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[ "Cwm Rhondda. It is usually used in English as a setting for William Williams' text Guide Me, O Thou Great Redeemer (or, in some traditions, Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah),[1] originally Arglwydd, arwain trwy’r anialwch in Welsh. The tune and hymn are often called Bread of Heaven because of a line in this English translation.", "Cwm Rhondda. Guide me, O thou great Redeemer,\nPilgrim through this barren land;\nI am weak, but thou art mighty;\nHold me with thy powerful hand:\nBread of heaven, bread of heaven\nFeed me till I want no more.\nFeed me till I want no more.\n\nOpen thou the crystal fountain\nWhence the healing stream shall flow;\nLet the fiery, cloudy pillar\nLead me all my journey through:\nStrong deliverer, strong deliverer\nBe thou still my strength and shield.\nBe thou still my strength and shield.\n\nWhen I tread the verge of Jordan,\nBid my anxious fears subside;\nDeath of death, and hell's destruction,\nLand me safe on Canaan's side:\nSongs of praises, songs of praises\nI will ever give to thee.\nI will ever give to thee.", "How Great Thou Art. The hymn has also been translated into the Welsh language as \"Mor Fawr Wyt Ti\".[71]", "Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton. Three congregational hymns were sung during the service. The first was \"Guide me, O Thou Great Redeemer\" sung to the tune \"Cwm Rhondda\". The hymn, originally written in Welsh by 18th-century Methodist preacher William Williams, had been sung at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales.[92] The words to their second hymn, \"Love Divine, All Loves Excelling\", were by Charles Wesley and its tune – Blaenwern – was composed by William Penfro Rowlands, during the 1904–1905 Welsh Revival. This hymn was sung at the Prince of Wales's 2005 marriage to the Duchess of Cornwall.[92] The third hymn was \"Jerusalem\", based on the poem by William Blake and set to music by Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry.[92]", "Culture of the United Kingdom. While the British national anthem \"God Save the Queen\" and other patriotic songs such as \"Rule, Britannia!\" represent the United Kingdom, each of the four individual countries of the UK also has its own patriotic hymns. Edward Elgar's \"Land of Hope and Glory\", and William Blake's poem And did those feet in ancient time set to Hubert Parry's \"Jerusalem\", are among England's most patriotic hymns. Scottish patriotic songs include \"Flower of Scotland\", \"Scotland the Brave\", \"Scots Wha Hae\" and \"Highland Cathedral\"; patriotic Welsh hymns include \"Guide me, O Thou Great Redeemer\" by William Williams Pantycelyn, and \"Land of My Fathers\"; the latter is the national anthem of Wales. The patriotic Northern Irish ballad Danny Boy is set to the tune \"Londonderry Air\".", "Cwm Rhondda. The hymn text forms an allegory for the journey of a Christian throughout their life on earth requiring the Redeemer's guidance and ending at the gates of Heaven (the verge of Jordan) and end of time (death of death and hell's destruction).", "Cwm Rhondda. Lord, lead me through the wilderness,\nMe, a pilgrim of poor appearance,\nI don't have strength or life in me,\nLike lying in the grave:\nOmnipotent, Omnipotent\nIs the one who brings me to the shore.\nIs the one who brings me to the shore.\n\nOpen the sweet fountains\nFlowing from the Rock that is;\nGive a column of fire to lead me at night,\nAnd give a column of fog during the day.\nGive me manna. Give me manna,\nSo that I shall not falter.\nSo that I shall not falter.\n\nWhen I walk the bank of the Jordan,\nCause all my fears to sink;\nTake me through the roughest waves\nOver to Canaan, a cosy home:\nUnending praise. Unending praise\nWill be to Your name for this.\nWill be to Your name for this.", "How Great Thou Art. Boberg's entire poem appears (with archaic Swedish spellings). Presented below are two of those verses which appear (more or less loosely) translated[89] in British hymnbooks, followed in each case by the English.[90]", "Cwm Rhondda. Lord, guide me through the wilderness,\nA pilgrim weak of aspect,\nThere is neither strength nor life in me,\nAs though lying in the grave,\nAlmighty,\nIt is Thou who shalt take me to that shore.", "Cwm Rhondda. The following are the English and Welsh versions of the hymn, as given in the standard collections.", "How Great Thou Art. This hymn has been translated into many languages, including Cherokee (hear it sung by Tsasuyeda on YouTube); Chinese (\"祢真偉大\"),[56] Japanese,[57][58] Korean (주 하나님 지으신 모든세계), Indonesian (\"Ajaib Tuhan\" which means \"Miraculous God\"), Czech (Ó velký Bože, tvá když vidím díla),[59] Polish (\"Gdy na ten świat\"),[citation needed] Romanian (\"O, Doamne Mare!\"[60] and \"Spre Cel din slăvi\",[61] Spanish (\"Cuan Grande es Él\") [62], Slovak (\"Nebeský Bože, Tvorca všehomíra\"),[63] Vietnamese (\"Lớn Bấy Duy Ngài[vi]\"),[64] Breton (\"Tridal a ra va c'halon\", \"My heart quivers\") and even two Esperanto versions: \"Ho granda Dio, kiam mi rigardas\", which was translated by William John Downes in 1966;[65] and \"Sinjoro Dio, kiam mi miregas\", translated by Leonard Ivor Gentle in 1985. It has also been translated in Hopi by Martonio Isaac Sullivan,(\"Hin Wuupa Um Penaqe)[66]", "Cwm Rhondda. Lo, between the myrtles standing,\nOne who merits well my love,\nThough His worth I guess but dimly,\nHigh all earthly things above;\nHappy morning! Happy morning!\nWhen at last I see Him clear!\nWhen at last I see Him clear!\n\nRose of Sharon, so men name Him;\nWhite and red his cheeks adorn;\nStore untold of earthly treasure\nWill His merit put to scorn\nFriend of sinners! Friend of sinners!\nHe their pilot o'er the deep.\nHe their pilot o'er the deep.\n\nWhat can weigh with me henceforward\nAll the idols of the earth?\nOne and all I here proclaim them,\nMatched with Jesus, nothing worth;\nO to rest me! O to rest me!\nAll my lifetime in His love!\nAll my lifetime in His love!", "How Great Thou Art. In 1995 the United Church of Christ released the New Century Hymnal, which included an updated English language translation of Boberg's \"O store Gud\" entitled \"O Mighty God, When I Survey in Wonder\". According to the editors of the New Century Hymnal, \"This translation and arrangement were created for the New Century Hymnal to restore the meaning and flavour of Boberg’s original hymn.\"[54]", "Cwm Rhondda. Peter Williams (1722–1796, no relation of the author but well known for his popular edition of the Welsh Bible, with notes[9][10]) translated part of the hymn into the English version given above, with the title Prayer for Strength. It was published in Hymns on various subjects, 1771. This translation is the only Welsh hymn to have gained widespread circulation in the English-speaking world.[11] The present-day Welsh version, given above, is essentially a redaction of the original to parallel Peter Williams's English version. A result of the translation process is that the defining phrase \"Bread of heaven\" does not actually occur in the original; it is a paraphrase of the references to manna.", "Cwm Rhondda. The Welsh word Arglwydd corresponds more-or-less to the English Lord, in all its senses. It appears in the Old Testament to translate Hebrew words which are a paraphrase of the Divine Name (the tetragrammaton), and in the New Testament to translate κύριος (kyrios), the standard honorific for Jesus Christ. Accordingly, Peter Williams translated it as Jehovah in accord with the practice of his time. Many English-language hymnals today translate it as \"Redeemer\".", "Calon Lân. Morn and evening my petition,\nWings its flight to heaven in song;\nIn the name of my Redeemer,\nMake my heart clean, pure and strong.", "Hymn. Where shall my wondering soul begin?\nHow shall I all to heaven aspire?\nA slave redeemed from death and sin,\nA brand plucked from eternal fire,\nHow shall I equal triumphs raise,\nOr sing my great deliverer's praise.", "Nearer, My God, to Thee. The lyrics to the hymn are as follows:[1][2][3]", "Cwm Rhondda. The Welsh version shown here is a somewhat literal translation from the English version back into Welsh. Earlier versions of the hymn book published jointly by the Calvinist and Wesleyan Methodists had five verses (i.e. omitting verse 2 of the 6) and was much closer to Pantycelyn's original, as stated above.", "How Great Thou Art. In English the first line is \"O Lord, my God\"; and the hymn may appear with that heading, especially in British hymnals, where first-line citation is the dominant practice.[53] English-language hymnals prevailingly indicate the tune title as the Swedish first line, O STORE GUD.", "Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing. Come, Thou Fount of every blessing,\n  Tune my heart to sing Thy grace;\nStreams of mercy, never ceasing,\n  Call for songs of loudest praise.\nTeach me some melodious sonnet,\n  Sung by flaming tongues above.\nPraise the mount, I’m fixed upon it,\n  Mount of Thy redeeming love.\n\nSorrowing I shall be in spirit,\n  Till released from flesh and sin,\nYet from what I do inherit,\n  Here Thy praises I'll begin;\nHere I raise my Ebenezer;\n  Here by Thy great help I’ve come;\nAnd I hope, by Thy good pleasure,\n  Safely to arrive at home.\n\nJesus sought me when a stranger,\n  Wandering from the fold of God;\nHe, to rescue me from danger,\n  Interposed His precious blood;\nHow His kindness yet pursues me\n  Mortal tongue can never tell,\nClothed in flesh, till death shall loose me\n  I cannot proclaim it well.\n\nO to grace how great a debtor\n  Daily I’m constrained to be!\nLet Thy goodness, like a fetter,\n  Bind my wandering heart to Thee.\nProne to wander, Lord, I feel it,\n  Prone to leave the God I love;\nHere’s my heart, O take and seal it,\n  Seal it for Thy courts above.\n\nO that day when freed from sinning,\n  I shall see Thy lovely face;\nClothèd then in blood washed linen\n  How I’ll sing Thy sovereign grace;\nCome, my Lord, no longer tarry,\n  Take my ransomed soul away;\nSend thine angels now to carry\n  Me to realms of endless day.\n\nThe original text[2] of the hymn \"Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing\"", "Cwm Rhondda. In Welsh the tune is most commonly used as a setting for a hymn by Ann Griffiths, Wele'n sefyll rhwng y myrtwydd.", "How Great Thou Art. Swedish hymnals frequently include the following verse:[91]", "How Great Thou Art. The first three Covenant hymnals in English used Johnson's translation, with The Covenant Hymnal (1973) including all nine verses of Boberg’s original poem. There was a desire to replace Johnson's version with the more popular version of British missionary Stuart K. Hine's \"How Great Thou Art\". Wiberg explains:", "How Great Thou Art. \"How Great Thou Art\" is a Christian hymn based on a Swedish traditional melody and a poem written by Carl Gustav Boberg (1859–1940) in Mönsterås, Sweden in 1885. It was translated into German and then into Russian and became a hymn. It was translated into English from the Russian by English missionary Stuart K. Hine, who also added two original verses of his own. The composition was set to a Russian melody. It was popularised by George Beverly Shea and Cliff Barrows during the Billy Graham crusades.[1] It was voted the United Kingdom's favourite hymn by BBC's Songs of Praise.[2] \"How Great Thou Art\" was ranked second (after \"Amazing Grace\") on a list of the favourite hymns of all time in a survey by Today's Christian magazine in 2001.[3]", "Cwm Rhondda. William Williams Pantycelyn (named, in the Welsh style, \"Pantycelyn\" after the farm which his wife inherited) is generally acknowledged as the greatest Welsh hymnwriter.[6] The Welsh original of this hymn was first published as Hymn 10 in Mor o Wydr (Sea of Glass) in 1762. It comprised six verses.[7]\n(References to a five verse version in Pantycelyn's Alleluia of 1745[8] appear to be incorrect.) It was originally titled Gweddi am Nerth i fyned trwy anialwch y Byd (Prayer for strength for the journey through the world's wilderness).", "How Great Thou Art. O mighty God, when I behold the wonder\nOf nature's beauty, wrought by words of thine,\nAnd how thou leadest all from realms up yonder,\nSustaining earthly life with love benign,\n\nRefrain:\nWith rapture filled, my soul thy name would laud,\nO mighty God! O mighty God! (repeat)\n\nWhen I behold the heavens in their vastness,\nWhere golden ships in azure issue forth,\nWhere sun and moon keep watch upon the fastness\nOf changing seasons and of time on earth.\n\nWhen crushed by guilt of sin before thee kneeling,\nI plead for mercy and for grace and peace,\nI feel thy balm and, all my bruises healing,\nMy soul is filled, my heart is set at ease.\n\nAnd when at last the mists of time have vanished\nAnd I in truth my faith confirmed shall see,\nUpon the shores where earthly ills are banished\nI'll enter Lord, to dwell in peace with thee.[27]", "Cwm Rhondda. Mi ymddirieda' yn dy allu, \nMawr yw’r gwaith a wnest erioed: \nTi gest angau, ti gest uffern, \nTi gest Satan dan dy droed: \nPen Calfaria, Pen Calfaria,\nNac aed hwnw byth o’m cof.", "Acrostic. Behold, O God! In rivers of my tears\nI come to thee! bow down thy blessed ears\nTo hear my Plaint; and let thine eyes which keep\nContinual watch behold a Sinner weep:\nLet not, O God my God my Sins, tho' great,\nAnd numberless, between thy Mercy's-Seat\nAnd my poor Soul have place; since we are taught,\n[Thou] Lord, remember'st thyne, if Thou art sought.\nI come not, Lord, with any other merit\nThan what I by my Saviour Christ inherit:\nBe then his wounds my balm— his stripes my Bliss;\nHis thorns my crown; my death be blest in his.\nAnd thou, my blest Redeemer, Saviour, God,\nQuit my accounts, withhold thy vengeful rod!\nO beg for me, my hopes on Thee are set;\nAnd Christ forgive me, since thou'st paid my debt\nThe living font, the Life, the Way, I know,\nAnd but to thee, O whither shall I go?\nAll other helps are vain: grant thine to me,\nFor in thy cross my saving health I see.\nO hearken then, that I with faith implore,\nLest Sin and Death sink me to rise no more.\nLastly, O God, my course direct and guide,\nIn Death defend me, that I never slide;\nAnd at Doomsday let me be rais'd again,\nTo live with thee sweet Jesus say, Amen.", "Cwm Rhondda. Some hymnals use this tune for the hymn God of Grace and God of Glory written by Harry Emerson Fosdick in 1930.", "How Great Thou Art. It has also been translated into Greek, called Ω Κύριε μου, πόσο σε θαυμάζω.", "How Great Thou Art. The hymn was translated into Spanish by Pastor Arturo Hotton, from Argentina, in 1958. He was an Evangelical leader of the Plymouth Brethren denomination. By the 1960s it began to be sung by many Evangelical churches in the Spanish speaking world. Later on, in the 1970s its fame rocketed until becoming the most famous hymn in every Christian hymnal and was being sung by numerous congregations, choirs and soloists. Decades later, its attractiveness has not diminished. Although it can be considered a \"modern\" hymn given that it was widely popularized as recently as the sixties it soon surpassed the older ones. No doubt about it, today it is the number one hymn in most languages; and might be called the Anthem of the Protestant/Evangelical Christian church." ]

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[ "MS Quantum of the Seas. Quantum of the Seas spent its inaugural 2014–2015 season sailing from Cape Liberty in Bayonne, New Jersey, United States, before repositioning to China in May 2015. Beginning late June 2015, the ship began to sail three- to eight-night itineraries year-round from Shanghai to Japan and Korea.[16] On June 20, 2015, the ship visited Hong Kong.", "MS Quantum of the Seas. MS Quantum of the Seas is a cruise ship for Royal Caribbean International (RCI) and the lead ship of the Quantum class of cruise ships. The Quantum class surpasses RCI's earlier Freedom-class ships by over 14,000 GT, becoming the second-largest class of passenger ships behind RCI's Oasis class ships on a gross tonnage basis.[1] Quantum of the Seas was delivered to RCI on October 28, 2014[10] and is sailing from Shanghai, China.[11]", "MS Quantum of the Seas. On February 11, 2011, RCI announced that it had ordered the first of a new class of ships from the Meyer Werft shipyard in Papenburg, Germany, scheduled to be delivered by Fall 2014. At the time, the project was code-named \"Project Sunshine\".[12] Later that year, two 20.5-megawatt ABB Azipod XO propulsion units were ordered for that ship.[8] On February 29, 2012 the company announced that a second \"Project Sunshine\" ship had been ordered and would be delivered by Spring 2015,[13] and ordered identical Azipod propulsion units shortly thereafter.[8] Just under a year later, on January 31, 2013, steel cutting for the first ship began with a silhouette of the ship being cut by lasers. The same day, RCI announced the official name of the new class of ships, Quantum Class, as well as the names of the first two ships in the class, Quantum of the Seas and Anthem of the Seas.[1][14] Details on the major features of Quantum of the Seas were announced on April 16, 2013.[15]", "MS Quantum of the Seas. As on the earlier Freedom and Oasis-class ships, the \"Sports Court\" on deck 15 aft features a Wave Loch Flowrider surf simulator and a rock-climbing wall.[22] A new feature on the Quantum of the Seas is \"RipCord by iFLY\", a skydiving simulator set in a recirculating indoor recreational vertical wind tunnel.[23] Reservations for RipCord are able to be made online in advance of the cruise. All the features of the Sports deck are complimentary, although Royal Caribbean charges USD $20 per person per session on RipCord by iFly.[21]", "MS Ovation of the Seas. MS Ovation of the Seas is a cruise ship operating for Royal Caribbean International (RCI). The vessel is the third ship in the Quantum class, which surpasses RCI's earlier Freedom-class ships by over 14,000 GT, becoming the second largest class of passenger ships behind RCI's Oasis class ships on a gross tonnage basis.[5] The Ovation mainly sails from Tianjin during the northern summer season and repositions to Sydney during the southern summer season.", "Royal Caribbean International. In February 2013, Royal Caribbean announced the first two ships of their newest Quantum class, Quantum of the Seas and Anthem of the Seas, which were being built at the Meyer Werft shipyard.[8][9][10] In May of that year, Royal Caribbean announced that they had signed a contract for a third Quantum-class ship for delivery in mid-2016.