and melody. In 2016, Warner/Chappell settled for US $14 million, and the court declared that \"Happy Birthday to You\" was in the public domain.[18][19]", "Happy Birthday to You. On September 22, 2015, federal judge George H. King ruled[41] that the Warner/Chappell copyright claim over the lyrics was invalid.[42][43] The 1935 copyright held by Warner/Chappell applied only to a specific piano arrangement of the song, not the lyrics or melody.[44] The court held that the question of whether the 1922 and 1927 publications were authorized, thus placing the song in the public domain, presented questions of fact that would need to be resolved at trial.[41] However, Warner/Chappell had failed to prove that it actually had ever held a copyright to the lyrics, so the court was able to grant summary judgment to the plaintiffs, thus resolving the case.[41]", "Happy, Happy Birthday Baby. The inspiration for the song came from Margo's then-boyfriend, Donald Clements, who was a member of a group called the Sophomores. When he broke up with her, Margo came up with the lyrics to express how she wanted to stay with him. \"The words came so easily. It was real,\" she recounted to Wayne Jancik in The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders. Margo and the rest of the Tune Weavers recorded it and \"Ol' Man River\" in an 18-hour session on March 7, 1957, in Boston, with Margo eight months pregnant. Seven months later, the song reached its peak of popularity in the United States.[2]", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. Happy Birthday is among the top three most popular songs in the English language, along with \"Auld Lang Syne\" and \"For He's a Jolly Good Fellow.\"", "Happy Birthday to You. During the March 6, 2014 episode of the Comedy Central series The Colbert Report, Stephen Colbert planned to sing the song in honor of the 90th anniversary of its 1924 publication. Due to the copyright issues, Colbert instead performed his new \"royalty-free\" birthday song, which is set to \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".[64][65]", "Happy Birthday to You. None of the early appearances of the \"Happy Birthday to You\" lyrics included credits or copyright notices. The Summy Company registered a copyright in 1935, crediting authors Preston Ware Orem and Mrs. R. R. Forman. In 1988, Warner/Chappell Music purchased the company owning the copyright for US$25 million, with the value of \"Happy Birthday\" estimated at US$5 million.[10][11] Based on the 1935 copyright registration, Warner claimed that the United States copyright will not expire until 2030, and that unauthorized public performances of the song are illegal unless royalties are paid to Warner. In one specific instance in February 2010, these royalties were said to amount to US$700.[12] By one estimate, the song is the highest-earning single song in history, with estimated earnings since its creation of US$50 million.[13][14] In the European Union, the copyright for the song expired on January 1, 2017.[15]", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. Good stuff, Mr. Byron. I did a touch of editing - replaced your legal disclaimers with our standard ones, for example. Oh, and I felt I had to trim these songs - not really encyclopedic for us to include our own compositions! :) Martin 22 May 2003", "Happy Birthday to You. Warner/Chappell disputed the evidence, arguing that unless there was \"necessary authorization from the copyright owner\", the \"Happy Birthday\" lyrics and sheet music would still be subject to common law copyright as an unpublished work, and that it was unknown whether the \"special permission\" from the Summy Company covered \"Good Morning to All\", \"Happy Birthday\", or both, thus alleging that the publication in The Everyday Song Book was unauthorized. The company also argued that it was not acting in bad faith in withholding the evidence of the 1927 publication.[40]", "Happy Birthday to You. It is traditional, among English-speakers, that at a birthday party, the song \"Happy Birthday to You\" be sung to the birthday person by the other guests celebrating the birthday. More specifically, the birthday person is traditionally presented with a birthday cake with lit candles, with the number of candles sometimes corresponding to the age of the person. After the song is sung (usually just once), party guests sometimes add wishes like \"and many more!\" expressing the hope that the birthday person will enjoy a long life. The birthday person may be asked to make a wish (\"Make a wish!\")—which he or she does silently—and then is supposed to blow out the candles. Traditionally, blowing out the candles is believed (or is considered a lighthearted superstition) to ensure that the wish will come true.[21] Once the candles have been blown out, people may applaud, after which the cake may be served, often with the first piece being served to the person whose birthday it is.", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. Tune of : \"Volga Boatmen\"", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. I am removing the vital article template as this article is no longer listed as a vital article in that project. Users at the vital article article project, which the template is linked to, have discussed, voted and come to a consensus the article about the song \"Happy Birthday to You\" is no longer to be listed as a vital article in the expanded 10'000 article list.", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. The song seems to be more popularly referred to as Happy Birthday to You. Also, this resolves the disambiguation to some extent, so I moved it there. anthony (see warning) 14:57, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. In the US section it's not explained very well. They were only copyrighted in 1935 but they clearly existed in 1928 (and 31 and 33). They weren't copyrighted then. I assume you can copyright something which someone else wrote before you so I assume then that Preston is purported to have written these lyrics before 1928 but this isn't explained... Also where does Summy fit in to all this. They evidently published the song Good Morning To All written by the sisters but where, when and how did they publish it? Did the two sisters write it for them (work for hire) or what? It's rather confusing! Nil Einne 17:52, 15 October 2006 (UTC)", "Happy Birthday to You. Warner/Chappell Music acquired Birch Tree Group Limited in 1988 for US$25 million.[10][11] The company continued to insist that one cannot sing the \"Happy Birthday to You\" lyrics for profit without paying royalties: in 2008, Warner collected about US$5,000 per day (US$2 million per year) in royalties for the song.[28] Warner/Chappell claimed copyright for every use in film, television, radio, anywhere open to the public, and for any group where a substantial number of those in attendance are not family or friends of whoever is performing the song. Brauneis cited problems with the song's authorship and the notice and renewal of the copyright, and concluded: \"It is almost certainly no longer under copyright.\"[3][17]", "Happy Birthday to You. In the 30 Rock episode \"Goodbye, My Friend\", TGS cast members begin to sing the song following an announcement about the royalty fee for singing \"Happy Birthday to You\" on a television show. The cast is interrupted after the first line by a character entering the scene.[citation needed] In the Community episode \"Mixology Certification\", a scene starts with the last two words of the song (\"... to you\"), implying it had been sung in its entirety, before Pierce confusedly asks, \"How come we only sang the last two words?\"[citation needed]", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. Except that the song in question is more or less a complete copy of another song with some words changed. Also Happy Birthday is one of those songs which is so short, it can be reproduced in its entirety and fall under fair use under some cases.", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. Currently we follow the earliest published version of the song and give the third line as \"Happy birthday to John,\" which experience daily shows is an invitation to vandalism. Perhaps we should use instead the version published in the court opinion (page 2), which gives the line as \"Happy birthday dear [NAME]\". Since that is the court-approved version of the lyrics, I consider it to have greater authority than the historical use, and while I don't mean to be overly optimistic, perhaps it would somewhat reduce vandalism. Note also that my argument may be seen as one against my personal interest. John M Baker (talk) 17:13, 7 March 2016 (UTC)", "Public domain music. On February 8, 2016, a court ruled that \"Happy Birthday to You\" was in the public domain, and Warner/Chappell Music was required to pay $14 million to the song's licensees.[5]", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. The article claims that \"The current owner of the 1935 copyright believes that one cannot sing 'Happy Birthday to You' lyrics for profit without paying royalties.\" I can't find anything confirming this. Source? - Ketsuekigata 22:15 19 November 2006", "Talk:Happy Birthday to You. \"An exception to this rule is enjoyed in the UK, however, since the melody's original US copyright lapsed during the 1912–1956 period that the UK followed the Berne Convention Comparison of Terms (AKA Rule of the Shorter Term).\"" ]

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[ "1965 in the Vietnam War. General Westmoreland requested 35,000 additional American troops, which would bring the total military personnel authorized in South Vietnam to 210,000. President Johnson and Secretary of Defense McNamara set a limit of the total number of U.S. soldiers of 195,000.[103]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. McNamara returned to Washington and recommended to President Johnson that the number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam be increased to 175,000. He recommended also that 235,000 soldiers in the Reserve and National Guard be activated and that the number of U.S. military personnel be increased by 375,000. He recommended also that air strikes against North Vietnam be increased from 2,500 to 4,000 per month.[83]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. The South Vietnamese security forces, including regulars, part-time militia, Montagnard irregulars, and National Police totaled 567,246 personnel.[3] 23,310 U.S. military personnel were in South Vietnam.[4]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. In the aftermath of the Battle of Ia Drang and after meeting with General Westmoreland in South Vietnam, Secretary of Defense McNamara recommended in a memorandum to President Johnson that the number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam should be increased to about 400,000 in 1966 and possibly by an additional 200,000 in 1967. McNamara estimated that 1,000 Americans per month would die in the war and that \"the odds are even\" that the U.S. would prevail. McNamara recommended a pause in bombing North Vietnam of 3 to 4 weeks duration to try to find a way to end the war before undertaking the military buildup. Ambassador Lodge, General Westmoreland, and CINCPAC opposed the bombing halt.[111]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. In a memorandum to President Johnson, Secretary McNamara estimated total communist forces in South Vietnam as having increased to 230,000, including 71,000 Viet Cong main force, 40,000 political cadre, 110,000 guerrillas, and 20,000 North Vietnamese soldiers. McNamara anticipated that these totals would increase.[107]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam now totaled 184,314, compared to 23,310 a year earlier.[117] U.S. casualties in 1965 totaled 1,928 dead, compared to 216 in the 1964.[118] South Vietnamese military forces totaled 514,000, including the Army and the Popular Force and Regional Force militias.[119] The South Vietnamese armed forces suffered 11,242 killed in action, a five-fold increase in battle deaths since 1960.[120] 93,000 persons deserted from the South Vietnam's armed forces in 1965.[121]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. MACV Commander General Westmoreland asked the U.S. Department of Defense for increased authority to undertake offensive operations. He said, \"We have reached the point in Vietnam where we cannot avoid the commitment to combat of U.S. ground troops.\" The Pentagon endorsed Westmoreland's request for additional soldiers which would bring the total of American military personnel in Vietnam up to 117,000, plus 20,000 third-country troops, by November 1.[70]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. The CIA and Defense Intelligence Agency issued an estimate of military strength in South Vietnam. The armed forces of South Vietnam numbered 567,000, of which 245,000 belonged to the regular army (ARVN) and the remainder to the Regional and Popular militia forces. The Viet Cong was estimated to number between 50,000 and 60,000 regulars and 100,000 militia.[40]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. President Johnson ordered an increase in the number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam to 125,000 and an increase in the draft of young Americans into the military from 17,000 to 35,000 per month, but he declined to activate the Reserve and National Guard. Johnson's announcement represented a quantum leap in the American commitment and was followed quickly by massive increases in the number of U.S. troops deployed to South Vietnam.[89]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. In a meeting in Hawaii, Ambassador Taylor finally agreed to the introduction of U.S. combat ground forces into South Vietnam. In a memo to the President the next day, Secretary of Defense McNamara described the military consensus that \"it would take more than six months, perhaps a year or two to...break the will of the DRV/VC [North Vietnam and the Viet Cong] by denying them victory.\" On this date the U.S. had 33,000 U.S. military personnel in Vietnam and another 20,000 scheduled to be there.[54]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. At year's end, the North Vietnamese army numbered 400,000, compared to 195,000 a year earlier. Air force and air defense capabilities were greatly expanded. 50,000 North Vietnamese cadre and soldiers infiltrated South Vietnam during 1965, equal to the total number infiltrated from 1959 through 1964. Group 559, charged with transporting supplies down the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply communist troops in both South Vietnam and Laos, was expanded to 24,400 personnel and moved almost as much tonnage south in 1965 as it had in the preceding six years.[122]", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. On November 27, 1965, the Pentagon declared that if the major operations needed to neutralize North Vietnamese and NLF forces were to succeed, U.S. troop levels in South Vietnam would have to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000. In a series of meetings between Westmoreland and the President held in Honolulu in February 1966, Westmoreland argued that the U.S. presence had succeeded in preventing the immediate defeat of the South Vietnamese government but that more troops would be necessary if systematic offensive operations were to be conducted. The issue then became in what manner American forces would be used.", "1965 in the Vietnam War. In the face of disagreement among U.S. military leaders about where and how many U.S. combat troops should be stationed in Vietnam, Secretary McNamara, MACV commander Westmoreland, Ambassador Taylor, and the Joint chiefs met in Washington. The Chiefs and Westmoreland wanted two U.S. combat divisions sent to Vietnam along with one combat division from the Republic of Korea. Taylor disagreed. McNamara didn't take a position. In meetings the next day, President Johnson agreed only to the assignment of two additional U.S. combat battalions to South Vietnam, but he approved an expansion and extension of the bombing of North Vietnam under operation Rolling Thunder.[45]", "Lyndon B. Johnson. At Kennedy's death, there were 16,000 American military personnel stationed in Vietnam; these personnel supported South Vietnam in the Vietnam War against North Vietnam.[155] Vietnam had been partitioned at the 1954 Geneva Conference into two countries, with North Vietnam led by a Communist government. Johnson subscribed to the Domino Theory in Vietnam and to a containment policy that required America to make a serious effort to stop all Communist expansion.[156] On taking office, Johnson immediately reversed Kennedy's order to withdraw 1,000 military personnel by the end of 1963.[157] In late summer 1964, Johnson seriously questioned the value of staying in Vietnam but, after meeting with Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Maxwell D. Taylor, declared his readiness \"to do more when we had a base\" or when Saigon was politically more stable.[158] He expanded the numbers and roles of the American military following the Gulf of Tonkin Incident.", "1965 in the Vietnam War. Both North Vietnam and the United States would rapidly increase the number of their troops in South Vietnam during 1965.", "1965 in the Vietnam War. The New York Times reported that ex-Vice President Richard Nixon said at a press conference that 125,000 American troops and an expanded bombing campaign would be sufficient to achieve victory in South Vietnam.[98]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. The number of Viet Cong guerrillas and North Vietnamese regulars in South Vietnam was a matter of much debate. One U.S. government estimate was that the Viet Cong army consisted of 40,000 full-time fighters and 80,000 to 100,000 part-time guerrillas.[5] The Department of Defense's fact book estimated that the Viet Cong numbered less than 200,000 plus 39,175 political cadre.[6] These numbers presumably included thousands of fighters and cadre infiltrated from North Vietnam during the previous five years. The first North Vietnamese army units dispatched to South Vietnam, consisting of three regiments (about 5,000 men), had arrived in South Vietnam in late 1964.[7]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. In North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh decreed a new military service law. Enlistments were extended indefinitely for soldiers, previously discharged soldiers were recalled, and an increased number of young people were inducted into military service. During 1965, North Vietnam expanded the size of its army by 290,000 personnel and its self-defense militia from 1.4 million to 2.0 million.[47]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. In the Battle of Đồng Xoài, in Phước Long Province about 60 miles northeast of Saigon, the Viet Cong overran the district capital, then withdrew following air strikes and South Vietnamese army reinforcements brought in by U.S. helicopters. ARVN suffered more than 800 casualties including dead, wounded, and missing. The U.S. had 7 killed, 12 missing and presumed dead, and 15 wounded. The Viet Cong lost an estimated 350 men in the ground combat, and more in the air bombardment.[68]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. The first South Korean troops arrived in South Vietnam.[31] The number of South Korean troops in South Vietnam would total 49,755 by 1969. The U.S. paid most of the cost of the deployment of the Koreans and provided economic incentives to South Korea for its support of South Vietnam.[32]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. General Westmoreland reported to the Joint Chiefs of Staff that the Viet Cong were stronger than ever and that ARVN was taking heavy casualties and suffering from a high rate of desertions and an unwillingness to take the offensive. Westmoreland said, \"I see no course of action open to us except to reinforce our efforts in SVN South Vietnam with additional U.S. or third country forces as rapidly as is practical.\" He identified U.S. units that could be assigned to South Vietnam that would bring U.S. military strength in the country up to 44 combat battalions.[67]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. Under Secretary of State George Ball wrote a memo to President Johnson stating, \"Ever since 1961 -- the beginning of our deep involvement in Vietnam -- we have met successive disappointments. We have tended to underestimate the strength and staying power of the enemy. We have tended to overestimate the effectiveness of our sophisticated weapons under jungle conditions. We have watched the progressive loss of territory to Viet Cong control. We have been unable to bring about the creation of a stable political base in Saigon.\" Ball advised caution in expanding the U.S. military commitment to South Vietnam.[72]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. The Viet Cong attacked Pleiku airbase (aka Camp Holloway Airfield). Viet Cong demolition teams infiltrated the compound where American advisers were living and, supported by mortar fire, killed eight Americans, wounded 128, and damaged or destroyed 24 American aircraft. McGeorge Bundy (visiting in Vietnam) and General William Westmoreland (commander of the Military Assistance Command Vietnam, or MACV) visited Pleiku that day. Bundy strongly recommended a reprisal attack against North Vietnam.[16] Bundy reported to Johnson \"The situation in Vietnam is deteriorating and without new U.S. action defeat appears inevitable--probably not in a matter of weeks or perhaps even months, but within the next year or so.... There is still time to turn it around, but not much.\"[17]", "Vietnam War casualties. The number of US military personnel in Vietnam jumped from 23,300 in 1965 to 465,600 by the end of 1967. Between October 1966 and June 1969, 246,000 soldiers were recruited through Project 100,000, of whom 41% were black, while blacks only made up about 11% of the population of the US.[76] Of the 27 million draft-age men between 1964 and 1973, 40% were drafted into military service, and only 10% were actually sent to Vietnam. This group was made up almost entirely of either work-class or rural youth. College students who did not avoid the draft were generally sent to non-combat and service roles or made officers, while high school drop-outs and the working class were sent into combat roles. Blacks often made up a disproportionate 25% to 80% or more of combat units, while constituting only 12% of the military.[74][78]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. At a CINCPAC meeting in Hawaii, the planners recommended the deployment of two brigades to South Vietnam. One would be stationed at Biên Hòa near Saigon to protect the airfield there; the other would go to Nha Trang to prepare for the introduction of a full division of American troops. Ambassador Taylor had not been present at the meeting and he protested that \"Recent actions relating to the introduction of U.S. ground forces have tended to create an eagerness in some quarters to deploy forces into SVN (South Vietnam) which I find difficult to understand.\" Taylor opposed the introduction of American ground troops for offensive operations, believing they should be restricted to coastal \"enclaves.\" General Westmoreland disagreed, believing that enclaves were \"an inglorious, static use of U.S. forces....that would leave the decision of when and where to strike to the enemy.\"[51]", "1956 in the Vietnam War. The total number of U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam totaled 692.[6] South Vietnam estimated there were 4,300 Viet Cong cadres and guerrillas in the country.[38]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. Conscription (draft) into the United States armed forces in 1965 was 230,991 men, compared to 112,386 in 1964.[123]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. After B-52 strikes, the U.S. 173rd Airborne began another sweep through Zone D with 2,500 men and ARVN and Australian participation. The allies claimed to have inflicted 100 Viet Cong casualties.[78]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. In Operation Gibraltar, 224 soldiers of the First Brigade of the 101st Airborne landed by helicopter near An Khê, in the Central Highlands area where 2 Viet Cong battalions were located. The Viet Cong attacked and killed 13 Americans. Air strikes forced the Viet Cong to retreat, with losses estimated by the U.S. at between 226 and 257. General Westmoreland called the operation \"a great victory.\" Others, including Col. David H. Hackworth, considered the battle \"not... a great victory.\"[101]", "Lyndon B. Johnson. By the middle of June, the total US ground forces in Vietnam were increased to 82,000 or by 150 percent.[168] That same month, Ambassador Taylor reported that the bombing offensive against North Vietnam had been ineffective, and that the South Vietnamese army was outclassed and in danger of collapse.[169] Gen. Westmoreland shortly thereafter recommended the president further increase ground troops from 82,000 to 175,000. After consulting with his principals, Johnson, desirous of a low profile, chose to announce at a press conference an increase to 125,000 troops, with additional forces to be sent later upon request. Johnson described himself at the time as boxed in by unpalatable choices—between sending Americans to die in Vietnam and giving in to the communists. If he sent additional troops he would be attacked as an interventionist and if he did not he thought he risked being impeached. He continued to insist that his decision \"did not imply any change in policy whatsoever\". Of his desire to veil the decision, Johnson jested privately, \"If you have a mother-in-law with only one eye, and she has it in the center of her forehead, you don't keep her in the living room\".[170] By October 1965 there were over 200,000 troops deployed in Vietnam.[171]", "Vietnam War. \"From a strength of approximately 5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964 ... Between 1961 and 1964 the Army's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men.\"[148] The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were quite different; 2,000 in 1961, rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964.[167]", "1965 in the Vietnam War. President Johnson met with his top military advisers. In the course of the discussion, General Wallace M. Greene, Jr. estimated that winning the Vietnam War would take 5 years and 500,000 American soldiers. He said that he believed the American people would back such a commitment. Johnson was skeptical that Americans would support such a large commitment and opted instead for a gradual buildup of American forces and escalation of the war as recommended by General Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam.[86]" ]

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[ "Chennai. In 1996, the Government of Tamil Nadu officially changed the name from Madras to Chennai. At that time many Indian cities underwent a change of name.[40][41] However, the name Madras continues in occasional use for the city,[42] as well as for places named after the city such as University of Madras, IIT Madras, Madras Institute of Technology, Madras Medical College, Madras Veterinary College, Madras Christian College.", "Chennai. After India gained its independence in 1947, the city became the capital of Madras State, which was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1969.[67] The violent agitations of 1965 against the compulsory imposition of Hindi and in support of English in India in the state marked a major shift in the political dynamics of the city and eventually it had a big impact on the whole state. Because of Madras and its people, English now exists in India, otherwise Hindi might have been made the sole official language in India.[68] On 17 July 1996, the city known as Madras was officially renamed Chennai, in line with what was then a nationwide trend to using less Anglicised names.[69] On 26 December 2004, an Indian Ocean tsunami lashed the shores of Chennai, killing 206 people in Chennai and permanently altering the coastline.[70][71] The 2015 Chennai Floods submerged major portions of the city, killing 269 people and resulting in damages of ₹86.4 billion (US$1 billion).[72][73][74]", "Chennai. The name Madras originated even before the British presence was established in India. The origin of the name is unclear; one suggestion of several is that it may have originated from a Portuguese phrase mãe de Deus, which means \"mother of God\", due to Portuguese influence on the port city, specifically referring to a Church of St. Mary.[28] According to some sources, Madras was derived from Madraspattinam, a fishing-village north of Fort St George.[29] However, it is uncertain whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans.[30] The British military mapmakers believed Madras was originally Mundir-raj or Mundiraj.[31] A Vijayanagar-era inscription dated to the year 1367 that mentions the port of Mādarasanpattanam, along with other small ports on the east coast was discovered in 2015 and it was theorised that the aforementioned port is the fishing port of Royapuram.[32]", "Madras State. After Indian Independence, the Madras Presidency became the Madras Province on 15 August 1947. On 26 January 1950 it was formed as Madras State by the Government of India. As a result of the 1956 States Reorganisation Act, the state's boundaries were re-organised following linguistic lines. The state was finally renamed as Tamil Nadu on 14 January 1969 by C.N.Annadurai Chief Minister From DMK.[2]", "Madras State. It was Annadurai's government that renamed the Madras State to Tamil Nadu. The name change itself was first presented in the upper house (Rajya Sabha) of the Parliament of India by Bhupesh Gupta, a communist MP from West Bengal, but was then defeated.[25] With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly passed the bill of renaming the state successfully.[26] It was during the period of his Chief Ministership that the Second World Tamil Conference was conducted on a grand scale on 3 January 1968.[27] Also, when a commemorative stamp was released to mark the Tamil conference, Annadurai expressed his dissatisfaction that the stamp contained Hindi when it was for Tamil.[28]", "Chennai. The nativity of the name Chennai, being of Telugu origin, is clearly proved by historians.[33][34][35] It was derived from the name of a Telugu ruler Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, father of Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak, a Nayak ruler who served as a general under Venkata III of the Vijayanagar Empire from whom the British acquired the town in 1639.[36][37] The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a sale deed, dated 8 August 1639, to Francis Day of the East India Company, even before[38] the Chennakesava Perumal temple was built in 1646.[39]", "Madras High Court. Although the name of the city was changed from Madras to Chennai in 1996, the Court as an institution did not follow suit, and retained the name as the Madras High Court. However, a Bill to rename the Madras High Court as the Chennai High Court was approved by the cabinet on 5 July 2016, along with the change of name of the Calcutta High Court and Bombay High Court as Kolkata High Court and Mumbai High Court respectively.[6] The Bill called High Courts (Alternation of Names) Bill has been introduced in the Lok Sabha on 19 July 2016.[7] The Bill is yet to be passed by both Houses of Parliament. However, the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly has passed a unanimous resolution appealing to the Central Government to rename the court as High Court of Tamil Nadu since the Court serves the whole state.[8]", "Madras State. Similarly the usage of Tamil in the courts received encouragement. To affirm his role in the linguistic politics of the state, Kamaraj introduced a bill in February 1962 in the legislative assembly for changing the name of Madras to 'Tamil Nadu' for 'intrastate communication', the bill also proposing Madurai as the capital. But no decision was taken on it. The DMK made capital out of this, routing Congress in the 1967 elections four years after Kamaraj relinquished his office as chief minister in accordance with the Kamaraj Plan to concentrate on Congress organisational work.", "Renaming of cities in India. In general, changes to the local names of cities in the indigenous languages are less common. However, a change in English may sometimes also be a reflection of changes in other Indian languages other than the specific local one. For example, the change of Madras (Tamil: மதராஸ் Madras) to Chennai (Tamil: சென்னை Chennai) was reflected in many of India's languages, and incidentally in English, while the Tamil endonym had always been Chennai and remained unaffected by the change.", "Elections in Tamil Nadu. The Madras state was created in 1950 when India became a republic. In 1968, the name of Madras state was changed to Tamil Nadu.", "Greater Chennai Corporation. By 1856, the duties of the Corporation became more clearly defined. In 1919, the Aldermen were re-styled as 'Councillors'. The title of 'Mayor' had been replaced by 'President', and P. Theagaraya Chetty was nominated as President, the first Indian to be so chosen. However, the office of Mayor was re-created in 1933, when Kumararajah M. A. Muthiah Chettiar made the transition from last President to first new Mayor. The mayoralty has remained thereafter.", "Greater Chennai Corporation. The Chennai Municipal Corporation (officially the Greater Chennai Corporation[1]), formerly known as the Corporation of Madras, is the civic body that governs the city of Chennai (formerly Madras), India. Inaugurated on 29 September 1688, under a Royal Charter issued by King James II on 30 December 1687 as the Corporation of Madras, it is the oldest municipal body of the Commonwealth of Nations outside Great Britain.[2] It is headed by a mayor, who presides over 200 councillors each of whom represents one of the 200 wards of the city.[3] It is also the second oldest city civic body in the world after London.[4]", "Madras State. Madras State was a state in the Republic of India. At the time of its formation in 1950, it included the whole of present-day Tamil Nadu, Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, the Malabar region of North Kerala, and Bellary, South Canara and Udupi districts of Karnataka. Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema were separated to form Andhra State in 1953, while South Canara and Bellary districts were merged with Mysore State, and Malabar District with the State of Travancore-Cochin to form Kerala in 1956. On January 14, 1969, Madras State was renamed to Tamil Nadu, meaning \"Tamil country\".[1]", "Chennai. Chennai city is governed by the Greater Chennai Corporation (formerly \"Corporation of Madras\"), which was established in 1688. It is the oldest surviving municipal corporation in India and the second oldest surviving corporation in the world.[112][113] In 2011, the jurisdiction of the Chennai Corporation was expanded from 174 km2 (67 sq mi) to an area of 426 km2 (164 sq mi),[114] dividing into three regions—North, South and Central, which covers 200 wards.[115][116] The corporation is headed by a mayor, an office presently occupied by Saidai Sa. Duraisamy.[117][118] The Mayor and councillors of the city are elected through a popular vote by the residents.[119] While the city limit was expanded in 2011, the revised population is yet to be officially announced.", "Tamil Nadu. When India became independent in 1947, Madras presidency became Madras state, comprising present-day Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh up to Ganjam district in Odisha, South Canara district Karnataka, and parts of Kerala. The state was subsequently split up along linguistic lines. In 1969, Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning \"Tamil country\".[52]", "Chennai. On 20 August 1639 Francis Day of the East India Company along with the Nayak of Kalahasti Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, the Military administrator under Vijayanagar Emperor travelled to Chandragiri palace to meet the Vijayanagara King Peda Venkata Raya[49] and to obtained grant for a small strip of land in the Coromandel Coast from in Chandragiri as a place to build a factory and warehouse for their trading activities.[50][51] The region was then primarily a fishing village known as \"Madraspatnam\".[47] A year later, the English built Fort St. George, the first major English settlement in India,[52] which became the nucleus of the growing colonial city and urban Chennai, grew around this Fort.[53] Post independence the fort housed the Tamil Nadu Assembly until the new Secretariat building was opened in 2010, but shortly afterwards it was again moved back to Fort St. George, due to a change in the Government.[54]", "Cricket in India. Several team names and spellings were altered during the 1990s when traditional Indian names were introduced to replace those that were associated with the British Raj. Most notably, Bombay became Mumbai and the famous venue of Madras became Chennai.", "Greater Chennai Corporation. By 1901, the Corporation had grown to encompass an area of 68 sq km comprising 30 territorial divisions with a population of 540,000.[7] In 1913, the Corporation moved to the newly constructed Ripon Building, which was built on parts of the People's Park. The building was named after Lord Ripon who, as Viceroy of India from 1880 to 1884, had introduced local government reforms. He is remembered in a statue in the Corporation precincts. The first native Indian to both govern the Madras Presidency and later serve as Mayor of erstwhile Madras was the Honourable K. Sriramulu Naidu, who served during the 1930s and 1940s. In 1978, the boundaries of the area administrated by the Corporation was increased to 174 sq km.[7]", "Chennai. A resident of Chennai is called a Chennaite.[182][183][184] According to 2011 census, the city had a population of 4,646,732, within the area administered by the Municipal Corporation;[185] that had 11 lakh households, with 51% of them living in rented houses.[186] The city's limits were expanded later in 2011 and its population reached 7,088,000[1] with Chennai Municipal Corporation being renamed as Greater Chennai Corporation.[1]", "Chennai. In 1746, Fort St. George and Madras were captured by the French under General La Bourdonnais, the Governor of Mauritius, who plundered the town and its outlying villages.[48] The British regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and strengthened the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French and Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore.[55] They resisted a French siege attempt in 1759 under the leadership of Eyre Coote.[56] In 1769 the city was threatened by Mysore and the British were defeated by Hyder Ali, after which the Treaty of Madras ended the war.[57] By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region around Tamil Nadu and the northern modern–day states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, establishing the Madras Presidency with Madras as the capital.[58]", "Renaming of cities in India. In the post-colonial era, several Indian states' names were changed. Some of these changes coincided with the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, a major reform of the boundaries of India's states and territories that organised them along linguistic lines. At this time, for example, Travancore-Cochin was renamed Kerala. Later state name changes include the reorganisation of Madhya Bharat into Madhya Pradesh in 1959;[2] and the renamings of the Madras State to Tamil Nadu in 1969, of the Mysore State to Karnataka in 1973, and of Uttaranchal to Uttarakhand in 2007.", "Renaming of cities in India. Name changes have varied with respect to the levels of language at which they have been applied, and also accepted. Some of these local name changes were changes made in all languages: the immediate local name, and also all India's other languages. An example of this is the renaming of predominantly Hindi-speaking Uttaranchal (Hindi: उत्तराञ्चल) to a new local Hindi name (Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड Uttarakhand). Other changes were only changes in some of the indigenous languages. For example, the renaming of the Madras Presidency to Madras State in 1947 and then Tamil Nadu in 1969 required non-Tamil speakers to change from an approximation of the British name (Tamil: மதராஸ் மாகாணம் Madras Presidency, then Madras State Tamil: மதராஸ் மாநிலம்) to a native Tamil name (Tamil: தமிழ்நாடு Tamil Nadu, \"Tamil land\").", "List of districts in Tamil Nadu. After the Indian independence in August 1947, the former British province of Madras Presidency was renamed Madras State. Following states reorganizations in 1953 and 1956, the present state boundaries emerged. It was officially renamed Tamil Nadu in 1967. In 1956, Madras State was made up of 13 districts: Chingleput, Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Madras, Madurai, Nilgiris, North Arcot, Ramanathapuram, Salem, South Arcot, Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli, and Tirunelveli. Since then, the districts have been divided as follows:", "Greater Chennai Corporation. The Madras Corporation is the oldest municipal body of the Commonwealth of Nations outside the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1688 to control the powers of the Governor of Madras, Elihu Yale.[5] The Corporation was created by a Royal Charter issued on 30 December 1687 by King James II on the advice of the chairman of the East India Company, Josiah Child, on the model of Dutch Government in the East Indies.[6] The charter constituted the existing town of Fort St. George and all the territories belonging to the town, not exceeding a distance of ten miles from the Fort, into a Corporation. The Parliamentary Act of 1792 conferred the new Corporation power to levy municipal taxes in the city. The municipal administration also commenced from this act, making provision for the administration of the city. The Municipal Act continued to be amended, constantly introducing major changes in the constitution and powers of the Corporation from time to time.[6]", "Renaming of cities in India. The renaming of states and territories in India has also taken place, but until recently with actual substantial name changes in both local language and in English such as the old British state name of Travancore-Cochin to Kerala (1956). The most notable recent exceptions are Indian English spelling-changes of Orissa to Odisha (March 2011)[1] and the Union Territory of Pondicherry (which includes the City of Pondicherry) to Puducherry.", "Madras Presidency. In 1639, the English East India Company purchased the village of Madraspatnam and one year later it established the Agency of Fort St George, precursor of the Madras Presidency, although there had been Company factories at Machilipatnam and Armagon since the very early 1600s. The agency was upgraded to a Presidency in 1652 before once more reverting to its previous status in 1655. In 1684, it was re-elevated to a Presidency and Elihu Yale was appointed as president. In 1785, under the provisions of Pitt's India Act, Madras became one of three provinces established by the East India Company. Thereafter, the head of the area was styled \"Governor\" rather than \"President\" and became subordinate to the Governor-General in Calcutta, a title that would persist until 1947. Judicial, legislative and executive powers rested with the Governor who was assisted by a Council whose constitution was modified by reforms enacted in 1861, 1909, 1919 and 1935. Regular elections were conducted in Madras up to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. By 1908, the province comprised twenty-two districts, each under a District Collector, and it was further sub-divided into taluks and firqas with villages making up the smallest unit of administration.", "University of Madras. University of Madras is a public state university in Chennai (formerly Madras), Tamil Nadu, India.[2] Established in 1857, it is one of the oldest and premier universities in India. The university was incorporated by an act of the Legislative Council of India.[3]", "History of Tamil Nadu. The trauma of the partition did not impact Tamil Nadu when India was granted Independence in 1947. There was no sectarian violence against various religions. There had always been an atmosphere of mutual respect and peaceful coexistence between all religions in Tamil Nadu. Congress formed the first ministry in the Madras Presidency. C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) was the first Chief Minister. Madras Presidency was eventually reconstituted as Madras State. Following agitations for a separate Andhra state comprising the Telugu speaking regions of the Madras state by Potti Sriramalu, the Indian Government decided to partition the Madras state.[99] In 1953 Rayalaseema and the coastal Andhra regions became the new state of Andhra Pradesh and the Bellary district became part of the Mysore state. In 1956 south Kanara district was transferred to Mysore, the Malabar coastal districts became part of the new state of Kerala, and the Madras state assumed its present shape. The Madras state was named Tamil Nadu (literally The Land of Tamils or Tamil Country) in 1969.[100][101]", "List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu. Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu (Tamil for Tamil country) on 14 January 1969.[19] The legislative assembly adopted a resolution on 14 May 1986, to abolish the legislative council. Thereafter, the legislative council was abolished through an act of Parliament named the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1986[23] with effect from 1 November 1986. The state legislature is unicameral, and consists of 235 members including one nominated member.[5]", "Transport in Chennai. The first railway station in Madras city was opened at Royapuram in 1853.[18] The first to be constructed in South India, the Royapuram station served as the headquarters of the Madras Railway Company. On 1 July 1856, the first railway service in South India was commenced between Madras and Arcot.[18] Madras Central was opened in 1873 followed by the Egmore Railway Station in 1908. Egmore served as the headquarters of the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway from 1908 to 1951 while Central served as the headquarters of the South Indian Railway Company from 1927 to 1951. Both the companies were liquidated when India's railway network was nationalised in the 1950s. Chennai Central is currently the headquarters of the Southern Railway Zone of the Indian Railways.", "Bombay High Court. Although the name of the city was changed from Bombay to Mumbai in 1995, the Court as an institution did not follow suit and retained the name Bombay High Court. Although, a bill to rename it as bombay high court was approved by the Cabinet on July 5, 2016 along with the change of name of the Calcutta High Court and Madras High Court as Kolkata High Court and Chennai High Court respectively, the same is pending approval before the Parliament of India.[5]", "Madras Presidency. In 1684, Fort St George was again elevated in rank to become the Madras Presidency, with William Gyfford as its first president.[16] During this period, the Presidency was significantly expanded and reached an extent which continued into the early 19th century. During the early years of the Madras Presidency, the English were repeatedly attacked by the Mughals, the Marathas and the Nawabs of Golkonda and the Carnatic region.[17] In September 1774, by Pitt's India Act, passed by the Parliament of Great Britain to unify and regulate the administration of the territories of the East India Company, the President of Madras was made subordinate to the Governor-General of India based in Calcutta.[18] In September 1746, Fort St George was captured by the French, who ruled Madras as a part of French India until 1749, when Madras was handed back to the British under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle of the previous year.[19]" ]

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[ "The Old Guitarist. The Old Guitarist is an oil painting by Pablo Picasso created late 1903 – early 1904. It depicts an old, blind, haggard man with threadbare clothing weakly hunched over his guitar, playing in the streets of Barcelona, Spain. It is currently on display in the Art Institute of Chicago as part of the Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection.[1]", "The Old Guitarist. In the Old Guitarist, Picasso may have drawn upon George Frederic Watts's painting of Hope (1886), which similarly depicts a hunched, helpless musician with a distorted angular form and predominantly blue tone.[4]", "The Old Guitarist. Furthermore, the guitarist shows no sign of life and appears to be close to death, implying little comfort in the world and accentuating the misery of his situation. Details are eliminated and scale is manipulated to create elongated and elegant proportions while intensifying the silent contemplation of the guitarist and a sense of spirituality. The large, brown guitar is the only significant shift in color found in the painting;[1] its dull brown, prominent against the blue background, becomes the center and focus. The guitar comes to represent the guitarist’s world and only hope for survival. This blind and poor subject depends on his guitar and the small income he can earn from his music for survival. Some art historians believe this painting expresses the solitary life of an artist and the natural struggles that come with the career. Therefore, music, or art, becomes a burden and an alienating force that isolates artists from the world.[3] And yet, despite the isolation, the guitarist (artist) depends on the rest of society for survival. All of these emotions reflect Picasso’s predicament at the time and his criticism of the state of society. The Old Guitarist becomes an allegory of human existence.[1]", "The Old Guitarist. Recent x-rays and examinations by curators found three figures peering behind the old guitarist’s body. The three figures are an old woman with her head bent forward, a young mother with a small child kneeling by her side, and an animal on the right side of the canvas. Despite unclear imagery in crucial areas of the canvas, experts determined that at least two different paintings are found beneath The Old Guitarist.[5]", "The Old Guitarist. In 1998, researchers used an infrared camera to penetrate the uppermost layer of paint (the composition of The Old Guitarist) and clearly saw the second-most composition. By using this camera, researchers were able to discover a young mother seated in the center of the composition, reaching out with her left arm to her kneeling child at her right, and a calf or sheep on the mother’s left side. Clearly defined, the young woman has long, flowing dark hair and a thoughtful expression.[6]", "The Old Guitarist. At the time of The Old Guitarist’s creation, Modernism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Symbolism had merged and created an overall movement called Expressionism which greatly influenced Picasso’s style. Furthermore, El Greco, Picasso’s poor standard of living, and the suicide of a dear friend influenced Picasso’s style at the time which came to be known as his Blue Period.[1] Several x-rays, infrared images and examinations by curators revealed three different figures hidden behind the old guitarist.", "Oil painting. The Old Guitarist, Pablo Picasso, 1903", "The Old Guitarist. Elements in The Old Guitarist were carefully chosen to generate a reaction from the spectator. For example, the monochromatic color scheme creates flat, two-dimensional forms that dissociate the guitarist from time and place. In addition, the overall muted blue palette creates a general tone of melancholy and accentuates the tragic and sorrowful theme. The sole use of oil on panel causes a darker and more theatrical mood. Oil tends to blend the colors together without diminishing brightness, creating an even more cohesive dramatic composition.[2]", "The Old Guitarist. The Art Institute of Chicago shared its infrared images with the Cleveland Museum of Art and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., where curator William Robinson identified a sketch by Picasso sent to his friend Max Jacob in a letter. It revealed the same composition of mother and child, but it had a cow licking the head of a small calf. In a letter to Jacob, Picasso reveals he was painting this composition a few months before he began The Old Guitarist. Despite these discoveries, the reason Picasso did not complete the composition with a mother and child, and how the older woman fitted into the history of the canvas, remain unknown.[5][6]", "William Tell. Salvador Dalí painted The Old Age of William Tell and William Tell and Gradiva in 1931, and The Enigma of William Tell in 1933.", "Pablo Picasso. 1910–11, Guitariste, La mandoliniste (Woman playing guitar or mandolin), oil on canvas", "Gary Oldman. In 2012, Oldman was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th birthday.[126]", "Museum of Modern Art. Georges Braque, 1911–12, Man with a Guitar (L'Homme à la guitare, Figure), oil on canvas, 116.2 × 80.9 cm", "The Man With the Blue Guitar. \"The Man With the Blue Guitar\" is a poem published in 1937 by Wallace Stevens. It is divided into thirty-three lengthy sections, or cantos, and takes the form of an imaginary conversation with the subject of Pablo Picasso's painting The Old Guitarist, which Stevens likely viewed when it was exhibited at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1934. But Stevens insisted this influence was only peripheral. In a letter dated July 1, 1953, to Professor Renato Poggioli, who had recently translated his poem into Italian, Stevens wrote: \"I had no particular painting of Picasso's in mind and even though it might help to sell the book to have one of his paintings on the cover, I don't think we ought to reproduce anything of Picasso's.\"[1]", "Glenn Frey. Frey played assorted electric guitars over the years, namely Fender Telecaster, Gibson Les Paul, Gibson SG, Gibson ES-330, Epiphone Casino and Rickenbacker 230,[69] but the electric guitar that is most associated with him was his black Gibson Les Paul Junior, nicknamed Old Black.[70]", "Musée National d'Art Moderne. Georges Braque, Man With a Guitar, 1914", "Brian May. May has been referred to as a virtuoso guitarist by many publications and musicians.[94][95][96][97][98] He has featured in various music polls of great rock guitarists, and in 2011 was ranked number 26 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the \"100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\".[7] Former Van Halen vocalist Sammy Hagar stated, \"I thought Queen were really innovative and made some great sounding records.. I like the rockin' stuff. I think Brian May has one of the great guitar tones on the planet, and I really, really love his guitar work.\"[98] May mainly used the \"Red Special\",[5] which he designed when he was only 16 years old.[99] It was built with wood from an 18th century fireplace. His comments on the guitar:", "Matt Murphy (blues guitarist). Matthew Tyler Murphy (born December 29, 1929),[1] known as Matt \"Guitar\" Murphy, is an American blues guitarist.", "Physical Graffiti. \"Ten Years Gone\" was mostly composed by Plant about an old love affair, and was combined with an instrumental piece from Page, featuring overdubbed electric and acoustic guitar parts. When the track was performed live, Jones played a triple-neck guitar featuring mandolin, six- and twelve-string guitars, in order to try to reproduce the various guitar overdubs on the studio recording.[24]", "Dave Navarro. Epiphone Guitars (a subsidiary of Gibson) released its Dave Navarro Artist Acoustic in July 2010. According to an interview with Navarro on Gibson.com, the new guitar is based upon the classic Gibson (and Epiphone) \"Hummingbird\" design, and has already been played by the guitarist in the studio while recording with Jane's Addiction.[31] Named \"Jane\", the new guitar is black in color (as opposed to Navarro's usual white guitars), and sports a dead tree and crows on the pickguard, rather than the traditional Hummingbird and foliage images.", "Gibson Les Paul. Gibson used hundreds of photographs of the late blues guitarist's instrument to produce the limited-edition Bloomfield signature. The company produced one hundred Bloomfield models with custom-aged finishes and two hundred more with the company's VOS finishing in 2009. They reproduced the tailpiece crack on the aged version, plus the mismatched volume and tone control knobs and the \"Les Paul\"-engraved truss rod cover on both versions, while including a toggle switch cover. The headstock was characterized by the kidney-shaped Grover tuning keys installed on the guitar before Bloomfield traded for it.", "Billy Dee Williams. Before he began acting, Williams attended the National Academy of Fine Arts and Design in New York. In the late 1980s, he resumed painting. Some of his work can be seen at his online gallery BDW World Art. He has had solo exhibitions in various galleries around the United States, and his work hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, the Smithsonian Institution and the Schomburg Museum. The covers of the Thelonious Monk Competition programs since 1990 are by him.", "Jacques-Louis David. Jacques-Louis David (/ʒɑːkˈlwi ˈdɑːviːd/; French: [ʒa.klwi da.vid]; 30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward classical austerity and severity and heightened feeling,[1] harmonizing with the moral climate of the final years of the Ancien Régime.", "Albert Collins. Collins played an Epiphone guitar during his first two years with the Rhythm Rockers, but in 1952, after seeing Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown playing a Fender Esquire, he decided to purchase a Fender. He wanted a Telecaster, but because of the cost he chose to buy an Esquire, which he took to the Parker Music Company in Houston to be fitted with a Telecaster neck. This was his main guitar until he moved to California, and it was the guitar that he used on his earliest recordings, including his signature song, \"Frosty\".[4] For the rest of his career he played a \"maple cap\"–necked natural ash body Fender 1966 Custom Telecaster with a Gibson PAF humbucking pickup retrofitted into the neck position, which became the basis for a Fender Custom Artist signature model[7] in 1990.", "Pablo Picasso. c.1911, Le Guitariste. Reproduced in Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger, Du \"Cubisme\", 1912", "Electric guitar. Early proponents of the electric guitar on record include Alvino Rey (Phil Spitalney Orchestra), Les Paul (Fred Waring Orchestra), Danny Stewart (Andy Iona Orchestra), George Barnes (under many aliases), Lonnie Johnson, Floyd Smith, Big Bill Broonzy, T-Bone Walker, George Van Eps, Charlie Christian (Benny Goodman Orchestra), Tampa Red, Memphis Minnie, and Arthur Crudup.", "David Gilmour. David Jon Gilmour, CBE (born 6 March 1946) is an English guitarist, singer and songwriter best known as a longtime member of the progressive rock band Pink Floyd. He joined the group as guitarist and co-lead vocalist in 1968, effectively as a replacement for founder member Syd Barrett, who was dismissed from the band shortly afterwards.[1]", "Glen Campbell. Campbell continued playing guitar in his youth, with no formal training, and practiced when he was not working in the cotton fields. He developed his talent by listening to radio and records, and considered Django Reinhardt among his most admired guitarists, whom he called \"the most awesome player I ever heard.\"[10][11] He dropped out of school at 14 to work in Houston alongside his brothers, installing insulation and later working at a gas station.[12]", "Paul Gauguin. Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (/ɡoʊˈɡæn/; French: [øʒɛn ɑ̃ʁi pɔl ɡoɡɛ̃]; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his experimental use of color and Synthetist style that were distinctly different from Impressionism. Towards the end of his life he spent ten years in French Polynesia, and most of his paintings from this time depict people or landscapes from that region.", "Dave Navarro. David Michael Navarro (born June 7, 1967) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, presenter and actor.", "Gary Oldman. Oldman has had a keen interest in music from an early age. He is a proficient pianist and stated in a 1995 interview with Charlie Rose that he would rather be a musician than an actor.[10] Oldman sang several tracks on the Sid and Nancy soundtrack, on which he performed alongside original Sex Pistols bassist Glen Matlock, and sang and played live piano in the 1988 movie Track 29. He traced over Beethoven compositions in 1994's Immortal Beloved. He also tutored Harry Potter star Daniel Radcliffe on bass guitar.[70] Oldman appeared on Reeves Gabrels' album The Sacred Squall of Now, performing a vocal duet with David Bowie on the track \"You've Been Around\".[71] He produced a live performance by former White Stripes member Jack White in conjunction with Vevo and YouTube.[72] At the 2016 Brit Awards in London, Oldman paid tribute to Bowie, before receiving the Brits \"Icon Award\" on behalf of the singer and his family.[73]", "Eric Clapton. In 2012, Clapton was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th birthday.[119]" ]

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[ "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Luthor is arrested and Batman confronts him in prison, warning Luthor that he will always be watching him. Luthor gloats that Superman's death has made the world vulnerable to powerful alien threats. A memorial is held for Superman in Metropolis. Clark is also declared dead, with various friends and family members including Bruce Wayne and Diana Prince attending his funeral in Smallville. Martha gives an envelope to Lois, which contains an engagement ring from Clark. After the funeral, Bruce expresses his regrets to Diana about how he failed Superman. He reveals to her that he plans to form a team of metahumans, starting with those from Luthor's files, to help protect the world in Superman's absence. After they leave, the dirt atop Clark's coffin levitates.", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. To bring Superman out of exile, Luthor kidnaps Lois and Martha Kent, Clark's adoptive mother. He reveals to Superman that he manipulated Superman and Batman by fueling their distrust for each other. Luthor demands that Superman kill Batman in exchange for Martha's life. Superman tries to explain the situation to Batman, but instead Batman attacks Superman and eventually subdues him with the aid of a kryptonite gas. Before Superman can kill Batman with the spear, Batman urges Superman to \"save Martha\", whose name is also shared with Superman's mother, confusing him long enough for Lois to arrive and explain what Superman meant. Realizing how far he has fallen and unwilling to let an innocent die, Batman rescues Martha, while Superman confronts Luthor on the scout ship.", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Luthor executes his backup plan, unleashing Doomsday, a genetically engineered monster with DNA from both Zod's body and his own blood.[N 3] Diana Prince arrives unexpectedly; revealing her metahuman nature, she joins forces with Batman and Superman to eliminate the creature. When they are all outmatched, Superman realizes its vulnerability to kryptonite, and retrieves the spear to kill it. In the creature's last moments, it kills Superman, himself weakened by exposure to kryptonite.", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. At a Congressional hearing, as Finch questions Superman on the validity of his actions, a bomb smuggled by Luthor goes off and kills everyone present but Superman. Believing he should have detected the bomb, and frustrated by his failure to save them, Superman goes into self-imposed exile. Batman breaks into LexCorp and steals the kryptonite. In preparation to battle Superman, he builds a powered exoskeleton, creates a kryptonite grenade launcher, and a kryptonite-tipped spear. Meanwhile, Luthor enters the Kryptonian ship and accesses a vast technology database accumulated from over 100,000 worlds.", "The Death of Superman. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) draws narrative elements from \"The Death of Superman\". In the film's climax, Lex Luthor uses forbidden Kryptonian genetic engineering projects to combine General Zod's corpse with his own DNA, causing Doomsday's creation. Using a Kryptonite spear, Superman stabs Doomsday, but Doomsday stabs Superman in return with a bone spur emerging from his right wrist after Wonder Woman cut off the monster's hand, resulting in both combatants dying in the battle.[48]", "Superman/Batman: Apocalypse. Two months later, Batman and Superman are checking on Kara on Themyscira during a sparring match against Artemis. While Kara and Lyla later sneak away for a swim, a horde of Doomsday clones arrives from Apokolips. Superman, Wonder Woman and the Amazonian army fight them until Superman vaporizes them all with his heat vision. Batman, however, guesses the reason for the clones' attack and discovers Kara missing and Lyla dead; a last manifestation of her precognition reveals Darkseid as the culprit.", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Eighteen months after the battle between Superman and General Zod in Metropolis,[N 1] Superman has become a controversial figure. Billionaire Bruce Wayne, who has operated in Gotham City as the vigilante Batman for twenty years, sees Superman as an extraterrestrial threat to humanity. After learning of Batman's form of justice, Clark Kent (Superman's civilian identity) seeks to expose him via Daily Planet articles. Wayne learns that Russian weapon trafficker Anatoli Knyazev has been contacting LexCorp mogul Lex Luthor. Meanwhile, Luthor unsuccessfully tries to persuade Senator June Finch to allow him to import kryptonite retrieved from the Indian Ocean following Zod's terraforming attempt, claiming he wants to maintain it as a \"deterrent\" against future Kryptonian and metahuman threats. He instead makes alternative plans with Finch's subordinate and gains access to Zod's body and the Kryptonian scout ship.", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice is a 2016 American superhero film featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman. Directed by Zack Snyder, the film is the second installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), following 2013's Man of Steel.[4] It was written by Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer, and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Jesse Eisenberg, Diane Lane, Laurence Fishburne, Jeremy Irons, Holly Hunter, and Gal Gadot. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice is the first live-action film to feature Batman and Superman together, as well as the first live-action cinematic portrayal of Wonder Woman. In the film, criminal mastermind Lex Luthor (Eisenberg) manipulates Batman (Affleck) into a preemptive battle with Superman (Cavill), who Luthor is obsessed with defeating.", "The Dark Knight Returns. Superman tries to reason with Batman, but Batman uses his technological inventions and mastery of hand-to-hand combat to fight him. During the battle, Superman compromises Batman's exoframe, while Queen shoots a kryptonite-tipped arrow to greatly weaken Superman. Batman reveals that he intentionally spared Superman's life by not using a more powerful kryptonite mix; the fight and near-death experience was meant as a warning to Superman to stay out of Batman's way. Before he can fully defeat Superman, Batman suddenly has a heart attack, apparently dying. Alfred destroys the Batcave and Wayne Manor before dying of a stroke, exposing Batman as Bruce Wayne, whose fortune has disappeared. After Wayne's funeral, it is revealed that his death was staged using his own chemical concoction that can suspend his vital life signs. Clark Kent attends the funeral and winks at Robin after hearing Wayne's heartbeat resume. Some time afterward, Bruce Wayne leads Robin, Queen, and the rest of his followers into the caverns beyond the Batcave and prepares to continue his war on crime.", "Robin in other media. Jason Todd / Robin is confirmed to exist and currently deceased in the DC Extended Universe, with his suit covered in Joker graffiti making its first appearance in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[11] Director Zack Snyder later confirmed Robin was killed ten years before the movie by a younger Joker, and the scene illustrated the sacrifices Bruce Wayne endured to be the vigilante and his willingness to face his past mistakes.[12]", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice received generally unfavorable reviews from film critics.[288][289][290][291] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 27% based on 384 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice smothers a potentially powerful story – and some of America's most iconic superheroes – in a grim whirlwind of effects-driven action.\"[292] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average to critics' reviews, gave the film an average score of 44 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[293] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B\" on an A+ to F scale.[294] It earned \"B–\" from men, \"B\" from women, a \"B\" from those under 25 and a \"B–\" from those over 25.[250] According to comScore, 73% of audiences graded the film \"very good\" or \"excellent\", with a 60% definite recommend.[295] BBC News reported that, \"the film had been widely praised by fans after its first screening in New York\".[296]", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Bruce attends a gala at LexCorp to steal encrypted data from the company's mainframe, but has it taken from him by an antiquities dealer named Diana Prince; she eventually returns it to Bruce when she is unable to access the information. While decrypting the drive, Bruce dreams of a post-apocalyptic world where he leads a group of rebels against an evil Superman. He is awakened from his dream by an unidentified person, appearing through a portal, who warns him of Lois Lane's crucial role in the future, and urges him to find \"the others\" before vanishing.[N 2] Upon fully decrypting the drive, Wayne discovers Luthor's files on several metahuman individuals across the globe. One of them is Prince herself, who is shown in a photo taken during World War I. Wayne admits to Alfred Pennyworth that he plans to steal the kryptonite to weaponize it, should it become necessary to fight Superman.", "Injustice 2. The heroes are divided over Brainiac's fate: Batman, Flash, Green Lantern, and Supergirl want to spare him in order to restore the rest of the cities; Superman, Aquaman, Black Adam, and Wonder Woman want to kill him to eliminate his potential threat and use his ship to re establish the Regime's control over Earth. Batman attacks Superman with a gold kryptonite-laden dagger and a battle ensues. Batman and Superman defeat each other's teammates before engaging in a final battle against each other in the Batcave. The final battle has two endings, depending on which side the player chooses.", "Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (film). Superman can't help but feel remorse for disregarding Batman throughout the years, and humbly asks him to not go through the fight. Wearing a powerful exoframe and supported by Kelley and former superhero Oliver Queen (Green Arrow), Batman fights Superman, using various tactics to make the fight even. When Superman gains the advantage, Queen hits him with an arrow made with synthetic Kryptonite, severely weakening him. Batman defeats Superman, and claims that he intentionally made the Kryptonite weak, to defeat Superman without killing him. Superman then stops fighting Batman despite his constant injuries, because his x-ray vision reveals Batman's heart-rate being dangerously high. Batman is furiously beating Superman, all the while listing off his reasons for being angry at him. However, Batman apparently dies of a heart attack, while Wayne Manor self-destructs, and Alfred dies of a stroke. Superman holds Batman's body, yelling at the police to stay away.", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Additionally, Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Lauren Cohan portray Thomas and Martha Wayne, Bruce Wayne's deceased parents,[72][73] Patrick Wilson portrays the President of the United States in a voice role, and Michael Cassidy portrays Jimmy Olsen, a CIA agent.[74] Reprising their roles from Man of Steel are Harry Lennix as Secretary Calvin Swanwick,[75] Christina Wren as Major Carrie Farris,[76] Kevin Costner as Jonathan Kent,[77] Rebecca Buller as Jenny Jurwich, Chad Krowchuk as Glen Woodburn, and Carla Gugino as the Kryptonian A.I. Kelor.[78] The corpse of General Zod also appears in the film in a crucial role; however, Michael Shannon did not film any scenes for the film and the corpse was created using the physique of fitness model Greg Plitt and a head-shot of Shannon.[79] Mark Edward Taylor portrays Jack O'Dwyer, an executive of Wayne Enterprises.[80][81]", "Injustice 2. Grodd pursues Aquaman and Black Adam with a brainwashed Black Canary, Green Arrow, and Blue Beetle. After Aquaman kills Grodd, the pair successfully weakens Brainiac's shields enough for Batman and Supergirl to break in. The two are captured, but Batman is rescued by Superman. He and Batman defeat a brainwashed Firestorm and Swamp Thing, they are confronted by Doctor Fate who is turned into Brainiac's servant by the Lords of Order. Fate is defeated and his helmet is destroyed, removing the Lords' influence. However, he is impaled and killed by Brainiac. After incapacitating Brainiac, Superman takes control of the ship. He manages to restore most of the cities back to their original locations, while Metropolis and Coast City are lost permanently.", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. In its second weekend, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice experienced a \"historic\" box-office drop,[219][220] with an 81.2% decline on Friday that was \"one of the biggest Friday-to-Friday drops any blockbuster has ever seen\", and an overall 68.4% drop for the weekend despite not \"facing any big competition at the box office\",[221][222][223] making it the second largest decline for a marquee superhero title, behind only 2003's Hulk.[219] Brad Brevet, writing for Box Office Mojo, reported that \"it appeared Batman v Superman was looking at a drop anywhere from 58–68% and it ended up settling in on the wrong side of those expectations.\"[223] Scott Mendelson, writing for Forbes, said \"Whether or not the movie is any good, and whether or not audiences respond to the picture, is best measured by the second and third weekends...Yes, we're still talking about a $15.35 million second Friday and a $50m+ second weekend, but in terms of legs, this film sadly doesn't seem to have any.\"[224] Continuing this trend, in its third weekend, the film dropped by 54.3% in which Brad Brevet concluded in a follow-up for Box Office Mojo that \"the legs on this one are proving quite short.\"[225]", "Superman/Batman: Apocalypse. To save Kara, Batman, Superman and Wonder Woman locate and recruit Big Barda to help them find their way on Apokolips. There Superman invades Darkseid's palace while Wonder Woman and Barda go through the sewers directly into the fighting arena, where Granny Goodness and the Female Furies ambush them. After a hard fight, Granny and the Furies are subdued. Separating himself from the others, Batman finds Darkseid's supply of Hell Spores, the source of the fire pits on Apokolips.", "Doomsday (DC Comics). Doomsday ranked as #46 on IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time.[2] He is best known as the only character who killed Superman in combat in The Death of Superman story arc. The character appears in the 2016 film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, voiced and performed by Robin Atkin Downes through motion-capture.", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. A five-issue comic-book prelude exploring what happened in the weeks and months leading up to the events of the film was released as a tie-in with Dr Pepper's character-branded bottles.[181] Also, there are a series of four minicomics found in Batman v Superman-branded General Mills cereals. Additionally, those who purchased Batman v Superman-themed Doritos Family Fun Mix at Walmart received the comic book prequel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice – Upstairs/Downstairs.[182] Rocksteady Studios released a downloadable content for the video game Batman: Arkham Knight that featured the Batmobile and Batsuit from the film.[183]", "Batman vs. Robin. Talon and his soldiers attack Wayne Manor, breaking into the Batcave as Batman, Nightwing, and Alfred fight them off. Batman and Talon battle each other. Talon gains the upper hand until Robin, who escaped from the Court's headquarters, intervenes and fights in Batman's place. He eventually defeats Talon and holds a sai to his throat. However, Talon commits suicide by forcing Robin's sai through his own neck, leaving Robin stunned and confused.", "Tim Drake. In the prequel to Injustice 2, Tim and the Titans (minus Superboy) are finally rescued by the remaining heroes. But just as he's reuniting with Batman, General Zod escapes the Phantom Zone and kills Tim by piercing his heart with heat vision.", "The Dark Knight Returns. Superman diverts a Soviet nuclear warhead which detonates in a desert, nearly killing himself in the process. The United States is hit by an electromagnetic pulse as a result and descends into chaos during the resulting blackout. In Gotham, Batman realizes what has happened, and he and Robin turn the remaining Mutants and Sons of the Batman into a non-lethal vigilante gang. He leads them against looters and ensures the flow of essential supplies. In the midst of the blackout, Gotham becomes the safest city in the country. The U.S. government sees this as an embarrassment, and orders Superman to remove Batman. Oliver Queen predicts to Wayne that the government lackey Superman and the maverick Batman will have a final confrontation. Superman demands to meet Batman. Knowing he may die, Wayne chooses Crime Alley, where he first became Batman. He relies on Superman's weakness caused by near-death in the nuclear blast (Superman only just managed to survive by absorbing the energy of the sun, but he is still vulnerable to attack).", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Kevin Costner, Diane Lane, Laurence Fishburne, Harry Lennix and Christina Wren reprise their roles from Man of Steel.[75][76][113] Joining the cast are Ben Affleck as Batman, Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman, Jesse Eisenberg as Lex Luthor, Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth,[113] Ray Fisher as Cyborg,[87] Jason Momoa as Aquaman,[85][86] and Tao Okamoto as Luthor's assistant Mercy Graves.[64] Scoot McNairy and Callan Mulvey were cast as Wallace Keefe and Anatoli Knyazev, while Jena Malone was cast as Jenet Klyburn, a character that was featured exclusively in the Ultimate Edition home media release.[42][58][94][114]", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. The film was announced at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con after the release of Man of Steel. Snyder stated that the film would take inspiration from the Batman comic book series The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller, but clarified that it would follow an original premise. The incarnation of Batman in the film is different from the character's previous portrayal in The Dark Knight Trilogy, serving as a cinematic reboot of the character. The film is also inspired by narrative elements from the \"Death of Superman\". Pre-production began at East Los Angeles College in October 2013, with principal photography starting in May 2014 in Detroit. Additional filming also took place in Illinois and New Mexico, concluding that December.", "Batman vs. Robin. Batman sneaks into the Court of Owls's headquarters through the sewers, but is exposed to psychotropic gas by the Court, causing Batman to hallucinate. He is rescued by Nightwing and Alfred Pennyworth. Meanwhile, Talon introduces Robin to the Court and the Grandmaster. When Damian reveals himself to her, Samantha deduces that Batman is Bruce. When ordered to kill Damian, Talon instead turns against and overthrows the Court and kills every single member, including Samantha. Now in control of the Court's army of talons, Talon leaves Damian behind, offering him another chance to join him once he has killed Batman.", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. The film's official title, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, was revealed in May 2014.[108] Snyder stated that having the \"v\" in the title instead of \"vs.\" was a way \"to keep it from being a straight 'versus' movie, even in the most subtle way\".[109] Henry Cavill later stated, \"I wouldn't call this a Superman sequel [...] This is Batman versus Superman. It's a separate entity altogether. It's introducing the Batman character and expanding upon the universe, which was kicked off by Man of Steel.\"[110] Forbes noted that although the film originated as a sequel to Man of Steel, it was \"revamped into a backdoor pilot for Justice League and/or an eventual stand-alone Batman movie.\"[111] As part of a settlement with his heirs, this is the first Batman production that lists Bill Finger as a co-creator.[112]", "Tim Drake. Following the meeting Tim heads outside Gotham City to an internment camp that holding all people captured by Brother Eye. Before he can break into the facility he is attacked by a Brother Eye converted Superman who attempts to kill him. Knowing he cannot kill Superman A.L.F.R.E.D overloads the Batsuits power reserves, temporally injuring Superman. As a result, the Batsuit deactivates itself leaving Tim in his civilian attire and defenceless against Brother Eye's army. He is then captured and placed in a detention center where he meets Terry's friend Max Gibson and to his surprise Barbara Gordon.", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. The final trailer was released to the public on February 11, 2016, which was described as \"intense\" by Kwame Opam of The Verge.[195] Mendelson of Forbes felt that Warner Bros. \"probably wouldn't have even dropped this one had the prior trailer back in December been received better. So now we have this fourth and final sell, and at least they are going out on a high note.\"[196] Jonathon Dornbush of Entertainment Weekly said that the footage \"works to establish Batman as his own independent crime fighting force, while also providing a deeper look at his existential struggle against Superman.\"[197]", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Hans Zimmer composed the film score,[159] emphasizing a challenge not to reuse the themes he established with the Batman character from Christopher Nolan's trilogy.[160] Junkie XL, who provided additional music in Man of Steel, also returned for this film, helping to compose the theme for Batman.[161] Originally, Zimmer enlisted Junkie XL to compose the Batman material, with Zimmer planning to focus solely on the Superman side of the score, but the final Batman theme was written by both composers as a collaboration.[162] Zimmer noted that he had significant trouble in finding a new angle from which to tell the story and after the release of the film, Zimmer announced that he was retired from superhero films.[163] The soundtrack album of the film was released on March 18, 2016 by WaterTower Music.[164]", "Blackest Night. Upon seeing Aquaman alive, Mera's love causes her ring to depart, sending her into cardiac arrest. Star Sapphire and Saint Walker join their powers together to restore her, and Aquaman and Mera share a joyful reunion. Hawkgirl recalls her past lives, removes her helmet to reveal that she is again Shiera Hall and embraces Hawkman. Superman expresses his happiness that J'onn has returned. Firestorm forcibly separates into Ronald Raymond and Jason, the latter upset that Ronald has killed his girlfriend. As Mera comforts Jason, Ronald is confused and asks Atom what is happening and where Professor Stein is. Guy lets Lord, who is controlling his mind, escape. Jade kisses Kyle, unaware he is in love with fellow Green Lantern Soranik Natu. Osiris is confused and says he wants to go home. Superboy and Kid Flash, who only knows him by name, try to figure out who he is. After Professor Zoom flees, Flash knocks out Captain Boomerang. Barry notes that Ralph and Sue Dibny have not been revived. Deadman, the only one of the resurrected still wearing a White Ring, is stunned to realize he is alive and something is wrong. Larfleeze returns an unconscious Lex Luthor stripped of his ring, who briefly realizes that he has given something away, and demands that Sayd honors her debt to him.", "The Death of Superman. Superman engages Doomsday and throws him, where he lands on the mountain housing Project Cadmus and leaps toward Metropolis. Supergirl goes to Superman's aid, but a single punch from Doomsday knocks her to the ground. Professor Emil Hamilton and Bibbo Bibbowski, Superman's allies, fire a laser cannon at Doomsday, but it does not harm him. Doomsday and an exhausted Superman fight and strike each other with so much force that the shockwaves from their punches shatter windows. At the struggle's culminating moment in front of the Daily Planet building, both lay a massive blow upon each other, killing Doomsday and mortally wounding Superman. In the arms of a frantic Lane, Superman succumbs to his wounds and dies. Jimmy, Ice, Bloodwynd, and Guardian are also present at the end, with Jimmy bitterly photographing the images of Superman's fall." ]

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[ "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. In 2010 the Prime Minister received £142,500 including a salary of £65,737 as a member of parliament.[101] Until 2006, the Lord Chancellor was the highest paid member of the government, ahead of the Prime Minister. This reflected the Lord Chancellor's position at the head of the judicial pay scale. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 eliminated the Lord Chancellor's judicial functions and also reduced the office's salary to below that of the Prime Minister.", "Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament. The basic annual salary of an MP in the House of Commons was increased to £74,000 as of 31 July 2015.[2] Many MPs (ministers, the Speaker, senior opposition leaders, opposition chief whip, etc.) receive a supplementary salary for their specific responsibilities. As of 1 April 2015 these additional entitlements range from £15,025 for Select Committee Chairs[3] to £74,990 for the Prime Minister.[4] On 24 May 2015 David Cameron announced that he intended to freeze ministerial pay for the next five years.[5] However, on 2 June 2015 the Daily Mail reported that ministerial pay was to increase at the same time as MP's basic pay was increased to £74,000. The Prime Minister's total salary would therefore increase from £142,500 to £149,440. The total salary for Cabinet Ministers would increase from £134,565 to £141,505. The total salary for ministers would increase from £89,740 to £96,375. And the total salary for parliamentary under secretaries would increase from £89,435 to £96,375.[6] Full details of current ministerial pay at all levels have yet to be published on either the UK Parliament website or that of the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority.", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Certain privileges, such as residency of 10 Downing Street, are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury. The status of the position as Prime Minister means that the incumbent is consistently ranked as one of the most powerful and influential people in the world.", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Unequivocal legal recognition was given in the Ministers of the Crown Act 1937, which made provision for payment of a salary to the person who is both \"the First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister\". Explicitly recognising two hundred years' of ambivalence, the Act states that it intended \"To give statutory recognition to the existence of the position of Prime Minister, and to the historic link between the Premiership and the office of First Lord of the Treasury, by providing in respect to that position and office a salary of ...\" The Act made a distinction between the \"position\" (Prime Minister) and the \"office\" (First Lord of the Treasury), emphasising the unique political character of the former. Nevertheless, the brass plate on the door of the Prime Minister's home, 10 Downing Street, still bears the title of \"First Lord of the Treasury\", as it has since the 18th century as it is officially the home of the First Lord and not the Prime Minister.[52][53]:P 34", "Prime Minister of Sweden. The salaries of the cabinet ministers, including the Prime Minister, is decided by and is the subject of annual review by the Statsrådsarvodesnämnden (\"Cabinet Ministers' Salary Committee\") of the Riksdag. Since 1 July 2015 the Prime Minister's monthly salary is 160,000 SEK (€17,290 / $19,164 / £12,270) or 1,920,000 SEK (€207,478 / $229,968 / £147,239) per year.[2]", "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. The richest Prime Minister was Lord Derby, with a personal fortune of over £7 million (about £444 million in today's money).[25] The poorest was William Pitt the Younger, who was £40,000 (now over £1 million) in debt by 1800.[26][27]", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of the United Kingdom government. The Prime Minister (informally abbreviated to PM) and Cabinet (consisting of all the most senior ministers, most of whom are government department heads) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The Office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current holder[update] of the office, Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016.[4]", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister is the head of the United Kingdom government.[7] As such, the modern Prime Minister leads the Cabinet (the Executive). In addition, the Prime Minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons (the lower House of the legislature). The incumbent wields both significant legislative and executive powers. Under the British system, there is a unity of powers rather than separation.[8] In the House of Commons, the Prime Minister guides the law-making process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party. In an executive capacity, the Prime Minister appoints (and may dismiss) all other Cabinet members and ministers, and co-ordinates the policies and activities of all government departments, and the staff of the Civil Service. The Prime Minister also acts as the public \"face\" and \"voice\" of Her Majesty's Government, both at home and abroad. Solely upon the advice of the Prime Minister, the Sovereign exercises many statutory and prerogative powers, including high judicial, political, official and Church of England ecclesiastical appointments; the conferral of peerages and some knighthoods, decorations and other important honours.[9]", "Mayor of London. The Mayor of London's salary is £143,911 per year, which is similar to that of a Government Cabinet minister.[22]", "Prime Minister of New Zealand. Under the Remuneration Authority Act 1977, and the Members of Parliament (Remuneration and Services) Act 2013, a prime minister's salary is determined annually by the Remuneration Authority, an independent body established by parliament to set salaries for members of parliament and other government officials.[13] For the fiscal year from 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2018, the Prime Minister's salary is NZ$471,049, plus a tax-free allowance of NZ$22,606 to cover out-of-pocket official expenses such as meals, gifts, and entertainment.[14] In addition, like all other ministers and members of parliament, the Prime Minister receives annual allowances for travel and lodging, as do the Prime Minister's spouse and children.[15]", "Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor is entitled to an annual emolument of £227,736 and to an annual pension of £106,868. The Lord Chancellor's salary is higher than that of any other public official, including even the Prime Minister, although sometimes the officeholder may voluntarily decide to receive a reduced salary (recent holders have taken the salary of a Secretary of State).", "Member of parliament. The salaries of the MPs are decided by the Riksdag Pay Committee (Riksdagens arvodesnämnd), a government agency under the Riksdag. Since 1 November 2007, the basic monthly pay of an MP is SEK52,900 (ca. US$8,300). The pay of the Speaker is SEK126,000 a month (ca. US$20,000), which is the same as that of the Prime Minister.[14] The Deputy Speakers receive an increment of 30% of the pay of a member. The chairs and deputy chairs of the parliamentary committees receive a similar increment of 20% and 15% respectively.[15]", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Throughout the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister outranks all other dignitaries except members of the Royal Family, the Lord Chancellor, and senior ecclesiastical figures.[note 12]", "Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament. For the 2010–15 Parliament, only MPs defeated in their attempt to be re-elected will get one month’s salary for each year served, up to a maximum of six months or over £33,000. From the start of the 2015 Parliament, it will be replaced by a \"Loss of Office Payment\", at double the statutory redundancy payment. \"For the 'average' MP, who leaves office with 11 years' service, this may lead to a payment of around £14,850.\"[13]", "Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament. In December 2013, the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority recommended that pay be increased to £74,000 per annum, linked \"to the pay of the people they represent\". At the same time, pensions benefits would be reduced, resettlement payments scrapped and expenses tightened. In July 2015, this was implemented (backdated to 8 May 2015, the day after the general election), with annual changes now \"linked to changes in average earnings in the public sector\".[19]", "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom). In 2010, the Speaker received a salary of £145,492,[17] equal to that of a Cabinet Minister. Speaker's House, the official residence, is at the northeast corner of the Palace of Westminster and is used for official functions and meetings,[18] with private accommodation in a four-bedroom[19] apartment upstairs. Each day, prior to the sitting of the House of Commons, the Speaker and other officials travel in procession from the apartments to the Chamber. The procession includes the Doorkeeper, the Serjeant-at-Arms, the Speaker, a trainbearer, the Chaplain, and the Speaker's Private Secretary. The Serjeant-at-Arms attends the Speaker on other occasions, and in the House; he or she bears a ceremonial mace that symbolises the royal authority under which the House meets, as well as the authority of the House of Commons itself.", "Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Any change to the composition of the Cabinet involving more than one appointment is customarily referred to as a reshuffle; a routine reshuffle normally occurs every summer. The total number of ministers allowed to be paid as \"Cabinet ministers\" is limited by the Ministerial and Other Salaries Act 1975, but there may be regular attendees at Cabinet who are not paid as Cabinet ministers. The number in addition to the Prime Minister is currently 21,[5] total cabinet composition fluctuating between 21 and 23.", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. By the turn of the 20th century the Premiership had become, by convention, the most important position in the constitutional hierarchy. Yet there were no legal documents describing its powers or acknowledging its existence. The first official recognition given to the office had only been in the Treaty of Berlin in 1878, when Disraeli signed as \"First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister of her Britannic Majesty\".[46][47][48] Incumbents had no statutory authority in their own right. As late as 1904, Arthur Balfour explained the status of his office in a speech at Haddington: \"The Prime Minister has no salary as Prime Minister. He has no statutory duties as Prime Minister, his name occurs in no Acts of Parliament, and though holding the most important place in the constitutional hierarchy, he has no place which is recognised by the laws of his country. This is a strange paradox.\"[49]", "Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament. The first regular salary was £400 per year, introduced in 1911. Some subsequent salary levels were £1,000 in 1946, £3,250 in 1964, £11,750 in 1980, and £26,701 in 1990.[11] The increases in MPs' basic salaries since 1996 have been:[17][18]", "Prime Minister of Australia. On 1 July 2017, the Australian Government's Remuneration Tribunal adjusted the Prime Ministerial salary, raising it to its current amount of $527,852.", "Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament. The basic annual salary for an MP was increased from £67,060 to £74,000 on 31 July 2015, backdated to 8 May 2015.[1] In addition, MPs are able to claim allowances to cover the costs of running an office and employing staff, and maintaining a constituency residence and a residence in London.[2] Additional salary is paid for appointments or additional duties, such as ministerial appointments, being a whip, chairing a select committee or chairing a Public Bill committee.", "Cabinet of Singapore. Where the Prime Minister's remuneration was concerned, the Committee recommended that it be pegged to twice of a MR4-grade minister's salary and doing away with the fixed service bonus. Instead, the Prime Minister will receive a larger national bonus. His annual bonus where the targets for the indicators have been met will be six months' salary, and 12 months' salary where they have been greatly exceeded.[84] This will lead to a reduction in the Prime Minister's annual salary of 28% to $2.2 million (about US$1.7 million).[85] Lee Hsien Loong said that he accepted the Committee's recommendations. He remains the best-paid head of government in the world, his proposed annual pay package exceeding that of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong Donald Tsang, the political leader with the second-highest salary in the world (around US$550,000), by about three times; and that of the President of the United States Barack Obama (US$400,000)[86] by over four times.[87]", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Under this form of government, called the Westminster system, the Sovereign is head of state and titular head of Her Majesty's Government. She selects as her Prime Minister the person who is able to command a working majority in the House of Commons, and invites him or her to form a government. As the actual Head of Government, the Prime Minister selects his Cabinet, choosing its members from among those in Parliament who agree or generally agree with his intended policies. He then recommends them to the Sovereign who confirms his selections by formally appointing them to their offices. Led by the Prime Minister, the Cabinet is collectively responsible for whatever the government does. The Sovereign does not confer with members privately about policy, nor attend Cabinet meetings. With respect to actual governance, the monarch has only three constitutional rights: to be kept informed, to advise, and to warn.[59] In practice this means that the Sovereign reviews state papers and meets regularly with the Prime Minister, usually weekly, when she may advise and warn him or her regarding the proposed decisions and actions of Her Government.[60]", "Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. The five Labour prime ministers were, on average, judged to have been the most successful, with a mean of 6.0 (median of 5.9). The three Liberal PMs averaged 5.8 (median of 6.2) and the twelve Conservative PMs 4.8 (median of 4.1).", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister will appoint all other cabinet members (who then become active Privy Counsellors) and ministers, although consulting senior ministers on their junior ministers, without any Parliamentary or other control or process over these powers. At any time, the PM may obtain the appointment, dismissal or nominal resignation of any other minister; the PM may resign, either purely personally or with the whole government. The Prime Minister generally co-ordinates the policies and activities of the Cabinet and Government departments, acting as the main public \"face\" of Her Majesty's Government.", "National Minimum Wage Act 1998. The former Mayor of London Boris Johnson, a Conservative, has supported the London living wage since coming to office, ensuring that all City Hall employees and subcontracted workers earn at least £7.60 an hour and promoting the wage to employers across the city. In May 2009 his Greater London Authority Economics unit raised the London Living Wage for City Hall employees to its current rate of £7.60, £1.80 more than the then minimum wage of £5.80.[15]", "Winston Churchill. Gunther estimated in 1939 that Churchill earned $100,000 a year ($1.39 million in 2016) from writing and lecturing, but that \"of this he spends plenty\".[366] Despite his lifelong fame and upper-class origins, Churchill always struggled to keep his income at a level which would fund his extravagant lifestyle. MPs before 1946 received only a nominal salary (and in fact did not receive anything at all until the Parliament Act 1911) so many had secondary professions from which to earn a living.[515] From his first book in 1898 until his second stint as Prime Minister, Churchill's income while out of office was almost entirely from writing books and opinion pieces for newspapers and magazines, among them the fortnightly columns that appeared in the Evening Standard from 1936 warning of the rise of Hitler and the danger of the policy of appeasement.[516]", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. By the 1830s the Westminster system of government (or cabinet government) had emerged; the Prime Minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom. The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties, the introduction of mass communication (inexpensive newspapers, radio, television and the internet), and photography. By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy vis-à-vis the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet.", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. After the passage of the Great Reform Bill, the nature of the position changed: Prime Ministers had to go out among the people. The Bill increased the electorate to 717,000. Subsequent legislation (and population growth) raised it to 2 million in 1867, 5.5 million in 1884 and 21.4 million in 1918. As the franchise increased, power shifted to the people and Prime Ministers assumed more responsibilities with respect to party leadership. It naturally fell on them to motivate and organise their followers, explain party policies, and deliver its \"message\". Successful leaders had to have a new set of skills: to give a good speech, present a favourable image, and interact with a crowd. They became the \"voice\", the \"face\" and the \"image\" of the party and ministry.", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister appoints officials known as the \"Government Whips\", who negotiate for the support of MPs and to discipline dissenters. Party discipline is strong since electors generally vote for individuals on the basis of their party affiliation. Members of Parliament may be expelled from their party for failing to support the Government on important issues, and although this will not mean they must resign as MPs, it will usually make re-election difficult. Members of Parliament who hold ministerial office or political privileges can expect removal for failing to support the Prime Minister. Restraints imposed by the Commons grow weaker when the Government's party enjoys a large majority in that House, or among the electorate. In most circumstances, however, the Prime Minister can secure the Commons' support for almost any bill by internal party negotiations, with little regard to Opposition MPs.", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. 10 Downing Street, in London, has been the official place of residence of the Prime Minister since 1732; they are entitled to use its staff and facilities, including extensive offices. Chequers, a country house in Buckinghamshire, gifted to the government in 1917, may be used as a country retreat for the Prime Minister.", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution. Many of the Prime Minister's executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still formally vested in the Sovereign, who remains the head of state.[12] Despite its growing dominance in the constitutional hierarchy, the Premiership was given little formal recognition until the 20th century; the legal fiction was maintained that the Sovereign still governed directly. The position was first mentioned in statute only in 1917, in the schedule of the Chequers Estate Act. Increasingly during the 20th century, the office and role of Prime Minister featured in statute law and official documents; however, the Prime Minister's powers and relationships with other institutions still largely continue to derive from ancient royal prerogatives and historic and modern constitutional conventions. Prime Ministers continue to hold the position of First Lord of the Treasury and, since November 1968, that of Minister for the Civil Service, the latter giving them authority over the civil service." ]

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[ "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26). Season twenty-six of Dancing with the Stars, titled Dancing with the Stars: Athletes, premiered on April 30, 2018, on the ABC network. The four-week season, the shortest ever, features a cast of current and former athletes.[1]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series). A DVD titled Dancing With The Stars: Cardio Dance was released on April 3, 2007 featuring Kym Johnson, Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Ashly DelGrosso. The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha-cha, Paso doble, samba, and jive dance routines.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24). The full list of celebrities and pros was announced on March 1, 2017, on Good Morning America.[5]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 27). Season twenty-seven of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 24, 2018, on the ABC network.[1]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24). Season twenty-four of Dancing with the Stars premiered on March 20, 2017, on the ABC network.[1][2]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 25). Season twenty-five of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 18, 2017, on the ABC network.[1]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 23). Season twenty-three of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 12, 2016, on the ABC network.[1]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 16). Season sixteen of Dancing with the Stars premiered on March 18, 2013. Tom Bergeron and Brooke Burke Charvet returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. The Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers also returned to provide the music throughout the season. Scoring returned to using traditional whole numbers, instead of continuing with the fractional scores introduced for the previous (all-star) season.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 5). On August 29, 2007, the celebrity cast was announced on Good Morning America by host Tom Bergeron, judge Carrie Ann Inaba, and reigning celebrity champion Apolo Anton Ohno.[3]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series). A second DVD Dancing with the Stars: Latin Cardio Dance was released on September 13, 2008 featuring Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Cheryl Burke. The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha-cha, Merengue, samba and mambo dance routines.[32]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21). Season twenty-one of the American television competition series Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 14, 2015.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26). The cast was announced on April 13 on Good Morning America.[4]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 23). The full cast of celebrities and pros was revealed on August 30, 2016, on Good Morning America. They are:[9]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 5). Season five of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 24, 2007 with a special three-night premiere week. The season ended on November 27, 2007. As with previous seasons, CTV Television Network had aired the series in Canada.[1]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 15). Season fifteen of Dancing with the Stars, called Dancing with the Stars: All-Stars,[1] premiered on September 24, 2012.[2] Tom Bergeron and Brooke Burke Charvet returned as hosts. The Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided music throughout the season. The returning members of the dance troupe for this season were Oksana Dmyrenko, Emma Slater, Sharna Burgess, Henry Byalikov, and Sasha Farber. Sonny Fredie Pedersen replaced Kiki Nyemchek.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 19). Season nineteen of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 15, 2014.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 17). Season seventeen of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 16, 2013 and ended on November 26, 2013.[1] Tom Bergeron and Brooke Burke Charvet returned as hosts and Carrie Ann Inaba,[2] Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges.[3] The Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers also returned to provide the music throughout the season (which turned out to be their last). This was also Brooke Burke-Charvet's last season as co-host.[4] The cast was announced on September 4, 2013, during Good Morning America.[3][5][6]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22). Season twenty-two of Dancing with the Stars premiered March 21, 2016, on the ABC network.[1] Hosts Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned, as did judges Carrie Ann Inaba and Bruno Tonioli. Len Goodman returned as head judge, after being absent for the previous season.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 13). Season 13 premiered September 19, 2011 on ABC airing on Monday at 8:00 PM. The performance show was two hours each Monday from 8:00–10:00. The results show was each Tuesday from 9:00–10:00. The season finale aired Tuesday November 22, 2011.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 7). The official cast announcement was made on the morning of August 25, 2008 on Good Morning America. This is the third season to have its cast announced on GMA.[1][2]", "Dancing with the Stars. In the United States, the show is called Dancing with the Stars, which airs on ABC featuring athletes, singers, actors, and professional dancers. It is currently hosted by Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews.[11] The show is a huge hit since it debuted in 2005. The Spanish-language network Univision also has its own version in 2010 under the name Mira Quien Baila (\"Look Who's Dancing\"), which airs on Sunday nights with the fifth season returning in 2017. The Mirror Ball trophy is manufactured by the New York firm Society Awards.", "Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series). The first series of Dancing with the Stars started on 8 January 2017 and finished on 26 March 2017.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 17). The cast of twelve and their professional partners was announced on September 4, 2013 on Good Morning America.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 9). Season nine of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 21, 2009. Executive producer Conrad Green confirmed to Entertainment Tonight that the season would start off with 16 celebrities, with 3 double-eliminations halfway through the season.[1] Former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay withdrew from the competition in week three; however, Debi Mazar was also eliminated on the same night, replacing the double elimination planned for week five. Some changes were added this season including a larger cast and relay dances. Four new dances were introduced to complement the large cast. Those dances were the bolero, lambada, two-step, and the Charleston. The cast was unveiled on the Monday, August 17, 2009, edition of Good Morning America, returning to the announcement format of most seasons past. Tom Bergeron and Samantha Harris returned as the show's hosts. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, and Carrie Ann Inaba continue as the judges this season, with Baz Luhrmann appearing as a guest judge in week two, temporarily replacing Len Goodman. Pro pairings were officially announced on August 24, 2009. This was Samantha Harris' last season as co-host.[2]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 13). Season thirteen of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 19, 2011. Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman and Bruno Tonioli returned as the judges, and Tom Bergeron and Brooke Burke Charvet returned as hosts. Twelve couples competed in this season. Starting this season, Alan Dedicoat, the announcer, introduces Harold Wheeler and his band after the introduction of the remaining competitors.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22). The cast was revealed on March 8, 2016 on Good Morning America.[2] Edyta Śliwińska returned as a professional dancer this season after an eleven-season hiatus.[3] Also returning to the pro roster are Artem Chigvintsev and Peta Murgatroyd, both of whom did not appear last season as professional dancers, as well as Sasha Farber, who is once again promoted from troupe member to pro dancer. Last season's champion Derek Hough is not returning for this season.[4] Also not returning are Allison Holker, Emma Slater, Anna Trebunskaya, and Louis van Amstel.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series). On May 16, 2017, a Dancing with the Stars Junior spin-off was announced. The dance competition spin-off is set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC, and the format of the show will feature celebrity children and the children of celebrities paired with professional junior ballroom dancers.[38]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24). On May 23, 2017, NFL runningback Rashad Jennings and Emma Slater, were declared the winners, marking Slater's first win. Former MLB catcher David Ross and Lindsay Arnold finished second, while Fifth Harmony singer Normani Kordei and Val Chmerkovskiy finished third.", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series). In season 24, to honor the passing of season 11 contestant Florence Henderson on November 24, 2016, a special tribute to Henderson was displayed on the dance floor. The season 24 premiere aired March 20, 2017.", "Chelsie Hightower. Hightower made an appearance in Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Winter 2010 edition (pages 152 and 153) along with three other couples from Dancing with the Stars.[2] On July 8, 2010, she received an Emmy nomination for the \"Paso doble/Malagueña\" dance that she and Derek Hough performed and co-choreographed for season ten.[3]", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 3). Season three of Dancing With the Stars premiered on September 12, 2006 and ended November 15, 2006. The number of couples competing expanded to eleven from the ten in the previous season.", "Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series). Dancing with the Stars is an Irish reality television series, airing on RTÉ One that started on 8 January 2017,[1] hosted by Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne.[2] The show is based on the original UK version, and is part of the Dancing with the Stars franchise.[3] The judging panel consists of Julian Benson, Loraine Barry and Brian Redmond.[4][5]" ]