[11]", "MS Quantum of the Seas. Quantum of the Seas has 16 passenger-accessible decks, 8 of which feature balcony staterooms overlooking the ocean. Like the Celebrity Solstice class, those staterooms above the life boats are recessed into the superstructure and do not look down directly at the ocean. There are a total of 2,090 staterooms: 1,570 balcony staterooms, 147 ocean-view staterooms, and 373 inside staterooms. Of those staterooms, 34 are wheelchair accessible and 28 are studio staterooms for single travelers (including 12 studio staterooms with balconies). All aft-facing staterooms are 2-story \"loft\" suites. Expanding on the \"Virtual Porthole\" concept introduced by Disney Cruise Line on the Disney Dream, all the interior staterooms feature a floor-to-ceiling 80-inch high-definition TV screen showing live views from the outside of the ship, which Royal Caribbean calls a \"Virtual Balcony\". On average, staterooms on the Quantum class are 9 percent larger than those on the preceding Oasis class.[7][19][20][21]", "MS Quantum of the Seas. Quantum of the Seas includes numerous bars and lounges, including the Royal Caribbean signature Schooner Bar, the Ice Bar located in Two70°, Michael's Genuine Pub, and the Bionic Bar which features robotic bartenders from Makr Shakr.[56][57]", "Royal Caribbean International. The first ship in the class, Quantum of the Seas debuted in 2014. A second ship Anthem of the Seas debuted in 2015, A third ship Ovation of the Seas, debuted in 2016. Spectrum of the Seas, the first ship in the Quantum-Ultra subclass, is planned for 2019,[28][29] and a fifth ship is planned for 2020[30]", "MS Anthem of the Seas. MS Anthem of the Seas is a cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International (RCI). She is the second ship of the Quantum class, which surpasses the earlier Freedom-class ships by over 20,000 GT, becoming the first largest class of passenger ships behind RCI's Oasis class ships on a gross tonnage basis.[2]", "Royal Caribbean International. The Quantum-class of ships debuted as the second largest class of cruise ships in the world. The Quantum-class ships were the first ships built for Royal Caribbean by Meyer Werft since the Radiance class and share many features with those ships, including indoor pools with retractable roofs, vast expanses of glass, outdoor seating in the Windjammer buffet, and self-leveling pool tables.[18][19] Other distinctive features of the Quantum-class include the \"North Star\" observation capsule mounted on the end of a 41-meter-long (135 ft) crane arm,[20] \"RipCord by iFLY\" a skydiving simulator,[21] the three-deck-high Two70° lounge and performance venue at the aft of the ship featuring panoramic windows that convert into projection screens,[22] and the multi-purpose SeaPlex facility which hosts activities such as basketball, roller skating, bumper cars, and a trapeze school.[23] The Quantum class was the first class designed specifically for Dynamic Dining, and feature several separate complementary dining facilities instead of a single main dining room.[24] Each venue will maintain the same menu and staff throughout the cruise.[25] Unlike the earlier Voyager, Freedom, and Oasis class, Quantum-class ships do not feature a Viking Crown Lounge or ice skating rink, and the Royal Promenade mall down the center of the ship is not featured in its traditional form.[26][27]", "Royal Caribbean International. In September 2014, Royal Caribbean announced that the third Quantum-class ship would be named Ovation of the Seas,[12] and in February 2015 they announced that the third Oasis-class ship would be named Harmony of the Seas.[13]", "MS Allure of the Seas. Allure of the Seas sailed year-round in the Caribbean region out of Port Everglades from its homeporting in 2010 through 2014. She changed port to Barcelona and sailed the Mediterranean between May and October 2015, becoming the largest cruise ship and the first Oasis-class ship to spend a full season in that region. Afterward, she returned to Port Everglades.[24]", "MS Quantum of the Seas. Deck 14 features an outdoor pool with a large video screen, an indoor pool with a retractable roof, an indoor suite-exclusive \"Solarium\" with cascading pools and two hot tubs, the \"H2O Zone\" kids' water park featuring the first wave pool on a cruise ship,[26] and at least 4 whirlpools.[6][20] Other included features that have become standard on recent Royal Caribbean ships include a Spa and Fitness Center on decks 15 and 16, the \"Adventure Ocean\" kids club on decks 11 and 12, a Broadway-style \"The Royal Theater\" on decks 3–5, and a Casino on deck 3. Unlike the earlier Voyager, Freedom, and Oasis class, Quantum of the Seas does not feature a Viking Crown Lounge or ice skating rink, and the Royal Promenade mall down the center of the ship is replaced with the two-story \"Royal Esplanade\".[20][21][27]", "MS Quantum of the Seas. Unlike previous Royal Caribbean ships, Quantum of the Seas does not have a main dining room, nor does it have an option for traditional cruise dinners where passengers have the same table and servers each night.[34] Instead, the ship uses a Dynamic Dining concept similar to the Freestyle concept used on Norwegian Cruise Line, with guests being required to make reservations for their choice of restaurant for each night in advance.[35] Each venue will maintain the same menu and staff throughout the cruise.[36]", "MS Anthem of the Seas. Anthem of the Seas departed from Southampton on her maiden voyage, an eight-night cruise to France and Spain, on 22 April 2015.[6] She has spent her maiden European season cruising from Southampton to the Mediterranean, Northern Europe, and the Canary Islands.[16] Beginning in November 2015, she will operate seven- to twelve-night itineraries to the Caribbean and Bahamas from Cape Liberty in Bayonne, New Jersey, United States.[17] In 2016, Anthem of the Seas will sail year-round out of New Jersey, sailing to the Caribbean, Bermuda, and Canada/New England.[18] Anthem of the Seas will become the largest ship ever to cruise Canadian waters.[citation needed]", "MS Ovation of the Seas. On 11 February 2011, RCI announced that it had ordered a new class of ships from the Meyer Werft shipyard in Papenburg, Germany, the first of which was scheduled to be delivered by fall 2014. At the time, the project was code-named \"Project Sunshine\".[6] On 29 February 2012, the company announced that a second \"Project Sunshine\" ship had been ordered and would be delivered by Spring 2015.[7] Just under a year later, on 31 January 2013, RCI announced that the official name of the new class of ships was the Quantum class.[5][8]", "MS Harmony of the Seas. The success of the first two Oasis-class ships led Royal Caribbean Cruises to order a third ship of the type in December 2012.[1] Harmony of the Seas was floated out on 19 June 2015, began her first sea trials on 10 March 2016,[15] and was delivered to Royal Caribbean on 12 May 2016.[5][16] After a construction time of 32 months, the ship first set sail on 15 May 2016 from the STX France docks in Saint-Nazaire, viewed by some 70,000 people.[17] Her first destination was Southampton, England, although her home port was Barcelona until 23 October 2016 when she crossed the Atlantic.[18]", "MS Quantum of the Seas. The ship also features a number of multi-purpose venues:[6]", "MS Brilliance of the Seas. Brilliance of the Seas sails Western Caribbean itineraries out of Tampa, Florida during the Winter season. The ship crosses the Atlantic in late April and offers several Mediterranean itineraries out of Barcelona, Spain, through Summer and Fall.", "MS Anthem of the Seas. On 29 February 2012 the company announced that a second \"Project Sunshine\" ship had been ordered and would be delivered by Spring 2015,[12] and ordered identical Azipod propulsion units shortly thereafter.[9] Just under a year later, on 31 January 2013, Royal Caribbean announced the official name of the new class of ships, Quantum Class, as well as the names of the first two ships in the class, Quantum of the Seas and Anthem of the Seas.[2][13]", "MS Ovation of the Seas. Ovation of the Seas, the third vessel in the Quantum class, was laid down by Meyer Werft on 5 March 2015. Before the first piece of keel was lowered into place, Adam Goldstein, President and COO of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., the holding company of RCI, placed a lucky coin in the dock. The keel will eventually be formed of 74 blocks.[9] The first section was launched on June 20, 2015.", "MS Quantum of the Seas. The Royal Theater is a Broadway-style theater on decks 3–5.[20] It was home to the ship's fully licensed production of the Broadway musical Mamma Mia! before repositioning to China,[28] and currently shows the original stage productions \"Sequins and Feathers\", Sonic Odyssey,[29] headliner acts, 3D movies, and other entertainment.[20]", "MS Independence of the Seas. Independence of the Seas generally sails from Port Everglades, Florida during the winter and Southampton, England during the summer. Between 2010 and 2012, Independence of the Seas sailed from Southampton year-round. From fall 2014 to spring 2016, Independence of the Seas sailed from Port Everglades, Florida year-round offering Eastern and Western Caribbean sailings.", "MS Quantum of the Seas. Two70° is a lounge on decks 5–7 at the stern of the ship, which features three-story-high 270-degree panoramic ocean views, a café, and an ice bar. Automatic window shades can cover the windows to limit the amount of sunlight entering, and a 13-projector projection mapping system can project live views from outside the ship and other imagery onto those screens.[30] At night, movable furniture and retractable dividers and chandeliers allow the space to be reconfigured to be used as a performance venue for a nouveau-cirque-style show or as a disco.[31] Both nighttime uses will take advantage of the projection system and 6 robotically controlled 100-inch LCD television screens to provide digital backdrops.[20][32]", "MS Quantum of the Seas. There are several smaller dining concepts debuting on Quantum of the Seas that are available to passengers for an additional fee:[34]", "MS Jewel of the Seas. As of June 2016[update], Jewel of the Seas sails 7 and 9-night cruises from Rome (Civitavecchia), Italy to the Greek Isles. She will reposition to cruising from San Juan, Puerto Rico in November 2016 with 7, 8 and 9-night southern Caribbean voyages.[3]", "MS Vision of the Seas. In the summer, Vision of the Seas is based in Northern European ports such as Oslo, Copenhagen or Stockholm and sails to Norway, the Baltic Sea or the British Isles. During the fall the ship sails over the Atlantic Ocean for the winter season and sails 7 day Caribbean cruises from Tampa, Florida. The ship will start sailing itineraries out of New Orleans in late 2018.[3] She also sails winter itineraries out of Galveston.", "MS Harmony of the Seas. For the inaugural season, Harmony of the Seas offered seven-night western Mediterranean cruises originating from Barcelona and Civitavecchia.[23] In late October 2016, the ship crossed the Atlantic to the United States, where she offers seven-night eastern and western Caribbean cruises departing from Port Everglades, Florida.", "MS Quantum of the Seas. During the ship's relocation cruises from New Jersey to Shanghai, several venues on the ship were reworked for the Asian market. Changes included increasing the size of the casino, incorporating a \"high-rollers\" room in a section of the Music Hall, and modifying menus to include more Asian food. A \"Kung Fu Panda\"-themed noodle bar was added on the pool deck.[18]", "MS Quantum of the Seas. Other additional-fee restaurants available on Quantum of the Seas that are also offered on previous Royal Caribbean ships are:[34]", "MS Anthem of the Seas. Like the earlier Freedom and Oasis-class ships, the \"Sports Court\" on deck 15 aft features a Wave Loch Flowrider surf simulator and a rock-climbing wall.[22] A new feature on the Quantum class is \"RipCord by iFLY\", a skydiving simulator set in a recirculating indoor recreational vertical wind tunnel.[23] Reservations for RipCord are able to be made online in advance of the cruise. All the features of the Sports deck are complimentary, although Royal Caribbean charges for pictures and videos taken of RipCord participants taken by a crew photographer.[21] Guests are free to take their own pictures or have other guests take pictures or videos of them." ]

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[ "Umbrella (song). \"Umbrella\" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her third studio album Good Girl Gone Bad (2007). It features American rapper Jay-Z, who co-wrote the song with its producers Tricky Stewart and Kuk Harrell, with additional writing from The-Dream. The song was originally written with Britney Spears in mind, but her label rejected it. \"Umbrella\" is a pop, hip hop and R&B song referring to a romantic and platonic relationship and the strength of that relationship.", "Umbrella (song). Rapper and featured act Jay-Z recognized the song's impact for Rihanna's artistic evolution, stating: \"It shows such growth for her as an artist [...] If you listen to the lyrics to that song, you know the depth and how far she's come.\"[90] The song's producer, Kuk Harrell reportedly commented on the song's impact on his career: \"We knew it was special. [...] Nothing has been the same since we created that record. We had experience in record making but not hit making. All of a sudden you have major artists blowing up your phone. And we knew exactly how to service them; we reverted back to that jingle mentality — we were prepared for that pressure. So whether it was Beyoncé calling or Bieber calling, we knew how to operate. [...] When she recorded the 'ellas', you knew your life was about to change.\"[89] In January 2016, Billboard named \"Umbrella\" as Rihanna's best song.[82] In 2018, Rolling Stone identified \"Umbrella\" as Rihanna's second greatest song of her career, behind \"We Found Love\" (2011) and stated that \"Umbrella\" transformed Rihanna into a \"full-fledged pop heavyweight\".[91] In the same year, The Guardian named \"Umbrella\" as the best song to spend over 10 weeks at number one in the UK, writing that \"Rihanna's Umbrella is a genuinely exceptional pop song. [...] it's perfect.\"[92] Canadian duo Tegan and Sara stated that \"Umbrella\" inspired their 2013 single \"I Was a Fool\".[93][94]", "Umbrella (song). \"Umbrella\" is widely acknowledged as the song that propelled Rihanna from rising pop act into superstardom and transformed her into a \"fully fledged sex symbol\" and a pop icon, with some music journalists considering it to be her signature song.[80][81][82][83][84][85][86] \"Umbrella\" marked the first time Rihanna transitioned from the \"girl next door\" persona of her first two albums for an \"edgy, sexier\" look, which triggered her image evolution for her subsequent albums.[87] In his book The Song Machine: Inside the Hit Factory, John Seabrook wrote:", "Umbrella (song). \"Umbrella\" received critical acclaim from music critics. Andy Kellman of AllMusic commented: \"'Umbrella' is [Rihanna's best song] to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned – an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take.\"[16] Alex Macpherson of British newspaper The Guardian, \"Umbrella\" is \"evidence\" that Rihanna's \"strict work ethic is paying off\", adding that she \"delivers [in the song] an impassioned declaration of us-against-the-world devotion\".[17] Tom Breihan of Pitchfork, though he complimented the production, dismissed Rihanna's voice which \"takes on an unpleasant icepick edge when she tries to fill the space between the slow-tempo beats\", adding that the song is \"uncompelling as event-pop, particularly because of the disconnect between Rihanna's cold, clinical delivery and the comforting warmth of the lyrics\".[18]", "Umbrella (song). Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine wrote \"That the song is just plain good, regardless of genre, proves that Jay and Rihanna, who's already scored hits across several formats with a string of singles that couldn't be more different from each other, are dedicated to producing quality hits—however frivolous they may be.\"[19] Quentin B. Huff of PopMatters.com said that \"\"Umbrella\" is a monster, so much so that I'll even confess to spending a portion of a rainy afternoon practicing the hook.\"[20] Jonah Weiner of Blender magazine called the song the album's highlight and stated that it \"would be far less engrossing if it wasn't for the way Rihanna disassembles its ungainly title into 11 hypnotic, tongue-flicking syllables\".[21] The New York Times' Kelefa Sanneh described the song as \"a space-age hip-pop song\".[11]", "Umbrella (song). \"Umbrella\"'s reign at number one in the United Kingdom occurred as the country was hit by extreme rainfall and flooding, which led the British national newspaper The Sun to humorously suggest the two events were related, with the media referring to it as the \"Rihanna Curse.\" The tabloid also highlighted the date of the single's video shoot, which was Friday the 13th (April 13, 2007), adding further coincidence to the curse.[95] Before the single's release on May 14, the temperature in London was relatively high, reaching 20 °C. However, just a day after the release, \"severe weather warnings hit the headlines\".[95] An article in The Sun urged readers to join the campaign to knock the song off the chart's top spot, suggesting to readers that they download more \"positive\" songs revolving around sun or summer such as Katrina and the Waves' \"Walking on Sunshine\" and DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince's \"Summertime\".[95]", "Umbrella (song). Following the management's rejection of the track, Stewart and Nash dealt it out to other record labels. It was also given to English singer-songwriter Taio Cruz, who failed to convince his record company to release it.[4] It was then opted by Island Def Jam chairman Antonio \"L.A.\" Reid, a friend of Stewart who established his first studio. By early February 2007, the demo was sent to Reid's right-hand woman, A&R executive Karen Kwak, who passed it along to Reid with a message confirming that they had found a song suited for Rihanna, who was working on her third studio album, Good Girl Gone Bad, at the time. Reid immediately sent the demo to Rihanna, who was also positive of it: \"When the demo first started playing, I was like, This is interesting, this is weird. ... But the song kept getting better. I listened to it over and over. I said, 'I need this record. I want to record it tomorrow.\"[1]", "Umbrella (song). \"Umbrella\" entered the Australian Singles Chart at number one on June 10, 2007, becoming Rihanna's second number one in the country following \"SOS\" (2006). It spent six consecutive weeks at the top,[22] and has since earned earned a 5× Platinum certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association, denoting sales of 350,000 copies.[23] It spent a total of 32 weeks on the chart,[22] ending the year as the country's third best-selling single of 2007.[24] \"Umbrella\" debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 34 on May 14, 2007. Over the following two weeks, it dropped one place, then climbed to a new peak of number 33. In its fourth week on the chart, it leaped to the top of the chart, becoming Rihanna's second number one single following \"Pon de Replay\" (2005).[25] It remained atop the chart for six consecutive weeks and on the chart for a total of 24 weeks.[25] The song received a Platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand, denoting sales of 15,000 copies,[26] subsequently becoming the country's best-selling single of 2007.[27]", "Umbrella (song). Singer Chris Brown created an answer song titled \"Cinderella\", replacing some of the verses and part of the chorus of \"Umbrella\" with his own lyrics. This version is the official remix. This version has been performed as a duet between Brown and Rihanna when he joined Rihanna on a late-2008 tour in the Asia-Pacific region.[197] R&B/hip-hop singer The-Dream, who wrote \"Umbrella\", recorded the demo with a slightly different intro and instrumental.", "Umbrella (song). Entertainment Weekly ranked the song number one on the 10 Best Singles of 2007, while Rolling Stone and Time listed the song at number three on the 100 Best Songs of 2007. The song has earned Rihanna several awards and nominations. In 2007, the song won two awards at the MTV Video Music Awards, when it was nominated for four. At the 2008 Grammy Awards, \"Umbrella\" also earned Rihanna and Jay-Z a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration in addition to receiving nominations for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. The song is also listed on Rolling Stone's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time at 412.", "Umbrella (song). \"Umbrella\" was performed by Rihanna during the 2007 MTV Movie Awards on June 3, 2007.[101] In the United Kingdom, she performed the song on the ITV morning show GMTV and at the Brit Awards in 2008. She also performed \"Umbrella\" during her AOL sessions.[102] In France, she performed it on Star Academy.[103] \"Umbrella\" was added to the setlist of her first headlining Good Girl Gone Bad Tour where it was performed as the final song for the encore. It was also included as the closing act of the Last Girl on Earth Tour and The Loud Tour. Rihanna performed \"Umbrella\" at Radio 1's Hackney Weekend on May 24, 2012, as the sixteenth song on the set list.[104] The performance featured a giant sphinx on the stage.[105] The song was also performed during the Diamonds World Tour and the Anti World Tour.", "Umbrella (song). The single experienced major success in Europe, most notably in the United Kingdom.[50] The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number one based on digital sales alone,[51] becoming Rihanna's first chart-topper in the country.[52] During the single's fourth week on the chart, Rihanna earned her first 'Chart Double' with both the single and subsequent album (Good Girl Gone Bad) topping the UK Singles and Albums charts simultaneously.[53] Having reached nine straight weeks at number one on the chart, it broke the record of American group Gnarls Barkley's \"Crazy\" as the longest chart-topper of the decade.[54] \"Umbrella\" eventually reached a total of ten weeks at number one on the chart, becoming the country's longest-running number one single of the 21st century.[55] In addition, Rihanna become the seventh artist in history to top the chart for ten consecutive weeks.[56] By the end of 2008, \"Umbrella\" had sold over 600,000 copies, making it her biggest-selling single at the time, before being succeeded by \"Love the Way You Lie\", a collaboration with Eminem two years later in 2010.[57] It became Britain's second biggest-selling single of 2007, only behind Leona Lewis' \"Bleeding Love\".[58] On December 12, 2008, it was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, for sales of 600,000 copies.[59] In total, \"Umbrella\" has amassed 51 weeks in the official Charts, making it the joint 20th longest runner of all time. It has spent a further 20 weeks to tally 71 total weeks inside the Top 100, in which it has appeared in three consecutive years; number one in 2007, 18 in 2008 and number 99 in 2009.[60]", "Umbrella (song). The single's accompanying music video was directed by Chris Applebaum and features, among all, Rihanna's nude body covered in silver paint. The video earned Rihanna a Video of the Year at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards and Most Watched Video on MuchMusic.com at MuchMusic Video Awards. Along with countless amateurs, \"Umbrella\" has been covered by several notable performers from a variety of musical genres, including All Time Low, the Baseballs, Biffy Clyro, Manic Street Preachers, McFly, Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park, OneRepublic, Taylor Swift, and Vanilla Sky. Rihanna performed the song at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards, 2008 BRIT Awards and was the closing song of the \"Good Girl Gone Bad Tour\" (2008), the \"Last Girl on Earth\" (2010), and the \"Loud Tour\" (2011). It was included in the \"Diamonds World Tour\" (2013), and the \"Anti World Tour\" (2016). Umbrella is a playable track in 2012 video game Just Dance 4", "Umbrella (song). \"Two albums into her career, it still wasn’t clear who Rihanna was. To her detractors, and there were many, she was just another wannabe-yoncé who sang through her nose and couldn’t really dance. To prove them wrong, she needed a song that would define her as an artist. [...] Eleven rhythmic syllables, “umbrella-ella-ella-eh-eh-eh,” did what the two previous albums together had not done: they defined Rihanna as an artist. [...] “Umbrella” marked the arrival of something new in pop: a digital icon. In the rock era, when the album was the standard unit of recorded music, listeners had ten or twelve songs to get to know the artist, but in the singles-oriented world of today, the artist has only three or four minutes to put their personality across, and at that Rihanna would prove to be without peer.\"[88][89]", "Umbrella (song). As of June 2015, \"Umbrella\" has sold 4,470,000 digital copies in the United States, and is Rihanna's sixth best-selling single in the country.[48] The song debuted at number one in Canada, becoming the first song to top the then recently launched Canadian Hot 100, a singles chart in Canada issued by Billboard magazine, similar to that of the Billboard Hot 100.[49]", "Umbrella (song). With the record-breaking success of the single and the reported coincidence with the weather, Def Jam's marketing team collaborated with British umbrella manufacturer Totes. The company produced five types of Rihanna umbrellas, one of which was a two-tone satin umbrella that Rihanna debuted in public during her performance of the song at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards.[99] Although manufactured by a UK-based company, the collection was made available only to US residents online through the company's website.[100]", "Umbrella (song). \"Umbrella\" was released worldwide on March 29, 2007, debuting on Rihanna's Def Jam website.[6][7] The song was released digitally in the United Kingdom on May 14, 2007, along with its physical release following two weeks later.[8]", "Umbrella (song). Rihanna recorded the song, with vocal production by Thaddis \"Kuk\" Harrell, in a Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles. Initially, Stewart admitted he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the recording of the \"ella, ella\" catch phrase, he felt they were onto \"something\".[3] Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper Jay-Z added his rap. However, Jay-Z rewrote his verse without the awareness of Stewart and Nash. Stewart could not understand it, but later realized it made \"sense\" instead of the first version. Stewart noted that \"from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before\".[3]", "Umbrella (song). \"Umbrella\" is a pop, hip hop and R&B song with rock influences.[9][10][11][12][13][14] The song's musicscape is based on the hi-hat, synthesizers, and a distorted bassline. According to Entertainment Weekly magazine, the song's beat can be recreated through a drum loop from the Apple music-software program GarageBand (Vintage Funk Kit 03).[15] The song is written in the key of B â™­ minor. The song's lyrics are written in the traditional verse-chorus form. They open with a rap verse, and the hook \"ella, ella\" follows every chorus. A bridge follows the second hook, and the song ends in a fadeout.", "Manic Street Preachers. In February 2008, the Manics covered Rihanna's hit pop song \"Umbrella\". Their version appeared on a CD titled NME Awards 2008 given away free with a special souvenir box set issue of NME magazine, which went on sale 27 February. Additionally, the Manics' version of the song was made available on iTunes from 5 March 2008.[72] Despite being chart-eligible (it reached number 47 in the UK),[17] the release was not intended as an official single.[147] Two further versions (the Acoustic and Grand Slam mixes) were later made available on iTunes and now comprise a three-track Umbrella EP.", "Umbrella (song). \"Umbrella\" debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 on the chart issue dated April 28, 2007, at number 91.[28] The following week it climbed to number 72,[28] and to number 63 in its third week.[29] In its fourth, fifth and sixth week on the chart, it progressively ascended to numbers 52,[30] 44[31] and 41.[32] Prior to its physical release, \"Umbrella\" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of iTunes in the United States, breaking a record previously held by Shakira and Wyclef Jean's \"Hips Don't Lie\".[3] Following its digital release, \"Umbrella\" soared to number one for the issue dated June 9, 2007 on its seventh week on the chart.[33] It subsequently debuted atop the Hot Digital Songs chart, with first-week sales of over 277,000 units. The single became the highest digital debut in the United States since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking downloads in 2003, surpassing Justin Timberlake's \"SexyBack\" 250,000 sales record in 2006.[32] The single's rise to the top of the Hot 100 marked Rihanna's second number one single following \"SOS\" (2006),[33] which was also noted for its huge leap on the Hot 100 to the top spot based on digital sales alone.[34] Significantly sustained by the strong airplay of the single[35][36] and preventing American rap group Shop Boyz' \"Party Like a Rockstar\" from advancing on the chart, \"Umbrella\" spent seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart.[37] \"Umbrella\" eventually became the second best-performing single of 2007 on the Hot 100, only behind Beyoncé's hit single \"Irreplaceable\" which topped the chart for ten weeks total.[38]", "Umbrella (song). Visual effects at Kroma were supervised by Bert Yukich and produced by Amy Yukich.[77] A key part of the video is a 24-second visual effects sequence in which Rihanna is surrounded by silvery strands of liquid that crisscross the frame in graceful arcs in response to her movements. Water elements were recorded on a special effects stage using a high-speed 35mm camera. Bert Yukich then composited them into the scene with the singer. He then added lighting effects to the practical water elements to give them the mirror-like texture of mercury.", "Umbrella (song). However, since it was the Grammy season of 2007, Stewart and Nash eyed American R&B singer Mary J. Blige for the demo.[3] Upon calling them to set the record aside for Rihanna, Stewart had played it to an associate of Blige, subsequently promising the song to her. Having heard the move of the writers, Kwak began calling Stewart and his manager, Mark Stewart, incessantly. Meanwhile, considering Blige's nominations at the Grammys, Stewart and Nash agreed to wait for her response. However, Blige failed to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time and \"had to sign off on the record before her reps could accept it\".[3][5] Finally, Reid \"stepped in, trading on his power-broker status and longstanding relationship with Stewart\", and admits, \"I made the producers an offer they couldn't refuse.\"[1] By the time Reid had successfully persuaded Stewart's camp, they \"just couldn't say no\".[3] On giving up the record to Reid's camp, Mark Stewart comments, \"We knew Rihanna's album would be out in a few months. Mary wasn't even in an album cycle yet. We made the sensible business decision.\"[1]", "Umbrella (song). While working on the album, ideas began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American music video director Chris Applebaum to send her \"something\" to work on. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum of the treatment.[76] In response, Applebaum hurriedly made a treatment for the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her \"positive response\" following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a silver paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.[76] Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance en pointe, an idea which he accepted.[76]", "Umbrella (song). There have also been notable mixed versions of the song. American rapper Lil Mama recorded a version of \"Umbrella\" that replaced Jay-Z's opening rap verse. An article by Blender magazine, who dismissed Jay-Z's version, said \"Lil Mama actually seems to understand the song's metaphorical themes of protection and loyalty\".[195] American punk band Blink-182 drummer Travis Barker remixed the song, adding to the track \"quicksilver snare flourishes and... real-life guitars\".[196]", "Diamonds (Rihanna song). Ernest Baker and Lauren Nostro of Complex ranked \"Diamonds\" atop their list of The 10 Best Guilty Pleasure Songs of 2012 and wrote that, although the song is unlike Rihanna's louder, more anthemic songs, \"apparently the world loves to see a softer side of her, too.\"[41] Black Entertainment Television placed the single at number six on their 50 Best Songs of 2012 list and called it one of Rihanna's most emotive performances.[42] UK E! Online's reviewer named it the fifth best song of the year and said that Rihanna's vocal performance on the song validates the attention she had received since her breakthrough with \"Umbrella\".[43] Irish Independent's Jim Hayes ranked it as the year's tenth-best song and described it as \"a laid back slow burner that invades and refuses to leave\".[44] A reviewer from The Huffington Post named \"Diamonds\" one of The 12 Best Songs by Women in 2012.[45]", "Umbrella (song). The song serves as the lead single to the album, and was released worldwide on March 29, 2007 through Def Jam Recordings. \"Umbrella\" was a commercial success, topping the charts in Australia, Canada, Germany, Spain, the Republic of Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In the United Kingdom, where the song's chart performance coincided with the excessive flooding and large amounts of rain, it was one of the most played songs on radio in the 2000s decade. It managed to stay at number one on the UK Singles Chart for 10 consecutive weeks, the longest run at number one for any single of that decade, and is also one of the few songs to top the chart for at least 10 weeks. The single was one of the highest digital debuts in the United States at the time and remained at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 for seven consecutive weeks.", "Te Amo (Rihanna song). \"Te Amo\" (English: \"I Love You\") is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her fourth studio album, Rated R (2009). The electro-Latin song was written by Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, James Fauntleroy II and Rihanna, with production helmed by Eriksen and Hermansen under their production name, Stargate. \"Te Amo\" impacted radio in Canada on June 7, 2010, and was released via digital download on June 8, 2010, in Australia, Italy and New Zealand, as the album's third international and fifth overall single. \"Te Amo\" incorporates elements of Latin American music and conveys Rihanna's struggles as the object of another woman's desires.", "Diamonds (Rihanna song). Lyrically, \"Diamonds\" is a departure from Rihanna's recurring themes of unhealthy relationships on her other songs,[25] and contains a prominent concept of love.[26] The first verse introduces the song's concept: \"Find light in the beautiful sea / I choose to be happy / You and I, you and I / We're like diamonds in the sky.\" The hook continues this metaphor: \"So shine bright, tonight, you and I / We're beautiful like diamonds in the sky / Eye to eye, so alive.\"[27] According to Glenn Yoder of The Boston Globe, the song shows Rihanna differently than how she is viewed by the public because of lyrics such as \"I choose to be happy\" and \"We're like diamonds in the sky\".[25] James Montgomery of MTV News commented that she embraces the positivity and fulfillment of a realized relationship, particularly with the line \"When you hold me, I'm alive\", and admits \"I knew that we'd become one right away\".[28] Lindsay DiMattina of Hollywood.com interpreted that Rihanna is crying out for her lover when she sings lines such as, \"When you hold me, I'm alive,\" and \"At first sight I felt the energy of sun rays / I saw the life inside your eyes.\"[29] The Herald Sun asserted that the lyrics were most likely inspired by Rihanna's private life.[30]", "Umbrella (song). \"Umbrella\" entered the top fifty of the US Radio Songs chart on the issue dated April 28, 2007, at number 42.[39] The following week it climbed to number 29,[28] and reached the top twenty in its fourth week on the chart, at number 17.[30] It entered the top five of the chart on the chart issue of June 2, 2007, at number three.[31][32] It eventually reached number one on the issue dated July 14, 2007,[40] and remained at the top for four consecutive weeks.[41] On the Pop Songs chart, \"Umbrella\" debuted at number 77 on the chart issue dated April 28, 2007.[39] The following week it rose to number 61,[39] and to 51 in its third week.[28] In its fourth week on the chart, it climbed to number 36.[42] On the chart issue of June 9, 2007, \"Umbrella\" soared from number 31 to number one in its eighth week on the chart.[32] It spent six consecutive weeks at the top.[40] \"Umbrella\" debuted at number 69 on the Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs chart on the issue dated April 21, 2007.[43] The following week it rose to number 52[39] and by the issue dated June 9, 2007, it had climbed into the top twenty at number 17.