[ 5.984375, -2.052734375, 0.262451171875, 1.1572265625, 1.5087890625, 1.125, 0.283203125, -0.1868896484375, -2.533203125, -2.306640625, 0.6396484375, -2.890625, -1.041015625, -2.126953125, -1.1923828125, 0.385009765625, -1.046875, -0.332763671875, -0.79638671875, -2.875, 0.88623046875, 1.4580078125, -2.11328125, -1.587890625, -0.2225341796875, -1.9697265625, 0.63427734375, -0.452880859375, 0.1768798828125, -5.34375, -1.3857421875, 0.62548828125 ]

[ "The Best of Me (film). The Best of Me is a 2014 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Hoffman and written by Will Fetters and J. Mills Goodloe, based on Nicholas Sparks' 2011 novel of the same name. The film stars James Marsden and Michelle Monaghan with Luke Bracey and Liana Liberato.", "The Best of Me (film). The Best of Me was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 3, 2015.", "The Best of Me (film). The titles and performing artists were published by Taste of Country.[20]", "The Best of Me (film). On September 27, it was reported that Warner Bros. was in final talks with Michael Hoffman to direct the film, Will Fetters was set to rewrite the screenplay, marking his second adaptation of a Nicholas Sparks novel, and Denise Di Novi was set to produce the film, along with Sparks and Sparks' agent Theresa Park as co-producers, marking Di Novi's fifth film collaboration with Sparks, Sparks' second time producing a film adaptation of one of his novels and Park's production debut.[12] On July 25, 2013, Relativity Media acquired the distribution rights from Warner Bros., marking the studio's third film adaptation of a Nicholas Sparks novel.[13] On October 22, Michelle Monaghan was cast to play the female lead Amanda Collier, and Ryan Kavanaugh was to co-produce the film.[6] On October 24, the studio set the film for an October 17, 2014 release.[14]", "The Best of Me (film). On January 9, 2014, the studio offered James Marsden from the 2004 adaptation of Sparks' 1996 novel The Notebook to play the male lead Dawson Cole, replacing Paul Walker after his death.[4] On January 28, Liana Liberato joined the film's cast as the younger version of Monaghan's character, Amanda Collier.[7] On February 12, Luke Bracey was added to the cast to play the younger version of Marsden's character, Dawson Cole.[5] On March 12, Sebastian Arcelus and Gerald McRaney joined the cast of the film. Arcelus played Frank Reynolds, Amanda's husband and father of her children, while McRaney played Tuck, a widower who takes in young Dawson and becomes a friend and father-figure to him.[8] On March 25, Jon Tenney was added to the cast to play Harvey Collier, the father of Amanda.[9]", "The Best of Me (film). The Best of Me has been panned by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 8%, based on 74 reviews, with an average rating of 3.5/10. The site's consensus reads, \"At nine films and counting, the line between Nicholas Sparks film fans and detractors is clear, and The Best of Me will change few minds on either side of the divide.\"[25] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 29 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".[26] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave The Best of Me an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale.[24]", "The Best of Me (film). The soundtrack album for the film, released on October 7, 2014,[22] features original music primarily from the genre of country music, recorded by artists such as Lady Antebellum, Hunter Hayes, David Nail, Colbie Caillat, Kip Moore, Eli Young Band, Eric Paslay, Thompson Square, and Thomas Rhett.[22] \"I Did with You\" by Lady Antebellum was released on September 8, 2014 as the first promotional single from the soundtrack.[21] The band's other contribution, \"Falling for You\" is also available on the deluxe edition of their fifth studio album, 747.", "The Best of Me (film). The Best of Me opened in North America on October 17, 2014 across 2,936 theaters. It has grossed $26,766,213 in North America and $9,160,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $35,926,213.[2]", "The Best of Me (novel). The Best of Me is an American romance novel, written by Nicholas Sparks.", "The Best of Me (film). On June 27, 2014, it was announced that composer Aaron Zigman would be scoring the music for the film.[18]", "The Best of Me (film). The album debuted at number 54 on the Billboard 200, selling 6,200 copies in its first week.[23]", "The Best of Me (film). On June 17, 2011, Warner Bros. acquired the film rights to the novel The Best of Me by Nicholas Sparks.[10] On March 15, 2012, it was announced that the studio had tapped screenwriter J. Mills Goodloe to adapt the book.[11]", "The Best of Me (film). In its opening weekend, the film grossed $10,003,827, finishing fifth at the box office behind Fury ($23,702,421), Gone Girl ($17,511,956), The Book of Life ($17,005,218) and Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day ($11,456,954), making it the worst opening for a Nicholas Sparks' novel adaptation.[24]", "The Best of Me (film). Dawson Cole works on an oil rig off the coast of Louisiana. One day, an explosion on the job nearly kills him, throwing him into the water, but miraculously, he survives. Months later after recovering, Dawson learns that his close friend and surrogate father, Tuck Hostetler, has died and returns home for the first time in almost twenty years to carry out Tuck's final wishes. When he arrives at his house, Dawson is surprised to find that Tuck also arranged for Dawson's high school girlfriend, Amanda Collier, to join him. It seems that Tuck's intention was that Dawson and Amanda would perhaps rekindle their former romance. However, Amanda is now married to Frank Reynolds.", "Liana Liberato. Liana Daine Liberato (born August 20, 1995) is an American television and film actress. She played the younger version of the female lead in the 2014 film The Best of Me and starred in the 2010 films, Trust and The Last Sin Eater.", "The Best of Me (film). In an alternate ending on the DVD, Amanda leaves her husband and she and Dawson get together and enjoy walking through Tuck's garden and the end credits roll.", "The Best of Me (film). Principal photography began on March 6, 2014 in New Orleans, Louisiana for a 42-day shoot.[15][16] On April 30 and May 1 the filming took place in the downtown Covington area. Also filming took place in parts of Pearl River, Louisiana.[17]", "The Best of Me (novel). The Best of Me was ranked #2 in the Top 10 overall from Publishers Weekly.[2]", "The Best of Me (film). After Tuck's death, Amanda and Dawson meet with Tuck's lawyer and learn that they are to scatter Tuck's ashes at a cottage he owned with his wife. Later, Dawson and Amanda spend a passionate night together. They have lunch and discuss their plans, during which Amanda learns that Dawson knew she had continued to try to visit him in prison. The following day, Amanda decides to return to her family and her strained marriage, to meet her family commitments.", "Best of the Best 3: No Turning Back. Best of the Best 3: No Turning Back is a 1996 martial arts action film directed by the film's star Phillip Rhee. It is the second sequel in the Best of the Best film series. The film co-stars Christopher McDonald, Gina Gershon, Dee Wallace and an uncredited R. Lee Ermey.", "The Best of Times (film). The Best of Times is a 1986 American comedy-drama film directed by Roger Spottiswoode and written by Ron Shelton. It stars Robin Williams and Kurt Russell as two friends attempting to relive a high school football game.", "James Marsden. Following his breakthrough in comic book films, Marsden went on to star in various genre films including 2007's Hairspray which was a critical and commercial success and won many awards for its ensemble cast. As Corny Collins, he sang two songs for the film's soundtrack which has been certified Platinum by the RIAA.[2] He has had starring roles in family-friendly films such as Enchanted and Hop and leading man roles in 27 Dresses and The Best of Me.", "The Best of Me (film). One year later, she receives a call from her son, who finds out that the name of the donor whose heart he received was Dawson Cole. She later visits Tuck's house and finds a letter for her written by Dawson in which he says that he understands that she has her commitments and she wants to keep them and he could only love her more for that. She walks in the garden, which has been restored by Dawson.", "The Best of Me (film). Dawson and Amanda attended the same high school and began dating, soon falling in love. Before the prom, Dawson's father and brothers beat Tuck. Dawson, angered, goes to his fathers house with the intent of killing him with Tuck's rifle. However, they scuffle, and Dawson's cousin, an expectant teen father, is accidentally killed. In exchange for a lighter sentence, Dawson testifies against his father and brothers. However, since Dawson will not be paroled for another four years, he cuts ties with Amanda, forcing her to choose college over staying with him.", "The Best of Me (film). When Amanda goes home, Dawson remains at Tuck's to restore the garden. However, she later plans to split up with her husband, and she leaves Dawson a voicemail expressing her love.", "The Best Man Holiday. The Best Man Holiday is a 2013 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Malcolm D. Lee. A sequel to The Best Man (1999), it stars Morris Chestnut, Taye Diggs, Regina Hall, Terrence Howard, Sanaa Lathan, Nia Long, Harold Perrineau, Monica Calhoun, and Melissa De Sousa all reprising their roles.[3] The film was released on November 15, 2013 by Universal Pictures, received positive reviews and grossed $71 million worldwide.", "Geena Davis. Virginia Elizabeth \"Geena\" Davis (born January 21, 1956)[7] is an American actress, film producer, writer, voice actress, former model, and former archer.[8] She is known for her roles in The Fly (1986), Beetlejuice (1988), Thelma & Louise (1991), A League of Their Own (1992), The Long Kiss Goodnight (1996), Stuart Little (1999), and The Accidental Tourist, for which she won the 1988 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.", "Ben Koldyke. Koldyke was seen on the big screen in 2016 in a supporting role for Disney's The Finest Hours alongside Chris Pine, Casey Affleck, Eric Bana, and Ben Foster.", "The Best Years of Our Lives. The Best Years of Our Lives (aka Glory for Me and Home Again) is a 1946 American drama film directed by William Wyler and starring Myrna Loy, Fredric March, Dana Andrews, Teresa Wright, Virginia Mayo, and Harold Russell. The film is about three United States servicemen readjusting to civilian life after coming home from World War II. Samuel Goldwyn was inspired to produce a film about veterans after reading an August 7, 1944, article in Time about the difficulties experienced by men returning to civilian life. Goldwyn hired former war correspondent MacKinlay Kantor to write a screenplay. His work was first published as a novella, Glory for Me, which Kantor wrote in blank verse.[4][5][6][7] Robert E. Sherwood then adapted the novella as a screenplay.[7]", "Best of Luck Laalu. Best Of Luck Laalu, is a 2017 Gujarati drama film produced by Rashmin Majithia and written and directed by Vipul Mehta. In the film, Smit Ganatra plays the role of a SSC student and Supriya Pathak Kapur (Daksha Modi) as his Mother[1]. Music Director duo Sachin–Jigar has composed the film's score.", "The Best of Me (novel). Dawson Cole works on an oil rig off the coast of Louisiana. One day an explosion on the rig nearly took Dawson's life, but a stranger in the water showed Dawson where to go, saving his life. Months later, Dawson learns of the death of his good friend, Tuck Hostetler. Dawson rushes home to see to Tuck's final wishes even though he has not been home in twenty years.", "George Best. Best had a cameo as himself in the 1971 British comedy film Percy. In 1984, he made a fitness album with Mary Stävin called Shape Up and Dance. A biographical film entitled Best was released in May 2000, with John Lynch portraying George Best. Indie rock band The Wedding Present named their first album George Best, and featured Best on the cover wearing his red Manchester United kit. After his death, Brian Kennedy and Peter Corry released a single entitled George Best – A Tribute. Best features in EA Sports' FIFA video game series; he was included in the FIFA 16 Ultimate Team Legends.[96]" ]

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[ "Visa policy of Mexico. A foreign national wishing to enter Mexico must obtain a visa unless they are a citizen of one of the 65 eligible visa-exempt countries or one of the three Electronic Authorization System eligible countries.[1]", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Visa requirements for Mexican citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Mexico. As of February 2018, Mexican citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 144 countries and territories, ranking the Mexican passport 24th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Visa requirements for Mexican citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries and restricted zones:", "Visa policy of Mexico. Nationals of the following 65 countries and jurisdictions holding normal passports do not require a visa to enter Mexico as tourists, visitors in transit or business visitors. Tourists and business visitors can stay in Mexico for up to 180 days. Visitors in transit can stay for up to 30 days.[1][4]", "Mexican nationality law. Visa requirements for Mexican citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Mexico. In 2017, Mexican citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 142 countries and territories, ranking the Mexican passport 26th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley visa restrictions index.[13]", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.", "Visa policy of Mexico. Holders of diplomatic or official/service passports issued by Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Laos, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States and Venezuela do not require a visa.", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.", "Visa policy of the United States. Mexican citizens may travel to the U.S. without a passport under limited circumstances if holding a Border Crossing Card and seeking to enter the U.S. for less than 72 hours while remaining in the \"border zone\".[2][3][4]", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries (except Denmark, Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and except for EU/EEA/Swiss citizens), Albania, Belarus, Georgia, Honduras, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Nauru, Panama, Saint Barthélemy, San Marino, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates.", "Visa policy of Mexico. Holders of diplomatic passports issued by Azerbaijan, Benin, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Honduras, Kuwait, South Africa, Turkey and Ukraine do not require a visa.", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:[344]", "Visa policy of Mexico. Passengers requiring a visa who are transiting in Mexico City can do so without a visa if their connection time does not exceed 24 hours and if their flight is nonstop, without intermediate stops within Mexican territory. They are escorted to the transit hall of the Mexico City International Airport in the custody of an agent of the National Immigration Service who holds passports and/or travel documents until the passenger boards the connecting flight.[9]", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival.[346] Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut-off period for each other's citizens.[347][348]", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Several countries including Argentina, Brunei, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea and the United States demand all travellers, or all foreign travellers, to be fingerprinted on arrival.[367][368][369][370][371][372][373]", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages:[345]", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Macao, New Zealand and South Africa.[350]", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.[352]", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Some countries (for example, Canada and the United States[374]) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.", "Visa policy of Mexico. Holders of passports issued by the following countries who possess an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) containing the \"MEX\" code on the reverse that it is valid for travel to Mexico can enter visa-free for business trips for up to 90 days.[1]", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Several countries including Argentina, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival.[375][376][377][378][379][380][381]", "Mexican passport. Mexican passports are issued to Mexican citizens for the purpose of traveling abroad. The Mexican passport is also an official ID and proof of Mexican citizenship. According to the 2018 Visa Restrictions Index,[1] holders of a Mexican passport can visit 144 countries without a visa, placing Mexico in the 24th rank in terms of global travel freedom.", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain, Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq (except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah), Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Somaliland, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen and Zimbabwe.[349]", "Visa policy of Mexico. All visitors entering by land and traveling farther than 20 kilometres (12 miles) into Mexico or staying longer than 72 hours should obtain a document Forma Migratoria Multiple to present at checkpoints within the country.[2] In 2016 Mexico has introduced the electronic version of the form (Forma Migratoria Múltiple Electrónica, or FMME) which can be obtained online at a price of 390 Mexican pesos.[3]", "Visa policy of Mexico. Mexican visas are documents issued by the National Migration Institute, dependent on the Secretariat of the Interior, with the stated goal of regulating and facilitating migratory flows.", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination.", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented, generally one or two pages.[351] Endorsement pages which oftentimes appear after the visa pages are not counted.", "Visa policy of Mexico. Eligible countries are:[1]", "Visa policy of Mexico. The Electronic Authorization System (Sistema de Autorización Electrónica, SAE) is an online system, which allows citizens of the eligible countries travelling by air to obtain an electronic authorization to travel to Mexico for transit, tourism or business purposes without a consular visa. It is valid for 30 days and a single entry. Upon arrival, visitors are authorized to stay in Mexico as tourists for up to 180 days. SAE does not apply to travelers entering Mexico by land or sea, or those who are travelling on a non-participating airline, and they must hold a valid Mexican visa or an applicable visa issued by a third country.[6][7]", "Mexican passport. In 2018, Mexican citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 144 countries and territories, ranking the Mexican passport 24th in the world according to the Visa Restrictions Index.", "Visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.", "Visa policy of the United States. A foreign national wishing to enter the U.S., Puerto Rico or the U.S. Virgin Islands must obtain a visa unless he or she satisfies one of the following conditions:" ]

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[ "The Parent Trap (1998 film). Eleven years and nine months later in 1998, Nick and Elizabeth coincidentally send their daughters to Camp Walden, a girls summer camp in Maine. Hallie and Annie, after fighting and being isolated until camp is over as punishment for their actions, discover that they are twin sisters. They hatch a plan to meet the parent they've never met and bring them back together. Hallie, able to imitate Annie's British accent, goes to London to meet their mother, grandfather, and Martin (Simon Kunz) the butler. Annie, able to imitate Hallie's American accent, goes to Napa Valley to meet their father and Chessy (Lisa Ann Walter) the housekeeper. After discovering that their father is on the verge of marrying a child-hating gold-digger named Meredith Blake (Elaine Hendrix) Annie and Hallie decide to waste no time in bringing Nick and Elizabeth back together. They attempt to do this by telling Elizabeth that Nick wants to meet her in San Francisco, even though he has no clue that this is the plan. Chessy, Martin, and grandpa Charles however become fully aware of the plan. When he sees her, he is shocked, but delighted, having not seen her in so long. Meanwhile, Chessy and Martin develop romantic feelings for one another. Despite the girls' best efforts, which include recreating the night their parents met, they are unable to persuade Nick and Elizabeth to reunite and resort to desperate measures by demanding a three-day family camping trip, refusing to disclose which of them is which until after the trip. Elizabeth tricks Meredith into going on the camping trip in her place. The girls play a number of pranks on Meredith, who becomes outraged and gives Nick an ultimatum; it's either the girls or her. Nick chooses the girls, and breaks off their engagement, realizing the truth about her.", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). Another deleted scene appears in the trailer that debuted in 1998. The scene shows Hallie standing out on the deck of her vineyard-estate house. She sees a shooting star and sings the rhyme \"Star Light, Star Bright\". Annie appears standing outside her window, too.", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). In the original draft of the script, many scenes are altered or deleted. An extended ear-piercing scene is in. While putting the needle through Annie's ear, Hallie screams and passes out. Annie gently smacks Hallie in the face, trying to wake her up. After Hallie wakes up, she asks Annie, \"Are you bleeding to death? Did it hurt?\" Annie tells her no to both questions and shows Hallie the needle again, and tells her to finish with the other because she (Annie) will not go through life with just one pierced ear. Hallie passes out again.[16]", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). When Hallie shows up at Annie's poker game at Camp Walden, the music used is \"Bad to the Bone\" by George Thorogood and the Destroyers.", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). The tune playing as Hallie and Annie are making their way up to the Isolation Cabin is the main theme from \"The Great Escape\" by Elmer Bernstein.", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson star as a divorced couple who separated shortly after their identical twin daughters' birth; Lindsay Lohan stars (in her film debut) as both twins, Hallie Parker and Annie James, who are fortuitously reunited at summer camp after being separated at birth. David Swift wrote the screenplay for the original 1961 film based on Lottie and Lisa. The story is comparable to that of the 1936 Deanna Durbin film Three Smart Girls.[6] Swift is credited along with Meyers and Shyer as co-writers of the 1998 version. The film received positive reviews.", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). Lindsay's mother, Dina, and siblings, Michael, Ali and Cody, all appear in uncredited cameos at the airport. Michael also appears in the movie as a boy who accidentally winds up at Camp Walden, mistaking it for a boys' camp. Erin Mackey was Lindsay's stunt double for Annie and Hallie. Joanna Barnes, who in the original 1961 film played Vicki Robinson, child-hating gold-digger who wanted to marry the girls' father for his money, appears in this film as Vicki Blake, the mother of child-hating gold-digger Meredith. The characters of Marva Kulp, Sr. and Marva Kulp, Jr. were most likely named after actress Nancy Kulp, who played the camp counselor in the original 1961 film. The scene where Nick sees Elizabeth and leans over in the elevator is a repeat of Cary Grant and Irene Dunne's classic scene from My Favorite Wife.", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). In an extended scene, Elizabeth delves further into why she and Nick did not stay together long. She says, \"I tried living in California, he tried living in London...\". Hallie replies, \"So you broke up?\" Elizabeth tells Hallie that she and Annie were the best thing about the whole situation and they continue to stroll down the streets of London.", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). In 1986, American Nicholas \"Nick\" Parker (Dennis Quaid) and Briton Elizabeth \"Liz\" James (Natasha Richardson) meet, fall in love, and get married during an ocean cruise on the \"Queen Elizabeth 2\". After the birth of their twin daughters Annie and Hallie (Lindsay Lohan) they get divorced and each take one of the girls. Nick, a wealthy wine grower, raises Hallie in Napa Valley, California and Elizabeth raises Annie in London, England, and becomes a famous and successful wedding gown designer.", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). There is an extended ending where Hallie tells Annie: \"You guys are going to love living in California.\" To which Annie replies: \"California? You guys are going to love living in London.\" Then Hallie replies \"London?\" In the front yard, Sammy is barking to the poodle next door as Chessy and Martin are kissing and Charles is getting home.", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). The Parent Trap is a 1998 American romantic comedy-drama film co-written and directed by Nancy Meyers, and produced and co-written by Charles Shyer. It is a remake of the 1961 film of the same name and an adaptation of Erich Kästner's German novel Lottie and Lisa (Das doppelte Lottchen).", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). When they return, Nick and Elizabeth realize they still have feelings for one another, but decide it is better to go their separate ways. Elizabeth and Annie later board a flight for London, but when they arrive, they find Hallie and Nick waiting for them, Nick having realized that the mistake he made the first time around, was not going after Elizabeth when she left him, which he wasn't about to repeat. Photographs show Nick and Elizabeth getting remarried aboard the \"Queen Elizabeth 2\", with the girls as bridesmaids and Martin proposing to Chessy.", "The Parent Trap (1961 film). The Parent Trap is a 1961 Walt Disney Technicolor film.[1][2] It stars Hayley Mills, Maureen O'Hara and Brian Keith in a story about teenage twins on a quest to reunite their divorced parents. The screenplay by the film's director David Swift[3] was based upon the 1949 book Lottie and Lisa (German: Das Doppelte Lottchen) by Erich Kästner.[4] The Parent Trap was nominated for two Academy Awards, was broadcast on television, saw three television sequels, was remade in 1998 with Lindsay Lohan, and has been released on digital stereo LaserDisc format in 1986 as well as VHS and DVD in 2000. The original film was Mills' second of six films for Disney.", "Maggie Wheeler. In 1997, Wheeler voiced Harley Quinn's replacement in the Batman: The Animated Series episode \"Joker's Millions\". In 1998, she appeared in the remake of Disney's The Parent Trap, playing the younger of a mother-daughter pair of camp counselors. She also guest starred in the Disney Channel Original Series Shake It Up as Dina's Mom.", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). The scene slots between Hallie and Martin meeting at Heathrow Airport, and Hallie meeting her mother and grandfather. Hallie is in a limo and they come across Buckingham Palace. She gets out and tries to get one of the guards to move. The guards then crowd around in formation as Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom exits Buckingham Palace in a car. The window rolls down and Hallie speaks to the Queen, getting confused with 'Your Highness' or 'Your Majesty' or whether to curtsy. The Queen promises not to tell a soul and moves off. Director Nancy Meyers had a difficult time getting the uniforms, location, and an actress to play the Queen. The scene was deleted due to pacing problems.", "Joanna Barnes. In Disney's original 1961 version of The Parent Trap starring Hayley Mills, Barnes played gold-digger Vicki Robinson, who temporarily comes between Maureen O'Hara and Brian Keith. In the 1998 remake starring Lindsay Lohan, she played Vicki Blake, the mother of the child-hating gold-digger fiancee Meredith Blake (Elaine Hendrix).", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). The instrumental music featured prominently in the hotel scene where the girls and their parents cross paths serendipitously is \"In the Mood\", which was previously made famous by the Glenn Miller band. Later in the hotel, Hallie sings a few bars of \"Let's Get Together\", a tune from the first version of the film that was a hit for its star, Hayley Mills. The song is also quoted over the Walt Disney Pictures logo, and at the end of Alan Silvestri's closing credits suite.", "The Parent Trap (1961 film). In California, the twins (with mild approval from their mother) scheme to sabotage their father's marriage plans. Mitch's money-hungry - and much younger - fiancée Vicky Robinson (Joanna Barnes) receives rude, mischievous treatment from the girls and some veiled cattiness from Maggie. One evening, the girls recreate their parents' first date at an Italian restaurant with a gypsy violinist. The former spouses are gradually drawn together, though they quickly begin bickering over minor things and Vicky.", "Mara Wilson. Wilson auditioned for the 1998 remake of The Parent Trap, but she was considered to be too young for the role.[18]", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 86% approval rating with an average rating of 6.8/10 based on 50 reviews. The website's consensus states: \"Writer-director Nancy Meyers takes the winning formula of the 1961 original and gives it an amiable modern spin, while young star Lindsay Lohan shines in her breakout role.\"[8] Metacritic gave the film a score of 64/100, based on reviews from 19 critics, indicating \"generally favorable\" reviews.[9]", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert each gave the film three stars.[10] Critic Kenneth Turan called Lindsay Lohan \"the soul of this film as much as Hayley Mills was of the original\", going on to say that \"she is more adept than her predecessor at creating two distinct personalities\".[11]", "The Parent Trap (1961 film). Identical twins Susan Evers and Sharon McKendrick (Hayley Mills) meet at Miss Inch's Summer Camp for Girls, unaware that they are sisters. Their identical appearance initially creates rivalry, and they pull pranks on each other, which leads to the camp dance being crashed by their mischief. As punishment, they must live together in the isolated \"Serendipity\" cabin (and eat together at an \"isolation table\") for the remainder of their time at summer camp. After finding out that they both come from single parent homes, they soon realize they are twin sisters and that their parents, Mitch (Brian Keith) and Maggie (Maureen O'Hara), divorced shortly after their birth, with each parent having custody of one of them. The twins, each eager to meet the parent she never knew, switch places. They drill each other on the other's behavior and lives, and Susan cuts Sharon's hair into the same style as hers. While Susan is in Boston, Massachusetts masquerading as Sharon, Sharon goes to Carmel, California pretending to be Susan.", "Elaine Hendrix. Katherine Elaine Hendrix (born December 28, 1970) is an American actress, model, producer, singer, dancer, and activist. She is best known for her roles in the 1998 remake of The Parent Trap, Inspector Gadget 2, and the 2004 documentary What the Bleep Do We Know!?", "Bridgette Andersen. Throughout the mid-1980s, Andersen continued to appear in episodic television, T.V. movies and features films, including: A Summer to Remember in 1985, Hotel, Fever Pitch with Ryan O'Neal, The Golden Girls, and The Parent Trap II with Hayley Mills.", "The Parent Trap (1961 film). The Disney Studios produced three television sequels The Parent Trap II (1986), Parent Trap III (1989) and Parent Trap: Hawaiian Honeymoon (1989). The original was remade in 1998 starring Lindsay Lohan, Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson.", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). All tracks written by Alan Silvestri.", "Lindsay Lohan. Lohan remained in her role on Another World for a year, before leaving to star in Disney's 1998 family comedy The Parent Trap, a remake of the 1961 movie. She played dual roles of twins, separated in infancy, who try to reunite their long-divorced parents, played by Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson.[5][17] The film earned $92 million worldwide, and received largely positive reviews.[20][21] Lohan received unanimous acclaim for her debut performance. Critic Kenneth Turan called Lohan \"the soul of this film as much as Hayley Mills was of the original,\" going on to say that \"she is more adept than her predecessor at creating two distinct personalities.\"[22] The film won Lohan a Young Artist Award for best performance in a feature film as well as a three-film contract with Disney.[17][18][23] At the age of 14, Lohan played Bette Midler's daughter in the pilot episode of the short-lived series Bette, but she resigned her role when the production moved from New York to Los Angeles.[5][24] She also starred in two Disney television movies: Life-Size alongside Tyra Banks in 2000, and Get a Clue in 2002.[17][18]", "Victoria Newman. Connie Passalacqua of the Herald Journal compared Victoria's scheme to reunite her parents in 1991 to the plot of the 1961 film The Parent Trap. She wrote, \"[w]hat makes Victoria a true terror teen? We venture that it may be the supernatural soap aging by which she aged from 5 to 15 last fall.\"[39] Fort Worth Star-Telegram criticized Victoria's early romances, saying: \"[s]he's divorced, rich and hates sex. And now she wants her husband back. As soap operas go, Victoria Newman's plight ... is standard daytime fare. But Victoria has one characteristic that many of her counterparts don't—she is only 17.\"[40] A syndicated article that appeared in The Fort Oglethorpe Press described Ryan McNeil's attempts to seduce Victoria as \"a path that's fraught with peril and which forces the good-natured actor to search hard for inspiration\".[41] SoapNet said it was \"no surprise\" Victoria has a history of \"messy relationships\" given her parents' history.[25] Lilana Novakovich of the Toronto Star said that Heather Tom made Victoria become \"one of her favorite characters\" on the soap upon her debut in 1991.[42] The Austin American-Statesman said that Tom was \"always a pleasure to watch\".[43]", "Monica Lacy. Monica Lacy (born August 27, 1970) is an American television and film actress. Lacy is an identical triplet who, along with her sisters Leanna and Joy Creel, started acting in the late 1980s. They appeared together in two television movies aired on The Wonderful World of Disney: Parent Trap III and Parent Trap: Hawaiian Honeymoon.", "Catherine O'Hara. O'Hara has appeared in several films directed by Tim Burton, beginning with the role of Delia Deetz in the 1988 film Beetlejuice. Other roles she has portrayed in Burton films include the voices of Sally/Shock in The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) and Susan Frankenstein in Frankenweenie (2012). She has also frequently collaborated with director and writer Christopher Guest, appearing in the mockumentary films Waiting for Guffman (1996), Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), and For Your Consideration (2006). In 2000 she won a Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role for the film The Life Before This. She is also known to audiences as Kate McCallister, the mother of Kevin, in both Home Alone (1990) and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), and for her voice work in multiple animated films like Pippi Longstocking (1997), Bartok the Magnificent (1999), Chicken Little (2005), Over the Hedge (2006), Monster House (2006), Brother Bear 2 (2006), Barbie in the 12 Dancing Princesses (2006), Where the Wild Things Are (2009), A Monster in Paris (2011), and When Marnie Was There (2014). Her other film credits include Dick Tracy (1990), The Paper (1994), Wyatt Earp (1994), Tall Tale (1995), Home Fries (1998), Surviving Christmas (2004), Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004), Penelope (2006), Killers (2010), and A.C.O.D. (2013).", "The Parent Trap (1998 film). Lohan won a Young Artist Award for best performance in a feature film.[12][13][14]", "The Parent Trap (1961 film). The film was shot mostly at various locales in California. The summer camp scenes were filmed at Bluff Lake Camp (then owned by the Pasadena YMCA, now by Habonim Dror's Camp Gilboa) and the family camping scenes later in the movie at Cedar Lake Camp, both in the San Bernardino Mountains near the city of Big Bear Lake in Southern California. The Monterey scenes were filmed in various California locations, including millionaire Stuyvesant Fish's 5,200 acres (21 km2) ranch in Carmel and Monterey's Pebble Beach golf course. The scenes at the Monterey house were shot at the studio's Golden Oak Ranch in Placerita Canyon, where Mitch's ranch was built.[5] It was the design of this set that proved the most popular, and to this day the Walt Disney Archives receives requests for plans of the home's interior design.[6] In fact, there never was such a house; the set was simply various rooms built on a sound stage. Camp Inch was based on a real girls' camp called Camp Crestridge for Girls at the Ridgecrest Baptist Conference Center near Asheville, North Carolina." ]

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[ "Sith. Darth Bane (Dessel) established the Rule of Two within the Star Wars canon. This rule stated that there must be only two Sith Lords at a time: a master to embody power, and an apprentice to crave it and eventually overthrow his master and adopt an apprentice of his own.[21] He is the main character of non canonical the Darth Bane Trilogy by Drew Karpyshyn.", "Star Wars: Darth Bane: Rule of Two. Darth Bane: Rule of Two, the sequel to the novel Darth Bane: Path of Destruction, is part of the Star Wars expanded universe. It was written by Drew Karpyshyn, and was released on December 26, 2007. The novel centers on the young Sith apprentice Darth Zannah, recently taken under the wing of the Sith Lord Darth Bane. The \"Rule of Two\" of the title refers to the rule that there be only two Sith in existence at one time: a Master and an Apprentice, a rule that Bane originates.", "Star Wars: Darth Bane: Rule of Two. Darth Bane: Rule of Two reached 14 on the New York Times bestseller list on January 13, 2008.[1]", "Star Wars: Darth Bane: Rule of Two. Ten years later, Zannah is a woman and now a powerful Sith. Strikingly attractive, she tricks a handsome Twilek Kel into a plan to assassinate former chancellor Valorum. Kel and other members of the rebel group attack, but two members flee upon seeing bodyguard and Jedi Knight Johun Othone. After a fearsome battle, the Jedi narrowly defeats the Twilek Kel, and kills the rest of the group.\nMeanwhile, at base camp, Bane has been trying to construct a Sith holocron; after three failed attempts, he fails again on the fourth one and goes into a blinding fury. Zannah plants the idea in his head that the orbalisks, a parasitic creature found on Dxun which feeds on dark energy, caused the failure. He starts to wonder whether the orbalisks are causing his mind to degrade.", "Star Wars: Darth Bane: Rule of Two. Darth Bane, still on the planet Ruusan, finds his apprentice Zannah, a girl only 10 years old. Together they decide to see the effects of the thought bomb, and journey into the catacombs where it lies. Inside they find a boy, Tomcat, who is Zannah's cousin; she spares him by cutting his hand off.", "Star Wars: Darth Bane: Rule of Two. The two members who had fled find Zannah and accuse her of tricking them into an attack that was doomed to fail. Unable to attack in public, she follows them to their master Hetton. In him, Zannah senses the dark side of the Force. She kills the two members that fled in a dramatic flair of Sith power. Hetton, very impressed, asks Zannah to make him her apprentice. She accepts, knowing that he has a large collection of manuscripts valuable to her master. Using Hetton's manuscripts, Bane finds the location of the tomb of Sith Lord Belia Darzu. Hoping that it will contain the secrets of holocron construction, he travels there.", "Sith. A succession of Sith-led regimes would arise to challenge the Jedi and the Galactic Republic.[4] However, internal power struggles would prove decisive in thwarting the Sith's designs. The paradox of reconciling endless personal ambition with corporate action would become a great practical and philosophical concern for the Sith. Ultimately, this paradox would be “resolved” through a drastic reorganization effected by a leader named Darth Bane, who recast the Sith in an esoteric lineal master-apprentice tradition known as “The Rule of Two.”[5] Thereafter (at least, as a matter of orthodoxy) there would be only two Sith at a time: One to embody power, and another to crave it. While concealing their identity as Sith, a succession of Sith masters and apprentices would work through the centuries to inveigle or force themselves into positions of power and undermine responsible government, preparing the Galactic Republic for eventual usurpation. The Banite tradition encouraged each apprentice to eventually challenge and slaughter his or her master, and take an apprentice in turn. In this way, Darth Bane believed that the kratocratic essence of Sith philosophy could be reconciled with a sustained project of galactic domination and revenge against the Jedi. The first six Star Wars films chronicle the consummation, and eventual undoing, of this ancient scheme.", "Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II. Unlike in its predecessor, Blackman achieved more freedom in developing the story for The Force Unleashed II, as it took place in a relatively uneventful time period.[10] Blackman and the writing staff had to receive approval from Star Wars creator George Lucas to portray the game in their vision. \"He had some comments on the way we wanted to use Princess Leia in the first one and he wanted to make sure that we were aware that Bail Organa was one of the founders of the Rebel Alliance, but that was it—those were the only real constraints that we had.\"[10][20] To avoid any perceived constraints, they would travel to the headquarters of Lucasfilm in San Francisco, California to give an overview of their plans. \"With The Force Unleashed II, remarked Blackman, \"because we’d already established this notion of Darth Vader’s secret apprentice, really it was just sitting down with licensing and saying ‘this is what we want to do’ and getting a few pieces of feedback from them.\"[10]", "Solo family. Jaina Solo and her twin brother Jacen were created by Timothy Zahn in the Star Wars expanded universe novel The Last Command (1994).[8] She is the eldest child of Han Solo and Leia Organa Solo, and has appeared in various novels and the Champions of the Force set for the Star Wars Miniatures game.[10]", "Star Wars: Darth Bane: Rule of Two. Darth Bane instructs Zannah to disguise herself and go to the Jedi archives, to see if she can find a way to remove the interfering orbalisks. There she finds the cure, but meets her cousin Tomcat, now called Darovit. Darovit tells the Jedi about Darth Bane. He now finds himself changing alliances and decides to come with Zannah because of his brotherly love for her. Five Jedi journey to the tomb of Belia Darzu, arriving after Zannah and Darovit. Bane instructs Darovit to hide, and he and Zannah together duel with the five Jedi. After slaying four of them, he attempts to kill the last one with Force lightning. One of the four supposedly slain Jedi is still alive and casts a Force orb around Bane as he releases the lightning. The lightning is reflected back on Bane, frying him inside the orb. Some of the orbalisks are destroyed by the tremendous force and release a toxin that will kill Bane in days. Zannah takes the group to Ambria, to find healer Caleb, who once before saved Bane's life. Caleb refuses to heal him, but makes a deal that he will heal Bane if Zannah informs the Jedi of their existence. She accepts, but after Bane is healed, Zannah kills Caleb and makes Darovit go mad. She tricks the Jedi that come into thinking that Darovit was the Sith Lord. Meanwhile, Zannah and Bane are hiding in a secret cellar. Bane expected her to let him die, but after the Jedi leaves, she tells him that she saved him because she still has much to learn.", "Palpatine. In the 2002 sequel Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, Palpatine exploits constitutional loopholes to remain in office even after the official expiration of his term. Meanwhile, as Darth Sidious, he continues to manipulate events from behind the scenes by having his new Sith apprentice Count Dooku, a former Jedi master, lead a movement of planets in seceding from the Republic to form the Confederacy of Independent Systems.", "Divide and rule. The maxim divide et impera has been attributed to Philip II of Macedon, and together with the maxim divide ut regnes was utilised by the Roman ruler Caesar and the French emperor Napoleon.", "Luke Skywalker. Luke Skywalker is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the original film trilogy of the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. The character, portrayed by Mark Hamill, is an important figure in the Rebel Alliance's struggle against the Galactic Empire. He is the twin brother of Rebellion leader Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan, a friend and brother-in-law of smuggler Han Solo, an apprentice to Jedi Masters Obi-Wan \"Ben\" Kenobi and Yoda, the son of fallen Jedi Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader) and Queen of Naboo/Republic Senator Padmé Amidala and maternal uncle of Kylo Ren/Ben Solo. The now non-canon Star Wars expanded universe depicts him as a powerful Jedi Master, husband of Mara Jade, the father of Ben Skywalker and maternal uncle of Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.", "Star Wars. For The Star Wars second draft, Lucas made heavy simplifications. It added a mystical energy field known as \"The Force\" and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller. Annikin became Luke's father, a wise Jedi knight. The third draft killed the father Annikin, replacing him with mentor figure Ben Kenobi. Later, Lucas felt the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence, but a film in the second trilogy in the saga. The draft contained a sub-plot leading to a sequel about \"The Princess of Ondos\", and by that time some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels. Not long after, Lucas hired author Alan Dean Foster, to write two sequels as novels.[26] In 1976, a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography. The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller, as taken from the Journal of the Whills, Saga I: The Star Wars. During production, Lucas changed Luke's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars.[27] At that point, Lucas was not expecting the film to have sequels. The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes it discarded \"the Princess of Ondos\" sub-plot, to become a self-contained film, that ended with the destruction of the Galactic Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star. However, Lucas previously conceived of the film as the first of a series. The intention was that if Star Wars was successful, Lucas could adapt Dean Foster's novels into low-budget sequels.[28] By that point, Lucas had developed an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process.[29]", "Count Dooku. Introduced in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, Count Dooku appears as the leader of the Confederacy of Independent Systems, a federation of planetary systems rebelling against the Galactic Republic. He says that the Republic is corrupt, and that its politicians are more interested in maintaining the bureaucracy and enriching themselves than in helping poor, oppressed systems.", "Galactic Empire (Star Wars). With the end of the Clone Wars, the purging of the Jedi Order and the formation of the First Galactic Empire, Palpatine rules with absolute power as Emperor. He retains the emergency powers that had been voted to him in Attack of the Clones, allowing him to rule for decades under what amounts to martial law. Lord Darth Vader is the Emperor's second-in-command and his ruthless chief enforcer, greatly feared throughout the galaxy; a command from Vader is to be considered a command from Palpatine. In the 19 years between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, Palpatine rules the galaxy from the confines of his heavily guarded Imperial Palace on Coruscant. During that same time, Vader travels extensively to most of the galactic regions to enforce the Emperor's rule.", "Star Wars. After the success of the original film, Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him. They held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back. It was similar to the final film, except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke's father.[citation needed]", "Star Wars (film). Lucas completed a second draft of The Star Wars in January 1975, making heavy simplifications and introducing the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller. Annikin became Luke's father, a wise Jedi knight. \"The Force\" was also introduced as a mystical energy field.[45] This second draft still had some differences from the final version in the characters and relationships. For example, Luke had several brothers, as well as his father, who appears in a minor role at the end of the film. The script became more of a fairy tale quest as opposed to the action-adventure of the previous versions. This version ended with another text crawl, previewing the next story in the series. This draft was also the first to introduce the concept of a Jedi turning to the dark side: the draft included a historical Jedi who became the first to ever fall to the dark side, and then trained the Sith to use it. Impressed with his works, Lucas hired conceptual artist Ralph McQuarrie to create paintings of certain scenes around this time. When Lucas delivered his screenplay to the studio, he included several of McQuarrie's paintings.[46]", "Star Wars. The first was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden. It was broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981, adapting the original 1977 film into 13-episodes.[217][215][216] Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their film roles.[217][215]", "Star Wars. In 1971, Universal Studios made a contract for George Lucas to direct two films. In 1973, American Graffiti was completed, and released to critical acclaim including Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Original Screenplay for George Lucas. Months later, Lucas started work on his second film, by starting the script draft, The Journal of the Whills told the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a \"Jedi-Bendu\" space commando by the legendary Mace Windy. After Universal rejected the film, 20th Century Fox decided to invest on it.[20] On April 17, 1973, Lucas felt frustrated about his story being too difficult to understand, so he began writing a 13-page script with thematic parallels to Akira Kurosawa's The Hidden Fortress, this draft was renamed The Star Wars.[21] By 1974, he had expanded the script into a rough draft screenplay, adding elements such as the Sith, the Death Star, and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller. Numerous subsequent drafts would go through numerous drastic changes, before evolving into the script of the original film.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. The original trilogy's cast joins newcomers Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Adam Driver, and Oscar Isaac. It is directed by J. J. Abrams, who co-wrote a revised version of the screenplay along with Lawrence Kasdan, co-writer of the screenplays for The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. Original drafts of The Force Awakens script were written by Michael Arndt,[48][49][50] but ultimately early character and plot elements in Arndt's vision came into conflict with the conceptual ideas of director J.J. Abrams and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy, as well as filming schedules and ultimately Arndt was removed from the project due to creative differences and time constraints,[51][52][53][54] being replaced by Kasdan as the primary co-creative visionary to Abrams' plot concepts.[53][54]", "Princess Leia. Leia was created by Star Wars creator George Lucas. In 1999, Lucas explained his early development of Leia, Luke and Obi-Wan Kenobi:", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. He added that he had:", "The Empire Strikes Back. Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him.[21] They held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back. The treatment is similar to the final film, except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke's father. In the first draft that Brackett would write from this, Luke's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke.[23]", "Solo family. Following the events of the original film trilogy, Han is a hero of the Rebel Alliance, and marries Rebel leader Princess Leia in The Courtship of Princess Leia (1994) by Dave Wolverton.[6] Han and Leia have a twin son and daughter in Timothy Zahn's The Last Command (1993).[7][8] Leia becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic by the time of the Jedi Academy trilogy (1994) by Kevin J. Anderson, and during this period has another son with Han. All three of the Solo children become Jedi Knights under the tutelage of their maternal uncle Luke Skywalker. The Solo children were ranked as the 16th top Star Wars heroes, according to IGN in 2008.[9]", "Darth Vader. After the success of the original Star Wars (1977), series creator George Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write the sequel with him. They held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment. The treatment is similar to the final film, except that Vader does not reveal he is Luke's father. In the first draft that Brackett would write from this, Luke's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke.[14] Lucas was disappointed with the script, but Brackett died of cancer before he could discuss it with her.[15] With no writer available, Lucas had to write the next draft himself. In this draft, he made use of a new plot twist: Vader claiming to be Luke's father. According to Lucas, he found this draft enjoyable to write, as opposed to the year-long struggles writing the first film.[16]", "Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones. Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones is a 2002 American epic space opera film directed by George Lucas and written by Lucas and Jonathan Hales. It is the second installment of the Star Wars prequel trilogy, and stars Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Ian McDiarmid, Samuel L. Jackson, Christopher Lee, Temuera Morrison, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker and Frank Oz.", "Princess Leia. Foster's 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential low-budget sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful.[42] In the story, Luke and Leia seek a crystal on a swampy planet and eventually face Vader in combat.", "K-2SO. K-2SO was part of the initial line-up of spies in John Knoll's pitch for Rogue One, as an Imperial protocol droid. Designs for the character's look focused on giving him both a unique silhouette as well as keeping him in tune with the Imperial aesthetic from A New Hope.[1]:68 References of Imperial designs were used, and the character's chest plate draws on the armor of an AT-AT commander in The Empire Strikes Back.[1]:76 Unused designs by Ralph McQuarrie for droids and stormtrooper helmets would influence his eventual headshape.[2] Originally designed as a \"black protocol droid\",[3] further story development and drafts that \"accentuated\" his ties to the Empire turned K-2SO into an Imperial security droid. His laid back personality became a \"visual amusing\" contrast to his \"towering, monolothic form\". Director Gareth Edwards wanted K-2SO to be \"appealing\" despite his figure, and designs continued to reflect elements of his personality with his form; his stoop is one example, showing his \"casual kind of personality\".[1]:69", "Rebel Alliance. A Legends version of this declaration was previously depicted in the 1990 book The Star Wars Rebel Alliance Sourcebook, as:", "Big Brother 2 (UK). — Paul Romer, co-creator of the original show, on the social experiment aspect of the series.[24]", "Yoda. Yoda (/ˈjoʊdə/)[5] is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas, first appearing in the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back. In the original films, he trains Luke Skywalker to fight against the Galactic Empire. In the prequel films, he serves as the Grand Master of the Jedi Order and as a high-ranking general of Clone Troopers in the Clone Wars. Before his death in Return of the Jedi at the age of 900, Yoda was the oldest living character in the Star Wars franchise in canon, until the introduction of Maz Kanata in Star Wars: The Force Awakens." ]