[32] It reached the top ten for the chart issue of June 16, 2007, and rose to number six the following week, earning the 'Greatest Gainer' in both sales and airplay for the week.[44] It made its peak of number four in the issue of July 14, 2007.[40] \"Umbrella\" entered the Hot Dance Club Songs chart as the 'Hot Shot Debut' at number 36, for the issue dated June 9, 2007.[32] The following week it leaped to number 25.[45] It ascended into the top ten of the chart the week after, landing at number nine,[44] and rose to number four in its fourth week on the chart.[46] It topped the chart on the issue dated July 7, 2007[47] and remained at number one for a second week.[40]", "Take a Bow (Rihanna song). To promote Rihanna's fourth studio album, Rated R (2009) in the United Kingdom, Rihanna performed \"Take a Bow\" at the launch of the Nokia X6 smartphone at Brixton Academy in London.[34] Other songs on the set list were \"Russian Roulette\" and \"Wait Your Turn\" from Rated R, and \"Don't Stop the Music\", \"Disturbia\", and with Jay-Z, \"Umbrella\" from Good Girl Gone Bad.[34] During the promotion of Rated R, Rihanna also recorded video performances of her songs for \"AOL Music Sessions\"; these videos were made available to watch on AOL's website on February 23, 2010.[35][36] The set included \"Take A Bow\", as well as \"Russian Roulette, \"Hard\", \"Rude Boy\" and a stripped down version of \"Disturbia\".[35] \"Take a Bow\" has been included on four of Rihanna's arena tours: the Good Girl Gone Bad Tour, Last Girl on Earth, Loud Tour and Diamonds World Tour. The song was featured in the encore section of the Good Girl Gone Bad Tour, along with \"Umbrella\".[37] For the Last Girl on Earth and Loud Tours, the song was featured as the last to be performed before the encore section.[38][39] A minimal version of the song was also included on her Diamonds World Tour during the fourth act.", "Love the Way You Lie. Critics have commented on the message in the lyrics. Anderson noted a dark theme,[43] while Nick Levine of Digital Spy, Allie Townsend of Time magazine and Jocelyn Noveck of The Associated Press suggested the previous relationships of both artists influenced the song.[30][46][47] Levine gave it four stars out of five.[46] According to Eric Hayden of The Atlantic Wire, the song refers to an alcoholic couple, possibly inspired by Rihanna's relationship with Brown.[48] McAlphine awarded \"Love the Way You Lie\" four stars out of five.[26] According to him, the song would not have been effective if it had featured only Eminem's point of view and feelings of regret; he wrote that Rihanna's representing the opposite side of the relationship shows \"proper storytelling\" and \"sends a message\" because of her breakup with Brown.[26] McAlphine wrote that as a result the song depicts a more realistic abusive relationship and could be featured in a campaign for women's shelters. He praised Eminem's accuracy and understanding of the topic.[26] Winston Robbins from Consequence of Sound attributed the song's poignancy to Rihanna's past abusive relationship, and a theme of infidelity and abuse.[49]" ]

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[ "If Loving You Is Wrong. If Loving You Is Wrong is an American prime time television soap opera created, executive produced, written, and directed by Tyler Perry.[1] The series focuses on the lives and relationships of a group of five husbands and wives who live on the same street (Castillo Lane) in the fictional community of Maxine. The show stars Amanda Clayton, Edwina Findley, Heather Hemmens, Zulay Henao, and April Parker Jones as the five female leads Alex, Kelly, Marcie, Esperanza and Natalie on \"their quest to find love in the midst of managing very complex lives.\"[2]", "If Loving You Is Wrong (TV series). If Loving You Is Wrong is an American prime time television soap opera created, executive produced, written, and directed by Tyler Perry.[1] The series focuses on the lives and relationships of a group of five husbands and wives who live on the same street (Castillo Lane) in the fictional community of Maxine. The show stars Amanda Clayton, Edwina Findley, Heather Hemmens, Zulay Henao, and April Parker Jones as the five female leads Alex, Kelly, Marcie, Esperanza and Natalie on \"their quest to find love in the midst of managing very complex lives.\"[2]", "If Loving You Is Wrong. If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry's 2014 film The Single Moms Club. Actress Zulay Henao reprised her movie role of Esperanza, although her character and storyline was rebooted for the TV series. It was officially ordered straight-to-series on January 9, 2014.[3][4][5] It premiered on September 9, 2014, on the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN), and the first half of the first season finale aired on November 4, 2014.[5][6][7]", "If Loving You Is Wrong (TV series). If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry's 2014 film The Single Moms Club. Actress Zulay Henao reprised her movie role of Esperanza, although her character and storyline was rebooted for the TV series. It was officially ordered straight-to-series on January 9, 2014.[3][4][5] It premiered on September 9, 2014, on the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN), and the first half of the first season finale aired on November 4, 2014.[5][6][7]", "List of If Loving You Is Wrong episodes. If Loving You Is Wrong is an American primetime television soap opera, created, executive produced, written and directed by Tyler Perry. The show premiered September 9, 2014, on the Oprah Winfrey Network. If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry's 2014 film, The Single Moms Club.", "List of If Loving You Is Wrong episodes. Note: The character Esperanza (played by Zulay Henao) is based on the character of the same name (also played by Zulay Henao) from the feature film The Single Moms Club. The character Natalie is based on the character Lytia Wright from The Single Moms Club.", "Tyler Perry. On January 9, 2014, as part of Perry's continued partnership with OWN, the network ordered its fourth scripted series (and fourth series by Perry) based on the feature film, The Single Moms Club, called If Loving You Is Wrong. The hour-long drama series premiered on September 9, 2014.", "Oprah Winfrey Network. On January 9, 2014, it was announced that OWN ordered a drama series If Loving You Is Wrong. The show premiered on September 9, 2014.[18]", "Loving (2016 film). Richard Loving, a white construction worker in Caroline County, Virginia, falls in love with a local black woman and family friend, Mildred Jeter. Upon Mildred discovering that she is pregnant, they decide to marry, but knowing that interracial marriage violates Virginia's anti-miscegenation laws, they drive to Washington, D.C. to get married in 1958. Richard makes plans to build a house for Mildred less than a mile from her family home.", "If Loving You Is Wrong (TV series). The series premiere was the highest-rated in OWN history, setting a new record over The Haves and the Have Nots. The second half of the first season aired on March 24, 2015. On February 27, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season with 22 more episodes. The second season premiered on September 22, 2015. The second half premiered on March 15, 2016. OWN renewed the series for a third season. The third season of the series premiered on September 13, 2016.[8] The second half of the third season premiered on March 21, 2017. On August 29, 2017, OWN announced the show's return for the fourth season, which premiered on September 19, 2017.", "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right. The song is about an adulterous love affair, told from the point of view of either the mistress or the cheating spouse, depending on the gender of the performer. Regardless, both parties involved express their desire to maintain the affair, while at the same time acknowledging that the relationship is wrong according to conventional moral standards.", "List of If Loving You Is Wrong episodes. Alex takes a pregnancy test because everyone thinks she's pregnant. Her husband Brad loves his job more than he loves her, but wants to make up for it. Esperanza deals with her ex-husband. Kelly wants to buy a house for her boyfriend Travis and her son Justice.", "Real World (TV series). Portland cast member Jordan Wiseley appeared on the OWN Network original series, Tyler Perry's If Loving You Is Wrong.", "Loving (2016 film). After a minor auto accident involving one of their children, the Lovings decide to slip back into Virginia, settling in a remote portion of King and Queen County while their case moves through the courts. Their case gains wide attention, and is profiled in Life magazine by photographer Grey Villet (fr).[29][30] The state contends that people of different races were never intended to live together, and goes as far as to suggest the Lovings' children are bastards. The state Supreme Court refuses to set aside the Lovings' conviction. Undeterred, Cohen and Hirschkop appeal to the federal Supreme Court. Before going to Washington, Cohen asks Richard if he has a message for the justices. Richard replies, \"Tell them that I love my wife.\"", "Loving (2016 film). Following a screening of Loving, at the Princeton Garden Theater in Princeton, New Jersey, producer Peter Saraf held an open Q&A discussion with the audience, in which he touched on such topics as the film's historical authenticity, in which he described the film as true to life:[67] \"Richard Loving was indeed as stoic as Nichols and Edgerton portray him; the small rural Virginia community in which they lived was (and is) highly racially integrated; Mildred Loving really did write directly to Robert Kennedy, and her letter is still in the Kennedy collection; and the Lovings lawyer really did, per Richard’s request, relay his words before the Supreme Court that “I love my wife.”\"[67]", "Loving (2016 film). The film was directed by Jeff Nichols, who also wrote the screenplay.[15] Ruth Negga and Joel Edgerton co-star as Mildred and Richard Loving.[16] Marton Csokas, Nick Kroll, and Michael Shannon are all featured in supporting roles.[17] Principal photography began in Richmond, Virginia on September 16, 2015 and ended on November 19.[18] The locations used for Loving were mainly based in Richmond, also in King and Queen County, Caroline County, Central Point, and Bowling Green.[19]", "Loving (2016 film). Nichols himself spoke of how both Keith and costume designer Erin Benach with keeping him \"period correct.\"[216] Keith spoke of Adam Stone and his experiences finding existing locations that were shootable, and once found both men spent a lot of time scouting.[215] Keith later explained that: \"Once you find the perfect location, you have to gut it, and start from scratch, and that experience is fun.\"[215] He also spoke of his adamant approach of not placing anything that isn't required to be on screen: \"If it doesn’t make sense that the characters would have used it, then to me it makes no sense for it to be there.\"[215] Some of the original locations, including the Bowling Green jail and courthouse, remained intact, though in other cases, Keith had to improvise:[217] \"Originally, we thought we could just roll into town, pull up to the perfect house and replicate everything easily.\"[217] Stone re-fashioned renovated houses to resemble the Lovings' country abodes as a lot of the places were falling apart.[217] He also stuck with the key approach of simplicity within Loving, as he stated, \"The story was about the Lovings. We did not want to draw attention to their environments. They were very simple people. I wanted to make what came across on screen as simple as possible as well.\"[213]", "Loving (2016 film). Of his cinematographer, Nichols praised his artistry and hard work on Loving: \"So many Southern-set films have an antique-y glow. We work against that. Mildred was in love with this countryside in Virginia, enough to leave her home in D.C. and live in hiding, in risk of arrest.\"[208] Nichols made mention of the fact that the audience had to feel how beautiful the area of Caroline County, Virginia was, albeit didn't want the film to feel \"affected or sweetened\".[208] He concluded by stating, \"[Stone] has worked on all five of my films, so we communicate via osmosis. But at some point we said, “We are not setting out to make a ‘beautiful’ film, but a film that supports the lives of these characters.”\"[208]", "If Loving You Is Wrong. The series premiere was the highest-rated in OWN history, setting a new record over The Haves and the Have Nots. The second half of the first season aired on March 24, 2015. On February 27, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season with 22 more episodes. The second season premiered on September 22, 2015. The second half premiered on March 15, 2016. OWN renewed the series for a third season. The third season of the series premiered on September 13, 2016.[8] The second half of season 3 premiered on March 21, 2017. On August 29, 2017, OWN announced the show's return for the fourth season, which premiered on September 19, 2017. On November 21, 2017, it was announced that the second half of season 4 will premiere on January 10, 2018.", "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right. \"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right\" is a song written by Stax Records songwriters Homer Banks, Carl Hampton and Raymond Jackson. Originally written for The Emotions, it has been performed by many singers, most notably by Luther Ingram, whose original recorded version[1] topped the R&B chart for four weeks and rose to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1972.[2] Billboard ranked it as the No. 16 song for 1972.[3]", "Brenda Bakke. In 2000s, Bakke continued appearing in films, playing roles in smaller movies, such as The Quickie and Moving August. She spent the following years playing guest star roles in episodes of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, NYPD Blue, The Mentalist, and Supernatural. In 2015, she began appearing in the recurring role of Virginia in the Oprah Winfrey Network prime time soap opera If Loving You Is Wrong. In 2016, Bakke appeared in guest star roles in episodes of Heartbeat and Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders.", "Loving (2016 film). In preparation for Loving, Benach mapped out the years in the evolution of clothing, to which she states, \"I wanted to know what the fashion of the time was but also what it would be based on where the characters in Loving [...] were at any given moment.\"[210] For the design of Negga's Mildred, Benach at al pulled from a great many sources, using a photograph of the real Mildred in a black-and-white check dress and little jacket, of which Benach was determined to find, or create it, with her ultimately finding it at American Costume.[211] On Mildred's move to Washington, D.C., Benach was mindful of the fact there would have been a sartorial shift of sorts, ergo, with her using more of the skirts and the little blouses, as opposed to the housedresses.[211] Benach expressed that, \"We made that shift because it was a natural change in her life. She went from country living to city living in a matter of a day. We thought over time, we would feel the difference between the country and the city.\"[211] The eventual maternity design was difficult as Benach had to ensure that the bumps looked like the right stages of her pregnancy.[211]", "Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate. Residing in the Los Angeles County city of Pasadena, four middle class ladies in their late sixties (Helen Hayes, Myrna Loy, Mildred Natwick, and Sylvia Sidney) habitually meet for lunch and exchange small talk with their waitress (Dodo Denney). During the meal they discuss an \"amusing\" project to create a fictitious profile of a young woman and submit it to a computer dating service. Several days later, they start receiving letters from potential suitors and derive additional amusement from reading them out loud. Meanwhile, after dark, in a car parked in front of her home on a quiet residential street, a young woman (Diane Shalet) becomes alarmed by the aggressive behavior of her date (Vince Edwards) whose attempts to force himself upon her cause her to scramble out of his car and, when he comes out and attempts to manhandle and restrain her, she tearfully runs into the house, as her mother (Margaret Wheeler) calls out through the window, \"Ruthie\". The man gets back in his car and drives away while his audible thoughts reveal that he has difficulty relating to women and the resulting resentment and rage he feels towards them. He tries to recall the name of another prospect for a relationship and settles on the fictitious \"Rebecca\" submitted to the \"Scientific Associates\" computer dating agency by the aged ladies.", "Loving (2016 film). Soon afterward, sheriff's deputies raid Mildred's home and arrest the Lovings. When Richard points to the marriage license, Sheriff Brooks curtly tells him that it has no validity in Virginia and hauls them both to jail. They plead guilty to breaking the anti-miscegenation law and are sentenced to one year in prison. However, the judge suspends the sentence, on condition that they not return to Virginia together for at least 25 years. The Lovings move to Washington to stay with a friend of Mildred's. They briefly return to Caroline County so their first child, Sidney, can be delivered by Richard's mother, a midwife. Arrested again, they are cleared when their lawyer says he erroneously advised them they could return.", "Barbara Mandrell. In 1975, Mandrell jumped to the ABC/Dot label, and under the guidance of producer Tom Collins, reached the top five for the first time with the single \"Standing Room Only\". After a series of successive hits, she scored her second number one with 1978's \"Sleeping Single in a Double Bed\", immediately followed by another chart-topper, \"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right\" in early 1979.[4] \"If Loving You Is Wrong\" was also a major crossover smash, becoming Mandrell's only single to reach the top 40 on the pop chart, peaking at number 31. The song also peaked in the top 10 on adult contemporary radio stations.", "Lovesick (TV series). The show revolves around a group of English friends sharing a house in the West End of Glasgow, Scotland and their romantic lives. After Dylan (Flynn) is diagnosed with chlamydia, he attempts to contact all of his previous sexual partners to inform them of his diagnosis.[11] Dylan lives with best friends Luke (Ings) and Evie (Thomas), the latter of whom previously harboured a secret crush on Dylan, but has since moved on, recently becoming engaged. The majority of each episode of the show is told through flashback, showing Dylan's encounters with a number of women, as well as the changes his friends go through.", "Lovin' You Is Fun. The music video was directed by Shaun Silva and filmed in Austin, Texas.[6] It premiered in April 2012 as part of CMT Big New Music Weekend.[7]", "Crooked House. Towards the end of the Second World War, Charles Hayward is in Cairo and falls in love with Sophia Leonides, a smart, successful Englishwoman who works for the Foreign Office. They put off getting engaged until the end of the war when they will be reunited in England.", "Loving (2016 film). The Lovings' actual house in King and Queen County was deemed too small to film in, which resulted in Stone's discovery of a stand-alone farmhouse built in the 1920s south of Richmond.[218] Keith described the process as following, \"The inside of the house was immediately stripped, the kitchen pulled out, the enclosed porch on the back taken down and rebuilt to match the original one in the photos I liked, and lots and lots of painting and wallpapering action.\"[218] One of the challenges for the art department was the 1950s grocery store scene and a similar hardware store sequence, in which the stores have to be period correct, as well as the product on the shelves and aisles.[218]", "My Tomorrow, Your Yesterday. On February 15, 20-year-old Takatoshi Minamiyama, a visual arts undergraduate and satirist in Kyoto, falls in love at first sight with Emi Fukuju while boarding a train for college. After awkwardly introducing each other, the two promise to meet again in the following days. With the help of his friend, Shoichi Ueyama, Takatoshi asks for a date with Emi, at the end of which he confesses his love for her.", "Are You Being Served?. In 1977, as for many other popular British sitcoms of the time, including On the Buses, a feature film was produced: the Are You Being Served? film had the same characters and cast. It was set in the fictional resort of Costa Plonka, in Spain. The film was an adaptation of the successful stage version of the show, which played at the Winter Gardens Theatre, Blackpool over the summer of 1976.", "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right. In 1972/73, The Faces recorded the song as an outtake for Ooh La La, their final studio album. In 1974, Millie Jackson released her version of the song which received two Grammy Award nominations,[4][5]. In 1978, Barbara Mandrell's version topped the U.S. country singles charts, reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 27 on Cashbox Pop Hits, and was nominated for Single of the Year at the 1979 CMA (Country Music Association) Awards. Rod Stewart re-recorded the song for Foot Loose & Fancy Free, his eighth album; released as a single it peaked at #23 in the UK singles chart in 1980." ]