[ 5.390625, 4.015625, 2.564453125, -0.51220703125, 0.2227783203125, -0.669921875, 2.43359375, -3.125, -3.466796875, -0.321533203125, -3.841796875, -4.1328125, -1.5390625, -3.169921875, -4.46875, -2.669921875, -1.8203125, -3.0703125, -3.689453125, -1.6748046875, -3.240234375, -2.9140625, -7.25390625, -1.337890625, -3.466796875, -2.697265625, -4.703125, -4.04296875, -3.169921875, -3.7265625, -6.52734375, -1.240234375 ]

[ "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). Rehearsals for Order of the Phoenix began on 27 January 2006, filming began on 7 February 2006 and finished at the start of December 2006.[36][37][38] Filming was put on a two-month hiatus starting in May 2006 so Radcliffe could sit his A/S Levels and Watson could sit her GCSE exams.[39] The film's budget was reportedly between GB£75 and 100 million (US$150–200 million).[4][5] The largest budget of the other films in the series has been the £75 million it cost to make Goblet of Fire.[40]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). Locations in England included the River Thames, for the flight of the Order of the Phoenix to Number Twelve, Grimmauld Place, and the flight of Dumbledore's Army to the Ministry of Magic.[54] This sequence also includes such landmarks as the London Eye, Canary Wharf, Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, and the HMS Belfast.[55] Filming at Platform 9¾ took place at King's Cross Station, as it has in the past.[56] A telephone booth near Scotland Yard was used as Harry and Arthur Weasley enter the Ministry,[57] while the crew closed the Westminster tube station on 22 October 2006 to allow for filming of Arthur Weasley accompanying Harry to his trial at the Ministry of Magic.[58] Other scenes were filmed in and around Oxford,[59] specifically at nearby Blenheim Palace in Woodstock.[60]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). Live-action filming took place in England and Scotland for exterior locations and Leavesden Film Studios in Watford for interior locations from February to November 2006, with a one-month break in June. Post-production on the film continued for several months afterwards to add in visual effects. The film's budget was reportedly between £75 and 100 million ($150–200 million).[4][5] Warner Bros. released the film in the United Kingdom on 12 July 2007 and in North America on 11 July, both in conventional and IMAX theatres; it is the first Potter film to be released in IMAX 3D.", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). Director David Yates stated in an interview that he had originally shot a three-hour film of Order of the Phoenix. However, some material had to be cut out in the final edit, as the movie was 45 minutes too long.[63] Therefore, several locations which were used for various scenes do not appear in the final cut of the film. In Virginia Water, scenes were shot where Professor McGonagall recovers from Stunning Spells,[64] and Burnham Beeches was used for filming the scene where Hagrid introduces his fifth-year Care of Magical Creatures class to Thestrals.[65] Harry skips stones in front of the Glenfinnan Monument in Glenfinnan in another cut scene.[61]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). Though the producers explored options to film outside of the UK, Leavesden Film Studios in Watford was again the location on which many of the interior scenes, including the Great Hall, Privet Drive and Number Twelve, Grimmauld Place were shot.[50][51][52][53]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). The film required over 1,400 visual effects shots, and the London-based company Double Negative created more than 950 of them. Working for six months on previsualisation starting in September 2005, Double Negative was largely responsible for sequences in the Room of Requirement, the Forbidden Forest, the Hall of Prophecies, and the Death Chamber.[66]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). In Glenfinnan, the Hogwarts Express crosses a viaduct, as it has in the past films.[61] Aerial scenes were shot in Glen Coe, in Clachaig Gully,[61] and Glen Etive, which, at the time of filming, was one of the few places in Scotland without snow, making it ideal for a backdrop.[62]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). Previews of the film began in March 2007 in the Chicago area.[89] Under tight security to prevent piracy, WB had security guards patrol the aisles, looking for cell phone cameras or small recording devices, at a preview in Japan.[90] The world premiere took place in Tokyo, Japan on 28 June 2007.[91] MySpace users could bring copies of their online profiles to gain free admission to sneak previews in eight different cities across the country on 28 June 2007.[92] The UK premiere took place on 3 July 2007 in London's Odeon Leicester Square, during which author J. K. Rowling made a public appearance.[93] The US premiere took place on 8 July in Los Angeles.[94] After the premiere, the three young stars of the film series, Radcliffe, Grint, and Watson, were honoured with a ceremony where their handprints, footprints, and \"wandprints\" were placed in the cement in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre.[95]", "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film). Principal photography started April 26, 1965, at the 20th Century-Fox Studios and 20th Century-Fox Ranch, California. Other filming locations, simulating the desert, were Buttercup Valley, Arizona and Pilot Knob Mesa, California. The flying sequences were all filmed at Pilot Knob Mesa near Winterhaven, located in California's Imperial Valley, on the western fringes of Yuma, Arizona.", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.[3] It is based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling. The fifth instalment in the Harry Potter film series, it was written by Michael Goldenberg (making this the only film in the series not to be scripted by Steve Kloves) and produced by David Heyman and David Barron. The story follows Harry Potter's fifth year at Hogwarts as the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort's return.", "Barry Lyndon. On 30 January 1974 while filming in Dublin City's Phoenix Park shooting had to be canceled due to the chaos caused by 14 bomb threats.[10]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). As of December 2017, Order of the Phoenix is the 45th-highest-grossing film of all time, and a critical and commercial success. The film opened to a worldwide 5-day opening of $333 million, fourteenth all-time, and grossed nearly $940 million total, second to Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End for the greatest total of 2007.[6][7] The film was nominated for two BAFTA Film Awards in 2008.", "The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film). Although principal photography was completed on August 13, 1965, in order to complete filming, a North American O-47A (N4725V) from the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California was modified and used as a flying Phoenix stand-in. With the canopy removed, a set of skids attached to the main landing gear as well as ventral fin added to the tail, it sufficed as more-or-less a visual lookalike. Filming using the O-47A was completed in October/November 1965. It appears in the last flying scenes, painted to look like the earlier Phoenix P-1.", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). The set used for Igor Karkaroff's trial scene in Goblet of Fire was doubled in size for Harry's trial in this film, while still protecting its symmetry.[45] New professor Dolores Umbridge, though she teaches in a classroom that has appeared in films two through four, inhabits an office vastly different from those of her predecessors. The set was redressed with \"fluffy, pink filigree\" and a number of plates upon which moving kittens were animated in post-production.[48] A 24-hour photo shoot was held to photograph and film the kittens for use on these plates.[49] The quill which Umbridge gives Harry to write lines is designed by the set designers.[48]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). Stuart Craig returned as set designer, having designed the first four films' sets.[43] There were a number of notable new sets in this film. The atrium in the Ministry of Magic is over 200 feet in length, making it the largest and most expensive set built for the Potter film series to date.[43] Craig's design was inspired by early London Underground stations, where, he said, architects \"tried to imitate classical architecture but they used ceramic tile\", as well as a Burger King on Tottenham Court Road in London, where \"there's a fantastic Victorian façade which just embodies the age\".[44][45] The set of Number Twelve, Grimmauld Place contains the Black family tapestry spread across three walls; when the producers told Rowling they wanted to visualise the details of each name and birth year, she faxed them a complete copy of the entire tree.[46] The set of the Hall of Prophecies was entirely digitally built. During a fight scene which occurs there, prophecies crash to the ground and break; had it been an actual physical set, the reset time would have been weeks.[47]", "Phoenix, Arizona. Many major feature films and television programs have been filmed in the city. From the opening sequences in Psycho,[282] to the night attack by the aliens in 1953's The War of the Worlds,[283] to freeway scenes in Little Miss Sunshine,[282] Phoenix has been the location for numerous major feature films. Other notable pictures filmed at least partially in Phoenix include Raising Arizona, A Home at the End of the World,[283] Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, Days of Thunder, The Gauntlet, The Grifters, Waiting to Exhale and Bus Stop.[284]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. In 2007, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was released in a film version directed by David Yates and written by Michael Goldenberg. The film was produced by David Heyman's company, Heyday Films, alongside David Barron. The budget was reportedly between £75 and 100 million (US$150–200 million),[19][20] and it became the unadjusted eleventh-highest-grossing film of all time, and a critical and commercial success.[21] The film opened to a worldwide 5-day opening of $333 million, third all-time, and grossed $938.4 million in total, second to Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End for the greatest total of 2007.[22][23]", "Culture of the United Kingdom. In the mid-1970s, British comedy team Monty Python switched their attention to films, beginning with Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975), followed by Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979), the latter regularly voted the funniest film of all time by the British public.[68] A notable song from Life of Brian, \"Always Look on the Bright Side of Life\" has become a common singalong at public events. Hollywood blockbusters filmed at major British studios in 1977–79, include Star Wars (featuring Alec Guinness, co-star Anthony Daniels–the only actor to appear in every film in the series–and 'the dean of special effects' John Stears) at Elstree Studios, Superman (featuring Terence Stamp) at Pinewood, and Alien (directed by Ridley Scott) at Shepperton.", "Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. In October 2010, Downey Jr. and Jude Law were seen rehearsing a fight scene as shooting took place in Richmond Park, in southwest London.[19] In October 2010, the steamship PS Waverley was chartered on the English Channel for filming, and a large green screen was erected at Didcot Railway Centre with a large action scene filmed there in mid-November.[6] In late November, a scene was filmed at Victoria Bridge, which is part of the Severn Valley Railway. In January 2011, scenes were also filmed at Hampton Court Palace and areas in Oxford University, Oxford, England. Filming also took place in September 2011 in Greenwich at the Royal Naval College.[20]", "The Omen. Filming began in October 1975 and wrapped in late January 1976. Scenes were shot on location in Bishops Park in Fulham, London and Guildford Cathedral.[10][11]", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). Principal photography for Goblet of Fire began on 4 May 2004.[7] Scenes involving the film's principal actors began filming on 25 June 2004 at England's Leavesden Studios.[8][9]", "The Fires of Pompeii. Filming an episode abroad had been suggested in 2004,[5] but the episode was the first such occasion.[17] Planning began in April 2007, before Moran had written the script, and continued until the production team travelled to Italy.[17] Several weeks before filming started, a fire disrupted the production.[19][20] Moving to Rome caused problems for the production team: the equipment truck was delayed for several hours at the Swiss border; the special effects team were delayed for twenty-four hours at Customs in Calais.[9] The production team only had 48 hours to film on location. The aftermath of the eruption was filmed on the same night as the location shots. To create the falling ash, the special effects team used a large mass of cork, with a \"constant supply of debris raining down\".[1] Scenes set at the Temple of Sibyl were filmed at the Temple of Peace, Cardiff on 18 and 19 September 2007.[21]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). The DVDs included additional scenes, a feature showing a day in the life of Natalia Tena, who played Nymphadora Tonks, an A&E documentary about the films and books, and a featurette on film editing in Phoenix. The DVD-ROM features a timeline and a sneak peek of the next film, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009). The HD DVD and Blu-ray contain additional features, such as the \"in-movie experience\", a video commentary in which members of Dumbledore's Army share their favourite moments from the production of the film, and \"focus points\" featurettes on how certain scenes of the film were made.[100][101] The HD DVD also includes an exclusive feature called \"community screening\", which enables owners of the HD DVD to watch the film together over the Internet.[102] Order of the Phoenix was the seventh best-selling DVD of 2007, with 10.14 million units.[103] The high-definition DVDs had combined sales of 179,500 copies,[103] with more units coming from the Blu-ray version.[104]", "A United Kingdom. In October 2015 actors Jack Davenport and Tom Felton joined the cast.[12] In November 2015 some filming took place around Hyde Park/Kensington Gardens including Imperial College Union. The cinematographer was Sam McCurdy and the production designer was Simon Bowles.[citation needed]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). The film was released in most countries in a two-week period starting 11 July 2007. WB has tried to stick with day-and-date releases for most countries, except the Middle East and a few minor markets which were to be in holidays at that point. The set of summer releases, even though the films are typically released in the winter, \"really maximises our opportunity\", said a representative for WB.[88]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). The video game version, designed by EA UK, was released 25 June 2007.[82] Lego produced just one set, a model of Hogwarts, the lowest amount of sets for a film so far.[83][84] NECA produced a series of action figures,[85] while a larger array of smaller figures was also produced by PopCo Entertainment, a Corgi International company.[86]", "Wrath of the Titans. Principal photography began on March 23, 2011. Filming took place in studios outside London and later shot on location in Surrey, South Wales and in the Canary Islands on the island of Tenerife and Torres del Paine National Park in Chilean Patagonia.[17]", "The Rise of Phoenixes. Principal photography commenced on 27 May 2017,[21] and the entire filming wrapped up on 12 December 2017.[22] It was revealed that the series also uses \"real-time\" voice recording during filming.[23]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). Casting began as early as May 2005, when Radcliffe announced he would reprise his role as Harry.[9] Across the media frenzy that took place during the release of Goblet of Fire, most of the main returning actors announced their return to the series, including Grint, Watson, Lewis, Wright, Leung, and Fiennes.[10][11][12][13][14][15]", "Flight of the Phoenix (2004 film). The set was the site of several mishaps:", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). Originally, Warner Bros. set the Australian release date as 6 September 2007, nearly two months after the majority of other release dates. However, after complaints from the Australian community, including a petition garnering 2,000 signatures the date was pulled back to 11 July 2007.[96] The release dates of the film in the UK and US were also moved back, both from 13 July, to 12 and 11 July, respectively.[97][98]", "Cinema of the United Kingdom. Some American productions did return to the major British studios in 1977–79, including the original Star Wars (1977) at Elstree Studios, Superman (1978) at Pinewood, and Alien (1979) at Shepperton. Successful adaptations were made in the decade of the Agatha Christie novels Murder on the Orient Express (1974) and Death on the Nile (1978). The entry of Lew Grade's company ITC into film production in the latter half of the decade brought only a few box office successes and an unsustainable number of failures" ]

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[ "Paint the Night. In July 2017, it was officially announced at the D23 Expo that Paint the Night would be moving to Disney California Adventure at the Disneyland Resort starting in 2018.[7][8] Also, a new float is confirmed to be joining the parade when it returns in 2018. However, the theme of the float is unknown at this time.[citation needed]", "Paint the Night. Paint the Night is a nighttime parade at Hong Kong Disneyland and Disneyland.[2][3] The Hong Kong version premiered on September 11, 2014, and the Disneyland version debuted on May 22, 2015, as part of the park's 60th anniversary Diamond Celebration.[3][4] The parade was intended to serve as a spiritual successor to the long-running Main Street Electrical Parade, which has appeared at numerous Disney parks in several different incarnations since 1972. At Disneyland, Paint the Night made its last regular performance on September 5, 2016, and returned as a seasonal offering for the 2016 holiday season.[5] The original Main Street Electrical Parade returned to Disneyland in 2017 for a limited-time run.[6]", "Paint the Night. The Paint the Night Parade (or Paint the Night Electrical Parade, as it is titled within the show) opened May 22, 2015, as part of Disneyland's Diamond Celebration,[3][4] in commemoration of its 60th anniversary.[10] This version of the parade utilizes over 1.5 million LED lights,[3][4] special effects,[11] and features 76 performers.[12] The California version of the parade was inspired by the Main Street Electrical Parade.[4] It is Disneyland's first all-LED parade.[3][13] The parade lasts approximately 17 minutes.[1] During the Diamond Celebration, the entire 24-hour event was streamed live via internet by the Disneyland Resort, including the premiere of Paint the Night parade on May 22, 2015.[14] Like the Hong Kong version, the parade jointly features arrangements of Jean-Jacques Perrey and Gershon Kingsley's \"Baroque Hoedown\" and Owl City's \"When Can I See You Again?\". This version, now in English, features new lyrics for the parade along with vocals and arrangement from Adam Young of Owl City.[15] Following the Diamond Celebration, Paint the Night at Disneyland performed a short run during the 2016 holiday season before Disneyland revived the Main Street Electrical Parade in January 2017 for a limited-time run that ended on August 20, 2017.[16][6]", "Sleeping Beauty Castle. For Disneyland's 60th Anniversary, World of Color changed to the World of Color: Celebrate! The Wonderful World of Walt Disney. Disneyland Park introduced Paint The Night and a new fireworks show, \"Disneyland Forever\". A 24-hour kickoff event occurred May 22, 2015.", "Anna (Disney). Beginning May 22, 2015, Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called \"Paint the Night\", which includes a Frozen float featuring Anna, Elsa, and Olaf, as part of the park's 60th anniversary celebration.[96]", "Paint the Night. Disney Paint the Night (Chinese: 迪士尼光影匯, Jyutping: dik6 si6 nei4 gwong1 ying2 wooi6) premiered at Hong Kong Disneyland on October 1, 2014.[9] This is the first time Walt Disney Parks and Resorts created a fully LED parade,[9] and features seven original floats containing over 740,000 individual lights.[9]", "Anna (Frozen). Beginning May 22, 2015, Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called \"Paint the Night\", which includes a Frozen float featuring Anna, Elsa, and Olaf, as part of the park's 60th anniversary celebration.[96]", "Elsa (Disney). Beginning May 22, 2015, Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called \"Paint the Night\", which includes a Frozen float featuring Anna, Elsa, and Olaf, as part of the park's 60th anniversary celebration.[91]", "Elsa (Frozen). Beginning May 22, 2015, Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called \"Paint the Night\", which includes a Frozen float featuring Anna, Elsa, and Olaf, as part of the park's 60th anniversary celebration.[91]", "Olaf (Frozen). Beginning May 22, 2015, Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called \"Paint the Night\", which includes a Frozen float featuring Anna, Elsa, and Olaf, as part of the park's 60th anniversary celebration.[35]", "Disneyland. In July 2015, Disneyland celebrated its 60th Diamond Celebration anniversary.[31] Disneyland Park introduced the Paint the Night parade and Disneyland Forever fireworks show, and Sleeping Beauty Castle is decorated in diamonds with a large \"60\" logo. The Diamond Celebration concluded in September 2016 and the whole decoration of the anniversary was removed around Halloween 2016.", "Paint the Night. The Disneyland version of the parade is slightly different and includes new floats. Unlike the Hong Kong version, it moves continuously down the parade route, with no show stops.[17]", "Main Street Electrical Parade. The Main Street Electrical Parade is a nighttime parade, created by Bob Jani and project director Ron Miziker, famous for its long run at Disneyland at the Disneyland Resort in California and Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. It features floats and live performers covered in thousands of electronically controlled lights and a synchronized soundtrack triggered by radio control along key areas of the parade route. The parade has also spun off several other versions that ran or continue to run at Disney parks around the world. Currently, an updated version runs at Tokyo Disneyland as the Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade: DreamLights. In 2014, Hong Kong Disneyland premiered a spiritual successor to the Main Street Electrical Parade, the Paint the Night Parade, which, like its predecessor, features \"Baroque Hoedown\" as its theme song. An extended version of Paint the Night premiered at Disneyland on May 22, 2015 as part of the park's 60th anniversary celebration.", "Paint the Night. The Disneyland version contains the following parade units:[18]", "Disneyland. Disneyland has featured a number of different parades traveling down the park's central Main Street – Fantasyland corridor. There have been daytime and nighttime parades that celebrated Disney films or seasonal holidays with characters, music, and large floats. One of the most popular parades was the Main Street Electrical Parade, which recently ended a limited-time return engagement after an extended run at the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. From May 5, 2005 through November 7, 2008, as part of Disneyland's 50th anniversary, Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams was presented, celebrating several of the classic Disney films including The Lion King, The Little Mermaid, Alice in Wonderland, and Pinocchio. In 2009, Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams was replaced by Celebrate! A Street Party, which premiered on March 27, 2009. Disney did not call Celebrate! A Street Party a parade, but rather a \"street event.\" During the Christmas season, Disneyland presents \"A Christmas Fantasy\" Parade. Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams was replaced by Mickey's Soundsational Parade, which debuted on May 27, 2011.[50] Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called \"Paint the Night\", on May 22, 2015, as part of the park's 60th anniversary.[51]", "Disneyland. Scheduling of fireworks shows depends on the time of year. During the slower off-season periods, the fireworks are only offered on weekends. During the busier times, Disney offers additional nights. The park offers fireworks nightly during its busy periods, which include Easter/Spring Break, Summer and Christmas time. Disneyland spends about $41,000 per night on the fireworks show. The show is normally offered at 8:45 or 9:30 pm if the park is scheduled to close at 10 pm or later, but shows have started as early as 5:45 pm. A major consideration is weather/winds, especially at higher elevations, which can, and often will, force the delay or cancellation of the show. With a few minor exceptions, such as July 4 and New Year's Eve, shows must finish by 10 pm due to the conditions of the permit issued by the City of Anaheim.", "Disneyland. From early November until the beginning of January, the park is decorated for the holidays. Seasonal entertainment includes the Believe... In Holiday Magic firework show and A Christmas Fantasy Parade, while the Haunted Mansion and It's a Small World are temporarily redecorated in a holiday theme. The Sleeping Beauty Castle is also known to become snow-capped and decorated with colorful lights during the holidays as well.", "The Princess and the Frog. Tiana's Showboat Jubilee! ran at both parks until January 3, 2010.[49][50] At Disneyland Park, the show was replaced by a land-based event called Princess Tiana's Mardi Gras Celebration, which features Princess Tiana along with five of the original presentation's \"Mardi Gras dancers\" and the park's \"Jambalaya Jazz Band\" as they perform songs from the movie.[51] \"Tiana's Mardi Gras Celebration\" officially ended on October 3, 2010. However, it returned to Disneyland from 2011-2013 as part of the \"Limited Time Magic\" family-fun weekends.[52][53][54]", "Once Upon a Time (Disney parks). In October 2013, Tokyo Disney Resort announced that Once Upon a Time, a new nighttime entertainment at Tokyo Disneyland, would premiere on May 29, 2014.[2] This nighttime entertainment uses projection mapping technology to produce a three-dimensional effect by projecting images in a way that fits the contours of buildings and other structures. This is the first time for this technology to be used in an entertainment program at Tokyo Disney Resort.", "Disneyland. Every year in October, Disneyland has a Halloween promotion. During this promotion, or as Disneyland calls it a \"party\", areas in the park are decorated in a Halloween theme. Space Mountain and the Haunted Mansion are temporarily re-themed as part of the promotion. A Halloween party is offered on selected nights in late September and October for a separate fee, with a special fireworks show that is only shown at the party.", "Disneyland. The \"Happiest Homecoming on Earth\" was an eighteen-month-long celebration (held through 2005 and 2006) of the fiftieth anniversary of the Disneyland Park, also celebrating Disneyland's milestone throughout Disney parks worldwide. In 2004, the park underwent major renovations in preparation, restoring many classic attractions, notably Space Mountain, Jungle Cruise, the Haunted Mansion, Pirates of the Caribbean, and Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room. Attractions that had been in the park on opening day had one ride vehicle painted gold, and the park was decorated with fifty Golden Mickey Ears. The celebration started on May 5, 2005, and ended on September 30, 2006, and was followed by the \"Year of a Million Dreams\" celebration, lasting twenty-seven months and ending on December 31, 2008.", "Paint the Night. The Hong Kong version of the parade uses a newly arranged version of the Main Street Electrical Parade's theme song, \"Baroque Hoedown,\" alongside a Cantonese arrangement of Owl City's \"When Can I See You Again?\" from Wreck-It Ralph. In the original version of the Hong Kong version of the parade, there was a show stop in which the performers were able to interact with the interactive LED Paintbrushes sold to audience members. The show stop used an original song in Cantonese and English called \"Paint the Night\". The show stop was discontinued in November 2015.", "Cinderella Castle. On January 18, 2011, a nighttime projection mapping show premiered at Cinderella Castle at Walt Disney World. The show featured photographs and videos of park guests, taken by Disney's PhotoPass employees, combined with projections of Disney characters and attractions and pre-selected music.[5] The Magic, the Memories and You show was presented before and after the nightly Wishes fireworks show, and was part of Disney's \"Let the Memories Begin\" campaign for 2011.[6] A parallel show existed at Disneyland, at the Disneyland Resort, taking place instead on the broad facade of It's a Small World. On September 3, this show ended its run and was replaced by a similar nighttime multimedia show, Celebrate the Magic, in 2012 and again by Once Upon a Time in Fall 2016.", "Main Street Electrical Parade. The parade ended its run at Magic Kingdom on October 9, 2016, in preparation for its limited-time return to Disneyland park in California, which was scheduled to run from January 20 to June 18, 2017,[3][10] before being extended to August 20, 2017. A special ticketed premiere event, costing US$95, occurred on January 19, 2017.[11] The drum float was altered back to its original state with \"Disneyland Presents\" and \"Main Street Electrical Parade\" replacing \"Disney's Electrical Parade\". The Tinker Bell float no longer leads the parade and was moved to the Peter Pan unit, making Casey Jr. the lead float instead.", "It's a Small World. As part of Disney's \"Let the Memories Begin\" campaign for 2011, a nighttime projection show premiered at Disneyland's It's a Small World in Anaheim on January 27, 2011.[18] The Magic, the Memories and You show projected sequences of classic Disney attractions and characters set to Disney music onto the exterior façade of It's a Small World to fill its architectural features, personalized with exclusive photographs and videos of park guests taken that day by Disney's PhotoPass cast members. The show also existed in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, but was projected onto Cinderella Castle. As the \"Let the Memories Begin\" campaign drew to a close, the show ended its run on Labor Day, September 3, 2012 at both locations. The Florida version was eventually replaced by Once Upon a Time", "Disneyland. During the holiday season, there is a special fireworks presentation called Believe... In Holiday Magic, which has been running since 2000, except for a hiatus in 2005 during the park's 50th anniversary celebration, and in 2015 during the park's 60th.", "Disneyland. Since 2009, Disneyland has moved to a rotating repertoire of firework spectaculars.", "When Can I See You Again?. \"When Can I See You Again?\" is an uptempo dance-pop and synthpop single.[2][3] It features Young's \"light vocals over a bed of pounding drums and twinkly synths\".[2] Young told AOL Music, \"As a huge fan of Disney animation films growing up, it was a real honor to write 'When Can I See You Again' for Wreck-It Ralph. I felt like it was really challenging to try to live up to the Disney legacy. I had a blast.\"[4] Since October 1, 2014, a Cantonese-language arrangement has been used as one of the two theme songs for Hong Kong Disneyland's Paint the Night Parade, alongside \"Baroque Hoedown\".[citation needed] An expanded version of the parade premiered at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, on May 22, 2015, and features new lyrics and vocals recorded by Young.[5][6]", "Disneyland. On April 14, 2016, construction began north of Frontierland, on the site where Big Thunder Ranch was located, in addition to some backstage areas.[36] It is scheduled to open in 2019.[37]", "Electric Daisy Carnival. On August 9, 2012, the media announced that EDC Orlando would be making a return to Tinker Field on November 9–10. This coincided with the popular annual Dayglow event in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, called \"Dancegiving\" held the weekend after Thanksgiving. With considerations in mind, Insomniac officially announced the November 9 and 10 dates.", "Star Wars: A Galactic Spectacular. Star Wars: A Galactic Spectacular (known as Star Wars: A Galactic Celebration in Walt Disney Studios Park) is a nighttime show at Disney's Hollywood Studios in Walt Disney World and Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris.[1] The show is based on the Star Wars film series and features fireworks, projection mapping, fire, lasers, fog effects, and searchlights.[4] During the show, Star Wars imagery is projected onto the park's Chinese Theater facade and surrounding buildings around the park's hub on Hollywood Boulevard.[5] The show debuted on June 17, 2016, replacing the park's similarly-themed display, Symphony in the Stars: A Galactic Spectacular.", "Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge. On January 11, 2016, several attractions in Frontierland and Critter Country were closed. Big Thunder Ranch closed permanently, including the multifunction event space, barbecue restaurant, and petting zoo. Other attractions closed temporarily, including the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America. Tom Sawyer Island reopened on June 16, 2017, and Fantasmic! reopened on July 17, 2017. The Disneyland Railroad, Mark Twain Riverboat, Sailing Ship Columbia, and Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes reopened on July 29.[30][31][32]" ]

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[ "Hawaii. The Kingdom of HawaiÊ»i was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders. Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a territory of the United States. Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959.[51]", "United States territorial acquisitions. The Kingdom of Hawaii was closely linked by missionary work and trade to the U.S. by the 1880s. In 1893 business leaders overthrew the Queen of Hawaii and sought annexation. President Grover Cleveland strongly disapproved, so Hawaii set up an independent republic, the Republic of Hawaii. Southern Democrats in Congress strongly opposed a non-white addition. President William McKinley, a Republican, secured a Congressional resolution in 1898, and the small republic joined the U.S. All its citizens became full U.S. citizens. One factor was the need for advanced naval bases to fend off Japanese ambitions.[citation needed] The Hawaiian Islands officially became an incorporated territory of the U.S. in 1900. Following 94% voter approval of the Admission of Hawaii Act, on August 21, 1959 the Territory of Hawaii became the state of Hawaii, the 50th state.", "Territory of Hawaii. On July 4, 1898, the United States Congress passed the Newlands Resolution (named after Congressman Francis Newlands), which officially annexed Hawaii. It was signed into law by President McKinley on July 7, 1898, and came into effect on August 12, 1898.[8] A formal ceremony was held on the steps of the formerly royal ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu where the Hawaiian flag of the Republic was lowered and the American flag of the \"Stars and Stripes\" raised on August 12. Former President Sanford B. Dole was appointed Hawaii's first territorial governor.", "History of Hawaii. McKinley signed the Newlands Resolution annexing Hawaii on July 7, 1898, creating the Territory of Hawaii. On 22 February 1900 the Hawaiian Organic Act established a territorial government. Annexation opponents held that this was illegal, claiming the Queen was the only legitimate ruler. McKinley appointed Sanford B. Dole as territorial governor. The territorial legislature convened for the first time on February 20, 1901. Hawaiians formed the Hawaiian Independent Party, under the leadership of Robert Wilcox, Hawaii's first congressional delegate.[139]", "Hawaiian sovereignty movement. Following the overthrow, in 1894 the Provisional Government of Hawaii became the Republic of Hawaii, and in 1898 the Republic of Hawaii was annexed by the United States in the Newlands Resolution, becoming the Territory of Hawaii.[27][28] The territory was then given a territorial government in an Organic Act in 1900. While there was much opposition to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and many attempts to restore the kingdom, it became a territory of the US in 1898, without any input from Native Hawaiians.[14] Hawaii became a US state on March 18, 1959 following a referendum in which at least 93% of voters approved of statehood. By then, most voters were not Native Hawaiian. The 1959 referendum did not have an option for independence from the United States. Following Hawaii's admission as a state, the United Nations removed Hawaii from its list of non-self-governing territories (a list of territories that are subject to the decolonization process).[29]", "History of Hawaii. The native population succumbed to disease brought by the Europeans (particularly smallpox), declining from 300,000 in the 1770s over 60,000 in the 1850s to 24,000 in 1920.[2] Americans within the kingdom government rewrote the constitution, severely curtailing the power of King \"David\" Kalākaua, and disenfranchising the rights of most Native Hawaiians and Asian citizens to vote, through excessively high property and income requirements. This gave a sizeable advantage to plantation owners. Queen Liliuokalani attempted to restore royal powers in 1893, but was placed under house arrest by businessmen with help from the US military. Against the Queen's wishes, the Republic of Hawaii was formed for a short time. This government agreed on behalf of Hawaii to join the US in 1898 as the Territory of Hawaii. In 1959, the islands became the state of Hawaii of the United States.", "Hawaii. Hawaii is one of four U.S. states—apart from the original thirteen, along with the Vermont Republic (1791), the Republic of Texas (1845), and the California Republic (1846)—that were independent nations prior to statehood. Along with Texas, Hawaii had formal, international diplomatic recognition as a nation.[50]", "History of Hawaii. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Hawaii Admission Act on March 18, 1959 which allowed for Hawaiian statehood. After a popular referendum in which over 93% voted in favor of statehood, Hawaii was admitted as the 50th state on August 21, 1959.[citation needed]", "Hawaii. Hawaii (English: /həˈwaɪ.i, -ji, -ʔi/ ( listen) hə-WY-(y)ee; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi [həˈvɐjʔi]) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21, 1959.[10] Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean.[11] Hawaii is the only U.S. state located outside North America.", "Territory of Hawaii. The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory[1][2][3] was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 12, 1898, until August 21, 1959, when most of its territory, excluding Palmyra Island and the Stewart Islands, was admitted to the Union as the fiftieth U.S. state, the State of Hawaii. The Hawaii Admission Act specified that the State of Hawaii would not include the distant Palmyra Island, the Midway Islands, Kingman Reef, and Johnston Atoll, which includes Johnston (or Kalama) Island and Sand Island, and the Act was silent regarding the Stewart Islands.[4]", "Territory of Hawaii. In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act and U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed it into law. On June 27, 1959, a plebiscite was held asking Hawaii residents to vote on accepting the statehood bill. The plebiscite passed overwhelmingly, with 94.3% voting in favor.[33] On August 21, church bells throughout Honolulu were rung upon the proclamation that Hawaii was finally a US state.", "Legal status of Hawaii. The Territory of Hawaii officially lasted from April 30, 1900, when President McKinley signed the Hawaii Organic Act, until 1959. U.S. military expansion was enormous during this period, and commerce grew intensively. At the same time, use of the Hawaiian language was punished in schools,[23] and native cultural practitioners were repressed.[24][25]", "Territory of Hawaii. The U.S. Congress passed the Newlands Resolution which annexed the Republic of Hawaii to the United States. Hawaii's territorial history includes a period from 1941 to 1944—during World War II—when the islands were placed under martial law. Civilian government was dissolved and a military governor was appointed.", "Contiguous United States. Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States on August 21, 1959. It is the southernmost and so far, the latest state to join the Union. Not part of any continent, Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles (3,500 km) from North America and almost halfway to Asia. In Hawaii and overseas American territories, for instance, the terms the Mainland or U.S. Mainland are often used to refer to the continental United States.[23]", "Hawaii. After William McKinley won the 1896 U.S. presidential election, advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawaii. The previous president, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen Liliʻuokalani. McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawaiʻi. He met with three annexationists: Lorrin A. Thurston, Francis March Hatch and William Ansel Kinney. After negotiations in June 1897, Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii.[80] The U.S. Senate never ratified the treaty. Despite the opposition of most native Hawaiians,[81] the Newlands Resolution was used to annex the Republic to the U.S.; it became the Territory of Hawaii. The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15, 1898, by 209 votes in favor to 91 against, and by the Senate on July 6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21.[82][83][84]", "Modern history. The United States expanded into the Pacific with Hawaii becoming a U.S. territory from 1898.", "History of U.S. foreign policy. In early 1893 the business community in Kingdom of Hawaii overthrew the Queen and sought annexation by President Harrison, who forwarded the proposal to the Senate for approval. But the newly elected President Cleveland withdrew the proposed annexation; nevertheless, revolutionaries in Hawaii formed an independent Republic of Hawaii. It voluntarily joined the U.S. as a territory in 1898 with full U.S. citizenship for its residents. It became the 50th state in 1959.[32]", "Hawaii Admission Act. Prior to 1959, Hawaii was a territory of the United States of America. In 1946, the United Nations listed Hawaii as a non-self-governing territory under the administration of the United States (Resolution 55(I) of 1946-12-14). Also listed as non-self-governing territories under the jurisdiction of the United States were Alaska Territory, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.", "Legal status of Hawaii. From 1893 to 1896, the Republic of Hawaii actively sought annexation to the United States. However, despite intensive debate on the matter in the legislature, annexation was strongly opposed by the U.S. Presidency, the people of Hawaii, and much of Congress; the Turpie Resolution in 1894 took annexation off the table entirely.", "Hawaii. In March 1959, Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act, which U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law.[92] The act excluded Palmyra Atoll from statehood; it had been part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii. On June 27, 1959, a referendum asked residents of Hawaii to vote on the statehood bill; 94.3% voted in favor of statehood and 5.7% opposed it.[93] The referendum asked voters to choose between accepting the Act and remaining a U.S. territory. The United Nations' Special Committee on Decolonization later removed Hawaii from its list of non-self-governing territories.", "Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands became the Territory of Hawaii, a United States territory, with a new government established on February 22, 1900. Sanford Dole was appointed as the first governor. Ê»Iolani Palace served as the capitol of the Hawaiian government until 1969.", "History of the United States. Native development in Hawaii begins with the settlement of Polynesians between 1st century to 10th century. Around 1200 AD Tahitian explorers found and began settling the area as well. This became the rise of the Hawaiian civilization and would be separated from the rest of the world for another 500 years until the arrival of the British. Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778. Within five years of contact, European military technology would help Kamehameha I conquer most of the people, and eventually unify the islands for the first time; establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii.", "Hawaii Admission Act. The Admission Act, formally An Act to Provide for the Admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union (Pub.L. 86–3, 73 Stat. 4, enacted March 18, 1959) is a statute enacted by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower which dissolved the Territory of Hawaii and established the State of Hawaii as the 50th state to be admitted into the Union.[1] Statehood became effective on August 21, 1959.[2] Hawaii remains the most recent state to join the United States.", "Hawaiian sovereignty movement. The ancestors of Native Hawaiians may have arrived in the Hawaiian Islands around 350 CE, from other areas of Polynesia.[14] By the time Captain Cook arrived, Hawaii had a well established culture with a population estimated to be between 400,000 and 900,000 people.[14] Starting in 1795 and completed by 1810, Kamehameha I conquered the entire archipeligo and formed the unified Kingdom of Hawaii. In the first one hundred years of contact with western civilization, due to disease and war, the Hawaiian population dropped by ninety percent, with only 53,900 people in 1876.[14] American missionaries would arrive in 1820 and assume great power and influence.[14] Despite formal recognition of the Kingdom of Hawaii by the United States[15] and other world powers, the kingdom was overthrown beginning January 17, 1893 with a coup d'état orchestrated by, mostly, Americans within the kingdom's legislature, with aid from the United States military.[14][16]", "Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Sanford Dole and his committee declared itself the Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi on January 17, 1893, removing only the Queen, her cabinet, and her marshal from office. On July 4, 1894 the Republic of Hawaiʻi was proclaimed. Dole was president of both governments. As a republic, it was the intention of the government to campaign for annexation with the United States of America. The rationale behind annexation included a strong economic component—Hawaiian goods and services exported to the mainland would not be subject to American tariffs, and would benefit from domestic bounties, if Hawaii was part of the United States.", "Legal status of Hawaii. From the time of the United Nations' formation in 1946 until 1959, Hawaii was on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories eligible for decolonization. The United States proposed a vote between two options: 1) become a State by passing the Admissions Act, or 2) remain a United States Territory. 93% of voters supported statehood in the statehood vote.[26]", "Legal status of Hawaii. In 1898, Cuba and the Philippines declared independence from Spain. The U.S. declared war on Spain as well, as it openly wanted control of these countries. With the Spanish–American War as its rationale, the US Congress passed a joint resolution, referred to as the Newlands Resolution, by a simple majority of both houses. The United States asserted that it had legally annexed Hawaii. Critics argued this was not a legally permissible way to acquire territory under the U.S. Constitution. As well as this, there were continued protests in Hawaii and Washington by supporters of the Kingdom. The flag of the United States was raised over Hawaii on August 12, 1898, protected by the United States Navy.", "History of Hawaii. With the support of Hawaii Senators Daniel Inouye and Daniel Akaka, Congress passed a joint resolution called the \"Apology Resolution\" (US Public Law 103-150). It was signed by President Bill Clinton on November 23, 1993. This resolution apologized \"to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17, 1893... and the deprivation of the rights of Native Hawaiians to self-determination.\" The implications of this resolution have been extensively debated.[142][143]", "Territory of Hawaii. The United States Congress finally agreed to grant Hawaii a popularly elected government of its own and 25th President William McKinley signed a law passed by the Congress, \"An Act to Provide a Government for the Territory of Hawaii\", also known as the Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900.", "History of Hawaii. In March 1897, William McKinley, a Republican expansionist, succeeded Democrat Grover Cleveland as U.S. President. He prepared a treaty of annexation but it lacked the needed 2/3 majority in the Senate given Democratic opposition. A joint resolution, which does not have the power to annex, written by Republican Congressman Francis G. Newlands to annex Hawaii passed both the House and Senate; it needed only majority support. The Spanish–American War had broken out and many leaders wanted control of Pearl Harbor to help the United States to become a Pacific power and protect the West Coast. In 1897 Japan sent warships to Hawaii to oppose annexation. The possibility of invasion and annexation by Japan made the decision even more urgent.[138]", "Legal status of Hawaii. In a 1903 criminal case, Territory of Hawaii v. Mankichi, 190 U.S. 197 (1903) the U.S. Supreme Court noted that \"the status of the islands and the powers of their provisional government were measured by the Newlands resolution[.]\" That point was made even more forcefully in a separate opinion in the case filed by Justice Harlan. Justice Harlan disagreed with the court on a different issue which concerned Hawaiian law as to jury trials, but on the issue of the validity of the Newlands resolution, he agreed fully with the majority, stating, \"By the resolution, the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands became complete, and the object of the proposed treaty, that 'those islands should be incorporated into the United States as an integral part thereof, and under its sovereignty' was accomplished.\"[citation needed]", "Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown in 1893 and the United States annexed the islands in 1898.[1] The U.S. state of Hawaii now occupies the archipelago almost in its entirety (including the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands), with the sole exception of Midway Island, which instead separately belongs to the United States as one of its unincorporated territories within the United States Minor Outlying Islands." ]

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[ "Boomhauer. Jeffrey Dexter \"Jeff\" Boomhauer III, commonly referred to as Boomhauer, is a fictional character in the Fox animated series King of the Hill. The character is voiced by series creator Mike Judge,[1][2] and is known for his nearly incomprehensible speech.", "King of the Hill. Living across from the Hills is Bill Dauterive (voiced by Stephen Root), an overweight, divorced, and clinically depressed man. Bill is unlucky in love, though he finds near-success with several women, including former Texas Governor Ann Richards. The series briefly depicts him entering into a long-term relationship with Kahn's mother, though later format changes would retcon this. Throughout the series, he often expresses an unrequited attraction to Peggy, which she occasionally uses to rope him into her schemes. Despite his popularity in high school, he is now seen as a loser. Bill is a Sergeant in the United States Army, where he gives haircuts to soldiers. Jeff Boomhauer (voiced by Mike Judge), known simply as \"Boomhauer\", also lives across from the Hills. Boomhauer is a slim womanizer whose mutterings are hard to understand to the audience, but easily understood by his friends and most other characters. Despite his gibberish speech, he can sing clearly; he can also speak fluent Spanish and French. His occupation is not explicitly stated; a single line early in the series indicates he is an electrician living on worker's comp. The series finale reveals that he is a Texas Ranger. His given name, \"Jeff\", was not revealed until the 13th and final season.", "Boomhauer. In another episode, he mentions that his mother wanted him to become an electrical engineer. Given the opportunity, Boomhauer will demonstrate that he is, in fact, quite cultured. In \"Ceci N'Est Pas Une King of the Hill\", Hank makes remarks about art that deride its modern state, provoking Boomhauer to call him ignorant, going so far as to cite Dadaism and the famed Marcel Duchamp work Fountain. He is the only character who initially understood the meaning behind Kahn's story at Buckley's funeral, and the symbolic meanings of the novel Dinner of Onions in Full Metal Dust Jacket.", "Boomhauer. Three of the main characters (Hank, Dale, and Boomhauer) graduated from high school together (Bill did not complete his senior year having enlisted in the United States Army). Boomhauer was the starting quarterback for the football team, while Hank was a running back and Bill was an offensive lineman and a fullback. Dale, not being as athletic as his friends, was the towel manager. Dale referred to basketball legend Wilt Chamberlain as Boomhauer's idol in the season 11 episode serPUNt. According to Hank, Boomhauer is allergic to macadamia nuts. Boomhauer is the most modern of the four friends, and as such was first to own a cell phone.", "Boomhauer. Boomhauer's occupation was not made clear throughout the series. The thirteenth-season episode \"To Sirloin With Love\" reveals that Boomhauer has a Texas Ranger badge in his wallet.[3] An early episode reveals that Boomhauer worked as an electrician until he was put on worker's compensation for unknown reasons, leaving open the possibility that his electrician work was a cover or predecessor to his law enforcement career. In \"Three Coaches and a Bobby,\" Hank and the guys run into their old high school football coach. Coach Sauers asks Boomhauer how the family is, and Boomhauer says \"Man they're doin' fine, man. Man lil' dang old down in old Florida man, like ol' lottery winner, man, like all, just no problems, man.\" Coach Sauers responds \"I'm sorry to hear that.\" It's possible that Boomhauer has a rich benefactor.", "Boomhauer. Boomhauer is apparently highly astute and often gives advice to his friends. He is also a frequent voice of truth, owning up to the wrongdoings of the group despite not always acting appropriately himself. Although, since his speech pattern is not understood by most people, his confessions are usually ignored. In the episode \"A Firefighting We Will Go\", after Hank blames the deceased Chet Elderson for causing the fire station to burn down, Boomhauer points out that Dale was the one who plugged in the malfunctioning Alamo Beer sign. However, the fire chief does not seem to understand him and decides that the blame for the fire will be placed on electrical problems, in order to leave the integrity of Chet Elderson's name intact.", "Boomhauer. Boomhauer spends most of his spare time drinking Alamo Beer with Hank, Dale and Bill in the alley behind Hank's house. While he enjoys his friendship with Hank, he sometimes has limited patience with Dale (whom he sharply refers to as \"Gribble\") and considers Bill \"boring\" due to his inferiority complex. Boomhauer favors animal-print bikini briefs, which have been observed a few times in the show when he's appeared without his blue jeans; he tends to overuse cologne, bragging about his Calvin Klein CK1 attracting women \"like catnip\". Boomhauer is a strict non-smoker who carries a lighter, implicitly for emergencies or for lending.", "Boomhauer. Boomhauer's speech patterns are nearly incomprehensible to the untrained audience and serve as a recurring theme. He mumbles, usually quite fast, and invariably uses the words \"dang ol'\" as an all-purpose adjective, sometimes several times in a single sentence. He also uses the phrases \"I tell ya what\" and \"man\" frequently. His heavy Southern accent sometimes leads to misunderstandings about his mental capacity; it's been made clear that he is an intelligent person who expresses that in an inimitable way, such as a memorable occasion where the group's anger at Bill leads to Hank finding out he has the word \"Bill\" tattooed on his head, and Boomhauer chuckles as he says \"life will throw you dang ol' curveball man, like dang ol' Sandy Koufax\" (a reference to the legendary Hall of Fame pitcher who was known for the unhittable pitch Boomhauer described). In the fourth-season episode \"Naked Ambition\", he was admitted to a mental hospital in downtown Houston after he drifted in on the river in a tube and was found in his Speedo, sunburned, drunk, and dehydrated, while his speech pattern was misinterpreted by a police officer as incoherent babbling (in this same episode, he is seen painting a self-portrait in a highly accurate rendition of the style of Vincent van Gogh). All of the regular characters on the show understand most of what he says. In one such instance, when a furious Dale has become involved in a dangerous situation and Boomhauer begs him via a megaphone to surrender, Dale snaps \"Boomhauer, if I ever heard anyone reading a script, that was it.\"", "Boomhauer. In one episode where Hank, Bill, Dale, and Boomhauer are stuck in the water because they jumped off a boat, Boomhauer confesses that he dyes his hair (\"Hank's on Board\"). According to his Texas driver's license, which is seen in the series finale, Boomhauer is 6 ft tall, 185 lbs, and has hazel eyes. Boomhauer is missing his left pinky toe, due to an accident while he was in the Order of the Straight Arrow (\"Straight as an Arrow\").", "Boomhauer. Jeffrey Dexter \"Jeff\" Boomhauer III (born April 7, 1962) is the high school friend and neighbor of the characters Hank Hill, Bill Dauterive, and Dale Gribble. His first name was only spoken in the TV series during the 13th-season episode, \"Uh-oh, Canada\", when the Canadian woman with whom he'd switched houses for the summer said, \"Hello, Jeff. Oh my, it's the fifteenth already?\". His driver's license as shown in the series finale reads simply \"Boomhauer, Jeff\".", "Boomhauer. Boomhauer has had four relatives that have appeared on the show: his \"Meemaw\" (a Southern term for grandmother); his father, Dr. Boomhauer; his mother, Mrs. Boomhauer; and his sleazy, womanizer brother, Patch, voiced by Brad Pitt in his only speaking appearance (he appeared again for a split second at Luanne and Lucky's wedding). They live in Florida. Mrs. Boomhauer, Patch, and Meemaw all have the same speaking pattern as Boomhauer. Dr. Boomhauer has not been shown speaking, only through other characters paraphrasing what he may have said. He is the uncle of Patch's son, Patrick Boomhauer.", "Boomhauer. The location of Boomhauer's house is inconsistent during the series. In the series finale, his address is shown on his driver's license as 73 Rainey Street, which would place him on the same side of the alley as Hank, Dale, and Kahn. However, in \"Uh-oh, Canada\", the rear of Boomhauer's house is shown to be across the alley from Dale's house, diagonally across to the right from Hank's back yard, which would place the front door of his house (and its address) on another street.", "To Sirloin with Love. Afterward, Hank and Bobby fire up their grills, having finally found a common interest, and attract a yard full of happy, hungry neighbors ready for a cookout. Kahn tells Connie to take the night off from studying; Dale has figured out how to relieve Nancy's headaches on his own, Lucky and Luanne scoop up Gracie and head for the Hills'; and Boomhauer hurries over, leaving his wallet behind - which flips open to reveal a Texas Ranger badge with Boomhauer's name and picture, the only definitive indication of his career in the entire series.", "Boomhauer. Boomhauer's primary pursuits are fast cars and women. He currently drives a 1969 Dodge Coronet Super Bee; in high school, he drove a late 60's Ford Mustang nicknamed \"Ms. Sally\" in which he had a lot of sex with strange women (the name being a reference to the classic Wilson Pickett song Mustang Sally) until the car was accidentally driven into the Arlen quarry by Dale, Hank and Bill while playing a prank on him (Dale did not know how to drive a manual car and confused the clutch for the brake pedal).", "List of King of the Hill characters. King of the Hill is an American animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels.[1][2] The main characters are Hank Hill, Peggy Hill, Bobby Hill, Luanne Platter, Dale Gribble, Bill Dauterive, Boomhauer, Kahn Souphanousinphone, and Elroy \"Lucky\" Kleinschmidt.", "Boomhauer. There is a recurring joke in which Hank occasionally cannot understand Boomhauer due to extenuating circumstances such as the complexity of the vocabulary being used (i.e. \"legalese mumbo jumbo\"), a bad telephone connection, or an echo. Often, the closed caption texts of Boomhauer's mumblings are clearer than his spoken words. An example of a typical line of dialog:", "Boomhauer. Boomhauer's typical romantic life included one-night stands with several young women. Peggy Hill once mentions (likely in jest) his longest relationship was a three-day weekend. Occasionally, he had girlfriends that he dated for more than sex. When a woman breaks up with him, he is notably devastated. In the episode \"Uh-Oh, Canada\", Boomhauer moves to Guelph, Ontario and has a 3-month relationship with a French-Canadian woman.", "Boomhauer. Boomhauer's speech is satirical of \"rednecks\" using phrases such as \"dang ol'\", \"dad gum\" and \"yeah, man talkin' 'bout\" and has the cadence and style of a Cajun accent. Nevertheless, he sings clearly, as evidenced by his rendition of \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\" in Episode 113 (\"The Bluegrass Is Always Greener\"); this same episode reveals that he also has a talent for the banjo and the accordion. The singing was done by country star Vince Gill. Mike Judge has stated that the inspiration for Boomhauer's voice came from a message left on his answering machine by an irate viewer of Beavis & Butt-Head as well as the voice patterns of an acquaintance in Dallas and an Oklahoma City resident reciting directions over the telephone.[4]", "Boomhauer. The season 1 episode \"Hank's Got the Willies\" shows Boomhauer and the famously incomprehensible Bob Dylan conversing with one another. In \"A Fire Fighting We Will Go\", when a story is presented from Boomhauer's point of view, he speaks clearly while the other characters have his usual speech pattern, indicating that Boomhauer sees his speech as normal and that of his associates as difficult to understand.", "King of the Hill. King of the Hill is set in the fictional small town of Arlen, Texas. The show centers around the Hill family, whose head is the ever-responsible, hard-working, loyal, disciplined, and honest Hank Hill (voiced by Mike Judge). The pun title refers to Hank as the head of the family as well as metaphorically to the children's game King of the Hill. Hank is employed as an assistant manager at Strickland Propane, selling \"propane and propane accessories\". He is very traditional and moral, and he takes exceptionally good care of his dog, Ladybird, which he treats, more often than not, as a member of the family and as a human. Hank is married to Peggy Hill (née Platter) (voiced by Kathy Najimy), a native of Montana, who is a substitute Spanish teacher, although she has little grasp of the language; she has also found employment and avocation as a freelance author, Boggle champion, notary public, softball pitcher and real estate agent. Her overconfidence and trusting nature often leads her into getting involved in complex schemes that Peggy does not recognize as criminal or irresponsible until it is too late.", "Bobby Hill (King of the Hill). Many episodes focus on the development of the relationship between Bobby and Hank, a double act. Bobby is not talented as an athlete or a craftsman like his father is (although he shows signs of being a talented golfer and shooter). As a result, Hank doubts his masculine identity and normalcy, tacitly and with side-of-the-mouth remarks, often lamenting \"That boy ain't right.\" Apparently outside of Hank's knowledge, Bobby does have the capability of physical anger, as when he twice punched the taller and stronger Joseph for kissing Connie. Bobby is saddened by his father's lack of appreciation for the arts and his comedy routines. The two struggle to find common interests. However, Hank and Bobby find common interest in Texas, meat, propane, target shooting, hunting and golfing, among other things as the show progresses. Despite differences, Hank and Bobby have a close relationship. Bobby considers his father his hero. Although Bobby has a savant knack with shooting (guns), it is one particular talent Hank does not have.", "King of the Hill. In the opening sequence, Hank joins Dale, Bill, and Boomhauer at the curb outside his house in the morning. When he opens his can of beer, the playback speed increases greatly and depicts other main and secondary characters carrying out various daily activities around them. Meanwhile, the four continue drinking beer and a nearby recycling bin fills with their empty cans. When Peggy brings a bag of garbage out to Hank, the other three leave and the playback returns to normal speed as he takes it to the trash can and gathers with Peggy and Bobby.", "Steve Zahn. After his breakout film role in 1994's Reality Bites, Zahn quickly gained a reputation for playing amiable stoners, slackers, and sidekicks in films such as That Thing You Do! (1996), You've Got Mail (1998), and Out of Sight (1998).[9] In the 1990s, Zahn was often approached by fans who assumed that he was an archetypal Generation X slacker, which was not the case. He has said, \"I’m the guy who gets up at six without an alarm clock. I was always that guy.\"[4]", "King of the Hill. Other main characters include Hank's friends and their families. Dale Gribble (voiced by Johnny Hardwick) is the Hills' chain-smoking and paranoid next-door neighbor and Hank's best friend. As a result of his paranoia, he does not trust the government or \"the system\". He owns his own pest control business, Dale's Dead Bug, and he is also a licensed bounty hunter and president of the Arlen Gun Club. Dale is married to Nancy Hicks-Gribble (voiced by Ashley Gardner), a weather girl—and later anchor woman—for the Channel 84 news. The only Gribble child, Joseph (voiced by Brittany Murphy; later Breckin Meyer) is the result of Nancy's 14-year-long affair with John Redcorn (voiced by Victor Aaron; later Jonathan Joss), a Native American healer, though Nancy breaks off her relationship with to be a more faithful wife to Dale. Dale never realizes that Redcorn is having an affair with his wife, nor does he ever question Joseph's obvious Native American features; rather, Dale considers Redcorn to be one of his best friends. Despite his biological parentage, Joseph is more influenced in temperament by Dale's personality. Joseph is Bobby's best friend, and the two often get into trouble as the result of their combined enthusiasm and naivety.", "King of the Hill. Although the opening was reanimated when the show began using high definition, the content never changes throughout the series; Boomhauer didn't move his face here instead of moving his face here, Hank moves his eyes down instead of his eyes not moving down, along with his wrinkles moving up instead of his wrinkles not moving up, the sun is moving up fast instead of slow, Luanne's bra is changed from yellow to green, Peggy's clothes and socks is changed from grey to green and her socks is changed to no socks, and even after Buckley's death in the second season, he is still shown picking up Luanne on his motorcycle.", "To Sirloin with Love. Dale, Bill, and Boomhauer find the stranded bus, having followed it from Arlen, and give Hank and the team a ride to State. On the way, Hank realizes that Bobby was right about the others and berates them sharply for giving up on him so easily. Peggy calls Boomhauer to find out what is going on, having first tried to call Hank, whose cell phone was taken during the hijacking; by the time the team arrives, Bobby has reached the final event and is about to face off against Texas A&F. His teammates push him to the sidelines, but a pep talk from Hank gives him the confidence to stand up to them. Despite his teammates' verbal lack of faith in him, Bobby correctly identifies a minuscule flaw in a side of beef that all the others had missed, winning the championship for HCJC.", "List of Power Rangers S.P.D. characters. Boom (portrayed by Kelson Henderson) is the lab assistant of Kat Manx, and is always willing to test out her latest inventions. Boom attended S.P.D. academy, but was kicked out because of his incompetence. However, he was of interest to Cruger, who convinced Kat to let him serve as her assistant.[4]", "King of the Hill. The opening theme is \"Yahoos and Triangles\" by the Arizona rock band The Refreshments. For season finales there is a slight variation for seasons 1–12. Season one's finale featured an opening guitar riff one octave higher. Season two's fifteenth episode has the three note guitar. Season two's finale added a \"yeehaw\" to the beginning, the 3–12 finales accompanied the \"yeehaw\" with a dinner triangle, and the season 5 finale has the first part of the full version of the theme song. Season 13 and the series finale used the regular theme song. Two 1998 and 2004 Christmas episodes also featured jingle bells in the background.", "King of the Hill. King of the Hill depicts an average middle-class family and their lives in a typical American town. It documents the Hills' day-to-day-lives in the small Texas town of Arlen, exploring modern themes such as parent-child relationships, friendship, loyalty, and justice.[5] As an animated sitcom, however, King of the Hill's scope is generally larger than that of a regular sitcom.", "King of the Hill. King of the Hill is an American animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels that ran from January 12, 1997 to May 6, 2010 on Fox. It centers on the Hills, a middle-class American family in the fictional city of Arlen, Texas. It attempts to maintain a realistic approach, seeking humor in the conventional and mundane aspects of everyday life.", "King of the Hill. Hank and Peggy's only child, Bobby Hill (voiced by Pamela Adlon), is a husky pre-pubescent boy who is generally friendly and well-liked, but not very bright, and often prone to making bad decisions. Throughout the series, Peggy's niece, Luanne Platter (voiced by Brittany Murphy), the daughter of her scheming brother Hoyt (guest voiced by Johnny Knoxville in \"Life: A Loser's Manual\", the 12th season finale) and his alcoholic ex-wife Leanne (voiced by Adlon in \"Leanne's Saga\"), lives with the Hill family. Naïve and very emotional, Luanne was originally encouraged to move out by her Uncle Hank, but over time, he accepts her as a member of the family. Over the course of the series, Luanne works as a beauty technician and puppeteer at a local cable access TV station. Luanne later marries Elroy \"Lucky\" Kleinschmidt (voiced by Tom Petty), a snaggle-toothed layabout who lives on the settlements he earns from frivolous lawsuits.", "Baby Boom (film). Her boss, Fritz Curtis (Sam Wanamaker) tells her that Hughes Larrabee (Pat Hingle), the head of \"The Food Chain,\" a major organization that owns and operates many brands of foods, is looking for someone to manage The Food Chain account. Fritz tells J.C. that landing this account could make her a partner. J.C. manages to land the account with her tough business attitude and is put in charge of it. Fritz also decides that Ken Arrenberg (James Spader), J.C.'s young apprentice whom she also recruited 2 years ago, is ready for the big time and will be on her team with the Food Chain account." ]

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[ "List of American Horror Story: Hotel characters. The Countess (portrayed by Lady Gaga), born Elizabeth Johnson, is the enigmatic, bloodsucking, malevolent owner who resides in the penthouse of the Hotel Cortez. Born Elizabeth Johnson in 1904, she was an actress who was featured in Rudolph Valentino's movie and was later invited to dinner at his house. That night, she met his wife Natacha Rambova who indicates that their divorce was just a \"show\" to get publicity. Later on, she had a secret love triangle with Rudolph and Natacha for many years up until when she was at a cocktail party celebrating the opening of the Hotel Cortez and after hearing about Valentino's death in New York, she plans to jump out a window but she is saved by James March who she later marries but however, doesn't profess her love for him. Even though she was married, she often visited Valentino's coffin once a year but encountered a very much alive Valentino and his wife who state that they are infected with a blood virus that saved them from death and turn Elizabeth so she can spend eternity with her one true loves while her disappointed husband watches from afar. After hearing about her secret love with the Valentinos, James gets his revenge by trapping the couple in the sealed hallways of the hotel damaging her relationship with Natacha who believes that Elizabeth trapped her and causing Elizabeth to hate March. In 1994, she turned Donovan, who was dying of a heroin overdose by Sally who was shoved out the window before and since then, she has been his fiancée and paramour but after meeting Tristan Duffy, she dumps him after twenty years of marriage. She also has a relationship with newcomer Will Drake who she marries but then plans to kill him and steal his fortunes. In the 70s, she had a relationship with Ramona Royale which lasted up until the 90s when Elizabeth shot Ramona's boyfriend, Prophet Moses in revenge. She is obsessed with fashion and hates betrayal especially infidelity which she kills Tristan after he professes his love for Liz Taylor. In spite of her hatred of betrayal, she herself will indulge in as many lovers as she wishes. She then gets back with Donovan but he is crushed after she professes her love for Valentino. She reunites with Donovan after he kills Rudolph however Liz and Iris enter shooting guns at the couple before Donovan jumps in front of Elizabeth and is shot before dying outside the Cortez while Elizabeth is injured. She is helped by Sally who vows to never leaving her. Ramona confronts her but while she attempts to enter the elevator, John appears and shoots her five times before she succumbs to her wounds and dies. Her head is placed on \"Thou Shall Not Commit Murder\" but she resurrects as a ghost and spends eternity with her husband James who thanks her for turning him in to the police and forgives her however Ms. Evers stops and confesses that she turned Mr. March in. After realizing what has happened, she begins to cry while realizing that she's living a personal nightmare; spending the rest of her life with the person she doesn't love. She appears when Liz announces her battle with prostate cancer and slits Liz's throat using her chainmail glove. In the last moments, Elizabeth is at the bar during 2:25 and meets a guest who says he's awaiting some friends. She then says the final lines \"You have a jawline for days\" before the episode ends, having found herself a new lover in Donovan's image. For her performance, Gaga won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Miniseries or Television Film and was nominated for the People's Choice Award for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress, the Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best TV Actress, and the Satellite Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama.", "American Horror Story: Hotel. In February 2015, it was announced that American singer Lady Gaga had joined the show.[29][30] Murphy stated she wanted her role in the series to be \"evil\". He also explained that Hotel would be devoid of any musical numbers. Instead Gaga's character, Elizabeth/The Countess, is a fashion icon and owner of the Hotel Cortez.[31][32] Created as a glamorous socialite character, The Countess maintains her beauty by imbibing human blood.[24] Murphy was so pleased with Gaga's performance that he invited her back for the yet-to-be-confirmed sixth season of the series, before Hotel had even made its debut.[33] In March 2015, series star Jessica Lange definitively announced that she would not be returning for the fifth season.[34][35] During PaleyFest 2015, it was announced that Matt Bomer and Cheyenne Jackson would co-star.[36] Afterwards, more castings were confirmed, including Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Kathy Bates, and Angela Bassett.[37] Murphy tweeted about the latter's involvement in Hotel, including a plotline with Gaga, as a character called Ramona Royale, an actress and former lover of The Countess returning to the titular hotel for revenge.[31][38] Chloë Sevigny, who was a recurring special guest in Asylum, returned to the series for Hotel, playing the wife of Wes Bentley's character, a detective.[31][39]", "American Horror Story. For the series' fifth cycle, singer-songwriter Lady Gaga was announced as the first and newest main cast member on February 25, 2015.[55] After a special guest appearance on the previous season, Matt Bomer joined the fifth season's cast along with series newcomer Cheyenne Jackson during PaleyFest 2015.[56] Chloë Sevigny and Wes Bentley were promoted as main cast members, after they appear as recurring special guests in Asylum and Freak Show respectively.[57] Murphy later announced the returns of Kathy Bates, Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters and Angela Bassett.[58] In June 2015, it was announced Denis O'Hare would also return for the fifth season.[59] In August 2015, Murphy announced the character roles for the cast: Gaga's Elizabeth Johnson also known as \"The Countess\", a fashionista vampire who owns the Hotel Cortez; Jackson's Will Drake, a desperate fashion designer; O'Hare's Liz Taylor, a transsexual bartender who works at the hotel's Blue Parrot Lounge bar; Sevigny's Alex Lowe, a pediatrician who was the wife of Bentley's John Lowe, a detective who investigates the murders inside the hotel; Bomer's Donovan, the lover to the Countess whom often had conflict with his mother and hotel manager, Bates' Iris; Bassett's Ramona Royale, a former actress who was the former lover of Elizabeth; Paulson's Sally, a drug addict who had a rivalry with Iris and forms a bond with John since his visit in the hotel.[60] Peters co-starred as serial killer James Patrick March and the original hotelier of the Hotel Cortez.", "American Horror Story: Hotel. On August 26, Entertainment Weekly revealed exclusive cast photos, along with character descriptions.[75] Gaga also took to her Twitter account to release another photo, showing her as The Countess with three cherubic blond boys, who are seemingly sucking on bottles of blood. The singer captioned the image: \"We are family. Meet my magical children. HOTEL #AHS.\"[76] Murphy released three new teasers through his Twitter account, titled \"Towhead\", \"Sleepwalk\", and \"Jeepers Peepers\", all set to \"Heartbreak Hotel\".[77] Jef Rouner from Houston Press complimented the teasers, describing them as \"things of fleeting, awful beauty. So far I've seen six for this season and at least one of them is creepier than every episode of Coven combined... Each one of these is usually less than 15 seconds long and they are murderously effective. I find myself wanting to watch the show again.\"[78] On September 10, 2015, an extended teaser was released, featuring a psychedelic tour of the hotel, with cameos by most of the cast.[79] Few days later, two more trailers were released, one showed the hand of an addict, with a keyhole in place of the needle point, while the other, titled \"Above & Below\", portrays Gaga as The Countess, with several psychedelic intercuts inside a hotel, featuring Rammstein's \"Du hast\".[80][81]", "American Horror Story: Hotel. The fifth season of American Horror Story focuses on the Downtown Los Angeles Hotel Cortez which has been recently purchased by a New York fashion designer, Will Drake (Cheyenne Jackson). The 90 year old hotel is haunted by demons and mysterious ghosts including the founder, James Patrick March (Evan Peters); heroin junkie Sally (Sarah Paulson); and the strap-on-wielding Addiction Demon. Staff and residents of the hotel include the 111-year-old \"vampire\", Elizabeth/The Countess (Lady Gaga), and her longtime paramour, the former drug-addict Donovan (Matt Bomer), as well as Donovan's mother, the manager and front desk clerk Iris (Kathy Bates); the eccentric transgender bartender Liz Taylor (Denis O'Hare); and the Countess' vengeance-obsessed lover, Ramona Royale (Angela Bassett).", "American Horror Story. Connie Britton was first to be cast in the series, portraying female lead Vivien Harmon on Murder House.[24] Denis O'Hare joined second as Larry Harvey.[25] Jessica Lange soon followed as Constance, her first regular role on television.[26] Dylan McDermott joined the cast soon after Lange as the male lead Ben Harmon.[27] Taissa Farmiga and Evan Peters were the last actors to be added to the main cast, portraying Violet Harmon and Tate Langdon, respectively.[28]", "American Horror Story. In March 2012, Murphy revealed that the second season had been conceptualized around Jessica Lange who portrays Sister Jude, a sadistic nun who runs the asylum.[29] Evan Peters, Sarah Paulson, Lily Rabe and Zachary Quinto also return, with the latter three joining the main cast.[30] Peters portrays Kit Walker, an inmate accused of murdering his wife.[31] Paulson portrays Lana, a lesbian reporter who gets committed to the asylum because of her sexuality and intent to snoop around the sanitorium.[32] Rabe's character is Sister Mary Eunice, clumsy second-in-charge to Sister Jude.[33] Quinto portrays Dr. Thredson, a psychiatrist at the asylum.[34][35] Lizzie Brocheré stars as Grace Bertrand, a character described originally as \"a fierce, ferocious, extremely sexual, and dangerous wild-child sexpot\", but the role was later heavily revamped.[36][37] James Cromwell co-stars as Dr. Arthur Arden, who proclaims to be in charge of the asylum and performs dark experiments on its patients.[38][39][40] Joseph Fiennes starred as Monsignor Timothy Howard, a possible love interest for Sister Jude.[40][41][42]", "List of American Horror Story: Hotel characters. Liz Taylor (portrayed by Denis O'Hare) is the eccentric, transgender bartender of the Blue Parrot Lounge and long-time worker of the hotel. Formerly known as Nick Pryor, Liz worked as a medical representative up until 1984, and was in an unhappy marriage to a woman named Tracy with two kids, toward whom she displayed no affection. While on a business trip in Los Angeles, she meets the Countess in her hotel room while dressed up in her wife's clothes. Elizabeth does her make-up, similar to her namesake, Elizabeth Taylor, and dubs her Liz Taylor. The Countess suggests that they go out so Liz can feel like her true self, but fearful of the reaction, the two settle on Liz taking a walk down the hallway. While doing so, Liz encounters her two coworkers, who threaten to expose her while hurling homophobic slurs. Fearful that they may hurt Liz, Elizabeth slits their throats in front of her and persuades Liz to pursue her true self at the Cortez. She then quits her jobs and breaks off her marriage, sending money to her kids every month. It is revealed in \"Room Service\" that, although she was very close to Elizabeth, she was never infected. Liz becomes enamored with Elizabeth's new flare, Tristan Duffy. When the two confront Elizabeth about their love for each other, Elizabeth says that Liz may have Tristan, moments before slitting his throat in front of her. In \"Room 33\", it is revealed that she is very close with Elizabeth's ex-girlfriend Ramona Royale. Since then, Liz has scrapped all loyalty to the Countess, even making a vain attempt to stop her wedding. She plans on killing herself, but has second thoughts when her son, Douglas Pryor, finds her and asks her to rejoin his life, even welcoming her as a grandparent to his newborn child. She then decides to team up with Iris and take over the hotel and kill the Countess. After the Countess is finally killed, Liz and Iris manage to fix up the hotel and some of the ghosts with Liz helping Will keep his business alive. But when Liz learns she has cancer, she allows the Countess to kill her to remain in the hotel as a ghost. After her revival as a ghost, Liz is finally reunited with Tristan after unsuccessfully trying to contact him before; when Tristan appears in his room she asks why he did not seek contact her, Tristan tells her he did not wish to interfere with her life as a living, and the two embrace allowing them to spend eternity in the hotel together as ghosts.", "List of American Horror Story: Hotel characters. American Horror Story: Hotel is the fifth season of the FX horror anthology series American Horror Story. The season’s theme is addiction and revolves around the Hotel Cortez, an enigmatic hotel owned by a bloodsucking fashionista named The Countess. An anonymous tip regarding a serial killer who murders people in accordance to the Ten Commandments points John Lowe, a detective haunted by the abduction of his son, to Room 64 of the Cortez.", "List of American Horror Story: Hotel characters. Iris (portrayed by Kathy Bates) is the manager of the Hotel Cortez who works at the reception desk and is often seen doing crossword puzzles. Despite hating staying at the hotel, she remains in order to keep proximity to her son Donovan, who despises her after divorcing his father and becoming involved in a breatharian cult, causing her to refrain from giving him proper medicine. She remains protective of him, pushing Sally McKenna out of a window of the hotel's seventh floor after she supplied him with China White heroin, which killed him in 1994. Since then, the two have maintained an ongoing rivalry. After Donovan rejects her in a heated confrontation, Iris enlists the help of Sally in order to commit suicide, but a damaged Donovan revives her by inflicting her with the blood virus. She initially rejects killing, but is driven to it when her craving for blood takes a physical toll. She teams up with Donovan and Ramona Royale to kill the Countess as revenge, despite her initial loyalty to the Countess, killing guests and detoxing them so she may serve them blood, where her relationship with Donovan begins to improve as he enjoys his mother's more murderous and rogue behavior. Their relationship deteriorates when Donovan reunited with Elizabeth and calls off the truce between the trio. Iris warns him of his impending downfall, to which Ramona testifies to. She plans on committing suicide with her friend Liz Taylor, but decides to enact revenge on Elizabeth and gain control of the hotel. They go into The Countess's penthouse, guns blazing, fatally wounding The Countess and Donovan. The Countess escapes when Iris refuses Liz Taylor's plea to find her, running to Donovan's aid. Donovan says it's too late for him and as a dying wish he asks her to take him off the hotel's premise. They succeed, as Donovan dies in the street, telling Iris, \"I love you, mom\". Following the death of the Countess, Iris and Liz become the new managers of the Hotel Cortez, and despite some of the ghosts murderous activities they make a deal with them and March to stop killing the guests, as this will allow the hotel in 2016 to be declared a historical landmark and to maintain it as a business. Iris also makes amends with Sally's spirit by purchasing an iPhone as a present, allowing her to become a social media star. Iris agrees to help Liz contact the missing spirit of Tristan with the help of psychic Billie Dean Howard. Billie Dean contacts a spirit who they first believe to be Tristan but Billie tells them it is Donovan's, her son. Despite Donovan's spirit not residing in the hotel he passes on a message for Iris through Billie Dean that he is finally living a happy life in the afterlife and that he loves her, which brings joyful tears to her eyes. For her performance, Bates was nominated for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie.", "List of American Horror Story: Coven characters. Cordelia Foxx (portrayed by Sarah Paulson) is the \"disappointing\" and infertile daughter of the current Supreme, Fiona Goode, and the practical headmistress of Miss Robichaux's Academy. She is protective of her students, content with her role, and prefers to settle conflict in a peaceful manner, opposing her mother's beliefs. However, Cordelia never backs down from doing what is best for the Coven and her students, even when that means attempting to murder her own mother, or committing self-mutilation. In \"Fearful Pranks Ensue\", an unknown assailant throws sulphuric acid on her face when she is in a restaurant bathroom and Cordelia is blinded. As a result, Cordelia develops the gift of Second Sight, which enables her to receive visions of the past and future. This new power leads her to discover her husband Hank's infidelity, as well as the other dark secrets of Coven members. Growing in confidence from this ability and her mother's ever-weakening state, Cordelia begins to develop other powers and takes a more assertive leadership role when freed from her mother's shadow. Cordelia is talented at mixing potions due to her proficiency and knowledge of botany and magical plants. Cordelia's relationship with Fiona is complicated and contentious, and Cordelia considers Myrtle Snow, whom Cordelia calls \"Auntie Myrtle\", her substitute mother and role model. Her personal hell is pathetically begging for her mother's approval and being slapped for it on eternal loop. Cordelia assumes the title of Supreme after completing the 7 Wonders on the urging of Myrtle, the resulting surge of energy healing her wounded eyes. For her performance, Paulson was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.", "American Horror Story. Set in the year 2015, the season follows the strange and dangerous happenings that seem to center around the retro Hotel Cortez in downtown Los Angeles, California, initially built as a secret torture chamber to fulfill the violent desires of founder James March (Evan Peters). Detective John Lowe (Wes Bentley) arrives at the hotel, based on intel from an anonymous tip, to investigate a grisly string of murders, each of which exemplify a sin in violation of one of the Ten Commandments. He has become estranged from his wife Alex (Chloe Sevigny), who suffers from depression, and his daughter Scarlett (Shree Crooks), after the disappearance of their son Holden (Lennon Henry). As the season unfolds, the Lowes discover that the disappearance of Holden may be related to the strange activities at the hotel, led by March's fashionista widow Elizabeth Johnson (Lady Gaga), also known as the Countess—who was turned into a vampire by her former lovers, actor Rudolph Valentino (Finn Wittrock) and his wife Natacha Rambova (Alexandra Daddario)—and her current lover Donovan (Matt Bomer). Throughout his investigation, John also becomes entangled with the spirits of heroin junkie named Sally (Sarah Paulson), hotel maid Hazel Evers (Mare Winningham), and James March, who is looking for a protege to continue the violent acts he started when he was alive. The hotel's tireless staff includes the surly front desk manager Iris (Kathy Bates), Donovan's mother who took the job to be close to her son, and her best friend, the transgender bartender Liz Taylor (Denis O'Hare), both of whom hesitantly cater to Elizabeth and her vampiric children. Elizabeth's relationship with Donovan becomes troubled with the arrival of male model and cocaine addict Tristan Duffy (Wittrock), New York fashion designer Will Drake (Cheyenne Jackson), and her scorned ex-lover Ramona Royale (Angela Bassett), all of whom become entangled in her violent life. This season mostly deals with addiction, with other themes including sexuality, insanity, revenge, debauchery, religion, sin, drug use, forgiveness, and death.", "List of American Horror Story: Coven characters. Fiona Goode (portrayed by Jessica Lange as adult Fiona, Riley Voelkel as teen Fiona) is the Supreme witch of her generation, the leader of the Salem witch descendants. She lives a glamorous life of luxury in Los Angeles. She returns to Miss Robichaux's Academy after the murder of Misty Day with the intention of teaching the young witches to fight, and reconciling with her estranged daughter Cordelia. She yearns for eternal life and looks for any way to get it. Fiona, being the Supreme, embodies countless magical abilities including, but not limited to, telekinesis, pyrokinesis, vitalum vitalis, clairvoyance, concilium, descensum, resurgence, divination, and transmutation. As the Supreme, Fiona has mastered the Seven Wonders, seven magical abilities that signify a witch as the Supreme. Fiona grows terribly ill and develops terminal cancer due to a new Supreme rising within the Coven. She tries at all costs to regain her youth. At first, she attempts to obtain immortality by seeking it from an immortal voodoo priestess Marie Laveau. After failing miserably, she believes the only way to stay alive is to kill the emerging Supreme. She murders several of the students, but still continues to grow weaker. Fiona conspires with the Axeman and fakes her own death by implanting a false vision inside him, revealing that he murdered her. Fiona returns to the Academy to kill the new Supreme – however, after realizing her daughter has taken her position, Fiona renounces her self-serving, murderous intentions and dies of her cancer. In her own personal hell, Fiona is bound to live in a shack with the Axeman for all eternity. For her performance, Lange was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series, the Satellite Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film, the Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film and won the Dorian Award for Best TV Performance of the Year – Actress and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.", "List of American Horror Story: Hotel characters. Dr. Alex Lowe (portrayed by Chloë Sevigny) is John's wife from whom he becomes estranged after the abduction of their son Holden five years ago, making at least one suicide attempt since his disappearance, citing that she has grown closer to Holden than she has to Scarlett or John. She is a pediatrician who is employed by Mrs. Ellison, a west Hollywood mother against vaccination, to treat her son Max Ellison, who has been infected with the measles. She visits a drunken John at the hotel to drop off divorce papers, she encounters Holden in the halls, and brings him back home, where he insists that he bring her back to the hotel so he can see his \"other mommy\". She interrogates the Countess about Holden and why he hasn't aged since his abduction, where she learns about the ancient blood virus the Countess has infected the towheads with. Symptoms include eternal youth, although they are able to be killed via unconventional methods and a thirst for blood. She then infects Alex so she may remain with Holden forever. When Max is entered into the hospital where his conditions worsens, Alex infects him with the blood virus to save him, but this results in him killing his parents, teacher, principal, and several school nurses in order to consume their blood, as well as spreading the measles to his friends. Later, John discovers them and she enlists the help of Liz to destroy any evidence of her being there. She convinces John that he is spiraling into insanity, and that the hotel is only aiding his departure from reality. After hearing about a series of killings in which adults have their blood drained, Elizabeth sends Alex on a mission to contain the outbreak, threatening to kill her and Holden. Her and John trap the group of children in the enclosed hallway with a blood-thirsty Ramona after convincing them to come back to the hotel to be towheads. She and John reunite and take Holden home, where a heartbroken Sally vows to kill John. John decides to provide for her and Holden's bloodthirst by killing, although she returns with her family to the hotel, deciding it is their true home after being temporarily held captive there by James for John. Following her husband's death, his ghost visits her, Holden and Scarlet every year on \"Devil's Night Halloween\", in the Hotel Cortez.", "List of American Horror Story: Hotel characters. Ramona Royale (portrayed by Angela Bassett) is a well-known actress and Elizabeth's ex-lover. She was an actress who did many TV commercials and movies during the 1970s during when she had a homosexual relationship with The Countess who killed her boyfriend in the 1990s which Ramona witnessed. Following her boyfriend's death, her acting career ultimately failed and she moved into her parents' house. Her mother was suffering from cancer, and her father was suffering Alzheimer's and she had to take good care of them. After her mother died, a group of robbers broke into the house and killed her father who she resurrected by her blood virus and he then started going on a killing spree and ultimately led to Ramona drowning her father in the bathtub to put him out of his misery. She is introduced in \"Mommy\" and plans to get revenge on her ex for her boyfriend's murder. Her plan comes into action when she plans to stab Elizabeth in her sleep in \"She Wants Revenge\" but Donovan ends up betraying her by tazing her and both Elizabeth and Donovan put her in the neon cages in the sealed hallways alongside Will Drake. Will eventually releases himself and while attempting to free Ramona, she slits his throat and drinks his blood while Elizabeth watches via cameras. Ramona also killed off the infected children after John and Alex lured them to her, though she was ill by the time Liz and Iris find her. After Liz and Iris provide her with Queenie, managing to drink the blood of the human voodoo doll Queenie, with the helps of James who kills her, he asks her to kill Elizabeth for him. She goes into Elizabeth's room to kill her, but is unsuccessful after Elizabeth seduces her and sleeps with her. Ramona later participates in Will Drake's fashion parade and Liz tells her of his intention to die. In the finale, Ramona joins Devil's Night and assists in torturing Billie Dean Howard who flees the Cortez, after threatening to hunt her down and kill her should she ever make another live show in the hotel on devil's night. For her performance, Bassett was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special.", "List of American Horror Story: Murder House characters. Vivien Harmon (portrayed by Connie Britton) is the wife of Ben Harmon, and the mother of Violet Harmon. Prior to the series' start, she had a miscarriage that caused her withdraw from Ben, who then had an affair with Hayden McClaine, one of his college students. Vivien initially finds it hard to forgive Ben, but Ben is committed to keeping the family together, and she agrees to move to Los Angeles to start over. She slowly warms up to her husband, and they have sex for the first time in months. She later participates in what she thinks is a kinky sexual encounter with Ben in a rubber bondage suit.[1] Vivien soon discovers she is pregnant with twins, but later learns that due to heteropaternal superfecundation, only one of the babies is Ben's; with the other belonging the man in the rubber suit (Tate Langdon). When Ben's now-pregnant ex-mistress, Hayden, shows up in Los Angeles to lure him away from Vivien, she is killed and she and the other ghosts plot to drive Vivien insane, in order to get her out of the house and raise her children.[2] In \"Birth\", Ben and Vivien learn one of the twins is growing more rapidly, and may arrive at any time. Vivien gives birth to both twins – one of which is stillborn, the other healthy.[3] In death, Vivien is able to forgive Ben and is able to raise her still-born son, and they and other ghosts, resolve to scare away any new tenants in order to prevent them from suffering the same fate.[4] For her performance, Britton was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie in 2012.", "List of American Horror Story: Coven characters. Myrtle Snow (portrayed by Frances Conroy as old Myrtle, Michelle Page as young Myrtle) is the eccentric head of the Witches' Council with shocking orange hair. Though she adores Fiona's daughter Cordelia as her own, Myrtle holds a lifelong grudge against Fiona, whom she (correctly) believes murdered the previous Supreme while the two were together at school, and makes frequent attempts to denounce or overthrow her. Fiona, in turn, scape-goats, frames, and eventually (ineffectually) burns Myrtle at the stake. Myrtle is a graduate and former headmistress of Miss Robichaux's Academy. Myrtle is a Guardian of Veracity in the Vernacular, which means she has the ability to know when the truth is being told and can detect lies. She can enchant others so they will utter nothing but the truth, and she is also seen using telekinesis, which is her favorite of the powers that she possesses. Myrtle also has the power of transmutation (teleportation) and uses it frequently, disappearing and reappearing throughout the Academy. Myrtle is a traveled gourmand who adores exquisite food, haute couture, jewelry, romance, and associating with fashion designers. Fiercely loyal to the Coven as a whole (though this does not stop her from gleefully murdering the remaining members of the Witches' Council) and to Cordelia, Myrtle wants what is best for their future and believes Misty Day or Zoe to be the strongest candidates for future Supreme. Myrtle's last word before her second and final death is \"Balenciaga\". For her performance, Conroy was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.", "American Horror Story: Coven. The Academy is run by headmistress Cordelia Foxx (Sarah Paulson), who has always lived in the shadow of her mother, Fiona Goode (Jessica Lange). Fiona is the Coven's \"Supreme\", a witch born every generation who embodies specific gifts and magical abilities known as the Seven Wonders of Witchcraft. The Academy is looked after by Spalding (Denis O'Hare), a mute butler who has a mysterious relationship with Fiona. The Coven is assessed by the Council of Witchcraft, which includes Fiona's old rival and Cordelia's mother figure, Myrtle Snow (Frances Conroy).", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters. Veteran cast members include Kathy Bates, Sarah Paulson, Lily Rabe, Denis O'Hare, Evan Peters, Wes Bentley, Cheyenne Jackson, and Angela Bassett, with Cuba Gooding Jr. and André Holland making their debut. Veteran cast members with recurring appearances include Adina Porter, Lady Gaga, Leslie Jordan, Frances Conroy, Finn Wittrock, Taissa Farmiga and Robin Weigert. This is the third season that is not strictly anthological, with Sarah Paulson reprising her previous role as Lana Winters from Asylum and Evan Peters portraying Edward Mott, the ancestor of Dandy and Gloria Mott from Freak Show.", "American Horror Story. For the third season, series executive producers and co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk stated that, as with the second season, \"many actors\" would return in different roles, beginning with Jessica Lange.[43] Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson were confirmed to return, portraying Kyle Spencer and Cordelia Foxx, respectively. Murphy added that Lange would portray a \"real glamour-cat lady\", later revealed to be named Fiona Goode.[44] Taissa Farmiga, Violet in the first season, starred as Zoe Benson, a character that is involved in a prominent romance during the season.[45] Lily Rabe co-starred as Misty Day.[46] Recurring cast member Frances Conroy joined as a main cast member, playing the character of Myrtle Snow.[45] Oscar-winning actress Kathy Bates was confirmed to co-star. It was first reported that she would portray \"a woman who, at the start, is Lange's character's best friend, but will become her worst enemy\", but this was altered.[47] Murphy stated that Bates' character will be \"five times worse than [her] Misery character\" and is also inspired by a \"true event\". She portrayed Madame Delphine LaLaurie, an immortal racist.[48] It was announced in May 2013 that Emma Roberts had been added to the cast. Roberts played Madison Montgomery, a \"self-involved party girl\".[49] In July 2013, season one alum Denis O'Hare also joined the cast in an unknown role,[50] later revealed as Spalding.", "List of American Horror Story: Coven characters. Veteran cast members include Sarah Paulson, Taissa Farmiga, Jessica Lange, Evan Peters, Lily Rabe, Denis O'Hare, and Frances Conroy, while Emma Roberts and Kathy Bates made their debuts. Special guest stars who made appearances include Gabourey Sidibe, Angela Bassett, Danny Huston, and Patti LuPone. Recurring appearances by veteran cast members were made by Jamie Brewer, Alexandra Breckenridge, and Robin Bartlett.", "List of American Horror Story: Freak Show characters. Maggie Esmerelda (portrayed by Emma Roberts) is a con artist working with Stanley. She poses as a fortune teller with a crystal ball and infiltrates the freak show. In \"Edward Mordrake (Part 2)\", while Jimmy and Maggie are hiding due to the curfew, they come across Twisty and his captives and they help them escape. She later tries to placate Stanley by taking Ma Petite to a barn and preparing to drown her, but cannot make herself kill the innocent young woman. Maggie is later revealed to be in a relationship with Jimmy, pressuring him to escape the freak show (and Stanley, though she doesn't mention this) with her. After sinking into a state of depression after Jimmy's arrest, Maggie is confronted by a suspicious Desiree who believes that she had something to do with all the deaths that have occurred. After being yelled at by the twins, Maggie decides to tell Desiree the truth and the two women head to the Museum of Morbid Curiosities to confront Stanley, where she faints upon discovering Jimmy's severed claw hands. In \"Show Stoppers\", Maggie volunteers herself to be sawed in half by Chester Creb, believing that it would help redeem herself in the eyes of Jimmy and the others. Unbeknownst to her, the illusion is real, and she dies when her body is severed, while Chester descends into a psychotic episode.", "American Horror Story: Hotel. The plot centers around the enigmatic Hotel Cortez in Los Angeles, California, that catches the eye of an intrepid homicide detective (Bentley). The Cortez is host to the strange and bizarre, spearheaded by its owner, The Countess (Gaga), who is a bloodsucking fashionista. The hotel is loosely based on an actual hotel built in 1893 by H. H. Holmes in Chicago, Il. for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. It became known as the 'Murder Castle' as it was built for Holmes to torture, murder, and dispose of evidence just as is the Cortez. This season features two murderous threats in the form of the Ten Commandments Killer, a serial offender who selects his victims in accordance with biblical teachings, and \"the Addiction Demon\", who roams the hotel armed with a drill bit dildo.", "List of American Horror Story: Hotel characters. Donovan (portrayed by Matt Bomer) is the arrogant resident of the hotel who was the partner of Elizabeth of over twenty-years, since Elizabeth revived him by infecting him with the blood virus when she discovers him dying in the hotel due to using a dirty needle. Since then, he has vowed to stay away from drugs. Elizabeth values \"the hunt\", where she tracks down the proper people to kill and consume their blood, while Donovan values domesticity, and rather stay home. This bores the thrill-seeking Countess, and seeks romance with the more exciting Tristan Duffy, and abandons Donovan. Hurt, he teams up with Ramona Royale and his mother, Iris, of whom he has a difficult relationship with, to murder the Countess as revenge for what she's done to the three of them. However, he still feels affection for Elizabeth, as he gets cold feet when Ramona and him arrive at the hotel to kill the children, and instead returns to the penthouse where he sniffs Elizabeth's clothing. In \"The Ten Commandments Killer\", it is revealed that Donovan had introduced John to James so John may be denominated James' successor in the killings. After Elizabeth kills Tristan, the two reunite, and he disbands the truce between him, Ramona, and Iris, and traps Ramona in an enclosed hallway. He begins doubting Elizabeth's affection toward him when she sees her kiss Rudolph Valentino, a past lover of hers. He responds by killing Rudolph and disfiguring his face. The Countess, although upset, views this as an act of love, and they reunite, only for Iris and Liz to burst in and begin firing at them. Both Elizabeth and Donovan fall to the floor with gunshot wounds although he is wounded fatally, and he makes one last request to Liz and Iris to drag his body out of the hotel so his ghost will not return on the property. He dies on the road outside the Cortez and his last dying words are to Iris is that he loves her. In postmortem, whilst he is not revived as a ghost, when Liz and Iris use psychic Bille Dean Howard to initially contact Tristan for Liz, she manages to contact his spirit, and he gives Billie Dean a message for Iris telling her he is finally happy in the afterlife and that he loves his mother.", "List of American Horror Story: Hotel characters. Veteran cast members include Wes Bentley, Chloë Sevigny, Kathy Bates, Denis O'Hare, Evan Peters, Sarah Paulson, Matt Bomer, and Angela Bassett, with Lady Gaga and Cheyenne Jackson making their debut. Special guest stars include Naomi Campbell. Veteran cast members with recurring appearances include Mare Winningham, Lily Rabe, Matt Ross, Finn Wittrock, Christine Estabrook, John Carroll Lynch, and Anthony Ruivivar. This is the second season that is not strictly anthological, with Christine Estabrook, and Matt Ross reprising their previous roles Marcy (Murder House), Charles Montgomery (Murder House) respectively, and Gabourey Sidibe reprising her role as Queenie from Coven. Paulson herself also reprised a previous character from Murder House (Billie Dean Howard). This is the first season not to feature mainstay Jessica Lange. This is also the first season not to feature Frances Conroy in any capacity.", "American Horror Story: Hotel. The present and past stories of the Hotel are interwoven with the present tale of Detective John Lowe (Wes Bentley), who is first drawn to the hotel by a series of murders committed by a serial killer the victims of whom each exemplify a sin in violation of one of the Ten Commandments, and his wife, Dr. Alex Lowe (Chloe Sevigny). As the season unfolds, it is revealed that certain past events — including the earlier disappearance of Lowe's young son Holden — are also entangled in the stories of the Countess and the Hotel Cortez.", "List of American Horror Story: Cult characters. Veteran cast members include Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters and Cheyenne Jackson, with Billie Lourd and Alison Pill making their debut. Special guest stars include Billy Eichner and Lena Dunham. Veteran cast members with recurring appearances include Adina Porter, John Carroll Lynch, Frances Conroy, Mare Winningham, Emma Roberts, Chaz Bono, James Morosini and Jamie Brewer. This is the fourth season that is not strictly anthological, with Carroll Lynch reprising his previous role as Twisty the Clown from Freak Show. Cult marks the first season to not feature mainstay actress Lily Rabe. This is also the first season to not feature, since Coven, Kathy Bates and Angela Bassett in any capacity; Finn Wittrock and Wes Bentley also don't appear in any capacity (they appeared in Freak Show, Hotel and Roanoke). This is also the first season since Hotel to not include Lady Gaga.", "American Horror Story: Hotel. Later in July, Richard T. Jones joined the cast as Detective Hahn, a homicide detective,[48] for an eight-episode arc. That same day, Helena Mattsson announced that she had also joined the series in an unspecified role.[49] Series alum Lily Rabe portrayed infamous serial killer Aileen Wuornos during the Halloween installment and the finale.[31] With her appearance in the season, Rabe is one of three cast members to appear in all five seasons (along with Paulson and Peters) of the show.[50] Naomi Campbell was cast as a fashion editor who does not get along with Gaga's character.[51] In August 2015, Murphy revealed that Mädchen Amick joined the season as a \"mother of a boy who becomes ill\", and shares screen time with Alex Lowe (Sevigny). Later in the month, Darren Criss was announced to guest star as a hipster that has conflicts with Iris (Bates),[52] while Mare Winningham joined as the laundress of the Cortez, who works closely with Mr. March, in the 1920s.[53] Christine Estabrook returned to the series as Marcy; the realtor who sold the first season's Murder House to the Harmons.[54] Gabourey Sidibe appeared in the eleventh episode as her Coven persona Queenie. Paulson also reprised her first season role of psychic Billie Dean Howard, appearing in the final episode of the season.[55]", "List of American Horror Story: Cult characters. Allyson \"Ally\" Mayfair-Richards (portrayed by Sarah Paulson) is a liberal woman from Michigan who suffers from anxiety as well as several crippling fears, including coulrophobia, hemophobia, and trypophobia, but is being treated by psychiatrist Dr. Vincent. She is a joint owner of a restaurant called \"The Butchery on Main\" with her wife, Ivy, and together they have a son called Ozzy. Although she lived a relatively normal life and had her fears under control, the election of Donald Trump deeply upset her and triggered her anxiety, phobias, and paranoia. Following the election, she and Ivy hire Winter to look after Ozzy, during which Ally is attacked several times by clowns. This worsens Ally's paranoia as she fortifies the house and accidentally kills her co-worker Pedro during a blackout.[1] After Ivy takes Ozzy and leaves her, Ally learns of her wife's connection to the cult that have been terrorizing her from Meadow. Following Meadow's assassination attempt on Kai, Ally is put in a psychiatric ward for three weeks with no contact with her wife or son as she is approached by the FBI to be their mole in the cult. Becoming calculative and cunning as a result of her self-reflection curing her of her phobias, tricking Kai into thinking that Ozzy is his biological son, Ally first killed Ivy with arsenic-laced food and then sets up Winter to be killed by her brother. Ally then sends a FBI raid after Kai's cult, with Kai arrested while swearing revenge. Months later, now a feminist and winning the popular vote, Ally runs for Senator and orchestrated Kai's death during her first debate. After Kai's death, Ally became Senator while intending to restructure the government as a member of SCUM. For her performance, Paulson was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.", "American Horror Story: Coven. Series executive producers and co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk stated that, as with the second season, \"many actors\" would return for the third season in different roles.[20] Jessica Lange, Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson all confirmed their returns. Murphy added that Lange would portray a \"real glamour-cat lady\",[16] whose name was later revealed to be Fiona Goode.[21] Paulson said in an interview that her character would \"definitely [be] different [to her season two character].\" She added, \"Basically, she's going to look different, and my relationship to Lange is going to be quite different this time. At the beginning of last season, no one knew that Lana would be the hero, so it's possible I could end up the evil one this year. As of right now, there will be some of Lana Winters' qualities in my character, but I don't know for sure.\"[22] Taissa Farmiga, who played a lead role in the first season, starred as Zoe Benson, a character involved in a prominent romance with Peters' character.[23] Lily Rabe and Frances Conroy portrayed series regulars Misty Day and Myrtle Snow, respectively.[23][24] Kathy Bates co-starred as Delphine LaLaurie, an evil woman from the past who tortures her slaves.[25] Murphy stated that Bates' character would be \"five times worse than [her] Misery character\" and is also inspired by a \"true event\".[26] It was reported on May 22, 2013 that Emma Roberts would co-star as Madison Montgomery, a difficult Hollywood starlet.[27]", "American Horror Story: Coven. According to Ryan Murphy, the original Supreme is Scáthach, from Roanoke.[46] Scáthach is an immortal English woman descending from the Druids and their Roman conqueror, and is a practitioner of prehistoric Celtic religion and a worshipper of the Old Gods. She was a stowaway on a British voyage destined for the colonies, but the ship's occupants all died. The colonists discovered her upon landfall and blamed her presence for enraging the sea gods. She was subsequently imprisoned and sentenced to be burned at the stake for witchcraft. Using her darker powers, she massacred the soldiers. This was later blamed on Natives, and Scáthach escaped into the wild. Prudence Mather was the Supreme of Salem. Marion Warton, the purchaser of Miss Robichaux's Academy and the predecessor of Mimi DeLongpre, was followed by Anna-Leigh Leighton, Fiona Goode and the current Supreme, Cordelia Foxx.", "List of American Horror Story: Freak Show characters. Ethel Darling (portrayed by Kathy Bates as adult Ethel, Kathy Deitch as young Ethel) is a bearded lady, the mother of Jimmy, and the ex-wife of Dell. In the 1920s and 30s, she was a popular vaudeville star before marrying Dell, who convinced her to seek more upscale venues. These higher-paying audiences rejected her, ruining her reputation and career. She left Dell after he attempted to kill Jimmy as an infant. She then battled alcohol addiction and was rescued from a drunk tank by Elsa. She then served as Elsa's second in command at the freak show. In \"Edward Mordrake (Part 1)\", she is diagnosed with Cirrhosis of the liver and is given a prognosis of six months to a year. In \"Blood Bath\", she is killed by Elsa, sustaining a fatal stab wound to the eye following a major confrontation about Elsa's loyalty to the freaks. The rest of the freaks believe that she was decapitated in a car accident that was, in reality, staged by Elsa and Stanley. She later appears as a hallucination to both Jimmy and Dell. In \"Curtain Call\", she appears with the other dead freaks in Elsa's afterlife and appears to forgive Elsa for her sins. For her performance, Bates was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie." ]