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[ "Supply chain management. Reverse logistics is the process of managing the return of goods. It is also referred to as \"aftermarket customer services\". Any time money is taken from a company's warranty reserve or service logistics budget, one can speak of a reverse logistics operation. Reverse logistics is also the process of managing the return of goods from store, which the returned goods are sent back to warehouse and after that either warehouse scrap the goods or send them back to supplier for replacement depending on the warranty of the merchandise. 3", "Reverse logistics. Reverse logistics is for all operations related to the reuse of products and materials. It is \"the process of moving goods from their typical final destination for the purpose of capturing value, or proper disposal. Remanufacturing and refurbishing activities also may be included in the definition of reverse logistics.\"[1] Growing green concerns and advancement of green supply chain management concepts and practices make it all the more relevant.[2] The number of publications on the topic of reverse logistics have increased significantly over the past two decades. The first use of the term \"reverse logistics\" in a publication was by James R. Stock in a White Paper titled \"Reverse Logistics,\" published by the Council of Logistics Management in 1992.[3] The concept was further refined in subsequent publications by Stock (1998) in another Council of Logistics Management book, titled Development and Implementation of Reverse Logistics Programs,[4] and by Rogers and Tibben-Lembke (1999) in a book published by the Reverse Logistics Association titled Going Backwards: Reverse Logistics Trends and Practices.[5] The reverse logistics process includes the management and the sale of surplus as well as returned equipment and machines from the hardware leasing business. Normally, logistics deal with events that bring the product towards the customer. In the case of reverse logistics, the resource goes at least one step back in the supply chain. For instance, goods move from the customer to the distributor or to the manufacturer.[6]", "Reverse logistics. In case of e-commerce business, many websites offer the flexibility of cash on delivery (COD) to their customers. Sometimes customers refuse the product at the time of delivery, as there is no commitment to take the product. Then the logistics service provider follows the process of reverse logistics on the refused cargo. It is also known as Return to Origin (RTO). In this process, the e-commerce company adds the refused cargo to its inventory stock again, after proper quality checks as per the company's rules.[16]", "Warehouse. Reverse logistics is another type of warehousing that has become popular for environmental reasons. The term refers to items that are going from the end user back to the distributor or manufacturer.[citation needed]", "Reverse logistics. In today's marketplace, many retailers treat merchandise returns as individual, disjointed transactions. \"The challenge for retailers and vendors is to process returns at a proficiency level that allows quick, efficient and cost-effective collection and return of merchandise. Customer requirements facilitate demand for a high standard of service that includes accuracy and timeliness. It’s the logistic company's responsibility to shorten the link from return origination to the time of resell.\"[7] By following returns management best practices, retailers can achieve a returns process that addresses both the operational and customer retention issues associated with merchandise returns.[8] Further, because of the connection between reverse logistics and customer retention, it has become a key component within Service Lifecycle Management (SLM), a business strategy aimed at retaining customers by bundling even more coordination of a company's services data together to achieve greater efficiency in its operations.", "Reverse auction. The most common application of reverse auctions is for e-procurement, a strategy used by purchasing as part of strategic sourcing and other supply management activities. It enables suppliers to compete on-line in real time and is changing the way firms and their consortia select and behave with their suppliers worldwide. It improves effectiveness of the sourcing process and facilitate access to new suppliers. This may in the future lead to a standardization of sourcing procedures, reduced order cycle, which can enable businesses to reduce prices and generally provide a higher level of service.[1]", "Reverse logistics. In case of the Demonstration of Products to the client as part of Pre-Sales process, The Demonstration equipment is sent to the Customer and has to be returned to maintain Revolving Inventory.", "List of mnemonics. Conversely, a mnemonic listing the strings in the reverse order is:", "Reverse logistics. When a manufacturer's product normally moves through the supply chain network, it is to reach the distributor or customer. Any process or management after the delivery of the product involves reverse logistics. If the product is defective, the customer would return the product. The manufacturing firm would then have to organise shipping of the defective product, testing the product, dismantling, repairing, recycling or disposing the product. The product would travel in reverse through the supply chain network in order to retain any use from the defective product. The logistics for such matters is reverse logistics.", "Lexicographical order. When negative numbers are also considered, one has to reverse the order for comparing negative numbers. This is not usually a problem for humans, but it may be for computers (testing the sign takes some time). This is one of the reasons for adopting two's complement representation for representing signed integers in computers.", "Sorting. A standard order is often called ascending (corresponding to the fact that the standard order of numbers is ascending, i.e. A to Z, 0 to 9), the reverse order descending (Z to A, 9 to 0). For dates and times, ascending means that earlier values precede later ones e.g. 1/1/2000 will sort ahead of 1/1/2001.", "Reverse auction. Reverse auctions are used to fill both large and small value contracts for both public sector and private commercial organizations. In addition to items traditionally thought of as commodities, reverse auctions are also used to source buyer-designed goods and services; and they have even been used to source reverse auction providers. The first time this occurred was in August 2001, when America West Airlines (now US Airways) used FreeMarkets software and awarded the contract to MaterialNet.[citation needed]", "Serial-position effect. These models postulate that later study list items are retrieved from a highly accessible short-term buffer, i.e. the short-term store (STS) in human memory. This allows items that are recently studied to have an advantage over those that were studied earlier, as earlier study items have to be retrieved with greater effort from one’s long-term memory store (LTS).", "Sorting. For sorting, either a weak order, \"should not come after\", can be specified, or a strict weak order, \"should come before\" (specifying one defines also the other, the two are the complement of the inverse of each other, see operations on binary relations). For the sorting to be unique, these two are restricted to a total order and a strict total order, respectively.", "Inventory. and its inverse", "Reverse logistics. In certain industries, goods are distributed to downstream members in the supply chain with the understanding that the goods may be returned for credit if they are not sold e.g., newspapers and magazines. This acts as an incentive for downstream members to carry more stock, because the risk of obsolescence is borne by the upstream supply chain members. However, there is also a distinct risk attached to this logistics concept. The downstream member in the supply chain might exploit the situation by ordering more stock than is required and returning large volumes. In this way, the downstream partner is able to offer high level of service without carrying the risks associated with large inventories. The supplier effectively finances the inventory for the downstream member. It is therefore important to analyze customers’ accounts for hidden costs.", "Database index. A reverse key index reverses the key value before entering it in the index. E.g., the value 24538 becomes 83542 in the index. Reversing the key value is particularly useful for indexing data such as sequence numbers, where new key values monotonically increase.", "Test score. In this second case it should be possible to extract this order from the responses to the test items.[3] Such extraction processes, the Rasch model for instance, are standard practice for item development among professionals. However, because the wrong answers are discarded during the scoring process, analysis of these answers for the information they might contain is seldom undertaken.", "Recall (memory). Serial recall is the ability to recall items or events in the order in which they occurred.[22] The ability of humans to store items in memory and recall them is important to the use of language. Imagine recalling the different parts of a sentence, but in the wrong order. The ability to recall in serial order has been found not only in humans, but in a number of non-human primate species and some non-primates.[2] Imagine mixing up the order of phonemes, or meaningful units of sound, in a word so that \"slight\" becomes \"style.\" Serial-order also helps us remember the order of events in our lives, our autobiographical memories. Our memory of our past appears to exist on a continuum on which more recent events are more easily remembered in order.[22]", "Expiration date. Most stores will rotate stock by moving the products with the earliest dates to the front of shelving units, which encourages customers to buy them first and hopefully saves them from having to be either marked down or thrown away, both of which would result in financial loss.", "Encoding (memory). In free recall, one is allowed to recall items that were learned in any order. For example, you could be asked to name as many countries in Europe as you can. Free recall can be modeled using SAM (Search of Associative Memory) which is based on the dual-store model, first proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968.[36] SAM consists of two main components: short-term store (STS) and long-term store (LTS). In brief, when an item is seen, it is pushed into STS where it resides with other items also in STS, until it displaced and put into LTS. The longer the item has been in STS, the more likely it is to be displaced by a new item. When items co-reside in STS, the links between those items are strengthened. Furthermore, SAM assumes that items in STS are always available for immediate recall.", "Reverse auction. The use of optimization software has become popular since 2002[clarification needed] to help buyers determine which supplier is likely to provide the best value in providing goods or services. The software includes relevant buyer and seller business data, including constraints.[citation needed]", "Bubble sort. Bubble sort should be avoided in the case of large collections. It will not be efficient in the case of a reverse-ordered collection.", "Reverse auction. In 2003, researchers claimed an average of five percent of total corporate spending was sourced using reverse auctions.[3] They have been found to be more appropriate and suitable in industries and sectors like advertising, auto components, bulk chemicals, consumer durables, computers and peripherals, contract manufacturing, courier services, FMCG, healthcare, hospitality, insurance, leasing, logistics, maritime shipping, MRO, retail, software licensing, textiles, tourism, transport and warehousing.[1]", "Sorting. The opposite of sorting, rearranging a sequence of items in a random or meaningless order, is called shuffling.", "Inventory. The technique of inventory proportionality is most appropriate for inventories that remain unseen by the consumer, as opposed to \"keep full\" systems where a retail consumer would like to see full shelves of the product they are buying so as not to think they are buying something old, unwanted or stale; and differentiated from the \"trigger point\" systems where product is reordered when it hits a certain level; inventory proportionality is used effectively by just-in-time manufacturing processes and retail applications where the product is hidden from view.", "Search engine indexing. The rationale behind developing a forward index is that as documents are parsed, it is better to immediately store the words per document. The delineation enables Asynchronous system processing, which partially circumvents the inverted index update bottleneck.[18] The forward index is sorted to transform it to an inverted index. The forward index is essentially a list of pairs consisting of a document and a word, collated by the document. Converting the forward index to an inverted index is only a matter of sorting the pairs by the words. In this regard, the inverted index is a word-sorted forward index.", "Reverse auction. In a typical auction, the seller offers an item which she wishes to sell. Potential buyers are then free to bid on the item until the time period expires. The buyer with the highest offer wins the right to purchase the item for the price determined at the end of the auction.", "Abstract data type. As in so many programming languages, the operation store(V, x) is often written V ← x (or some similar notation), and fetch(V) is implied whenever a variable V is used in a context where a value is required. Thus, for example, V ← V + 1 is commonly understood to be a shorthand for store(V,fetch(V) + 1).", "Domain Name System. When performing a reverse lookup, the DNS client converts the address into these formats before querying the name for a PTR record following the delegation chain as for any DNS query. For example, assuming the IPv4 address 208.80.152.2 is assigned to Wikimedia, it is represented as a DNS name in reverse order: 2.152.80.208.in-addr.arpa. When the DNS resolver gets a pointer (PTR) request, it begins by querying the root servers, which point to the servers of American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) for the 208.in-addr.arpa zone. ARIN's servers delegate 152.80.208.in-addr.arpa to Wikimedia to which the resolver sends another query for 2.152.80.208.in-addr.arpa, which results in an authoritative response.", "Binary search tree. Once the binary search tree has been created, its elements can be retrieved in-order by recursively traversing the left subtree of the root node, accessing the node itself, then recursively traversing the right subtree of the node, continuing this pattern with each node in the tree as it's recursively accessed. As with all binary trees, one may conduct a pre-order traversal or a post-order traversal, but neither are likely to be useful for binary search trees. An in-order traversal of a binary search tree will always result in a sorted list of node items (numbers, strings or other comparable items).", "Food storage. Food rotation is important to preserve freshness. When food is rotated, the food that has been in storage the longest is used first. As food is used, new food is added to the pantry to replace it; the essential rationale is to use the oldest food as soon as possible so that nothing is in storage too long and becomes unsafe to eat. Labelling food with paper labels on the storage container, marking the date that the container is placed in storage, can make this practice simpler. The best way to rotate food storage is to prepare meals with stored food on a daily basis.[12]" ]

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[ "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 11 recognises the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living. This includes, but is not limited to, the right to adequate food, clothing, housing, and \"the continuous improvement of living conditions\".[38] It also creates an obligation on parties to work together to eliminate world hunger.", "Economic, social and cultural rights. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is the primary international legal source of economic, social and cultural rights. The Covenant recognized and protects the right to work and to just and favorable working conditions in Article 6 and 7, the right to join trade unions and take collective labor action in Article 8, the right to social security in Article 9, the right to protection of the family, including protection for mothers and children, in Article 10, the right to an adequate standard of living, including the right to food and the right to housing, in Article 11, the right to health in Article 12, the right to education in Article 13, as well as the right to participate in cultural life and the right to benefits of science and culture in Article 15. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted at the same time as the ICESCR, recognizes and protects a number of core economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to join trade unions in Article 22, and the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to engage in their culture, practice their religion and use their language in Article 27.[3]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 10 of the Covenant recognises the family as \"the natural and fundamental group unit of society\", and requires parties to accord it \"the widest possible protection and assistance\".[35] Parties must ensure that their citizens are free to establish families and that marriages are freely contracted and not forced.[36] Parties must also provide paid leave or adequate social security to mothers before and after childbirth, an obligation which overlaps with that of Article 9. Finally, parties must take \"special measures\" to protect children from economic or social exploitation, including setting a minimum age of employment and barring children from dangerous and harmful occupations.[37]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 15 of the Covenant recognises the right of everyone to participate in cultural life, enjoy the benefits of scientific progress, and to benefit from the protection of the moral and material rights to any scientific discovery or artistic work they have created. The latter clause is sometimes seen as requiring the protection of intellectual property, but the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights interprets it as primarily protecting the moral rights of authors and \"proclaim[ing] the intrinsically personal character of every creation of the human mind and the ensuing durable link between creators and their creations\".[59] It thus requires parties to respect the right of authors to be recognised as the creator of a work. The material rights are interpreted as being part of the right to an adequate standard of living, and \"need not extend over the entire lifespan of an author.\"[60]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is a side-agreement to the Covenant which allows its parties to recognise the competence of the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights to consider complaints from individuals.[65]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.[10]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Part 4 (Articles 16–25) governs reporting and monitoring of the Covenant and the steps taken by the parties to implement it. It also allows the monitoring body – originally the United Nations Economic and Social Council – now the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – see below – to make general recommendations to the UN General Assembly on appropriate measures to realise the rights (Article 21)", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The following are parties to the covenant:[73]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 9 of the Covenant recognizes \"the right of everyone to social security, including social insurance\".[30] It requires parties to provide some form of social insurance scheme to protect people against the risks of sickness, disability, maternity, employment injury, unemployment or old age; to provide for survivors, orphans, and those who cannot afford health care; and to ensure that families are adequately supported. Benefits from such a scheme must be adequate, accessible to all, and provided without discrimination.[31] The Covenant does not restrict the form of the scheme, and both contributory and non-contributory schemes are permissible (as are community-based and mutual schemes).[32]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is a body of human rights experts tasked with monitoring the implementation of the Covenant. It consists of 18 independent human rights experts, elected for four-year terms, with half the members elected every two years.[70]", "Economic, social and cultural rights. Economic, social and cultural right enshrined in international and regional human rights instruments are legally binding. Member states have a legal obligation to respect, protect and fulfil these rights. The exact nature of states' obligations in this respect has been established principally in relation to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR),[10] and further Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has been established in accordance with Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action[11]", "Economic, social and cultural rights. A number of other major international human rights instruments contain provisions relating to economic, social and cultural rights. The Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes and protects many of the economic, social and cultural rights recognized in the ICESCR in relation to children. Including the right to health in Article 24, the right to social security in Article 25, the right to an adequate standard of living in Article 27, the right to education in Article 28, and the right to protection from economic exploitation (see child labour) in Article 32.[4] The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination prohibits discrimination on the basis of racial or ethnic origin in relation to a number of economic, social and cultural rights. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women affirms a range of economic, social and cultural rights to women. The ILO Conventions of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) protect a range of work related economic, social and cultural rights.[5]", "Economic, social and cultural rights. The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights protects the right to work in Article 15, the right to health in Article 16, and the right to education in Article 17. The European Social Charter protects a wide range of economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to work, to favourable working conditions, the right to join trade unions and to take collective labour action in Article 1 to 10, the right to health in Article 11, the right to social security, including the right to medical assistance and the right to social welfare services, in Article 12 to 14, protection of especially vulnerable groups are enshrined in Article 15 to 17 and 19, and right to housing in Article 31. The Protocol of San Salvador protects a range of economic, social and cultural rights within the Inter-American human rights system.[6]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Part 5 (Articles 26–31) governs ratification, entry into force, and amendment of the Covenant.", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Covenant follows the structure of the UDHR and the ICCPR, with a preamble and thirty-one articles, divided into five parts.[12]", "Economic, social and cultural rights. The Universal Declaration on Human Rights recognises a number of economic, social and cultural rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is the primary international legal source of economic, social and cultural rights. The Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women recognises and protects many of the economic, social and cultural rights recognised in the ICESCR in relation to children and women. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination prohibits discrimination on the basis of racial or ethnic origin in relation to a number of economic, social and cultural rights. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also prohibits all discrimination on the basis of the disability including refusal of the reasonable accommodation relating to full enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights regards legislation as an indispensable means for realising the rights which is unlikely to be limited by resource constraints. The enacting of anti-discrimination provisions and the establishment of enforceable rights with judicial remedies within national legal systems are considered to be appropriate means. Some provisions, such as anti-discrimination laws, are already required under other human rights instruments, such as the ICCPR.[25]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966, and in force from 3 January 1976.[1] It commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to the Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories and individuals, including labour rights and the right to health, the right to education, and the right to an adequate standard of living. As of 2015, the Covenant has 164 parties.[3] A further six countries, including the United States, have signed but not ratified the Covenant.", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has noted persistent problems with the implementation of this right, with very low levels of access.[33]", "Economic, social and cultural rights. In 2008, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which gives the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights competence to receive and consider communications from individuals claiming that their rights under the Covenant have been violated by a state party. The Protocol entered into force on 5 May 2013.", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Covenant is monitored by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[5]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 2 of the Covenant imposes a duty on all parties to", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 13 of the Covenant recognises the right of everyone to free education (free for the primary level and \"the progressive introduction of free education\" for the secondary and higher levels). This is to be directed towards \"the full development of the human personality and the sense of its dignity\",[19] and enable all persons to participate effectively in society. Education is seen both as a human right and as \"an indispensable means of realizing other human rights\", and so this is one of the longest and most important articles of the Covenant.[53]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 12 of the Covenant recognises the right of everyone to \"the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health\".[46] \"Health\" is understood not just as a right to be healthy, but as a right to control one's own health and body (including reproduction), and be free from interference such as torture or medical experimentation.[47] States must protect this right by ensuring that everyone within their jurisdiction has access to the underlying determinants of health, such as clean water, sanitation, food, nutrition and housing, and through a comprehensive system of healthcare, which is available to everyone without discrimination, and economically accessible to all.[48]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. A number of parties have made reservations and interpretative declarations to their application of the Covenant.", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Many of these rights include specific actions which must be undertaken to realise them.", "Human rights and development. Article 6 importantly provides \"States should undertake, at the national level, all necessary measures for the realization of the right to development, echoing Article 2.1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) which states that \"each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and co-operation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources. Furthermore, the Maastricht Guidelines[20] on violations of economic, social and cultural rights provides that a state is in violation of the Covenant if it fails to allocate the maximum of its available resources to realizing human rights.[21]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The principle differs from that of the ICCPR, which obliges parties to \"respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction\" the rights in that Convention.[21] However, it does not render the Covenant meaningless. The requirement to \"take steps\" imposes a continuing obligation to work towards the realisation of the rights.[22] It also rules out deliberately regressive measures which impede that goal. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights also interprets the principle as imposing minimum core obligations to provide, at the least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights.[23] If resources are highly constrained, this should include the use of targeted programmes aimed at the vulnerable.[24]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The work referred to in Article 6 must be decent work.[29] This is effectively defined by Article 7 of the Covenant, which recognises the right of everyone to \"just and favourable\" working conditions. These are in turn defined as fair wages with equal pay for equal work, sufficient to provide a decent living for workers and their dependants; safe working conditions; equal opportunity in the workplace; and sufficient rest and leisure, including limited working hours and regular, paid holidays.", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Committee typically meets every May and November in Geneva.[72]", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Part 3 (Articles 6–15) lists the rights themselves. These include rights to", "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 12.2 requires parties to take specific steps to improve the health of their citizens, including reducing infant mortality and improving child health, improving environmental and workplace health, preventing, controlling and treating epidemic diseases, and creating conditions to ensure equal and timely access to medical services for all. These are considered to be \"illustrative, non-exhaustive examples\", rather than a complete statement of parties' obligations.[49]" ]

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[ "Christmas in July. In the Southern Hemisphere, seasons are in reverse to the Northern Hemisphere, with summer falling in December, January, and February, and with winter falling in June, July, and August. Therefore, in some southern hemisphere countries, such as Comoros, Madagascar, Bolivia, Angola, French Polynesia, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Samoa and South Africa, Christmas in July or Midwinter Christmas events are undertaken in order to have Christmas with a winter feel in common with the northern hemisphere.[14][15][16] These countries still celebrate Christmas on December 25, in their summer, like the northern hemisphere.", "Christmas music. Situated in the southern hemisphere, where seasons are reversed from the northern, the heat of early summer in Australia affects the way Christmas is celebrated and how northern hemisphere Christmas traditions are followed. Australians generally spend Christmas out of doors, going to the beach for the day, or heading to camp grounds for a vacation. International visitors to Sydney at Christmastime often go to Bondi Beach where tens of thousands gather on Christmas Day.", "Christmas in July. In the Northern Hemisphere, a Christmas in July celebration is deliberately ironic; the July climate is typically hot and either sunny or rainy, as opposed to the cold and snowy conditions traditionally associated with Christmas celebrations in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Some people throw parties during July that mimic Christmas celebrations, bringing the atmosphere of Christmas but with warmer temperatures. Parties may include Santa Claus, ice cream and other cold foods, and gifts. Nightclubs often host parties open to the public. Christmas in July is usually recognized as July 12 but also sometimes celebrated on July 25.", "Christmas traditions. Despite Christmas occurring at the height of the Southern Hemisphere summer, wintery motifs common to the Northern Hemisphere are popular.", "White Christmas (weather). Because Christmas occurs during the summer in the Southern Hemisphere, white Christmases are especially rare events there, apart from Antarctica which is generally uninhabited. In 2006, a snowstorm hit the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales and Victoria, arriving on Christmas Morning and bringing nearly 12 in (30 cm) of snow in higher areas.[19] This was an especially rare event because it occurred during Australia's typically warm summer. In New Zealand's Southern Alps snow can fall any day of the year and a white Christmas is very possible. The same situation can be seen at the Andes at elevations above 4000msl, with some locations on the Bolivian altiplano such as El Alto having the theorical possibility of a white Christmas. A white Christmas in the Southern Hemisphere (specifically those close to Antarctica) is approximately equivalent to having snow in the Northern Hemisphere on 25 June, and in some ways is even less likely because the major population centers in the Northern Hemisphere tend to be farther from the equator than those in the Southern Hemisphere.", "Christmas traditions. In Australia, as with all of the Southern Hemisphere, Christmas occurs during the height of the summer season. Christmas Day and Boxing Day (December 25–26) are recognized as national public holidays in Australia, and workers are therefore entitled to a day off with pay.", "Culture of Australia. The Christian festivals of Easter and Christmas are public holidays in Australia. Christmas Day, 25 December, falls during the Southern Hemisphere summer.", "Christmas. Christmas Day is celebrated as a major festival and public holiday in countries around the world, including many whose populations are mostly non-Christian. In some non-Christian areas, periods of former colonial rule introduced the celebration (e.g. Hong Kong); in others, Christian minorities or foreign cultural influences have led populations to observe the holiday. Countries such as Japan, where Christmas is popular despite there being only a small number of Christians, have adopted many of the secular aspects of Christmas, such as gift-giving, decorations, and Christmas trees.", "Religion in Australia. The Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter are national public holidays in Australia. Christmas, which recalls the birth of Jesus Christ, is celebrated on 25 December during the Australian summer (although on 7 January by some Eastern Orthodox)and is an important cultural festival even for many non-religious Australians. The European traditions of Christmas trees, roast dinners, carols and gift giving are all continued in Australia, but they might be conducted between visits to the beach, and Santa Claus is said in song to be drawn on his sleigh by six white boomer kangaroos.