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[ "2018 SEC Women's Basketball Tournament. The 2018 Southeastern Conference Women's Basketball Tournament was the postseason women's basketball tournament for the Southeastern Conference held at Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tennessee, from February 28 through March 4, 2018. South Carolina defeated the regular-season champions Mississippi State to earn an automatic bid to the 2018 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament.", "Southeastern Conference. As of the most recently completed 2016–17 season, the tournament has most often been held at two venues that have each hosted 12 times. Louisville Gardens in Louisville, Kentucky served as the regular host from 1941 until the tournament was discontinued after the 1952 edition. The Georgia Dome in Atlanta first hosted the tournament in 1995 and most recently hosted in 2014. Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tennessee is now the regular host, with that venue hosting the tournament from 2015 through 2025, except in 2018 and 2022 (years in which it will instead host the SEC women's basketball tournament).[82] Sometimes, the tournament will take place at the Smoothie King Center in New Orleans, or Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida. During the two seasons in the 2015–2025 period in which Nashville will not host the men's tournament, it will be held at Scottrade Center in St. Louis, Missouri in 2018 and Amalie Arena in 2022.[83]", "Southeastern Conference. The SEC Women's Basketball Tournament is currently held a week before the men's basketball tournament. Like the men's version, it is a single-elimination tournament involving all conference members, with seeding based on regular season records. With the expansion to 14 schools, the bottom four teams in the conference standings play opening-round games, and the top four receive \"double byes\" into the quarterfinals. The winner earns the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA women's basketball tournament. Also paralleling the men's tournament, the women's tournament does not determine the SEC champion; that honor has been awarded based on regular-season record since the 1985–86 season.[89]", "Verizon Arena. The arena was the home of the 2003, 2006, and 2009 Southeastern Conference women's basketball tournament and the 2000 Sun Belt Conference men’s basketball tournament. The Arena holds the all-time attendance record for an SEC Women's Tournament when 43,642 people attended the event in 2003.", "Southeastern Conference Softball Tournament. The SEC Softball tournament is a single-elimination tournament held each year at various SEC-conference campus stadiums. Twelve of the 13 teams in the SEC make the tournament each year (Vanderbilt does not sponsor a softball team).", "Southeastern Conference. The recent history of SEC women's basketball is dominated by Tennessee, who have won regular season and/or conference tournament championships in 20 of the last 22 seasons, as well as 8 national championships since 1987. In the 28 seasons the NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship has been held, SEC schools have reached the Final Four 32 times, more than twice as often as any other conference.[88]", "2018 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament. The 2018 Southeastern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was a postseason men's basketball tournament for the Southeastern Conference held at Scottrade Center in St. Louis, Missouri, from March 7 through March 11, 2018. Kentucky defeated Tennessee, 77–72, in the championship game to earn an automatic bid to the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament.", "Southeastern Conference. The tournament, inaugurated in 1980, was originally held on campus sites; the first tournament to take place at a neutral site was in 1987. The two most frequent sites for the tournament have been McKenzie Arena in Chattanooga, Tennessee (seven times) and the Albany Civic Center in Albany, Georgia (six times); however, the tournament was last played in Albany in 1992 and Chattanooga in 2000. Because demand for women's tournament tickets is generally lower than for the men's tournament, it is typically played in a smaller venue than the men's tournament in the same season. The most frequent venues since 2000 have been Bridgestone Arena in Nashville (five times), Infinite Energy Arena in Duluth, Georgia (four), and Verizon Arena in North Little Rock, Arkansas (four).", "Southeastern Conference. The SEC has historically been the most dominant conference in women's basketball.[84] Since the 2009–10 season, teams have played a 16-game conference schedule with a single league table; prior to that time the conference schedule was 14 games, again in a single table.[85] Like SEC men's basketball, women's basketball used the divisional alignment for scheduling purposes through the 2011–12 season; however, the women's scheduling format was significantly different from the men's. Each team played home-and-home games against five schools—one permanent opponent, two teams from the same division, and two teams from the opposite division; the non-permanent home-and-home opponents rotated every two years.[86] The remaining games were single games against the six other schools in the conference, with three at home and three away.", "2004–05 NHL lockout. The Philips Arena requested the Southeastern Conference to move the SEC Women's Basketball Tournament out of their venue because of logistics, because the 55th NHL All-Star Game was scheduled for late January, while the SEC tournament was scheduled five weeks later. The resulting move led to the BI-LO Center, an ECHL arena 140 miles to the east in Greenville, South Carolina, hosting the tournament, drawing the ire of the NAACP, who wanted the SEC to ban the venue from hosting tournaments because of its location. Philips Arena was granted the NHL All-Star Game in 2008 as compensation.", "Southeastern Conference Softball Tournament. The SEC Softball Tournament (sometimes known simply as the SEC Tournament) is the conference championship tournament in college softball for the Southeastern Conference (SEC). It is a single-elimination (since 2006) tournament and seeding is based on regular season records. The winner receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Division I Softball Tournament.", "SEC Men's Basketball Tournament. Throughout its history, the SEC Championship basketball game has been held at various sites, including the Georgia Dome, Louisiana Superdome, Bridgestone Arena, the BJCC Coliseum, the Pyramid, Rupp Arena, Louisville Gardens and (in an emergency relocation) Alexander Memorial Coliseum at Georgia Tech.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The Mississippi State Bulldogs were led by sixth-year head coach Vic Schaefer. The Bulldogs opened their season by winning all 15 of their non-conference games, including three wins in the Cancún Challenge and two wins as a part of the Duel in the Desert (played in Paradise, Nevada), adding a win against the No. 9 Oregon Ducks. The Bulldogs entered SEC play ranked No. 5 in the nation, and never dropped below that ranking, as they finished the regular season 30–0, 16–0 in SEC play, including four wins over ranked conference opponents: No. 6 Tennessee, No. 15 Missouri, defending national champions No. 7 South Carolina, and No. 17 Texas A&M. The Bulldogs were seeded first in the SEC tournament, where they defeated (9) Kentucky and (5) Texas A&M en route to the championship game, where they fell to (2) South Carolina, 51–62 for their first loss of the season. The Bulldogs received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament, where they were seeded first in the Kansas City regional. In the tournament, Mississippi State defeated (16) Nicholls State, (9) Oklahoma State, (4) NC State, and (3) UCLA en route to the Final Four, where they beat (1) Louisville in overtime, putting their record at 37–1.", "List of Southeastern Conference champions. Eight SEC schools participate in woman's gymnastics: Alabama, Arkansas, Auburn, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, LSU, and Missouri.", "2016 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Kentucky had (and earned) the chance to play all of its regional games in its home city. The subregional was held on the Kentucky campus at the women's primary home of Memorial Coliseum, and the regional was held at Rupp Arena, normally home to the Kentucky men's team but also an occasional home for the women's team, in downtown Lexington.", "SEC Men's Basketball Tournament. With the abandonment of divisions in SEC men's basketball starting in 2011–12, the top four teams in the conference standings received first-round byes.[2] Bracketing was identical to that of the SEC Women's Basketball Tournament—note that SEC women's basketball has long been organized in a single league table without divisions.", "SEC Men's Basketball Tournament. Since the SEC expanded to 14 schools with the arrival of Missouri and Texas A&M in 2012, the 2013 tournament was the first with a new format. Both men's and women's tournaments have the four bottom seeds (#11 throughout #14) playing opening-round games, with the top four seeds receiving a \"double-bye\" into the quarterfinals.", "Southeastern Conference Softball Tournament. The tournament has been held since 1997, when the SEC began sponsoring softball. In 1997 it was an eight-team, double-elimination tournament with byes for the top two seeds. From 1998 until 2005 it was an eight-team, double-elimination tournament with no byes. In 2006 it became an eight-team, single-elimination tournament. In 2013, with the addition of Missouri and Texas A&M into the SEC, the tournament moved to a ten-team, single-elimination tournament with the top 6 teams earning first round byes.", "Little Rock, Arkansas. Little Rock was a host of the First and Second Rounds of the 2008 NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament. It has also been a host of the SEC Women's Basketball Tournament.", "2016 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The 2016 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament was played between March and April 2016, with the Final Four played April 3 & 5. The regional locations were four neutral sites: Bridgeport, Connecticut, Dallas, Lexington, Kentucky, and Sioux Falls, South Dakota.[1] The Final Four was played at the Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana.[2] This was the third time that Indianapolis hosted a Women's Final Four Basketball tournament; the prior times were in 2005 and 2011. Connecticut won their fourth consecutive national championship, defeating Syracuse 82–51.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The 2017 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament was played from Friday, March 17 to Sunday, April 2, 2017, with the Final Four played at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas on March 31 and April 2. This was the first time that the women's Final Four was played in Dallas and the first time since 2002 that the Final Four games were played on Friday and Sunday, rather than Sunday and Tuesday.[1] South Carolina defeated Mississippi State to win the championship.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The first two rounds, also referred to as the subregionals, were played at the sites of the top 16 seeds, as was done in 2016 and 2017. The following are the sites selected to host the last four rounds of the 2018 tournament.[3][4][5]", "List of Southeastern Conference champions. All 14 SEC schools play women's tennis.", "Southeastern Conference. Prior to moving to the Georgia Dome, the tournament (during its modern, post-1979 era) was most often contested at the Birmingham-Jefferson Civic Center, home of the SEC's headquarters and centrally located prior to the addition of Arkansas and South Carolina. Other sites to host include on-campus arenas at LSU, Tennessee and Vanderbilt; Rupp Arena in Lexington; and the Orlando Arena.", "List of Southeastern Conference champions. Although the SEC began sponsoring women's basketball competition in the 1979–80 season, it was not fully integrated into the conference until the 1982–83 season, which was the first in which each team played the same number of conference games. Also, although this article lists both regular-season and tournament champions, the SEC has officially awarded its conference title based solely on the regular-season standings since the 1985–86 season. From 1980 to 1985, the official SEC champion was the tournament winner, but the tournament now only determines the recipient of the SEC's automatic berth in the NCAA tournament.[6]", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The first two rounds, also referred to as the subregionals, were played at the sites of the top 16 seeds, as was done in 2016. The following are the sites that hosted each round of the 2017 tournament.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Regional Semifinals and Finals (Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight)", "Southeastern Conference. Women's Basketball (10):\n1987 – Tennessee\n1989 – Tennessee\n1991 – Tennessee\n1996 – Tennessee\n1997 – Tennessee\n1998 – Tennessee\n2007 – Tennessee\n2008 – Tennessee\n2011 – Texas A&M*\n2017 – South Carolina", "Southeastern Conference. The Southeastern Conference (SEC) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the Southern part of the United States. Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states, three additional public land grant universities, and one private research university. The conference is headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama. The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I in sports competitions; for football, it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), formerly known as Division I-A.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Selections for the 2018 NCAA Division I Women’s Basketball Championship were announced at 7 p.m. Eastern time, Monday, March 12 via ESPN.", "2016 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The basis for the subregionals returned to the approach used between 1982 and 2002; the top sixteen teams, as chosen in the bracket selection process, hosted the first two rounds on campus. The process was generally followed in 2016, with the exception that if one of the top 16 teams was unable to host, another team would be selected. Michigan State was a 4 seed, but was unable to host because the Spartans' home of the Breslin Center hosted a state high school tournament during the weekend of the first two rounds. As a result, Mississippi State hosted in Starkville.[5]", "SEC Men's Basketball Tournament. The SEC Men's Basketball Tournament is the conference tournament in basketball for the Southeastern Conference (SEC). It is a single-elimination tournament that involves all league schools (currently 14). Its seeding is based on regular season records. The winner receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA men's basketball tournament, however the official conference championship is awarded to the team or teams with the best regular season record.[1]" ]

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[ "The Godfather. The Italian-American Civil Rights League wanted all uses of the words \"mafia\" and \"Cosa Nostra\" to be removed from the script, in addition to feeling that the film emphasized stereotypes about Italian-Americans.[14][53][54][55] The league also requested that all the money earned from the premiere be donated to the league's fund to build a new hospital.[54][55] Coppola claimed that Puzo's screenplay only contained two instances of the word \"mafia\" being used, while \"Cosa Nostra\" was not used at all.[54][55] Those two uses were removed and replaced with other terms, which Coppola felt did not change the story at all.[54][55] The league eventually gave its support for the script.[54][55]", "The Godfather. The concept of a mafia \"Godfather\" was an invention of Mario Puzo's and the film's effect was to add the fictional nomenclature to the language. Similarly, Don Vito Corleone's unforgettable \"I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse\"—voted the second-most memorable line in cinema history in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes by the American Film Institute—was adopted by actual gangsters.[201] In the French novel Le Père Goriot, Honoré de Balzac wrote of Vautrin telling Eugene: \"In that case I will make you an offer that no one would decline.\"[202]", "The Godfather. Real-life gangsters responded enthusiastically to the film, with many of them feeling it was a portrayal of how they were supposed to act.[203] Salvatore \"Sammy the Bull\" Gravano, the former underboss in the Gambino crime family,[204] stated: \"I left the movie stunned ... I mean I floated out of the theater. Maybe it was fiction, but for me, then, that was our life. It was incredible. I remember talking to a multitude of guys, made guys, who felt exactly the same way.\" According to Anthony Fiato after seeing the film, Patriarca crime family members Paulie Intiso and Nicky Giso altered their speech patterns closer to that of Vito Corleone's.[205] Intiso would frequently swear and use poor grammar; but after the movie came out, he started to articulate and philosophize more.[205]", "Murphy's Romance. Part of the deal from the studio, which at that time was owned by The Coca-Cola Company, included an eight line sequence of Field and Garner saying the word \"Coke,\" and also having Coke signs appear prominently in the film.[7][8]", "American Graffiti. When Coppola's The Godfather (1972) won the Academy Award for Best Picture in March 1973, Universal relented, and agreed to cut only three scenes (about four minutes) from Lucas' cut—an encounter between Toad and a fast-talking car salesman, an argument between Steve and his former teacher Mr. Kroot at the sock hop, and an effort by Bob Falfa to serenade Laurie with \"Some Enchanted Evening\"—but decided that the film was fit for release only as a television movie.[19]", "Don (honorific). In North America, Don has also been made popular by films depicting the Mafia, such as The Godfather series, where the crime boss would claim for himself the signs of respect that were traditionally granted in Italy to nobility. This usage of the honorific in these films (e.g. Don Corleone, Don Barzini, etc.) is not common or correct in normal historic usage in Italy. The proper Italian usage is similar to the Castilian Spanish usage mentioned in the previous paragraph.", "The Godfather. Evans wanted the picture to be directed by an Italian American to make the film \"ethnic to the core\".[18][19] Paramount's latest mafia based movie, The Brotherhood, had been a box office bomb;[7][20] Evans believed that the reason for its failure was its almost complete lack of cast members or creative personnel of Italian descent (the director Martin Ritt and star Kirk Douglas were both Jewish).[10] Sergio Leone was Paramount's first choice to direct the film.[21][22] Leone turned down the option to work on his own gangster film Once Upon a Time in America.[21][22] Peter Bogdanovich was then approached but he also declined the offer because he was not interested in the mafia.[23][24][25] In addition, Peter Yates, Richard Brooks, Arthur Penn, Costa-Gavras, and Otto Preminger were all offered the position and declined.[26][27] Evans' chief assistant Peter Bart suggested Francis Ford Coppola, as a director of Italian ancestry who would work for a low sum and budget after the poor reception of his latest film The Rain People.[28][18] Coppola initially turned down the job because he found Puzo's novel sleazy and sensationalist, describing it as \"pretty cheap stuff\".[10][29] At the time Coppola's studio, American Zoetrope, owed over $400,000 to Warner Bros. for budget overruns with the film THX 1138 and when coupled with his poor financial standing, along with advice from friends and family, Coppola reversed his initial decision and took the job.[27][30][31] Coppola was officially announced as director of the film on September 28, 1970.[32] Paramount had offered twelve other directors the job with The Godfather before Coppola agreed.[33] Coppola agreed to receive $125,000 and six percent of the gross rentals.[34][35]", "The Godfather (novel). The book is noteworthy for introducing Italian criminal terms like consigliere, caporegime, Cosa Nostra, and omertà to an English-speaking audience.", "The Godfather. After filming had ended on August 7,[113] post-production efforts were focused on trimming the film to a manageable length.[114] In addition, producers and director were still including and removing different scenes from the end product, along with trimming certain sequences.[115] In September, the first rough cut of the film was viewed.[114] Of the scenes removed from the film, many were centered around Sonny because they did not advance the plot.[116] By November, Coppola and Ruddy finished the semifinal cut.[116] Debates over personnel involved with the final editing remained even 25 years after the release of the film.[117] The film began to be shown to Paramount staff and exhibitors in late December and going into the new year.[118]", "The Godfather Part II. Only three weeks prior to the release, film critics and journalists pronounced Part II a disaster. The cross-cutting between Vito and Michael's parallel stories were judged too frequent, not allowing enough time to leave a lasting impression on the audience. Coppola and the editors returned to the cutting room to change the film's narrative structure, but could not complete the work in time, leaving the final scenes poorly timed at the opening.[12]", "The Godfather. The Godfather is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in world cinema and one of the most influential, especially in the gangster genre. It was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 1990, being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" and is ranked the second-greatest film in American cinema (behind Citizen Kane) by the American Film Institute. It was followed by sequels The Godfather Part II (1974) and The Godfather Part III (1990).", "The Godfather. Coppola hired Italian composer Nino Rota to create the underscore for the film, including the main theme, \"Speak Softly Love\".[119][120] For the score, Rota was to relate to the situations and characters in the film.[119][120] Rota synthesized new music for the film and took some parts from his Fortunella score, in order to create an Italian feel and evoke the tragic film's themes.[121] Paramount executive Evans found the score to be too \"highbrow\" and did not want to use it; however, it was used after Coppola managed to get Evans to agree.[119][120] Coppola believed that Rota's musical piece gave the film even more of an Italian feel.[120] Coppola's father, Carmine, created some additional music for the film,[122] particularly the music played by the band during the opening wedding scene.[120][121] There are a total of nine instances within the film where incidental music can be heard.[121]", "The Godfather (soundtrack). The score was nominated for an Academy Award; however, the Academy withdrew the nomination after determining that the Love Theme was a rewritten version of Nino Rota's music from the 1958 film Fortunella.[3]", "The Godfather. When the nominations for the 45th Academy Awards were revealed on February 12, 1973, The Godfather was nominated for eleven awards.[163][164] The nominations were for: Best Picture, Best Costume Design, Marlon Brando for Best Actor, Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola for Best Adapted Screenplay, Pacino, Caan, and Robert Duvall for Best Supporting Actor, Best Film Editing, Nino Rota for Best Original Score, Coppola for Best Director, and Best Sound.[163][164][165] Upon further review of Rota's love theme from The Godfather, the Academy found that Rota had used a similar score in Eduardo De Filippo's 1958 comedy Fortunella.[166][167][168] This led to re-balloting, where members of the music branch chose from six films: The Godfather and the five films that had been on the shortlist for best original dramatic score but did not get nominated. John Addison's score for Sleuth won this new vote, and thus replaced Rota's score on the official list of nominees.[169] Going into the awards ceremony, The Godfather was seen as the favorite to take home the most awards.[158] From the nominations that The Godfather had remaining, it only won three of the Academy Awards: Best Actor, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Picture.[165][170]", "Bada Bing. The use of Bada Bing as the name of the club and elsewhere in the series popularized the catchphrase such that it was added to the 2003 Oxford English Dictionary as an exclamation to emphasize that something will happen effortlessly and predictably.[6] Bada bing is imitative of the sound of a drumroll or rim shot, or may also derive from the \"bada-bing\" sound effect that James Caan's character, Sonny Corleone, makes to describe an up-close shooting in The Godfather.[7]", "The Godfather Part II. Both The Godfather Part II and its predecessor remain highly influential films, especially in the gangster genre, and the former has been reevaluated. In 1997, the American Film Institute ranked it as the 32nd-greatest film in American film history and it retained this position 10 years later.[4] Some have deemed it superior to the 1972 original.[5] It was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 1993, being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".[6]", "The Godfather (novel). \"I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse\" was included in both the original Puzo novel and in the film adaptation. It is the second ranking cinematic quote included in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes (2005) by the American Film Institute. Its origin very well may be from the same work to which Balzac is credited with the opening epigraph. Balzac wrote of Vautrin telling Eugene: \"In that case I will make you an offer that no one would decline.\"[6]", "Godfather's Pizza. Godfather's Pizza is also known for its commercials featuring \"The Godfather\", a parody of Marlon Brando's character, Don Vito Corleone, from the 1972 film The Godfather. \"The Godfather\" has been played by two actors, the first being Omaha actor J. William Koll,[11] who typically wore a white fedora hat, a pin stripe suit, and a flower on his jacket. He also used the sayings \"A pizza you can't refuse!\", \"Do it!\", \"If you don't like anchovies, you'll be sleeping with the fishes\", \"Da goods is in da box!\" and \"I know your neighborhood.\"[citation needed]", "The Godfather. The Godfather epic, encompassing the original trilogy and the additional footage Coppola incorporated later, is by now thoroughly integrated into American life and, together with a succession of mob-theme imitators, has led to a highly stereotyped concept of Italian American culture. The first film had the largest impact and, unlike any film before it, its depiction of Italians who immigrated to the United States in the early decades of the 20th century is perhaps attributable to the Italian American director, presenting his own understanding of their experience. The films explain through their action the integration of fictional Italian American criminals into American society. Though the story is set in the period of mass immigration to the U.S., it is rooted in the specific circumstances of the Corleones, a family that lives outside of the law. Although some critics have refashioned the Corleone story into one of universality of immigration, other critics have posited that it leads the viewer to identify organized crime with Italian American culture. Released in a period of intense national cynicism and self-criticism, the American film struck a chord about the dual identities inherent in a nation of immigrants.[199] The Godfather increased Hollywood's negative portrayals of immigrant Italians in the aftermath of the film and was a recruiting tool for organized crime.[200]", "The Godfather. There was a soundtrack released for the film in 1972 in vinyl form by Paramount Records, on CD in 1991 by Geffen Records, and digitally by Geffen on August 18, 2005.[123] The album contains over 31 minutes of music coming from the movie, with most being composed by Rota, along with a song from Coppola and one by Johnny Farrow and Marty Symes.[124][125][126] Allmusic gave the album five out of five stars, with editor Zach Curd saying it is a \"dark, looming, and elegant soundtrack.\"[124] An editor for Filmtracks believed that Rota did a great job of relating the music to the core aspects of the film, which the editor believed to be \"tradition, love, and fear.\"[126]", "The Godfather. The Godfather has received critical acclaim and is seen as one of the most influential films of all time, particularly in the gangster genre.[140][141] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 99% rating based on 85 reviews with an average rating of 9.2/10 and the site's critical consensus reads, \" One of Hollywood's greatest critical and commercial successes, The Godfather gets everything right; not only did the movie transcend expectations, it established new benchmarks for American cinema\".[142] Metacritic assigned the film an average score of 100% based on 14 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be \"universal acclaim\".[141] The film is ranked at the top of Metacritic's top 100 list,[143] and is ranked 7th on Rotten Tomatoes' all-time best list (100% \"Certified Fresh\").[144]", "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race. In most public performances of the song, as well as in radio edits, the word \"God\" is removed from the song, to avoid using the profanity \"Goddamn\", although \"damn\" is simultaneously removed in some other versions. This censor was also kept on the Rock Band downloadable track of the song, though it was not censored in the United Kingdom, on United States Rock radio, or in Guitar Hero 5.", "The Godfather. On April 14, 1970, it was revealed that Puzo was hired by Paramount for $100,000, along with a percentage of the film's profits, to work on the screenplay for the film.[45][46][17] Working from the book, Coppola wanted to have the themes of culture, character, power, and family at the forefront of the film, whereas Puzo wanted to retain aspects from his novel[47] and his initial draft of 150 pages was finished on August 10, 1970.[45][46] After Coppola was hired as director, both Puzo and Coppola worked on the screenplay, but separately.[48] Puzo worked on his draft in Los Angeles, while Coppola wrote his version in San Francisco.[48] Coppola created a book where he tore pages out of Puzo's book and pasted them into the book.[48] There, he made notes about each of the book's fifty scenes, which related to major themes prevalent in the scene, whether the scene should be included in the film, along with ideas and concepts that could be used when filming to make the film true to Italian culture.[48][42] The two remained in contact while they wrote their respective screenplays and made decisions on what to include and what to remove for the final version.[48] A second draft was completed on March 1, 1971, and was 173 pages long.[45][49] The final screenplay was finished on March 29, 1971,[46] wound up being 163 pages long,[48][45] 40 pages over what Paramount had asked for.[50] When filming, Coppola referred to the notebook he had created over the final draft of the screenplay.[48][42] Screenwriter Robert Towne did uncredited work on the script, particularly on the Pacino-Brando garden scene.[51] Despite finishing the third draft, some scenes in the film were still not written yet and were written during production.[52]", "Gran Torino. According to Schenk, aside from changing Minneapolis references to Detroit references, the production headed by Eastwood \"didn't change a single syllable\" in the script.[17] Schenk added that the concept of the producers not making any substantial revisions to a submitted script \"never happens.\"[18] Eastwood said that he stopped making significant revisions after attempting to change the script of Unforgiven and later deciding to return to the original revision, believing that his changes were \"emasculating\" the product.[18]", "The F Word (2013 film). CBS Films eventually bought the U.S. distribution rights,[22] following the film's world premiere at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.[23] CBS Films changed the release title in the United States to What If due to the Motion Picture Association of America taking issue with the implied foul word in the \"F\" part of The F Word.[24] It was also retitled by Entertainment One for the UK,[25] but retained the original for the Canadian release.[24]", "The Godfather. From the start of production, Coppola wanted Robert Duvall to play the part of Tom Hagen.[14][70][71] After screen testing several other actors, Coppola eventually got his wish and Duvall was awarded the part of Tom Hagen.[70][71] Al Martino, a then famed singer in nightclubs, was notified of the character Johnny Fontane by a friend who read the eponymous novel and felt Martino represented the character of Johnny Fontane.[18] Martino then contacted producer Al Ruddy, who gave him the part.[18] However, Martino was stripped of the part after Coppola became director and then awarded the role to Italian singer Vic Damone.[18] Damone eventually dropped the role because he did not want to play an anti-Italian American character, in addition to being paid too little.[72] According to Martino, after being stripped of the role, he went to his godfather and crime boss Russ Bufalino who then orchestrated the publication of various news articles that talked of how Coppola was unaware of Ruddy giving Martino the part; that, when coupled with pressure from the mafia who felt Martino deserved the role, led Damone to quit as Fontane.[18] Either way, the part of Johnny Fontane ended up with Martino.[18][72]", "The Godfather (film series). The Godfather was released on March 15, 1972. The feature-length film was directed by Francis Ford Coppola and based upon Mario Puzo's novel of the same name. The plot begins with Don Vito Corleone declining an offer to join in the narcotics business with notorious drug lord Virgil Sollozzo, which leads to an assassination attempt. Meanwhile, Vito's oldest son Sonny takes over the family and Michael strikes back for the assassination attempt by killing Sollozzo and a corrupted police captain, forcing Michael to go to Sicily in hiding. While in Sicily, Michael travels around the country and meets a woman he marries but who is killed in a car bombing. Michael returns to America after the news of his brother Sonny's murder. After returning, Vito turns over the reins of the family to Michael. Michael plans to move the family business to Las Vegas; but before the move, he plots the killing of the heads of the five families on the day of his nephew's baptism. Other subplots include Vito's daughter's abusive marriage, Johnny Fontaine's success in Hollywood and Vito's second son Fredo's role in the family business in Las Vegas.", "Cunt. In notable instances, the word has been edited out. Saturday Night Fever (1977) was released in two versions, \"R\" (Restricted) and \"PG\" (Parental Guidance), the latter omitting or replacing dialogue such as Tony Manero (John Travolta)'s comment to Annette (Donna Pescow), \"It's a decision a girl's gotta make early in life, if she's gonna be a nice girl or a cunt\".[27] This differential persists, and in The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Agent Starling (Jodie Foster) meets Dr. Hannibal Lecter (Anthony Hopkins) for the first time and passes the cell of \"Multiple Miggs\", who says to Starling: \"I can smell your cunt.\" In versions of the film edited for television the word is dubbed with the word scent.[92] The 2010 film Kick-Ass caused a controversy when the word was used by Hit-Girl because the actress playing the part, Chloë Grace Moretz, was 11 years old at the time of filming.[93][94]", "Sebastian Shaw (actor). A description in the book cover flap reads, \"In this tender, sensitive and blackly comic novel, Sebastian Shaw, the distinguished Shakespearean actor, explores areas of sexual and emotional encounter that are rarely seen and, unfortunately, too rarely understood.\"[1] Shaw originally planned to call the novel The Godfather, but later said he was glad he did not due to the popularity of Mario Puzo's book of that name.[5] He was said to have been working on another novel shortly after The Christening was completed, but no others were ever published.[5]", "Motion Picture Association of America film rating system. There are several exceptional cases in which PG-13 rated films contain multiple occurrences of the word fuck: Adventures in Babysitting, where the word is used twice in the same scene;[37] The Hip Hop Project, which has seventeen uses;[38] and Gunner Palace, a documentary of soldiers in the Second Gulf War, which has 42 uses of the word with two used sexually.[39] Both Bully, a 2011 documentary about bullying, and Philomena—which has two instances of the word—released in 2013, were originally given R ratings on grounds of the language but the ratings were dropped to PG-13 after successful appeals.[40][41]", "The Godfather. Previous mafia films had looked at the gangs from the perspective of an outraged outsider.[152] In contrast, The Godfather presents the gangster's perspective of the Mafia as a response to corrupt society.[152] Although the Corleone family is presented as immensely rich and powerful, no scenes depict prostitution, gambling, loan sharking or other forms of racketeering.[153] Some critics argue that the setting of a criminal counterculture allows for unapologetic gender stereotyping, and is an important part of the film's appeal (\"You can act like a man!\", Don Vito tells a weepy Johnny Fontane).[154]", "Hyman Roth. Roth's background is supplied in a deleted scene in The Godfather Part II. In this scene, set in Little Italy, New York in the early 1920s, he is working as a car mechanic. He is noticed by Peter Clemenza, who has been calling him \"Johnny Lips\". Clemenza introduces him to Vito Corleone, who suggests that he change his name, which is originally Hyman Suchowsky. When Vito asks him whom he admires, Suchowsky says Arnold Rothstein for fixing the 1919 World Series; accordingly, he changes his last name to Roth." ]