[70]", "Christmas and holiday season. These greetings and their equivalents in other languages are popular not only in countries with large Christian populations but also in the largely non-Christian nations of China and Japan, where Christmas is celebrated primarily due to cultural influences of predominantly Christian countries. They have somewhat decreased in popularity in the United States and Canada in recent decades, but polls in 2005 indicated that they remained more popular than \"Happy Holidays\" or other alternatives.[58]", "White Christmas (weather). A white Christmas refers to the presence of snow at Christmas; either Christmas Eve or Christmas Day depending on local tradition. This phenomenon is most common in the northern countries of the Northern Hemisphere. Because December is at the beginning of the Southern Hemisphere summer, white Christmases there are extremely rare, except in Antarctica, in the Southern Alps of New Zealand's South Island, and in parts of the Andes in South America. The Irving Berlin song, \"White Christmas\", sung by Bing Crosby from the film Holiday Inn, is the best-selling single of all time and speaks nostalgically of a traditional white Christmas.", "Christmas in July. Christmas in July is a Christmas celebration held in the month of July, the nature of which differs by hemisphere.[1]", "Christmas traditions. Christmas Day on December 25 is a national holiday in Brazil. But because Brazil lies in the Southern Hemisphere, Brazilians celebrate Christmas in the summer. In the small cities in the entire country, as well as in the largest cities, like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Recife, Salvador, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Brasília, Manaus, Belém, Natal and Belo Horizonte, the celebrations resemble in many ways the traditions in Europe and North America, with the Christmas tree, the exchanging of gifts and Christmas cards, the decoration of houses and buildings with electric lights and the nativity scene. Despite the warm tropical summer weather, some incongruences such as decorations with themes of winter and snow are not uncommon. In some cities like Guarapuava, there are decoration contests, when judges go to houses to look at the decorations, inside or outside of the house, and decide the most beautiful house. Christmas Eve is the most important day. Unlike in the North American and Anglo-Saxon tradition, Christmas takes action mainly near midnight, usually with big family dinners, opening of gifts and the celebration of the \"Missa do Galo\" (the rooster's mass) in churches throughout the nation.", "Summer. Because the temperature lag is shorter in the oceanic temperate southern hemisphere,[10] most countries in this region use the meteorological definition with summer starting on 1 December and ending on the last day of February.[11][12]", "Southern Hemisphere. Owing to the tilt of Earth's rotation relative to the Sun and the ecliptic plane, summer is from December to March and winter is from June to September. September 22 or 23 is the vernal equinox and March 20 or 21 is the autumnal equinox. The South Pole is in the middle of the southern hemispherical region.", "Summer solstice. The summer solstice occurs during the hemisphere's summer.[2] This is the June solstice in the Northern Hemisphere and the December solstice in the Southern Hemisphere. Depending on the shift of the calendar, the summer solstice occurs sometime between June 20 and June 22 in the Northern Hemisphere[3][4] and between December 20 and December 23 in the Southern Hemisphere.[5] The same dates in the opposite hemisphere are referred to as the winter solstice.", "Summer. Summer is the hottest of the four temperate seasons, falling between spring and autumn. At the summer solstice, the days are longest and the nights are shortest, with day-length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The date of the beginning of summer varies according to climate, tradition and culture. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.", "International Date Line. Generally, the Christian calendar and Christian churches recognize the authority of the IDL. Christmas for example, is celebrated on 25 December (according to either the Gregorian or the Julian calendar, depending upon which of the two is used by the particular church) as that date falls in countries located on either side of the Date Line. Thus, whether it is Western Christmas or Orthodox Christmas, Christians in Samoa, immediately west of the Date Line, will celebrate the holiday a day before Christians in American Samoa, which is immediately east of the Date Line.", "Christmas. Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ,[8][9] observed primarily on December 25[4][10][11] as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world.[2][12][13] A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is preceded by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night;[14] in some traditions, Christmastide includes an octave.[15] Christmas Day is a public holiday in many of the world's nations,[16][17][18] is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians,[19] as well as culturally by many non-Christians,[1][20] and forms an integral part of the holiday season centered around it.", "Winter. Accumulations of snow and ice are commonly associated with winter in the Northern Hemisphere, due to the large land masses there. In the Southern Hemisphere, the more maritime climate and the relative lack of land south of 40°S makes the winters milder; thus, snow and ice are less common in inhabited regions of the Southern Hemisphere. In this region, snow occurs every year in elevated regions such as the Andes, the Great Dividing Range in Australia, and the mountains of New Zealand, and also occurs in the southerly Patagonia region of South Argentina. Snow occurs year-round in Antarctica.", "Christmas and holiday season. The Christmas season,[1][2] also called the festive season,[3] or the holiday season (mainly in the U.S. and Canada; often simply called the holidays),[4][5], is an annually recurring period recognized in many Western and Western-influenced countries that is generally considered to run from late November to early January.[6][7][8] It is defined as incorporating at least Christmas, and usually New Year, and sometimes various other holidays and festivals. It also is associated with a period of shopping which comprises a peak season for the retail sector (the \"Christmas (or holiday) shopping season\"), and a period of sales at the end of the season (the \"January sales\"). Christmas window displays and Christmas tree lighting ceremonies when trees decorated with ornaments and light bulbs are illuminated, are traditions in many areas.", "Christmas traditions. Christmas traditions vary from country to country. Christmas celebrations for many nations include the installing and lighting of Christmas trees, the hanging of Advent wreaths, Christmas stockings, candy canes, and the creation of Nativity scenes depicting the birth of Jesus Christ. Christmas carols may be sung and stories told about such figures as the Baby Jesus, St Nicholas, Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Christkind or Grandfather Frost. The sending and exchange of Christmas card greetings, observance of fasting and special religious observances such as a midnight Mass or Vespers on Christmas Eve, the burning of a Yule log, and the giving and receiving of presents. Along with Easter, Christmas is one of the most important periods on the Christian calendar, and is often closely connected to other holidays at this time of year, such as Advent, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, St Nicholas Day, St. Stephen's Day, New Year's, and the Feast of the Epiphany.[1]", "Christmas traditions. In much of Northern Europe Christmas is celebrated on December 24 and is referred to as Jul (see Yule), while December 25 is a relaxed day for visiting relatives. \"Yule\" may come from the Norse word hweol, jól, meaning wheel, and Old English géol. The Norse believed that the sun was a great wheel of fire that rolled towards and then away from the earth.", "Season. During May, June, and July, the Northern Hemisphere is exposed to more direct sunlight because the hemisphere faces the Sun. The same is true of the Southern Hemisphere in November, December, and January. It is Earth's axial tilt that causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer months, which increases the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.", "Christmas. In Catholic countries, people hold religious processions or parades in the days preceding Christmas. In other countries, secular processions or parades featuring Santa Claus and other seasonal figures are often held. Family reunions and the exchange of gifts are a widespread feature of the season. Gift-giving takes place on Christmas Day in most countries. Others practice gift giving on Saint Nicholas Day, and January 6, Epiphany.", "Public holidays in Australia. Christmas is observed on 25 December each year to commemorate the birth of Jesus. In Australia, it was introduced with British settlement in 1788 as the cultural norms were transferred to the new colonies. Though a Christian religious festival, it does not breach the constitution's separation of Church and State provision, because it is declared under State law, which is not subject to the provision.", "Christmas. According to Steven Hijmans of the University of Alberta, \"It is cosmic symbolism ... which inspired the Church leadership in Rome to elect the southern solstice, December 25, as the birthday of Christ, and the northern solstice as that of John the Baptist, supplemented by the equinoxes as their respective dates of conception.\"[58]", "Festival. Midsummer or St John's Day, is an example of a seasonal festival, related to the feast day of a Christian saint as well as a celebration of the time of the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, where it is particularly important in Sweden. Winter carnivals also provide the opportunity to utilise to celebrate creative or sporting activities requiring snow and ice.", "Christmas Eve. Christmas Eve is celebrated in different ways around the world, varying by country and region. Elements common to many areas of the world include the attendance of special religious observances such as a midnight Mass or Vespers, and the giving and receiving of presents. Along with Easter, Christmastime is one of the most important periods on the Christian calendar, and is often closely connected to other holidays at this time of year, such as Advent, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, St. Nicholas Day, St. Stephen's Day, New Year's, and the Feast of the Epiphany.", "Season. The seasonal cycle in the polar and temperate zones of one hemisphere is opposite to that of the other. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern, and vice versa.", "Winter. Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate zones (winter does not occur in the tropical zone). It occurs after autumn and before spring in each year. Winter is caused by the axis of the Earth in that hemisphere being oriented away from the Sun. Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa. In many regions, winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures. The moment of winter solstice is when the sun's elevation with respect to the North or South Pole is at its most negative value (that is, the sun is at its farthest below the horizon as measured from the pole). The day on which this occurs has the shortest day and the longest night, with a daylength increasing and nightlength decreasing as the season processes after the solstice. The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates outside the polar regions differ from the date of the winter solstice, however, and these depend on latitude, due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year caused by the Earth's elliptical orbit (see earliest and latest sunrise and sunset).", "Christmas traditions. The Australian traditions and decorations are quite similar to those of the United Kingdom and North America, and similar wintry iconography is commonplace. This means a red fur-coated Santa Claus riding a sleigh, carols such as Jingle Bells, and various snow-covered Christmas scenes on Christmas cards and decorations appear in the middle of summer. As novelties, some Australian songwriters and authors have occasionally depicted Santa in \"Australian\"-style clothing including an Akubra hat, with warm-weather clothing and thongs, and riding in a ute pulled by kangaroos, (e.g. Six White Boomers by Rolf Harris) but these depictions have not replaced mainstream iconography." ]

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[ "Monocotyledon. Monocots have a distinctive arrangement of vascular tissue known as an atactostele in which the vascular tissue is scattered rather than arranged in concentric rings. Collenchyma is absent in monocot stems, roots and leaves. Many monocots are herbaceous and do not have the ability to increase the width of a stem (secondary growth) via the same kind of vascular cambium found in non-monocot woody plants.[34] However, some monocots do have secondary growth, and because it does not arise from a single vascular cambium producing xylem inwards and phloem outwards, it is termed \"anomalous secondary growth\".[42] Examples of large monocots which either exhibit secondary growth, or can reach large sizes without it, are palms (Arecaceae), screwpines (Pandanaceae), bananas (Musaceae), Yucca, Aloe, Dracaena, and Cordyline.[34]", "Secondary growth. Ancestral monocots lost their secondary growth and their stele has changed in a way it could not be recovered without major changes that are very unlikely to occur. Monocots either have no secondary growth, as is the ancestral case, or they have an \"anomalous secondary growth\" of some type, or, in the case of palms, they enlarge their diameter in what is called a sort of secondary growth or not depending on the definition given to the term. Palm trees increase their trunk diameter due to division and enlargement of parenchyma cells, which is termed \"primary gigantism\"[3] because there is no production of secondary xylem and phloem tissues,[3][5] or sometimes \"diffuse secondary growth\".[6] In some other monocot stems as in Yucca and Dracena with anomalous secondary growth, a cambium forms, but it produces vascular bundles and parenchyma internally and just parenchyma externally. Some monocot stems increase in diameter due to the activity of a primary thickening meristem, which is derived from the apical meristem.[7]", "Plant stem. Vascular bundles are present throughout the monocot stem, although concentrated towards the outside. This differs from the dicot stem that has a ring of vascular bundles and often none in the center. The shoot apex in monocot stems is more elongated. Leaf sheathes grow up around it, protecting it. This is true to some extent of almost all monocots. Monocots rarely produce secondary growth and are therefore seldom woody, with Palms and Bamboo being notable exceptions. However, many monocot stems increase in diameter via anomalous secondary growth.", "Secondary growth. In botany, secondary growth is the growth that results from cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken, while primary growth is growth that occurs as a result of cell division at the tips of stems and roots, causing them to elongate, and gives rise to primary tissue. Secondary growth occurs in most seed plants, but monocots usually lack secondary growth. If they do have secondary growth, it differs from the typical pattern of other seed plants.", "Monocotyledon. The most important distinction is their growth pattern, lacking a lateral meristem (cambium) that allows for continual growth in diameter with height (secondary growth), and therefore this characteristic is a basic limitation in shoot construction. Although largely herbaceous, some arboraceous monocots reach great height, length and mass. The latter include agaves, palms, pandans, and bamboos.[22][23] This creates challenges in water transport that monocots deal with in various ways. Some, such as species of Yucca, develop anomalous secondary growth, while palm trees utilise an anomalous primary growth form described as establishment growth (see Vascular system). The axis undergoes primary thickening, that progresses from internode to internode, resulting in a typical inverted conical shape of the basal primary axis (see Tillich, Figure 1). The limited conductivity also contributes to limited branching of the stems. Despite these limitations a wide variety of adaptive growth forms has resulted (Tillich, Figure 2) from epiphytic orchids (Asparagales) and bromeliads (Poales) to submarine Alismatales (including the reduced Lemnoideae) and mycotrophic Burmanniaceae (Dioscreales) and Triuridaceae (Pandanales). Other forms of adaptation include the climbing vines of Araceae (Alismatales) which use negative phototropism (skototropism) to locate host trees (i.e. the darkest area),[24] while some palms such as Calamus manan (Arecales) produce the longest shoots in the plant kingdom, up to 185 m long.[25] Other monocots, particularly Poales, have adopted a therophyte life form.[26][27][28][29][30]", "Secondary growth. The formation of secondary vascular tissues from the cambium is a characteristic feature of dicotyledons and gymnosperms. In certain monocots, the vascular tissues are also increased after the primary growth is completed but the cambium of these plants is of a different nature. In the living Pteridophytes this feature is rare but occurs in plants like Isoetes and Botrychium.", "Secondary growth. Abnormal secondary growth does not follow the pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside as in ancestral lignophytes. Some dicots have anomalous secondary growth, e.g. in Bougainvillea a series of cambia arise outside the oldest phloem.