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[ "U.S. Open (golf). In Australia, from 2015 Fox Sports Australia is the exclusive broadcaster of the U.S. open until 2018.[18]", "The Open Championship. In the United States, ABC had historically held rights to the Open.[37] Beginning in 2010 under an eight-year agreement, the Open moved exclusively to ABC's sister pay television channel ESPN, with only tape-delayed highlights shown on ABC.[38] In June 2015, it was announced that NBC Sports would acquire rights to the Open Championship under a 12-year deal beginning in 2017; early round coverage airs on Golf Channel, with the main NBC network broadcasting live weekend coverage. The R&A cited NBC's successful broadcasts of Premier League football, which also primarily airs on weekend mornings in U.S. time zones, as an advantage of NBC's acquisition of The Open.[39] Similarly to the BBC, ESPN chose to opt out of its final year of Open rights, causing NBC's rights to begin in 2016 instead.[36]", "U.S. Open (golf). As of 2015, Fox Sports is the official broadcaster of the U.S. Open[15], as the result of a 12-year deal with the USGA for exclusive rights to its tournaments through 2026. Coverage will be telecast by Fox (over-the-air) and Fox Sports 1 (cable).[16]", "2017 US Open (tennis). In the United States, the 2017 US Open will be the third year in a row under an 11-year, $825 million contract with ESPN, in which the broadcaster holds exclusive rights to the entire tournament and the US Open Series. This means that the tournament is not available on broadcast television. This also makes ESPN the exclusive U.S. broadcaster for three of the four tennis majors. In Australia, SBS won the rights to broadcast the US Open with the free to air coverage starting from the quarter finals.[5].", "2018 Open Championship. The 2018 Open Championship was the third to be televised domestically by Sky Sports on dedicated channel Sky Sports The Open.[4] In the United States, it was the third Open Championship to be televised by NBC (Golf Channel's parent network).[5]", "2018 U.S. Open (golf). This was the fourth U.S. Open televised by Fox and FS1.", "2016 Open Championship. In the U.S., television rights shifted from ESPN to NBC and sister pay-TV network Golf Channel, marking the first time that Golf Channel had coverage of a men's major championship. It also restored a major to the network for the first time since 2014; from 1995 to 2014, NBC televised the U.S. Open and other championships of the USGA, which moved to Fox in 2015.[5] Similarly to the BBC, ESPN chose to opt out of its final year of Open rights, causing NBC's rights to begin in 2016 instead.[6]", "2015 U.S. Open (golf). This was the first U.S. Open televised by Fox Sports, which began a 12-year contract to televise the championship and other USGA events. The previous twenty years (1995–2014) had been by NBC Sports, preceded by 29 years (1966–1994) on ABC Sports.", "2017 Open Championship. This was the second Open Championship televised domestically by Sky Sports.[6] In the United States, it is the second Open Championship to be televised by NBC (Golf Channel's parent network).[7]", "U.S. Open (golf). Coverage was previously televised by NBC and ESPN through 2014. NBC's most recent period as rightsholder began in 1995; ABC held the broadcast rights from 1966 through 1994.[17]", "U.S. Open (golf). The 2017 edition of the U.S. Open featured a total of 38.5 hours of coverage in the United States, with 20 hours being on Thursday and Friday, and 18.5 hours being on Saturday and Sunday; the Fox Sports 1 cable network carried a total of 14 hours of coverage on Thursday and Friday. The Fox broadcast network had a total of 24.5 hours of coverage Thursday through Sunday, with 6 hours Thursday and Friday, and 18.5 hours Saturday and Sunday. The overall 38.5–hour total is up two hours from last year's total of 36.5 hours, due to the Fox broadcast network's coverage having 24.5 hours this year, compared to the 22.5 hours it had last year; the Fox Sports 1 cable network's 14 hours this year remained unchanged from last year.", "The Open Championship. The 2017 edition of the Open Championship had a total of 49.5 hours of coverage in the United States, with 29 hours being on Thursday and Friday, and 20.5 hours being on Saturday and Sunday; the Golf Channel cable network had a total of 34.5 hours of coverage, with 29 hours on Thursday and Friday, and 5.5 hours on Saturday and Sunday. The NBC broadcast network had a total of 15 hours of coverage on the weekend, with 8 hours Saturday, and 7 hours Sunday.\nThe 49.5 total hours of coverage on Golf Channel and NBC remained unchanged from 2016, with the difference being that Golf Channel's total coverage went down thirty minutes from 35 hours to 34.5 hours, and NBC's total coverage went up thirty minutes from 14.5 hours to 15 hours.", "List of The Open Championship broadcasters. In the United States[5], ABC had historically held rights to the Open.[6] Beginning in 2010 under an eight-year agreement, the Open moved exclusively to ABC's sister pay television channel ESPN, with only tape-delayed highlights shown on ABC.[7] In June 2015, it was announced that NBC Sports would acquire rights to the Open Championship under a 12-year deal beginning in 2017; early round coverage airs on Golf Channel, with the main NBC network broadcasting live weekend coverage. The R&A cited NBC's successful broadcasts of Premier League football, which also primarily airs on weekend mornings in U.S. time zones, as an advantage of NBC's acquisition of The Open.[8] Similarly to the BBC, ESPN chose to opt out of its final year of Open rights, causing NBC's rights to begin in 2016 instead.[9]", "2018 US Open (tennis). In the United States, the 2018 US Open will be the fourth year in a row under an 11-year, $825 million contract with ESPN, in which the broadcaster holds exclusive rights to the entire tournament and the US Open Series. This means that the tournament is not available on broadcast television. This also makes ESPN the exclusive U.S. broadcaster for three of the four tennis majors.", "U.S. Open (golf). The United States Open Championship, commonly known as the U.S. Open, is the annual open national championship of golf in the United States. It is the second of the four major championships in golf, and is on the official schedule of both the PGA Tour and the European Tour. It is staged by the United States Golf Association (USGA) in mid-June, scheduled so that, if there are no weather delays, the final round is played on the third Sunday, which is Father's Day. The U.S. Open is staged at a variety of courses, set up in such a way that scoring is very difficult, with a premium placed on accurate driving.", "Golf Channel. On June 8, 2015, it was announced that NBC Sports had acquired rights to The Open Championship beginning in 2017 under a 12-year deal;[19] after former broadcaster ESPN opted out of the final year of rights, NBC began coverage in 2016 instead.[20] Early round coverage is aired by Golf Channel, which marked the first time ever that Golf Channel had ever broadcast one of the four Men's major golf championships.[19] On May 3, 2016, NBC announced that Golf Channel would air the bulk of the men's and women's golf tournaments for the 2016 Summer Olympics, covering up to 300 hours of the tourney, with 130 of those hours live.[21]", "US Open (tennis). All the courts used by the US Open are illuminated, allowing matches and television coverage to extend into primetime. In 2001, the women's singles final was intentionally scheduled for primetime for the first time. CBS Sports president Sean McManus cited significant public interest in star players Serena Williams and Venus Williams and the good ratings performance of the 1999 women's singles final, which was pushed into primetime by rain delays.[17]", "National Football League on television. Doubleheader allotments were often assigned with restrictions because of other network commitments. This happened during Finals Sunday of the U.S. Open tennis championships (September) (Week 1, for CBS 1975–1993, 1998–2014), or Major League Baseball playoffs in October (NBC, typically during League Championship Series from 1976 to 1989, and again in 1996 and 1997, World Series 1978 to 1984, when Sunday games were afternoon games, and CBS, League Championship Series, 1990 to 1993). During the restricted zones, the AFC West and NFC West (depending on the network with the restriction) teams in the Mountain and Pacific time zones could not play at home during the weekend in question, unless they either hosted an interconference game, or were scheduled in prime time (regardless of opponent). The rule was effectively eliminated by the new cross-flex rule in 2014, meaning the NFL could apply the new rule and assign games that would be on the restricted network to the other network. In 1991 and 1995, NBC did not allow their games to be played in the early slot (1:00 p.m. ET) in order to cover the final day of matches in golf's Ryder Cup. However, conference regulations such as those used in the past no longer apply as the NFL can apply cross-flexing rules to allow games where the NFC team is the visiting team to air on CBS at 1:00 p.m. ET.", "National Football League television blackout policies. Special exemptions are in effect when other events (such as the US Open Tennis Championships Final through 2014, the Major League Baseball playoffs, golf's Ryder Cup in 1991 and 1995, or the 2022 FIFA World Cup final) air on one of the two networks broadcasting Sunday games, which typically have a 4:30 p.m. start time (tennis or baseball), or will run through 1:00 p.m. (soccer and golf). The network airing the event is given the single game at 1:00 or 4:00 p.m. that week, and can broadcast games opposite the team that has a home game on their network at the same time during the affected weeks. This was most notably used by CBS for tennis, NBC for golf, and all three networks that have aired Sunday games (CBS, NBC and Fox) have used the exemption for baseball. Fox is expected to use the exemption in 2022 because of an eight-hour time difference between the Eastern time zone and Qatar, and the World Cup Final would start no later than 1 PM EST.", "PGA Tour. ABC no longer carries any golf. From 1966 until 1991 ABC carried the PGA Championship and also televised the U.S. Open until 1994. NBC took over the U.S. Open in 1995 and aired it until 2014, while ABC's last Open Championship aired in 2009. ESPN also shared coverage of the U.S. Open, airing portions of the tournaments that did not fall into NBC's broadcast window.", "2015 US Open (tennis). In the United States, the 2015 US Open was the first under a new, 11-year, $825 million contract with ESPN, in which the broadcaster holds exclusive rights to the entire tournament and the US Open Series, thus ending CBS Sports' 46-year association with the tournament, and availability of coverage on broadcast television. This also made ESPN the exclusive U.S. broadcaster for three of the four tennis majors (the French Open is split between Tennis Channel for cable coverage and NBC for over-the-air coverage, with portions previously sub-licensed to ESPN until 2016).[2][3][4]", "2016 Open Championship. This was the first Open Championship under new television rights deals in the United Kingdom and United States. In the U.K., Sky Sports replaced the BBC, who held broadcast rights from 1955 to 2015, marking the first time that rights to the Open had been held by a subscription television service. To comply with anti-siphoning laws, rights to broadcast a nightly highlights programme on free-to-air television were sold to the BBC. The contract was to begin in 2017, but the BBC opted out of the 2016 edition.[3][4]", "Sky Sports. Sky Sports has exclusive UK rights for the US Open[57], The Open Championship and the Masters Tournament.[57] From 2011 Sky have broadcast all four days of the Masters in High Definition and 3D, as well as the Par 3 Tournament.[58] BBC Sport broadcast the final two rounds simultaneously with Sky.[59] They also grabbed the rights for The Open Championship which the BBC had shown live from the 1950s, Sky outbid the BBC and rebranded Sky Sports 1 as Sky Sports The Open for the tournament with the BBC only showing 2-hour highlights each day on BBC Two and live coverage on BBC Radio 5 Live. Sky additionally showed the US PGA from 1992 until 2017, but after negotiations broke down in 2017, the BBC claimed the tournament.[60]", "US Open (tennis). Since 1987, the US Open has been chronologically the fourth and final Grand Slam tournament of the year. The other three, in chronological order, are the Australian Open, the French Open, and Wimbledon. The US Open starts on the last Monday of August and continues for two weeks, with the middle weekend coinciding with the U.S. Labor Day holiday.", "Opening Day. Since 1994 ESPN has televised a regular-season game the night before \"Opening Day\" and recent years have seen the staging of season-opening series in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Japan, and Australia. While these are technically \"opening games\", Major League Baseball still reserves the title \"Opening Day\" for the first day in which multiple games are played. (For the first time ever, three televised games were played on Sunday, April 3, 2016, before the traditional \"Opening Day\" slate of games on Monday, April 4.)[5][6][7]", "Open Season 2. The sequel Open Season 3 premiered in theaters in Russia on October 21, 2010 and was released on DVD and Blu-ray in United States on January 25, 2011.[5]", "2015 U.S. Open (golf). The 2015 United States Open Championship was the 115th U.S. Open, played June 18–21, 2015 at Chambers Bay in University Place, Washington, southwest of Tacoma on the shore of Puget Sound.[2] Jordan Spieth won his first U.S. Open and consecutive major titles, one stroke ahead of runners-up Dustin Johnson and Louis Oosthuizen. This was the first U.S. Open televised by Fox Sports 1 and Fox Sports, which was the beginning of a 12-year contract with the United States Golf Association.", "American Broadcasting Company. Sports programming is also provided on some weekend afternoons at any time from 12:00 to 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time (9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Pacific) and, during college football season, during prime time on Saturday nights as part of the Saturday Night Football package. Due to the erratic and (outside of college football season) highly inconsistent scheduling of sports programming on weekend afternoons since ESPN took over responsibilities for ABC's sports division in 2006, ABC carries the ESPN Sports Saturday block on Saturday late afternoons (featuring various ESPN-produced documentaries), and on Sundays either encores of primetime reality series, cancelled series being burned off that had no room on the primetime schedule, occasional theatrical films which were acquired by the network in the early to mid-2000s that no longer have a primetime slot to air in or more recently, figure skating and gymnastics specials supplied by Disson Skating, when no sports telecasts are scheduled, usually airing between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time. During the summer, ABC airs ESPN-produced highlight compilation programs for The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments to provide some presence for both events on American broadcast television. ABC also carries various X Games weekend events not broadcast by ESPN. ABC airs NBA games on Sundays, normally starting in January as \"NBA Sunday Showcase\" during the regular season, and shows Christmas Day games, regularly between 2–7 PM ET, and NBA playoff games during the weekends, and exclusive rights to the NBA Finals.", "2017–18 United States network television schedule. The 2017–18 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2017 to August 2018. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 2016–17 season.", "2016 US Open (tennis). In the United States, the 2016 US Open was the second under a new, 11-year, $825 million contract with ESPN, in which the broadcaster holds exclusive rights to the entire tournament and the US Open Series. This means that the tournament was not available on broadcast television. This also makes ESPN the exclusive U.S. broadcaster for three of the four tennis majors.[2][3][4]", "Daytime television in the United States. Note that the series listed below are not necessarily restricted to daytime and can air in any open time slot.", "2017–18 United States network television schedule. NBC was the first to announce its fall schedule, on May 14, 2017,[1] followed by Fox on May 15,[2] ABC on May 16,[3] CBS on May 17,[4] and The CW on May 18, 2017.[5] NBC adjusted its schedule on May 30, 2017.[6]" ]

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[ "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd Regimental Combat Team is an infantry regiment of the United States Army, part of the Army Reserve. The regiment was a fighting unit composed almost entirely of American soldiers of Japanese ancestry who fought in World War II. Most of the families of mainland Japanese Americans were confined to internment camps in the United States interior. Beginning in 1944, the regiment fought primarily in Europe during World War II,[2] in particular Italy, southern France, and Germany.", "Internment of Japanese Americans. The 442nd Regimental Combat Team, which fought in Europe, was formed from those Japanese Americans who agreed to serve. This unit was the most highly decorated U.S. military unit of its size and duration.[140] The 442nd's Nisei segregated field artillery battalion, then on detached service within the U.S. Army in Bavaria, liberated at least one of the satellite labor camps of the Nazis' original concentration camp at Dachau on April 29, 1945,[141] and only days later, on May 2, halted a death march in southern Bavaria.[142][143]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). At 4 a.m. on Friday 27 October, General John E. Dahlquist ordered the 442nd to move out and rescue the cut-off battalion. The 442nd had the support of the 522nd and 133rd Field Artillery units but at first made little headway against German General Richter's infantry and artillery front line.[17]:66 For the next few days the 442nd engaged in the heaviest fighting it had seen in the war, as the elements combined with the Germans to slow their advance. Dense fog and very dark nights prevented the men from seeing even twenty feet. Many men had to hang onto the man in front of him just to know where to go. Rainfall, snow, cold, mud, fatigue, trench foot, and even exploding trees plagued them as they moved deeper into the Vosges and closer to the German frontlines.[11]:185,187 The 141st continued fighting—in all directions.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The newly formed Nisei unit went into battle together on 26 June 1944 at the village of Belvedere in Suvereto, Tuscany. Although the 100th was attached to the 442nd, their actions earned them a separate Presidential Unit Citation. Second and Third Battalions were the first to engage the enemy, in a fierce firefight. F Company bore the worst fighting. A, B, and C Companies of the 100th were called into combat and advanced east using a covered route to reach the high ground northeast of Belvedere.[9]:34 The enemy did not know that the 100th was flanking the German exit, trapping them in Belvedere. C Company blocked the town's entrance while A Company blocked the exit. As this was occurring the 442nd's 2nd Battalion was receiving a heavy barrage by the Germans from inside Belvedere, and the Germans remained unaware of their situation. B Company stayed on the high ground and conducted a surprise attack on the German battalion's exposed east flank, forcing the Germans to flee and run into C Company, which then drove the Germans to A Company.[10]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). Following the tough battle through the Vosges Mountains, the 442nd was sent to the Maritime Alps and the French Riviera. It was a walk in the park compared to what they had experienced in October. Little to no action occurred in the next four months as they rested.[citation needed] The 442nd guarded and patrolled a twelve to fourteen-mile front line segment of the French-Italian border. This part of the 442nd's journey gained the name \"Champagne Campaign\" because of the available wine, women, and merry times.[citation needed] The 442nd experienced additional losses as patrols sometimes ran into enemy patrols, or sometimes soldiers stepped on enemy and allied land mines. Occasionally, soldiers of the 442nd captured spies and saboteurs.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd Regimental Combat Team was the most decorated unit for its size and length of service in the history of American warfare.[3] The 4,000 men who initially came in April 1943 had to be replaced nearly 2.5 times. In total, about 14,000 men served, earning 9,486 Purple Hearts. The unit was awarded eight Presidential Unit Citations (5 earned in one month).[4]:201 Twenty-one of its members were awarded Medals of Honor.[2] Members of the 442nd received 18,143 awards, including:", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). On the Italian front, the 442nd had contact with the only segregated African-American active combat unit of the U.S. Army in Europe, the 92nd Infantry Division, as well as troops of the British and French colonial empires (West and East Africans, Moroccans, Algerians, Indians, Gurkhas, Jews from the Palestine mandate)[32] and the non-segregated Brazilian Expeditionary Force[33] which had in its ranks ethnic Japanese.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd RCT was inactivated in Honolulu in 1946, but reactivated in 1947 in the U.S. Army Reserve. It was mobilized in 1968 to refill the Strategic Reserve during the Vietnam War, and carries on the honors and traditions of the unit. Today, the 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry, is the only ground combat unit of the Army Reserve.[44] The battalion headquarters is at Fort Shafter, Hawaii, with subordinate units based in Hilo, American Samoa, Saipan, and Guam. The only military presence in American Samoa consists of the battalion's B and C companies.[2]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). In front of the 442nd lay mountains code-named Georgia, Florida, Ohio 1, Ohio 2, Ohio 3, Monte Cerreta, Monte Folgorito, Monte Belvedere, Monte Carchio, and Monte Altissimo. These objectives hinged on surprising the Germans. The 100th went after Georgia Hill and the 3rd Battalion attacked Mount Folgorita. On 3 April the 442nd moved into position under the cover of nightfall to hide from the Germans who had good sight lines from their location on the mountains. The next day the 442nd waited. At 0500 the following morning they were ready to strike. A little over 30 minutes later objectives Georgia and Mount Folgorita were taken, cracking the Gothic Line. They achieved surprise and forced the enemy to retreat. After counterattacking, the Germans were defeated. During this time, 2nd Battalion was moving into position at Mount Belvedere, which overlooked Massa and the Frigido River.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 100th Infantry Battalion relocated to Camp Shelby in Mississippi. Eventually, the 100th was joined by 3,000 volunteers from Hawaii and 800 from the mainland camps. As a regimental combat team (RCT), the 442nd RCT was a self-sufficient fighting formation of three infantry battalions (originally 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions, 442nd Infantry, and later the 100th Infantry Battalion in place of the 1st), the 522nd Field Artillery Battalion, the 232nd Engineer Company, an anti-tank company, cannon company, service company, medical detachment, headquarters companies, and the 206th Army Band.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). In August 2004, the battalion was mobilized for duty in Iraq, stationed at Logistics Support Area Anaconda in the city of Balad, which is located about 50 miles northwest of Baghdad. Lt. Colonel Colbert Low assumed command of the battalion only a few weeks after the battalion arrived at Logistical Support Area Anaconda. As of January 2006, the 100th had returned home with the exception of some 100 artillery personnel. One soldier was killed by an improvised explosive device attack. Four members of the battalion were killed in action before the battalion returned home in January 2006. During the year-long deployment, one of Charlie Company's attached platoons, call sign COBRA BLACK 1 discovered over 50 weapons caches.[citation needed] Their techniques in plotting the enemy's likely caches sites allowed Cobra Black 1 to systematically detect and destroy some of the largest stores of mortars, rockets, IEDs and ammunition in the area of operation in and around LSA Anaconda. Their success led to a dramatic decrease in IED attacks and indirect fire into LSA Anaconda.[citation needed] Unlike the soldiers of World War II who were predominantly Japanese Americans, these soldiers came from as far away as Miami, Florida, Tennessee, Alaska and included soldiers from Hawaii, Philippines, Samoa and Palau.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd is commonly reported[34] to have suffered a casualty rate of 314 percent, informally derived from 9,486 Purple Hearts divided by some 3,000 original in-theater personnel. The official casualty rate, combining KIA (killed) with MIA (missing) and WIA (wounded and removed from action) totals, as a fraction of all who served, is 93%, still uncommonly high.[citation needed] Many Purple Hearts were awarded during the Vosges Mountains campaign and some of the wounded were victims of trenchfoot. But many trenchfoot victims were forced—or willingly chose—to return to their unit even while classified as \"wounded in action\". Wounded soldiers often escaped from hospitals to return to the fight.[citation needed]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). From 20 to 22 March, the 442 and the 232 shipped off to Italy from France but the 522nd Field Artillery Battalion was sent to another part of Europe. They traveled northwards some 600 miles (970 km) through the Rhone Valley and stopped at Kleinblittersdorf on the east bank of the Saar River. The 522nd aided the 63rd Division on the Siegfried Line defenses south of St. Ingbert from 12–21 March.[9]:99 The 522nd became a roving battalion, supporting nearly two dozen army units along the front traveling a total of 1,100 miles (1,800 km) across Germany and accomplishing every objective of their fifty-two assignments.[11]:239 The 522nd was the only Nisei unit to fight in Germany. On 29 April scouts of the 522nd located a satellite camp of the infamous Dachau concentration camp next to the small Bavarian town of Lager Lechfeld, adjacent to Hurlach. Scouts from the 522nd were among the first Allied troops to release prisoners from the Kaufering IV Hurlach satellite camp, one of nearly 170 such camps, where more than 3,000 prisoners were held.[22]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). After leaving Naples, the 442nd landed in Marseille on 30 September and for the next few weeks they traveled 500 miles (800 km) through the Rhone Valley, by walking and by boxcar, until 13 October. On 14 October 1944 the 442nd began moving into position in the late afternoon preparing the assault on Hills A, B, C, and D of Bruyères. Each hill was heavily guarded, as each hill was key in order to take and secure the city. Hill A was located Northwest of Bruyères, Hill B to the North, Hill C Northeast, and Hill D to the East. The 442nd had experienced mainly prairie in Italy, but the Vosges Mountains provided a very different terrain. The unit faced dense fog, mud, heavy rain, large trees, hills, and heavy enemy gunfire and artillery while moving through the Vosges. Hitler had ordered the German frontline to fight at all costs as this was the last barrier between the Allied forces and Germany. On 15 October 1944 the 442nd began its attack on Bruyères. The 100th Battalion moved on Hill A, which was held by the SS Polizei Regiment 19, as 2nd Battalion moved in on Hill B. Third Battalion was left to take Bruyères.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). Although they were permitted to volunteer to fight, Americans of Japanese ancestry were generally forbidden to fight in combat in the Pacific Theater. No such limitations were placed on Americans of German or Italian ancestry, who were assigned to units fighting against the Axis Powers in the European Theater. There were many more German and Italian Americans than Japanese Americans, and their political and economic power reduced the restrictions against them. Many men deemed proficient enough in the Japanese language were approached, or sometimes ordered, to join the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) to serve as translators/interpreters and spies in the Pacific, as well as in the China Burma India Theater. These men were sent to the MIS Language School at Camp Savage, Minnesota to develop their language skills and receive training in military intelligence. While the 442nd trained in Mississippi, the 100th departed for Oran in North Africa to join the forces destined to invade Italy.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd, along with its first battalion, the 100th, kept driving the enemy north, engaging in multiple skirmishes until they had passed Sassetta. The battle of Belvedere showed that the 442nd could hold their own and showed them the kind of fighting the 100th Battalion had gone through in the prior months. After only a few days of rest, the united 442nd again entered into combat on 1 July, taking Cecina and moving towards the Arno River. On 2 July, as the 442nd approached the Arno, 5th Battalion engaged in a hard-fought battle to take Hill 140, while on 7 July the 100th fought for the town of Castellina Marittima.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd Combat Team, less its 1st Battalion, which had remained in the U.S. to train Nisei replacements after many of its members were levied as replacements for the 100th, sailed from Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 1 May 1944 and landed at Anzio on 28 May. The 442nd would join the 100th Battalion in Civitavecchia north of Rome on 11 June 1944, attached to the 34th Infantry Division. The 100th was placed under the command of the 442nd on 15 June 1944 but on 14 August 1944, the 100th Battalion was officially assigned to the 442nd as its 1st battalion, but was allowed to keep its unit designation in recognition of its distinguished fighting record. The 1st Battalion, 442nd Infantry at Camp Shelby was then redesignated the 171st Infantry Battalion (Separate) on 5 September 1944. The 100th Battalion's high casualty rate at Anzio and Monte Cassino earned it the unofficial nickname \"Purple Heart Battalion.\"[8]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The fighting was intense for the Germans as well. Gebirgsjager Battalion 202 from Salzburg was cut off from Gebirgsjager Battalion 201 from Garmisch.[17]:72 Both sides eventually rescued their cut-off battalions.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd also captured an enemy submarine. A Nisei soldier noticed what looked like an animal in the water but upon closer look it was actually a one-man German midget submarine. The German and the submarine were captured and handed over to the U.S. Navy.[21] On 23 March 1945, the 442nd Regimental Combat Team sailed back to Italy and returned to the Gothic Line.[citation needed]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). Colonel Rolin's grenadiers put up a desperate fight, but nothing could stop the Nisei rushing up the steep slopes, shouting, firing from the hip, and lobbing hand grenades into dugouts. Finally the German defenses broke and the surviving grenadiers fled in disarray. That afternoon the American aid stations were crowded with casualties. The 2nd platoon of Company I had only two men left, and the 1st platoon was down to twenty.\"[17]:89 On the afternoon of 30 October, 3rd Battalion broke through and reached the 141st, rescuing 211 T-Patchers at the cost of 800 men in five days. However, the fighting continued for the 442nd as they moved past the 141st. The drive continued until they reached Saint-Die on 17 November when they were finally pulled back. The 100th fielded 1,432 men a year earlier, but was now down to 239 infantrymen and 21 officers. Second Battalion was down to 316 riflemen and 17 officers, while not a single company in 3rd Battalion had over 100 riflemen; the entire 100th/442nd Regimental Combat Team was down to less than 800 soldiers. Earlier (on 13 October) when attached to the 36th Infantry, the unit was at 2,943 rifleman and officers, thus in only three weeks 140 were killed and a further 1,800 had been wounded, while 43 were missing.[14]:83,85", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). On 23 March 1945 the 100/442 shipped out from Marseille and traveled to Leghorn, Italy, attached to the 92nd Division. The Fifth Army had been stalemated at the Gothic Line for the prior five months. The 442nd faced extremely tough terrain, where the saw-toothed Apennines rose up from the Ligurian Sea. Starting from the northeast, the peaks hugged the east coast of Italy and stretched diagonally southward across the Italian boot. To the west, on the other side of the mountains, was the wide flat Po River Valley that led to the Austrian Alps—the last barrier to Germany. For nine months German Field Marshal Albert Kesselring directed the construction of the Gothic Line along the top of the Apennines. The Todt Organization (known for its fortifications at Monte Cassino) used 15,000 Italian slave laborers. They drilled into solid rock to make gun pits and trenches, which they reinforced with concrete. They built 2,376 machine gun nests with interlocking fire.[14]:105–7", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). On 5 October 2010, the Congressional Gold Medal was awarded to the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, the 100th Infantry Battalion, and Nisei serving in the Military Intelligence Service.[37]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). In 2012, the surviving members of the 442nd RCT were made chevaliers of the French Légion d'Honneur for their actions contributing to the liberation of France during World War II and their heroic rescue of the Lost Battalion outside of Biffontaine.[38][39][40]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). As the men of the 442nd went deeper and deeper they became more hesitant, until reaching the point where they would not move from behind a tree or come out of a foxhole. However, this all changed in an instant. The men of Companies I and K of 3rd Battalion had their backs against the wall, but as each one saw another rise to attack, then another also rose. Then every Nisei charged the Germans screaming, and many screaming \"Banzai!\"[14]:83 Through gunfire, artillery shells, and fragments from trees, and Nisei going down one after another, they charged.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). After less than two days in reserve, the 442nd was ordered to attempt the rescue of the \"Lost Battalion\" two miles east of Biffontaine.[18]:139 On 23 October Colonel Lundquist's 141st Regiment, soon to be known as the \"Alamo\" Regiment, began its attack on the German line that ran from Rambervillers to Biffontaine. Tuesday morning, 24 October, the left flank of the 141st, commanded by Technical Sergeant Charles H. Coolidge, ran into heavy action, fending off numerous German attacks throughout the days of 25 and 26 October. The right flank command post was overrun and 275 men of Lieutenant Colonel William Bird's 1st Battalion Companies A, B, C, and a platoon from Company D were cut off 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) behind enemy lines.[17]:61–62 The \"Lost Battalion\" was cut off by German troops and was forced to dig in until help arrived. It was nearly a week before they saw friendly soldiers.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). After heavy fighting dealing with enemy machine guns and snipers and a continuous artillery barrage placed onto the Germans, the 100th Battalion was eventually able to take Hill A by 3 a.m. on 18 October. 2nd Battalion took Hill B in a similar fashion only hours later. Once Hill A and B were secured, 3rd Battalion along with the 36th Infantry's 142nd Regiment began its assault from the south. After the 232nd broke through the concrete barriers around town hall of Bruyères, the 442nd captured 134 Wehrmacht members including Poles, Yugoslavs, Somalis, East Indians of the Regiment \"Freies Indien\", 2nd and 3rd Company of Fusilier Battalion 198, Grenadier Regiment 736, and Panzer Grenadier Regiment 192.[17]:43 After three days of fighting Bruyères fell but was not yet secured. Germans on Hill C and D used that high-ground to launch artillery barrages on the town; Hills C and D needed to be taken to secure Bruyères.[14]:60", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). Hill 140 was the main line of enemy resistance. A single German battalion held the hill and, along with the help of artillery, had completely wiped out a machine-gun squad of L Company of the 3rd Battalion and G Company of 2nd Battalion except for its commander.[9]:36 A constant barrage of artillery shells were launched against the 2nd and 3rd Battalions as they dug in at the hill's base. The 442nd gained very little ground in the coming days only improving their position slightly. The 232nd Engineers aided the 442nd by defusing landmines that lay in the 442nd's path. The entire 34th Division front encountered heavy resistance. \"All along the 34th Infantry Division Front the Germans held more doggedly than at any time since the breakthrough at Cassino and Anzio.\"[9]:37 Hill 140 had been dubbed \"Little Cassino\" as the resistance by the Germans was so fierce. \"Hill 140, when the medics were just overrun with all the casualties; casualties you couldn't think to talk about.\"[12] The 2nd Battalion moved to the eastern front of Hill 140 and 3rd Battalion moved to the western front, both converging on the German flanks. It wasn't until 7 July when the last German resistance was taken down that the hill came under the 34th Division's control.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). General Dahlquist's dubious command of the 442nd received mixed reviews, chiefly from the unit's officers rather than the enlisted soldiers, who believed that Dahlquist considered his Nisei soldiers expendable cannon fodder. Despite examples of ostensibly courageous behavior, his decisions were undermined by the failure to tally victories without considerable costs to his men. A particular example was when his aide Lieutenant Wells Lewis, the eldest son of novelist Sinclair Lewis, was killed while Dahlquist was issuing orders standing in the open during a battle.[14]:82 When Dahlquist ordered his men to take Biffontaine, it was despite the sparsely populated farming town being militarily insignificant, out of the range of artillery and radio contact. In another example, Lieutenant Allan M. Ohata was ordered to charge with his men up a hill toward the enemy, who were dug in and well supplied. Ohata considered the order a certain suicide mission. Despite the threat of court-martial and demotion he refused, insisting that the men would be better off attacking the position \"their own way.\"[11]:190 Lt. Ohata's Distinguished Service Cross, for his actions in Italy as an enlistedStaff Sergeant, was ultimately upgraded to the Medal of Honor.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). On the day Hill 140 fell, the battle for the town of Castellina Marittima began. The 100th began its assault on the northwestern side of the town taking the high ground. Just before dawn, 2nd Platoon C Company moved into town, encountering heavy resistance and multiple counterattacks by German forces but held them off. In the meantime Company B moved north into Castellina, encountering heavy resistance as well. First they helped defend 2nd and 3rd Battalions in the taking of Hill 140. Then with the help of the 522nd Field Artillery, they lay down a heavy barrage and forced the Germans to retreat by 1800 hours on 7 July.[9]:38 The 100th dug in and waited for relief to arrive after spending an entire day securing the town.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). One of the most decorated soldiers in World War II. The 100th had the dubious distinction of being called the \"Purple Heart Battalion\" because almost everyone who served in the 100th had at least one Purple Heart. Like the Tuskeegee Airmen, the 100th Battalion/ 442nd Regimental Combat Team had to fight two wars, one in Europe and one at home. At full strength the 442nd only numbered 4,500 men, but this unit earned over 3,900 individual decorations. -For more detail read the book \"Americans: The Story of the 442nd Combat Team\"", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd made a continuous push against the German Army and objectives began to fall: Ohio 1, 2, and 3, Mount Belvedere on 6 April by 2nd Battalion, Montignoso 8 April by 3rd Battalion, Mount Brugiana on 11 April by 2nd Battalion, Carrara by 3rd Battalion on 11 April, and Ortonovo by the 100th on 15 April. The 442 turned a surprise diversionary attack into an all-out offensive. The advance came so quickly that supply units had a hard time keeping up.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd initially took Hills C and D but did not secure them and they fell back into German hands. By noon of 19 October, Hill D was taken by 2nd and 3rd Battalions, who then were ordered to take a railroad embankment leaving Hill D unsecure. As the 100th began moving on Hill C on 20 October, German forces retook Hill D during the night.[9]:57 The 100th Battalion was ordered back to Bruyères into reserve, allowing a German force onto Hill C, surprising another American division arriving into position. Retaking Hill C cost another 100 casualties.[14]:62 Hill D fell back into Allied hands after a short time, finally securing the town. The 232nd Engineers had to dismantle roadblocks, clear away trees and clear mine fields all in the midst of the battle.[9]:51,54 The 100th rested, then was called to the battle for Biffontaine." ]

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[ "List of Orange Is the New Black characters. Sam Healy (played by Michael J. Harney) – Healy is an experienced Corrections Officer and supervisor at Litchfield Penitentiary who has a Master of Social Work and acts as prison counselor to many of the inmates. He is initially presented as someone who, though rigid, genuinely wants to help the inmates under his care. Due to his preference for avoiding confrontation, Healy is contemptuously referred to as \"Samantha\" by Caputo, who feels that Healy is not tough enough on the inmates. Healy generally appears weary and often tells the inmates what they want to hear so they will leave him alone - he later admits to his own counselor that he is dissatisfied with his job, having gone into it with such idealistic notions of changing the world, but his experiences have left him cynical. Despite this, he still shows a sense of justice, such as forging evidence to show that Suzanne (who was going to take for the fall for an assault she did not commit) was in fact innocent. Healy has an outspoken personal vendetta against lesbians for unknown reasons, cautioning Piper at the beginning of the series not to be involved with lesbian activity. While early on he appears particularly sympathetic towards Piper and even acts biased in her favor, he increasingly dislikes her as he hears rumors of her alleged lesbian activities. His hatred of lesbians, first presented as a quirk, is later revealed to be a deep-seated pathological problem when he explosively sends Piper to solitary confinement purely because she was dancing closely with Alex. In season four, it is revealed that his hatred of lesbianism was imbued in him by his father, who believed that it was a disease akin to schizophrenia. His increasing disdain of Piper culminates in his acquiescence to Tiffany Doggett's attempt to murder her in the first-season finale.", "Michael Harney. Michael John Harney (born March 27, 1956)[1] is an American actor of film, television, and theater. He is best known for starring on the SAG Award-winning Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black as Corrections Officer Sam Healy.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters. Healy's background is further explored in season four. His mother suffered from severe mental illness, causing frequent stress to young Sam. When she began electroconvulsive therapy, her erratic behavior subsided. However, she confided to Sam that she wished to stop the therapy, as they caused her to feel \"fuzzy\" and forgetful. Sam protested against this, saying that he preferred her medicated. Following this, his mother left the home and never returned, with Healy still uncertain of her fate decades later. This experience causes problems between him and the schizophrenic Lolly, with Healy believing that her confession to murdering a guard is only a delusion. At the end of the fourth season, increasingly dissatisfied with his job and unsure if he is able to be effective, he contemplates suicide by walking into a lake, but returns to shore when he hears his phone ring. Later, rather than returning to work, he voluntarily checks himself into psychiatric care, and is later seen in the facility while watching Caputo's statement on television. He makes no appearance in season five.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters. During the second season, Healy makes amends with Piper, supporting her idea of a weekly prison newsletter and getting her a furlough to visit her dying grandmother. He also attempts to start a group counseling program with Tiffany, but cancels it due to poor attendance, further adding to his emotional exhaustion. At home, Healy is in a troubled and seemingly-loveless marriage with a Ukrainian mail-order bride, who speaks little English, and her mother. It is implied that Healy lied about himself to her on the Internet, and she is only staying with him because she has two years left until she gets her green card. In the third season, he enlists the help of Red to mediate between the two and bridge the language gap, however Red ends up lambasting his wife and defending Healy as a \"good man\". Following this, Healy and his wife appear to split, while Healy then forms a closer bond with Red. It is also implied they have mutual romantic feelings for one another; but Red initially flirts with him so that she can be reassigned on her job in the kitchen, much to Healy's dismay. Later, it seems that Red and Healy may still have hidden feelings for each other, as evidenced by a shared a look during Lorna Morello's wedding. Red rejects the idea of developing their relationship, saying \"their ships passed too late in the night\", despite Healy's attempts to admit their feelings for each other. At times, Healy also finds himself at odds with new counselor Berdie Rogers and her alternative methods, feeling that she is encouraging the prisoners to engage in deviant behavior.", "Mel Owen. To counteract the large number of departures, Robinson introduced several new characters, among them Melanie Healy played by Tamzin Outhwaite.[2] In an interview with website Walfordweb, Matthew Robinson has stated that Melanie was \"dreamt up to supplement the 'totty' contingent – running thin at the time\". Robinson stated that Tamzin Outhwaite was \"a shoo-in – and not just because of her beautiful blonde hair. Within a minute of her walking into auditions, hundreds already having trooped in and out of the door, I knew we had our star.\"[3] Outhwaite has stated that she was given the role without having to do a screen-test.[4] Mel was brought into the serial as a member of the already established Healy family, joining her brother Reverend Alex Healy (Richard Driscoll) and father Jeff Healy (Leslie Schofield) in October 1998. Initially Mel's relationship with Alex and Jeff was not disclosed to viewers, and it was several weeks after her introduction that Mel actually came face-to-face with her brother on-screen; it was revealed that she had been estranged from them for some time.[5][6]", "Kimberly Williams-Paisley. From 2001 to 2008, Williams-Paisley played the role of Dana in the ABC sitcom According to Jim, opposite Jim Belushi and Courtney Thorne-Smith. She left the show after its 7th season, but she came back for the show's final episode in 2009. She had a short yet well known appearance on King of Queens. On stage, Williams-Paisley replaced Arija Bareikis as Sunny in The Last Night of Ballyhoo, written by Alfred Uhry (of Driving Miss Daisy fame) sometime later in the play's February 1997 to June 1998 run.[5] During the 2000s, she also starred in number of made for television movies, and also guest starred on Less than Perfect, Boston Legal, and Royal Pains. In film, she starred opposite Matthew McConaughey in 2006 drama We Are Marshall.", "Asia Kate Dillon. Asia Kate Dillon (born November 15, 1984)[1] is an American actor who plays Brandy Epps in Orange Is the New Black and Taylor Mason in Billions. Dillon is non-binary and uses singular they pronouns.[2][3][4] Their role on Billions is the first non-binary main character on North American television, and earned them a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.[5][6][7][8]", "Hot in Cleveland. Season four recurring guests include Heather Locklear as Chloe, Jay Harrington as Alec, and Alan Dale as Emmett. Other guest stars include Craig Ferguson, who plays the ex-boyfriend that left Joy when she became pregnant, Eddie Cibrian as Sean, Fred Willard as Dr. Hill, and Gary Anthony Sturgis as Officer Davenport, while Ed Begley Jr., Nicholas Bishop, Heather Dubrow, Dave Foley, Jesse Tyler Ferguson and George Hamilton also make guest appearances. Georgia Engel and Regis Philbin reprise their roles from the previous season, while Michael McMillian returns as Owen, Joy's son and Juliet Mills returns for one episode as Joy's mother.[18] In the live episode for the mid-season premiere, Academy Award winner Shirley Jones makes a guest appearance, as does William Shatner as \"Sally from Cincinnati\". Carol Burnett guest-starred as Victoria's mother and Jean Smart guest-starred as Victoria's sister in the second episode of the summer season. Tim Conway also reprised his role as Elka's ex-boyfriend, Nick.", "Ray Wise. In 1995, Wise was reunited with Twin Peaks castmate Sherilyn Fenn in the NBC telemovie Liz: The Elizabeth Taylor Story. He also starred as the Devil on the TV series Reaper. In recent years, Wise has appeared on a number of political-themed television series and films. He briefly appeared on The West Wing as California governor Gabriel \"Gabe\" Tillman, and played Vice President Hal Gardner on the Emmy-winning Fox series 24 in 2006. In August 2006, Wise made a guest appearance in the Fox TV series Bones as the primary suspect of the first episode of the second season (\"The Titan on the Tracks\"), and in the pilot episode of Burn Notice. In Season 8, episode 13 of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (2007), Wise guest starred as the head of a company testing pesticides on little children. Wise has also guest starred in two episodes of The Closer, as lawyer Tom Blanchard. He starred in Charmed as the upper level demon Ludlow, who runs a school for the Source Of All Evil in the episode \"Lost and Bound.\" He had a small role in one episode of the sixth season of Dawson's Creek, playing Roger Stepateck. Wise starred in the 2009 SyFy original movie Infestation. He was a guest star in Psych and played the lead as Avery in a psychological thriller, Iodine, in 2009. In 2010, in a special episode of Psych titled \"Dual Spires\", he joined his fellow Twin Peaks alumni Dana Ashbrook, Robyn Lively, Lenny Von Dohlen, Sheryl Lee, Catherine E. Coulson, and Sherilyn Fenn in a spoof of Twin Peaks.", "Amanda Fuller. Fuller's credits include cult indie film Red, White and Blue[2][3] and Creature,[4] with appearances in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, NCIS, 7th Heaven, Judging Amy, Boston Public, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 8 Simple Rules, The Division, Touched by an Angel, Malcolm in the Middle, The Practice, Without a Trace, L.A. Doctors and That 70s Show and a role in the graphic adventure game Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster. Fuller directed the Los Angeles production of the theatrical play This is our Youth written by Kenneth Lonergan starring Tyler Williams (of television’s Everybody Hates Chris). Fuller was a recurring guest star on the 2012 season of Grey's Anatomy on ABC.[5] In 2012, Fuller joined the cast of the Tim Allen-starred ABC sitcom Last Man Standing, portraying the role of Kristin Baxter, replacing Alexandra Krosney who played the role in the first season.[6] She is currently portraying Madison \"Badison\" Murphy on Orange Is the New Black.", "John Carroll Lynch. John Carroll Lynch (born August 1, 1963)[1][2] is an American actor and director. He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo. He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character's cross-dressing brother, Steve Carey, as well as on American Horror Story: Freak Show and American Horror Story: Cult as Twisty the Clown. His films include Face/Off, Gran Torino, Shutter Island, Ted 2, The Invitation, and Zodiac. Most recently, he portrayed McDonald's co-founder Maurice McDonald in The Founder. He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film Lucky.", "Tiffany Doggett. It is revealed in the third episode that Suzanne Warren (played by Uzo Aduba) is also involved in the fight at the end of season one. She punches Chapman in the face twice and knocks her unconscious (Doggett is already unconscious at this stage).[26][27] This gives the impression that Doggett and Chapman were evenly matched and therefore equally responsible.[27][28] Following Doggett's return to full health, she finds that her previous best friends, Leanne Taylor (played by Emma Myles) and Angie Rice (played by Julie Lake), no longer want to be associated with her. This leaves Doggett seeking prison counsellor Sam Healy (played by Michael J. Harney) for comfort.[29][30]", "Richard Dormer. Following a run of film castings playing secondary characters, he was cast as the lead in the 2012 Good Vibrations which tells the story of Northern Ireland personality and punk rock visionary Terri Hooley. The film premièred at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, was awarded Best Film at the Galway film awards, best screenplay, Dinard and nominated for the Outstanding Debut award at the 2014 British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards.[11] The film was well received by critics gaining consistent reviews, most of which highlighted Dormer's performance as a strength.[12][13][14][15] Dormer's portrayal of Terri Hooley saw him nominated in the Best Actor award in the 2013 Irish Film and Television Awards. He has since played roles in Yann Demange's critically acclaimed film '71 alongside Jack O'Connell and forthcoming Gerard Johnson directed Hyena, 2014.", "Donal Logue. Donal Francis Logue (born February 27, 1966)[2][3] or (born February 27, 1966)[4] (sources vary) is a Canadian-born Irish-American[5] film and television actor, producer and writer. His notable roles include starring in the film The Tao of Steve, Sons of Anarchy, Vikings, the sitcom Grounded for Life, the television series Copper and the detective series Terriers. He stars as detective Harvey Bullock in Fox's Gotham and had a recurring role in NBC's Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Lt. Declan Murphy.", "Michael Harney. Throughout Harney's television career, he has performed in numerous blockbuster films such as Erin Brockovich and Ocean's Thirteen. Before starring on Orange Is the New Black, Harney starred as Detective Mike Roberts in the award-winning television police drama NYPD Blue and also in the HBO historical drama series Deadwood as Steve Fields. Harney first worked with Orange Is The New Black creator Jenji Kohan on the Showtime original dark comedy Weeds, starring opposite Mary-Louise Parker as Detective Mitch Ouellette.", "Topher Grace. Christopher John \"Topher\" Grace (/ˈtoʊfər/; born July 12, 1978)[1] is an American actor. He is known for playing Eric Forman in the Fox sitcom That '70s Show, Eddie Brock/Venom in Sam Raimi's film Spider-Man 3, Carter Duryea in the film In Good Company, and Edwin in the 2010 film Predators.", "Taylor Kitsch. Kitsch is also known for his work in television, he portrayed Tim Riggins in the NBC series Friday Night Lights (2006–2011), starred in the second season of the HBO series True Detective as Paul Woodrugh, and appeared in the television film The Normal Heart (2014) as Bruce Niles.", "Johnny Galecki. John Mark Galecki (born April 30, 1975)[1] is an American actor. He is known for playing Dr. Leonard Hofstadter in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory since 2007 and David Healy in the ABC sitcom Roseanne from 1992 to 1997. Galecki also appeared in the films National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Prancer (1989), Suicide Kings (1997), I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), Bookies (2003), In Time (2011), and Rings (2017).", "Emma Kenney. Emma Rose Kenney (born September 14, 1999) is an American actress, best known for her portrayal of Debbie Gallagher on Shameless, a role she has held since 2011. Kenney played Harris Conner-Healy in the revival of the '80s/'90s family sitcom Roseanne.[1]", "Lea DeLaria. In January 2015, DeLaria became engaged to fashion editor Chelsea Fairless after two and a half years of dating. The two met through Fairless's friend, actress Emma Myles, who plays Leanne in Orange is the New Black.[32] In January 2017, DeLaria confirmed she and Fairless had separated.[33]", "Kelly Karbacz. In 2016, Karbacz joined the cast of Orange Is The New Black in their fourth season, playing the role of Kasey Sankey, an inmate with white supremacist beliefs.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters. Joseph Salvatore \"Joe\" Caputo (played by Nick Sandow) – One of the administrative officials in the prison. Caputo is initially portrayed as a sleazy character who believes in keeping the inmates dehumanized and who masturbates in his office immediately after his first encounter with Piper. Later, it becomes clear that he genuinely seeks to rehabilitate the inmates and run the prison properly and ethically. He doesn't tolerate corruption, inefficiency, and sexual exploitation, later telling Bennett while berating him for impregnating Daya that he masturbates to control any urges to sleep with one of the inmates. It is shown through flashbacks in the third season that Caputo's desire to do the right thing has always been met with ingratitude and bad results for him. Prior to working at the prison, he quit his band to raise his girlfriend's daughter - who was conceived with one of his bandmates while they were separated - only for them to become successful while he got stuck in a low-paid job in the prison service, and his wife selfishly left him for her daughter's father. Throughout the first season, Caputo appeared to have romantic feelings for the new recruit to the staff, Susan Fischer. However, when she did not return the feelings, Caputo became upset and fired her during an argument. He is easily the most competent of the prison staff, being more than capable of dealing with crises without being appeasing or oppressive – on one occasion, upon finding out that there is a hunger strike in the prison, he goes to the strikers directly and tells them straight that most of their demands are either unreasonable or are being resolved independently, without then sending them to the SHU. In addition, he is unafraid to challenge people who are being unreasonable, routinely lashing out at Figueroa for her austere methods, and Healy for his lesbian witch hunt. He also plays bass guitar in a band called \"Side Boob,\" and attempts to grow plants as a therapeutic hobby. Caputo is also seen to be very ambitious, and desired to move up the ladder to eventually become warden. When Piper finds evidence of Figueroa embezzling funds from the prison, Caputo uses it to force her resignation and he becomes the new assistant warden.", "Elizabeth Rodriguez. Elizabeth Rodriguez (born December 27, 1980)[1][2] is an American actress. Rodriguez is best known for her role as Aleida Diaz in the Netflix comedy-drama series, Orange Is the New Black (2013–present). She received a Tony Award nomination, and won an Outer Critics Circle Award and a Theatre World Award for her performance in Stephen Adly Guirgis' 2011 play, The Motherfucker with the Hat. In 2015, she starred as a series regular on the first season of AMC's pre-apocalyptic drama series, Fear the Walking Dead. She played Gabriela Lopez, a nurse working in a secret research facility in the 2017 film Logan.", "Hershel Greene. Scott Wilson was officially announced as being cast in June 2011, along with co-stars Lauren Cohan and Pruitt Taylor Vince.[15]", "Dermot Mulroney. Mulroney played Gavin Mitchell on the TV series, Friends. His character dated Rachel for one episode but they broke up when it became too complicated between them because of Ross. In 1993, he wrote the song \"Someone Else's Used Guitar\" for Peter Bogdanovich's The Thing Called Love, in which he also starred. Mulroney also had a cameo in the Joaquin Phoenix–directed video \"Tired of Being Sorry\" for Balthazar Getty's band Ringside. Mulroney also is credited as a song performer on the movie and for four other tunes, as well as acting in the movie. In 2007, Mulroney voiced Green Lantern Hal Jordan in the animated series The Batman in the season 5 episode \"Ring Toss\". He occasionally reads stories on the WBEZ Chicago Public Radio. In 2012, Mulroney played the love interest of Zooey Deschanel, Russell, in the Fox series New Girl. In 2013, he portrayed the title starring role in the psychotronic horror film The Rambler, which premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival. He also starred alongside Lin Shaye, Angus Sampson, and Stefanie Scott in the 2015 horror sequel Insidious: Chapter 3.[6] He is the narrator of Legends & Lies (2015-2016) executive produced by Bill O'Reilly for Fox News Channel.", "Lethal Weapon (TV series). On February 12, 2016, Damon Wayans was cast as Roger Murtaugh.[54] On February 19, 2016, Golden Brooks was cast as Trish Murtaugh.[55] On March 3, 2016, Jordana Brewster was cast as Dr. Maureen Cahill.[56] On March 7, 2016, Kevin Rahm was cast as Captain Avery.[57] On March 10, 2016, Clayne Crawford was cast as Martin Riggs.[58] On March 15, 2016, Chandler Kinney was cast as Riana Murtaugh.[59] On March 17, 2016, it was announced that Keesha Sharp would take over the role of Trish Murtaugh from Brooks.[60][61] Also on March 17, Johnathan Fernandez was cast as Scorsese.[61][62] When the pilot was picked up to series, Johnathan Fernandez was made a series regular. Though showrunner Matt Miller has expressed interest in making Leo Getz (Thomas Lennon) a series regular at some point, the character is confirmed to be making frequent guest appearances throughout season two.", "Brad William Henke. His television career includes roles in ARLI$$, ER, Dexter, Lost, Justified, The Office (American version), Orange Is The New Black and, most recently, Sneaky Pete.[4][6]", "American Horror Story: Cult. Murphy also revealed via his Instagram account that Freak Show character Twisty the Clown would return in the seventh season, indicating that John Carroll Lynch would reprise his role.[45]", "Annabeth Gish. Annabeth Gish (born March 13, 1971) is an American actress. She has played roles in films Shag, Hiding Out, Mystic Pizza, SLC Punk!, The Last Supper and Double Jeopardy. On television, she played Special Agent Monica Reyes on The X-Files, Elizabeth Bartlet Westin on The West Wing, Diane Gould on Halt and Catch Fire, Eileen Caffee on Brotherhood, Charlotte Millwright on The Bridge and Sheriff Althea Jarry on the final season of Sons of Anarchy.", "Asia Kate Dillon. Dillon played white supremacist Brandy Epps, a penitentiary inmate, in eight episodes of Orange is the New Black in 2016, making them one of the first non-binary actors cast in a major television show.[9][14] They also played a recurring role in season 2 of Showtime's Wall Street drama Billions in 2017.[15] The role they played is a non-binary character, Taylor Mason, a hedge fund intern,[16] who reports state is the first non-binary character on mainstream North American television.[2][17][18][7] Showtime confirmed in April 2017 that Mason would be a regular character in season 3.[19] When submitting their name for an Emmy Award for acting Dillon was allowed to submit for whichever gendered category they wished, and chose \"actor\" over \"actress\" because it is a gender neutral word.[20][21] They received submission for supporting actor.[22] Their effort to clarify the matter for all non-binary people prompted the MTV Movie & TV Awards to combine their gender-segregated categories.[23] They presented the award for Best Actor at the MTV Movie & TV Awards on May 7, 2017.[24]", "Ailsa Stewart. When Nunn fell ill, the producers decided to temporarily recast the role and hired Nancye Hayes.[2]", "Jason Lively. Ronald Jason Lively (born March 12, 1968), better known as Jason Lively, is an American former actor." ]

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[ "Honda CR-V. For the 2010 model year, the CR-V received style, powertrain, and equipment changes. The exterior changes included a redesigned front fascia with a new horizontal-slat chrome grille and honeycomb-designed lower front grille, new front bumper, and revised taillights. The rear bumper was redesigned, as well as new five split-spoke 17-inch alloy wheels for EX and EX-L models. The interior received minor changes, including seat fabrics, as well as wider driver and front-passenger armrests. The audio head unit controls were altered and the information display backlighting in the gauges was changed to blue, instead of the previous black. A USB audio input became standard in the EX-L trim while hands-free Bluetooth connectivity was exclusive to the EX-L trim equipped with navigation system. In 2011, a mid-level SE trim debuted with a 6-disc CD changer and 17-inch 7-spoke alloy wheels that came from the pre-facelift EX and EX-L trims.", "Honda CR-V. The bigger and heavier[6] second generation CR-V (Chassis Code RD4-RD8) was a full redesign, based on the seventh generation Civic, and powered by the K24A1 engine. North American versions of the new engine produced 160 hp (120 kW) and 162 lb⋅ft (220 N⋅m) of torque. Per new SAE regulations, the same engine is now rated at 156 hp (116 kW) and 160 lb⋅ft (220 N⋅m). Despite the power increase, the new CR-V retained the fuel economy of the previous model, thanks in part to the engine's i-VTEC system. The newly developed chassis had increased torsional and bending rigidity, while the new suspension possessed front toe control link MacPherson struts and a rear reactive-link double wishbone; the compact rear suspension increased cargo space to 72 cu ft (2,000 l). The second generation CR-V was Car and Driver magazine's Best Small SUV for 2002 and 2003. Second generation CR-Vs in countries outside of North America were again offered in both \"low specification\" and \"high specification\" variants, with the latter featuring body-colored bumpers and fittings. It also now did not require the glass hatch to be opened before the swinging door. Changes between model years 2002, 2003, and 2004 were minor, involving an enlargement of the center compartment bin and the addition of a front passenger door power lock in the latter two years respectively. The success of the CR-V prompted Honda to introduce an entry-level SUV, the Element.", "Honda CR-V. The Australian higher specification model was called the \"Sport\". It was added at the time of the first facelift and included body-colored bumpers, mirrors, door handles, and hard rear spare wheel cover. It also included alloy wheels, roof rails, and a large glass sunroof. The CR-V became the country's best-selling SUV in 2000, outselling the Toyota Landcruiser for the first time.", "Honda CR-V. In 2005, the CR-V received a mid-cycle refresh. The 2005 CR-V was now equipped with 16 inch wheels, the earlier models had 15 inch wheels. Visual changes included new taillights and headlights with clear indicators. The new headlights now have two separate H1 bulbs for low beams and high beams, the previous setup used H4 single bulb for both low and high beams. The taillights now used clear lenses instead of amber for the turning indicators. The grille was also changed; it had two horizontal bars instead of one. The front bumper design was slightly changed, it now has round fog lights compared to the previous rectangle fog lights and in addition to the lower grill there are two horizontal bars instead of one. The rear bumper reflectors were longer and narrower.", "Honda CR-V. The facelifted 2015 model year CR-V went on sale during October 2014.[13] The CR-V uses the direct injected \"Earth Dreams\" engine and continuously variable transmission (CVT) transmission combination first introduced on the ninth generation Accord, EPA estimated fuel economy is improved +4/+3/+3 mpg (city/highway/combined). The structure has been modified to improve crash performance, particularly in the IIHS's small offset crash test. The suspension shock absorbers, springs, anti-roll bars and lower control arms are also revised to improve ride performance, while a reduced 15.6:1 steering gear ratio and larger brake booster gives it a sportier feel.", "Honda CR-V. The 1999 European, Australian, and Asian CR-V models featured more drastic changes. Exterior alterations included a new front bumper, smoothed off rear bumper, and a smaller plastic radio antenna on the rear of the roof. \"Nighthawk Black\" was added to the list of paint choices, while \"Passion Orange\" disappeared. New dark blue pearl and red pearl shades replaced the former solid red and metallic blue hues. European models received an enlarged Honda emblem on the front grille, and a new metallic yellow paint in certain markets.", "Honda CR-V. The Honda CR-V is a compact crossover manufactured by Honda since 1995. It uses the Honda Civic platform with an SUV body design. The CR-V is Honda's mid-range utility vehicle, slotting between the smaller HR-V and the larger Pilot. Honda states \"", "Honda CR-V. Following the tradition of adding a trim level above the EX during the refresh like the first generation CR-V, Honda added the SE trim level for the 2005 CR-V. The CR-V SE featured painted bumpers, body side molding, and hard, body-colored spare tire cover. For a more luxurious experience, Honda added a leather interior, leather-wrapped steering wheel, and heated side mirrors and front seats.", "Honda CR-V. Mechanically, the 2005 model was also changed. A major change included a drive-by-wire throttle for all CR-Vs. The all-wheel drive system was improved; it had been tuned to activate faster in low traction situations. US market models were equipped with a five-speed automatic, as opposed to the previous four-speed automatic.", "Honda CR-V. Introduced in Japan in 1995 as a concept[citation needed], the CR-V (Chassis Code RD1-RD3) was Honda's first in-house designed sport utility vehicle by Hiroyuki Kawase. The CR-V was introduced in Japan at Honda Verno dealerships only and was regarded as a luxury vehicle in Japan due to the exterior width dimensions exceeding Japanese Government dimension regulations. For North American market, it was displayed at the 1996 Chicago Auto Show and went on sale in February 1997.", "Honda CR-V. Although the body style remained the same as the first generation, an update was made from 1999 to 2001 in response to criticism that the original engine lacked enough power for a vehicle of its weight – 3,200 lb (1,500 kg). The engine was changed to the 2.0 L B20Z engine, producing 147 hp (110 kW) at 6200 rpm and 133 lb⋅ft (180 N⋅m) of torque at 4500 rpm. Fuel economy of 23 mpg‑US (10 L/100 km; 28 mpg‑imp) city/28 mpg‑US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg‑imp) highway (US) and price were not affected by the increase in power, which was the result of a higher compression ratio (9.6:1 compared to the B20B's 8.8:1), a new intake manifold, and slightly higher lift on the intake valves.", "Honda CR-V. In 2000, a Special Edition model was introduced in North America. The SE featured body-colored bumpers and side moldings, a body-colored hard spare tire cover, leather upholstery, CD/cassette audio deck, rear privacy glass, a Navtech navigation system, and chrome grille accent. Until 2001, the CR-V sold more than any other vehicle in its class. The North American models also received new exterior colors including Naples Gold Metallic and Taffeta White. Electron Blue was introduced in 2000 to replace Submarine Blue Pearl, while Satin Silver Metallic replaced Sebring Silver Metallic in 2001. However, that year, sales of the Ford Escape and its clone, the Mazda Tribute, surpassed those of the CR-V.", "Honda Civic. In September 1987, a redesigned Civic was introduced with increased dimensions and a lower hood line. A wide range of models and trim levels were offered for various markets around the world. The most notable of which was the Japanese market SiR (featuring the B16A DOHC VTEC engine). All U.S. models featured electronic fuel injection, but carbureted models were still available elsewhere. The fourth generation saw the introduction of a fully independent rear suspension across the entire model range.[9] In addition, the Honda CRX continued to be part of the Civic family which included the HF, DX, and Si model in the U.S.A / four door version called the Ballade was built, under agreement, by Mercedes Benz South Africa / models were 1500 16v, 1600i 16v, and 1600i 16v DOHC. The first 800 cars produced at the then brand new Honda Plant in Aliston Ontario Canada were SE model cars. These Special Edition models included all white side molding that matched the white body and color matched dual mirrors. In the body molding was a wrap around blue stripe. Each car had interior upgrades as well as a chrome tipped exhaust.", "Honda CR-V. The third generation CR-V went on sale in the US in late September 2006, as the 2007 model year. The third generation CR-V was launched for the 2007 model year. Unlike preceding models it features a rear liftgate rather than a side-opening rear door and no longer has the spare tire mounted on the rear door.", "Honda CR-V. Upon introduction, the model had only one trim level, which would later be known as the LX model trim; it was powered by the 2.0 L straight-four B20B producing 126 hp (94 kW) at 5400 rpm and 133 lb⋅ft (180 N⋅m) of torque at 4800 rpm. Outer dimensions for this engine would be identical to the Integra's 1.8 L engine, but internally the engine had a larger 84 mm (3.3 in) bore to add the extra displacement needed to produce more torque. The engine utilized a one-piece cylinder sleeve construction unique from any other B-series engine. The chassis was a unibody design with a four-wheel double wishbone suspension. Inside, the rear seats were able to fold down, and a picnic table was stowed in the rear floor area. A common external trait that was visible with this generation was plastic cladding covering the front bumper, rear bumper, and fender wells. In most countries, CR-Vs had a chrome grille; however, in the United States, the grille was made out of the same black plastic as the bumpers. A major difference between the LX and EX trims was that the EX had anti-lock brakes and 15 inch alloy wheels while the LX did not. Drivetrain options were front-wheel drive or Honda's Real Time AWD.", "Honda Civic. The third generation was released in September 1983 for the 1984 model year. The separate five-door hatchback and wagon models were merged into a four-door \"shuttle wagon\" or \"wagovan\" sometimes referred to colloquially as a \"breadbox\" due to its appearance, called the Honda Civic Shuttle. An additional two-seat coupe style—labeled CRX—was introduced, noted for its compact dimensions and light weight. The third generation Civic saw the introduction of the long running four-cylinder D series engine including a new 1.5 L (91.5 cu in) CVCC engine. 1984 also saw the release of a high-performance Si model for the Japanese market, featuring upgraded suspension and the 1.6 L (97.6 cu in) DOHC ZC engine which was rated at 130 PS (118 HP). Si models were offered in the US as a 3-door Civic Si hatchback and the CRX Si variant with a 91 horsepower (68 kW) fuel-injected SOHC 12-valve engine. A 4WD engine with different transmission mounts was introduced for the first time in 1984, and later upgraded in 1987. It delivered a fuel economy of around 28 mpg highway. The 4WD system was push-button operated until improved in 1987 when the rear wheels would engage automatically once the front wheels lost traction. This new system was called \"Realtime\" which used a \"viscous coupler\" connecting two propeller shafts between the front and rear axles. The manual transmission featured a synchronized 6th gear, called \"SL\", or \"Super-Low\", which was used for high torque at very low speeds. The \"Realtime\" idea is still utilized to this day but includes technological improvements since the first system. Starting with 1985, Japanese Civics were now exclusive to Honda Primo, with variants sold at Honda Verno and Honda Clio. A four-door version called the Ballade was built, under agreement, by Mercedes Benz South Africa, models were 1300, 1500, 1500i, and 1600i DOHC 1.6 injection.", "Honda Accord. In 1996, the European Accord received a minor facelift and was given a new front end (new headlights, bumper, bonnet and grill) and slightly different taillights (see images). The styling of the facelifted Accord remained identical to the styling of the Ascot Innova (although the frameless doors were replaced with conventional items) and featured the design language first introduced on the 5th generation Honda Civic. The styling of the European Accord differed dramatically from the North American which featured a more conventional saloon styling compared to the European model's low slung, fastback inspired look which also incorporated rear quarter windows. The facelifted Accord was also equipped with two airbags as standard.", "Honda CR-V. The CR-V Concept debuted at the Orange County International Auto Show in September 2011,[9] the production 2012 CR-V debuted at the 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show.[10] The CR-V went on sale in the U.S. on December 15, 2011.[11]", "Honda CR-V. The fifth generation CR-V was unveiled in October 2016 in Detroit. Sales began on December 21, 2016 as a 2017 model year. It utilizes the same Honda compact global platform introduced on the 10th generation Civic.[15]", "Honda CR-V. In Australia, the MY05 facelift went on sale in late 2004. Base models made do with only dual airbags and ABS as standard equipment, while the Sport came equipped with side airbags for the first time. Curtain airbags were unavailable on any model, until the next generation.", "Chevrolet Cavalier. The Cavalier received its first total redesign for 1995, with expanded dimensions and more aerodynamic styling, taking minor design cues from the 4th Generation Chevrolet Camaro, its bigger brother. Some of the basic styling cues remained however, such as the bumper-integrated grille, the coupes' dipped beltline, and the charcoal-colored bumpers on some Base model cars. Coupe, sedan, and convertible options were offered, however the wagon model was replaced by an LS Sedan for the third generation which was equipped with power windows and power door locks. The car now had the available option of 15 and 16 inch wheels. By 1997, the Cavalier became the best selling car within the entire GM lineup.", "Honda CR-V. It is reported that in late 2003, Honda took legal action against Shuanghuan of China accusing its Laibao SRV of copying the CR-V's exterior design.[7] Another manufacturer from China made a copy called the Tianqi Meiya TM6480A.", "Chevrolet Cavalier. The Cavalier was restyled in 1987 for the 1988 model year.[4] The two door hatchback was dropped, while the coupe, sedan, wagon and convertible carried over. The sedan and wagon were unchanged from the doors back, while the coupe's exterior was completely redesigned. This resulted in different trunk designs for the coupe and sedan. Three trim levels were available for 1988: VL, RS, and Z24. The convertible was only available as a Z24. The VL and RS came standard with the 2.0 L OHV L4 engine, now upgraded to throttle-body injection, or TBI, producing 90 hp (67 kW), while the 2.8 L V6 producing 125 hp (93 kW) was optional on the RS and standard on the Z24.[5] With 2 door models, 5-speed manual transmission was standard, and a 3-speed automatic was optional, however the 3-speed automatic was made standard on sedans and wagons. An electronic dashboard was available with the RS and Z24 trims.", "Honda S2000. The 2007 model year marked the first time the S2000 was offered in more than one trim level in the United States.[11] In addition to the base model, Honda offered a more track-oriented version of the S2000, distinguished by reduced weight, fewer amenities, and an increase in performance. The S2000 Club Racer made its world debut at the New York International Auto Show on 4 April 2007.[12] Changes for the CR included a lower ratio steering rack, revised exhaust system, black lug nuts, darker colored wheels, clear side markers, stiffer suspension and new Bridgestone Potenza RE070 tires that were wider at the rear; 245/40R-17 to 255/40R-17. A revised body kit, composed of a redesigned front lip, and a large spoiler, were wind-tunnel tested and claimed to reduce the overall coefficient of lift by 70–80%. The power folding soft top was removed and replaced with additional chassis bracing topped off with a tonneau cover, while the hard top, optional on other models, became a standard feature on the CR. Honda also revised the shift knob over the base with an exclusive spherical aluminum shift knob that rests 12.6 mm lower for a 6 percent reduction in shift stroke compared to the conventional S2000 cylindrical shift knob (aluminum/leather wrapped). Conversely, the shift load effort increased by 10 percent with the new design.", "Honda Accord. With the continuing fuel crisis and tighter emissions regulations surrounding the automotive market, Honda engineers changed their focus on the Accord as a Mustang competitor, and built upon the Civic's successful formula of economy, fuel efficiency and a front-wheel drive layout in a larger package.[6] A December 1975 issue of Motor Trend Magazine had a drawing of a new Honda automobile which was similar in shape to the Volkswagen Scirocco but powered with a CVCC engine used in the Civic.", "Honda CR-V. On the inside of the car, the EX trim received upgrades which included steering wheel-mounted audio controls and an outside temperature monitor. The stereo system was also XM Satellite Radio ready (USA but not Canada). All CR-V models also had revised rear seat headrests, which had been redesigned to reduce rear view blockage.", "Honda Civic. The first generation Honda Civic was introduced on 11 July 1972, but sold as a 1973 model in Japan. It was equipped with a 1,169 cc (71.3 cu in) four-cylinder water-cooled engine and featured front power disc brakes, reclining vinyl bucket seats, simulated wood trim on the dashboard, as well as optional air conditioning and an AM/FM radio. The Civic was available as a coupe, both a three- and a five-door hatchback, as well as a five-door station wagon. Due to the 1973 oil crisis, consumer demand for fuel efficient vehicles was high, and due to the engine being able to run on either leaded or unleaded fuel, it gave drivers fuel choice flexibility over other vehicles. The CVCC engine debuted in 1975 and had a head design that allowed for more efficient combustion, and as a benefit the CVCC system did not require a catalytic converter or unleaded fuel to meet 1975 Environmental Protection Agency emissions standards for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The Civic was joined by a platform expansion of the three-door hatchback, called the Honda Accord in 1976.", "Honda Civic. The seventh generation was released in September 2000, for the 2001 model year. While the redesign retained the previous generation's exterior dimensions, interior space was improved in part by using a flat rear floor thus bumping up Civic to a compact car size segment. The front suspension was changed from that of a double wishbone to a MacPherson strut, in order to lower costs, as well as allow more engine bay room for the newly introduced Honda K-series engine. Power was also increased on some trim levels. The four main trim levels were DX, LX, EX, and HX. The Civic Coupe was no longer sold in Japan starting with this generation.", "Honda Civic (seventh generation). The 2004–05 models received minor revisions.[12] Cosmetic changes included revised headlight (dual bulb setup) and taillight designs, standard side skirts, and an option for a HFP (Honda Factory Performance) upgrade. The suspension was updated with a change from 4 lug to 5 lug bolt pattern, a larger rear sway bar, and a change from 15-inch wheels (195/60-15) to 16-inch wheels (205/55-16). The interior received more silver accents in place of the chrome ones (the lock switch).[13]", "Honda S2000. The Japanese domestic market received the Type V edition starting in mid-2000. It included variable gear ratio steering (VGS), a steering system that continuously changes steering ratio based upon vehicle speed and steering angle to provide improved handling. Honda announced the S2000 Type V on July 7, 2000 as the first system of its kind. The lock-to-lock steering ratio was reduced to 1.4 turns (stock is 2.4). Honda outfitted Type V cars with revised damper units, stabilizers and limited slip differentials to \"complement the VGS\". Equipped cars came with a special steering wheel and a VGS badge on the rear. [9] The Type V steering/handling package.", "Honda Civic. Following its launch, the new model was widely panned by the automotive press due to the poor quality of its interior and ride, and for the first time, it failed to earn a Consumer Reports recommendation. In an unprecedented move, Honda made significant interior and exterior redesigns the following year to address these issues, but market share in the compact car segment showed a marked decline from the previous generation.[18]", "Honda Accord. Since initiation, Honda has offered several different car body styles and versions of the Accord, and often vehicles marketed under the Accord nameplate concurrently in different regions differ quite substantially. It debuted in 1976 as a compact hatchback, though this style only lasted through 1989, as the line-up was expanded to include a sedan, coupé, and wagon. By the Accord's sixth generation in the 1990s, it evolved into an intermediate vehicle, with one basic platform but with different bodies and proportions to increase its competitiveness against its rivals in different international markets. For the eighth generation of the Accord released for the North America market in 2007, Honda had again chosen to move the model further up-scale and increase its size.[1] This pushed the Accord sedan from the upper limit of what the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines as a mid-size car to just above the lower limit of a full-size car,[2] with the coupe still rated as a mid-size car. The current tenth generation Accord for the North America market is again classified as a mid-size car, falls just short of full-size car classification with the combined interior space of 119 cubic feet (3.4 m3)." ]

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[ "Suffix (name). The style Esq. or Esquire was once used to distinguish a man who was an apprentice to a knight and is used for a man of socially high ranking. In the United States, Esq. is used as a professional styling for a lawyer. In the United Kingdom, it is used by untitled males in social and business contexts, or occasionally by an untitled male heir to a hereditary peer.[1]", "Esquire. In the United States, Esquire is mostly used to denote a lawyer, in a departure from traditional use, and is irrespective of gender. In letters, a lawyer is customarily addressed by adding the suffix Esquire (abbreviated Esq.), preceded by a comma, after the lawyer's full name.[9]", "Esquire. By the early 20th century, it came to be used as a general courtesy title for any man in a formal setting, usually as a suffix to his name, as in \"Todd Smith, Esq.\", with no precise significance. In the United Kingdom today, it is still occasionally used as a written style of address in formal or professional correspondence.[6][7] In certain formal contexts, it remains an indication of a social status that is recognised in the formal Order of Precedence.[8]", "Esquire. The most common occurrence of term \"esquire\" today is in the addition of the suffix \"Esq.\" in order to pay an informal compliment to a male recipient by way of implying gentle birth. There remain respected protocols for identifying those to whom it is thought most proper that the suffix should be given, especially in very formal or in official circumstances.", "Esquire. The breadth of Esquire (as Esq.) had become universal in the United Kingdom by the mid 20th century, with no distinction in status being perceived between Mr and Esquire. Esquire was used generally as the default title for all men who did not have a grander title when addressing correspondence, with letters addressed using the name in initial format (e.g., K.S. Smith, Esq.) but Mr being used as the form of address (e.g. Dear Mr Smith). In the 1970s, the use of Esq. started to decline, and by the end of the 20th century most people had stopped using it and changed to using Mr instead. Esq. is generally considered to be old-fashioned but is still used by some traditional individuals and organisations such as Christie's and Berry Bros. & Rudd. British men invited to Buckingham Palace receive their invitations in an envelope with the suffix Esq. after their names, while men of foreign nationalities instead have the prefix Mr (women are addressed as Miss, Ms, or Mrs).[24] The same practice applies for other post from the palace (e.g., to employees).", "Esquire. When addressing a person who has an academic degree or other post-nominal professional designation, such as a Certified Public Accountant, a writer should use either the post-nominal designation (usually abbreviated) or the Esq., but not both; as Esquire is a courtesy title, it should not be used with post-nominals.[47]", "Esquire. There is some confusion over the fact that the Lord Lyon King of Arms addresses correspondents by their name followed by \"Esq.\" in correspondence, namely on letters. Some people erroneously believe that this makes them an Esquire, however this is a common courtesy in Scotland, as in the rest of Britain, and does not constitute official recognition in the degree of an Esquire. The Scottish courts have confirmed that the base degree in which an Armiger is recognised is the dignity of Gentleman, not Esquire.[32]", "Esquire. Esquire is historically a feudal designation in Scotland. Today, the title of esquire is defined as a social dignity that refers to people of the Scottish gentry, who hold the next position in the Order of Precedence above Gentlemen. It is also used as a common courtesy in correspondence. Traditionally, this was one who was classified as a 'cadet for knighthood'. Today, the title of esquire is not bestowed on gentlemen, although certain positions carry with them the degree of esquire, such as that of advocate or Justice of the Peace. Whether an armiger is a gentleman, an esquire, or of a higher rank can be told by the type of helm depicted on the Letters Patent granting or matriculating the arms. In Scots Heraldry, Sir Thomas Innes of Learney makes clear that a gentleman's helm is a closed pot helm, in plain steel, with no gold, whereas an esquire's helm can be a steel pot helm garnished in gold or a helmet with a closed visor garnished in gold.[25][26] The Court of the Lord Lyon will display the helm appropriate to their \"degree\", or social rank, in the illustration on the Letters Patent.", "Esquire. Esquire (British English: /ɪˈskwaɪə/;[1] American English: /ˈɛsˌkwaɪr/ or /ɪˈskwaɪr/;[2] abbreviated Esq.)[3] is usually a courtesy title.", "Esquire. Similarly, when addressing social correspondence to a commissioned officer of the United States Foreign Service, Esquire may be used as a complimentary title. While the abbreviated Esq. is correct, Esquire is typically written in full when addressing a diplomat.[43][44] If any other titles are used on the same line, Esquire is omitted.", "Esquire. In the United Kingdom, Esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight. In 1826, William Blackstone reiterated that, \"the title should be limited to those only who bear an office of trust under the Crown and who are styled esquires by the king in their commissions and appointments; and all, I conceive, who are once honoured by the king with the title of esquire have a right to that distinction for life.\"[4][5]", "Esquire. Some fraternal groups use the Esquire title. One appendant body in Freemasonry also uses Esquire as a degree title.[45]", "Esquire. But formal definitions like these were proposed because there was, in reality, no fixed criterion distinguishing those designated esquire: it was essentially a matter of impression as to whether a person qualified for this status. William Segar, Garter King of Arms (the senior officer of arms at the College of Arms), wrote in 1602: \"And who so can make proofe, that his Ancestors or himselfe, have had Armes, or can procure them by purchase, may be called Armiger or Esquier.\" Honor military, and civill (1602; lib. 4, cap. 15, p. 228). (By Armes he referred to a coat of arms; it is not clear from this quotation whether Segar made a distinction between esquires and gentlemen.) For example, Lords of the Manor hold the rank of esquire by prescription.[21][22]", "Esquire. Honorifics are not used with courtesy titles, so John Smith, Esq. or Mr John Smith would be correct, but Mr John Smith, Esq. would be incorrect.[46]", "Esquire. Sir John Fearn in \"Glory of Generositie\" spoke of esquires by creation, birth, dignity and office, specifying several circumstances that customarily conferred the title.[11]", "Esquire. Esquire, (lat. armiger, fr. escuyer): a title of a gentleman of the rank immediately below a knight. It was originally a military office, an esquire being (as the name escuyer, from escu, a shield, implies) a knight’s attendant and shield bearer. Esquires may be theoretically divided into five classes:", "Esquire. Nineteenth century tables of precedence further distinguished between \"esquires by birth\" and \"esquires by office\" (and likewise for \"gentleman\").[citation needed] Today the term \"gentleman\" is still found in official tables of precedence, and it invariably means a person who is an armiger with no higher rank or a descendant of someone who has borne arms. An English use of the term is to distinguish between men of the upper and lower gentry, who are \"esquires\" and \"gentlemen\" respectively, which still applies in terms of the official Order of Precedence.[19] Examples of this may be found in the Parish Tithe Map Schedules made under the Tithe Commutation Act 1836.[20] Later examples appear in the list of subscribers to The History of Elton, by the Rev. Rose Fuller Whistler, published in 1892, which distinguishes between subscribers designated Mr (another way of indicating gentlemen) and those allowed Esquire.", "Esquire. Esquire – A rank next below that of Knight. Besides those Esquires who are personal attendants of Knights of Orders of Knighthood, this title is held by all attendants on the person of the Sovereign, and all persons holding the Sovereign's commission being of military rank not below Captain; also, by general concession, by Barristers at Law, Masters of Arts and Bachelors of Law and Physic.", "Esquire. In the U.S., the title Esquire is commonly encountered among members of the legal profession.[9] The term is used for both male and female lawyers.[42] The title is not allocated by the law of any state to any profession, class, or station in society[9]", "Lawyer. In countries where holders of the first law degree traditionally use the title of doctor (e.g. Peru, Brazil, Macau, Portugal, Argentina), J.D. holders who are attorneys will often use the title of doctor as well.[232] It is common for English-language male lawyers to use the honorific suffix \"Esq.\" (for \"Esquire\"). In the United States the style is also used by female lawyers.", "Esquire. In feudal times an Esquire was an Armour-Bearer, attendant upon a Knight, but bearing his own unique armorial device.[33] Similarly, an Armiger in contemporary terms is well-defined within the jurisdiction of Scotland as someone who is an Armour-Bearer. These two senses of \"Armour-Bearer\" are different: An Esquire in feudal times was an \"Armour-Bearer\" in the sense of being the person who carried their knight's armour for them; whereas in the contemporary sense the term \"Armour-Bearer\" is being used to mean the bearer of a Coat of Arms, an Armiger. The two are not the same thing, although the feudal Esquire would also most likely have been an Armiger. For centuries the title of Esquire has not been bestowed on a Knight's Attendee (since knights no longer need to train for battle). Attendants on Knights, however, were not the only bearers of arms, and similarly not all Armigers were Esquires. Today, being an Armiger is synonymous with the title of Gentleman within the Order of Precedence in Scotland,[34] and is a social dignity. The Letters Patent of Scottish Armigers will never include the title of Gentleman, because the Letters Patent themselves evidence the individual is an Armour-Bearer, or Gentleman by the strictest sense of the definition. A Scottish Armiger is a Gentleman or Gentlewoman unless they hold a higher rank.", "Esquire. Although esquire is the English translation of the French écuyer, the latter indicated legal membership in the nobilities of ancien régime France and contemporaneous Belgium, whereas an esquire belongs to the British gentry rather than to its nobility, albeit that \"gentry\" in England means untitled nobility.[23] Écuyer in French (11th to 14th century) means \"shield-bearer\", a knight in training, age 14 to 21. In the later stages of the Middle Ages, the cost of the adoubement or accolade became too high for many noblemen to bear. They stayed écuyers all their lives, making that title synonymous with \"nobleman\" or \"gentleman\".", "Esquire. Oxford Dictionaries currently provides for the following definition of Esquire:[18]", "Esquire. Before 1947, the term esquire was used by senior officers of the Indian Civil Service and other members of the government. In keeping with the criteria established centuries earlier, the title was mostly used by government officials who studied or trained in England, especially in the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, or London or other professional organisations managed by the government. Barristers were especially included in the order of the esquires. Members of the armed forces as well as those who were inducted in to it from other services, temporarily or permanently, were also called esquires.[5]", "Esquire. By the end of the 16th century, the pretentious use of the title, especially in its Latin form, Armiger, was being mocked by Shakespeare in his character Robert Shallow, esquire, a Justice of the Peace:", "Esquire. The definition of Esquire today includes:", "Esquire. ...a gentleman born, master parson; who writes himself \"Armigero,\" in any bill, warrant, quittance, or obligation, \"Armigero.\"", "Barrister. Some honorific suffixes to signify notable barristers may be Esquire.[19] Even though the term barrister-at-law is sometimes seen, and was once very common, it has never been formally correct in England and Wales. Barrister is the only correct nomenclature.[20]", "You're So Vain. In 2004 Simon told Regis Philbin, \"If I tell it, it's going to come out in dribs and drabs. And I've given out two letters already, an 'A' and an 'E.' But I'm going to add one to it. I'm going to add an 'R,' in honor of you.\"[11]", "Namesake. Naming a child after a relative, friend, or well-known person is a common practice in the English-speaking world. When a son is named for his father, it is customary (primarily in the United States) to add \"Jr.\", \"III'\", or another name suffix to the name of the son (and sometimes \"Sr.\" or a prior number to the father's name), in order to distinguish between individuals, especially if both father and son become famous, as in the case of poet Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. and his son, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Sometimes the \"Jr.\" or \"Sr.\" suffix is applied even when the child's legal name differs from that of the parent.", "Esquire. Ay, that I do; and have done any time these three hundred years.", "Esquivel. Usually surnames were originated in the Basque Country as name of houses, being families known by the name of the house they inhabited once. Esquivel was originally spelled Ezkibel and evolved from the Basque words Ezki, which means lime tree, and Gibel, which means behind. Therefore, Esquivel means the house behind the lime trees.[2]" ]

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