[4]", "Meristem. In angiosperms, intercalary meristems occur only in monocot (in particular, grass) stems at the base of nodes and leaf blades. Horsetails also exhibit intercalary growth. Intercalary meristems are capable of cell division, and they allow for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots. Intercalary meristems at the nodes of bamboo allow for rapid stem elongation, while those at the base of most grass leaf blades allow damaged leaves to rapidly regrow. This leaf regrowth in grasses evolved in response to damage by grazing herbivores.", "Plant stem. Woody dicots and many nonwoody dicots have secondary growth originating from their lateral or secondary meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium or phellogen. The vascular cambium forms between the xylem and phloem in the vascular bundles and connects to form a continuous cylinder. The vascular cambium cells divide to produce secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside. As the stem increases in diameter due to production of secondary xylem and secondary phloem, the cortex and epidermis are eventually destroyed. Before the cortex is destroyed, a cork cambium develops there. The cork cambium divides to produce waterproof cork cells externally and sometimes phelloderm cells internally. Those three tissues form the periderm, which replaces the epidermis in function. Areas of loosely packed cells in the periderm that function in gas exchange are called lenticels.", "Secondary growth. Secondary growth also occurs in many nonwoody plants, e.g. tomato,[1] potato tuber, carrot taproot and sweet potato tuberous root. A few long-lived leaves also have secondary growth.[2]", "Arecaceae. Like all monocots, palms do not have the ability to increase the width of a stem (secondary growth) via the same kind of vascular cambium found in non-monocot woody plants.[9] This explains the cylindrical shape of the trunk (almost constant diameter) that is often seen in palms, unlike in ring-forming trees. However, many palms, like some other monocots, do have secondary growth, although because it does not arise from a single vascular cambium producing xylem inwards and phloem outwards, it is often called \"anomalous secondary growth\".[10]", "Secondary growth. In many vascular plants, secondary growth is the result of the activity of the two lateral meristems, the cork cambium and vascular cambium. Arising from lateral meristems, secondary growth increases the girth of the plant root or stem, rather than its length. As long as the lateral meristems continue to produce new cells, the stem or root will continue to grow in diameter. In woody plants, this process produces wood, and shapes the plant into a tree with a thickened trunk.", "Monocotyledon. The lack of cambium in the primary root limits its ability to grow sufficiently to maintain the plant. This necessitates early development of roots derived from the shoot (adventitious roots). In addition to roots, monocots develop runners and rhizomes, which are creeping shoots. Runners serve vegetative propagation, have elongated internodes, run on or just below the surface of the soil and in most case bear scale leaves. Rhizomes frequently have an additional storage function and rhizome producing plants are considered geophytes (Tillich, Figure 11). Other geophytes develop bulbs, a short axial body bearing leaves whose bases store food. Additional outer non-storage leaves may form a protective function (Tillich, Figure 12). Other storage organs may be tubers or corms, swollen axes. Tubers may form at the end of underground runners and persist. Corms are short lived vertical shoots with terminal inflorescences and shrivel once flowering has occurred. However, intermediate forms may occur such as in Crocosmia (Asparagales). Some monocots may also produce shoots that grow directly down into the soil, these are geophilous shoots (Tillich, Figure 11) that help overcome the limited trunk stability of large woody monocots.[33][32][34][15]", "Monocotyledon. Thus monocots are distinguishable from other angiosperms both in terms of their uniformity and diversity. On the one hand the organisation of the shoots, leaf structure and floral configuration are more uniform than in the remaining angiosperms, yet within these constraints a wealth of diversity exists, indicating a high degree of evolutionary success.[17] Monocot diversity includes perennial geophytes such as ornamental flowers including (orchids (Asparagales), tulips and lilies) (Liliales), rosette and succulent epiphytes (Asparagales), mycoheterotrophs (Liliales, Dioscoreales, Pandanales), all in the lilioid monocots, major cereal grains (maize, rice, barley, rye and wheat) in the grass family and forage grasses (Poales) as well as woody tree-like palm trees (Arecales), bamboo, reeds and bromeliads (Poales), bananas and ginger (Zingiberales) in the commelinid monocots, as well as both emergent (Poales, Acorales) and aroids, as well as floating or submerged aquatic plants such as seagrass (Alismatales).[18][19][20][21]", "Monocotyledon. In the past, taxa which had petiolate leaves with reticulate venation were considered \"primitive\" within the monocots, because of its superficial resemblance to the leaves of dicotyledons. Recent work suggests that these taxa are sparse in the phylogenetic tree of monocots, such as fleshy fruited taxa (excluding taxa with aril seeds dispersed by ants), the two features would be adapted to conditions that evolved together regardless.[67][128][129][130] Among the taxa involved were Smilax, Trillium (Liliales), Dioscorea (Dioscoreales), etc. A number of these plants are vines that tend to live in shaded habitats for at least part of their lives, and may also have a relationship with their shapeless stomata.[131] Reticulate venation seems to have appeared at least 26 times in monocots, in fleshy fruits 21 times (sometimes lost later), and the two characteristics, though different, showed strong signs of a tendency to be good or bad in tandem, a phenomenon described as \"concerted convergence\" (\"coordinated convergence\").[129][130]", "Monocotyledon. The monocots or monocotyledons have, as the name implies, a single (mono-) cotyledon, or embryonic leaf, in their seeds. Historically, this feature was used to contrast the monocots with the dicotyledons or dicots which typically have two cotyledons; however modern research has shown that the dicots are not a natural group, and the term can only be used to indicate all angiosperms that are not monocots and is used in that respect here. From a diagnostic point of view the number of cotyledons is neither a particularly useful characteristic (as they are only present for a very short period in a plant's life), nor is it completely reliable. The single cotyledon is only one of a number of modifications of the body plan of the ancestral monocotyledons, whose adaptive advantages are poorly understood, but may have been related to adaption to aquatic habitats, prior to radiation to terrestrial habitats. Nevertheless, monocots are sufficiently distinctive that there has rarely been disagreement as to membership of this group, despite considerable diversity in terms of external morphology.[15] However, morphological features that reliably characterise major clades are rare.[16]", "Monocotyledon. The cotyledon, the primordial Angiosperm leaf consists of a proximal leaf base or hypophyll and a distal hyperphyll. In moncots the hypophyll tends to be the dominant part in contrast to other angiosperms. From these, considerable diversity arises. Mature monocot leaves are generally narrow and linear, forming a sheathing around the stem at its base, although there are many exceptions. Leaf venation is of the striate type, mainly arcuate-striate or longitunally striate (parallel), less often palmate-striate or pinnate-striate with the leaf veins emerging at the leaf base and then running together at the apices. There is usually only one leaf per node because the leaf base encompasses more than half the circumference.[31] The evolution of this monocot characteristic has been attributed to developmental differences in early zonal differentiation rather than meristem activity (leaf base theory).[15][16][32]", "Monocotyledon. Some authors support the idea of an aquatic phase as the origin of monocots.[125] The phylogenetic position of Alismatales (many water), which occupy a relationship with the rest except the Acoraceae, do not rule out the idea, because it could be 'the most primitive monocots' but not 'the most basal'. The Atactostele stem, the long and linear leaves, the absence of secondary growth (see the biomechanics of living in the water), roots in groups instead of a single root branching (related to the nature of the substrate), including sympodial use, are consistent with a water source. However, while monocots were sisters of the aquatic Ceratophyllales, or their origin is related to the adoption of some form of aquatic habit, it would not help much to the understanding of how it evolved to develop their distinctive anatomical features: the monocots seem so different from the rest of angiosperms and it's difficult to relate their morphology, anatomy and development and those of broad-leaved angiosperms.[126][127]", "Monocotyledon. Monocot apomorphies (characteristics that are derived during radiation rather than inherited from an ancestral form) include herbaceous habit, leaves with parallel venation and sheathed base, embryo with a single cotyledon, atactostele stele, numerous adventitious roots, sympodial growth, and trimerous (3 parts per whorl) flowers that are pentacyclic (5 whorled) with 3 sepals, 3 petals, 2 whorls of 3 stamens each and 3 carpels. In contrast monosculate pollen is considered an ancestral trait, probably plesiomorphic.[36]", "Monocotyledon. A number of these differences are not unique to the monocots, and while still useful no one single feature, will infallibly identify a plant as a monocot.[35] For example, trimerous flowers and monosulcate pollen are also found in magnoliids,[34] of which exclusively adventitious roots are found in some of the Piperaceae.[34] Similarly, at least one of these traits, parallel leaf veins, is far from universal among the monocots. Monocots with broad leaves and reticulate leaf veins, typical of dicots, are found in a wide variety of monocot families: for example, Trillium, Smilax (greenbriar), and Pogonia (an orchid), and the Dioscoreales (yams).[34] Potamogeton are one of several monocots with tetramerous flowers. Other plants exhibit a mixture of characteristics. Nymphaeaceae (water lilies) have reticulate veins, a single cotyledon, adventitious roots and a monocot like vascular bundle. These examples reflect their shared ancestry.[35] Nevertheless, this list of traits is a generally valid set of contrasts, especially when contrasting monocots with eudicots rather than non-monocot flowering plants in general.[34]", "Flowering plant. Among the monocotyledons, the bundles are more numerous in the young stem and are scattered through the ground tissue. They contain no cambium and once formed the stem increases in diameter only in exceptional cases.", "Root. Growth from apical meristems is known as primary growth, which encompasses all elongation.\nSecondary growth encompasses all growth in diameter, a major component of woody plant tissues and many nonwoody plants. For example, storage roots of sweet potato have secondary growth but are not woody. Secondary growth occurs at the lateral meristems, namely the vascular cambium and cork cambium. The former forms secondary xylem and secondary phloem, while the latter forms the periderm.[citation needed]", "Monocotyledon. An economically important monocot", "Monocotyledon. Monocotyledons (/ˌmɒnəˌkɒtəˈliːdən, -ˌkɒtˈliː-/[d][13][14]), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae sensu Chase & Reveal) are flowering plants (angiosperms) whose seeds typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of the major groups into which the flowering plants have traditionally been divided, the rest of the flowering plants having two cotyledons and therefore classified as dicotyledons, or dicots. However, molecular phylogenetic research has shown that while the monocots form a monophyletic group or clade (comprising all the descendants of a common ancestor), the dicots do not. Monocots have almost always been recognized as a group, but with various taxonomic ranks and under several different names. The APG III system of 2009 recognises a clade called \"monocots\" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank.", "Meristem. There are two types of secondary meristems, these are also called the lateral meristems because they surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally (i.e., larger in diameter).", "Monocotyledon. Some monocots, such as grasses, have hypogeal emergence, where the mesocotyl elongates and pushes the coleoptile (which encloses and protects the shoot tip) toward the soil surface.[132] Since elongation occurs above the cotyledon, it is left in place in the soil where it was planted. Many dicots have epigeal emergence, in which the hypocotyl elongates and becomes arched in the soil. As the hypocotyl continues to elongate, it pulls the cotyledons upward, above the soil surface.", "Monocotyledon. The monocots form one of five major lineages of mesangiosperms (core angiosperms), which in themselves form 99.95% of all angiosperms. The monocots and the eudicots, are the largest and most diversified angiosperm radiations accounting for 22.8% and 74.2% of all angiosperm species respectively.[43]", "Monocotyledon. Organisation, growth and life forms", "Plant stem. Dicot stems with primary growth have pith in the center, with vascular bundles forming a distinct ring visible when the stem is viewed in cross section. The outside of the stem is covered with an epidermis, which is covered by a waterproof cuticle. The epidermis also may contain stomata for gas exchange and multicellular stem hairs called trichomes. A cortex consisting of hypodermis (collenchyma cells) and endodermis (starch containing cells) is present above the pericycle and vascular bundles.", "Dicotyledon. The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or more rarely dicotyls[2]), were one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants or angiosperms were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group, namely that the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 200,000 species within this group.[3] The other group of flowering plants were called monocotyledons or monocots, typically having one cotyledon. Historically, these two groups formed the two divisions of the flowering plants.", "Bamboo. In bamboo, as in other grasses, the internodal regions of the stem are usually hollow and the vascular bundles in the cross-section are scattered throughout the stem instead of in a cylindrical arrangement. The dicotyledonous woody xylem is also absent. The absence of secondary growth wood causes the stems of monocots, including the palms and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering.[4]", "Monocotyledon. Fruit and seed" ]

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[ "Food spoilage. Signs of food spoilage may include an appearance different from the food in its fresh form, such as a change in color, a change in texture, an unpleasant odor, or an undesirable taste. The item may become softer than normal. If mold occurs, it is often visible externally on the item.", "Vegetable. All vegetables benefit from proper post harvest care. A large proportion of vegetables and perishable foods are lost after harvest during the storage period. These losses may be as high as thirty to fifty percent in developing countries where adequate cold storage facilities are not available. The main causes of loss include spoilage caused by moisture, moulds, micro-organisms, and vermin.[34]", "Brown marmorated stink bug. The most common signs of stink bug damage are pitting and scarring of the fruit, leaf destruction, and a mealy texture to the harvested fruits and vegetables. In most cases the signs of stink bug damage makes the plant unsuitable for sale in the market as the insides are usually rotten. In field crops such as corn and soy beans the damage may not be as evident as the damage seen in fruit plants. When stink bugs feed on corn they go through the husk before eating the kernels, hiding the damage until the husks are removed during harvesting. The same damage is seen in soy beans, as the stink bug goes through the seed pods to acquire the juices of the seeds. One visual cue of stink bug damage to soybean crops is the \"stay green\" effect, where damaged soybean plants stay green late into season, while other plants in the field die off normally. One can usually tell that a field of crops is infected because stink bugs are known for the \"edge effect\", in which they tend to infest crops thirty to forty feet from the edge of the field. Farmers or individuals who suspect having stink bugs in their crops should contact their respective State Department of Agriculture for information on how to manage the infestation and possible ways to prevent future incidences.", "Tomato. Although not a disease as such, irregular supplies of water can cause growing or ripening fruit to split. Besides cosmetic damage, the splits may allow decay to start, although growing fruits have some ability to heal after a split. In addition, a deformity called cat-facing can be caused by pests, temperature stress, or poor soil conditions. Affected fruit usually remains edible, but its appearance may be unsightly.", "Food spoilage. Spoilage is the process in which food deteriorates to the point in which it is not edible to humans or its quality of edibility becomes reduced. Various external forces are responsible for the spoilage of food. Food that is capable of spoiling is referred to as perishable food.", "Fruit. All fruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating. This recommendation also applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten. It should be done just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage.", "Postharvest. Once harvested, vegetables and fruits are subject to the active process of senescence. Numerous biochemical processes continuously change the original composition of the crop until it becomes unmarketable. The period during which consumption is considered acceptable is defined as the time of \"postharvest shelf life\".", "Food waste. Retailers usually have strict cosmetic standards for produce, and if fruits or vegetables are misshapen or superficially bruised, they are often not put on the shelf. In the United States, an estimated six billion pounds of produce is wasted each year because of its appearance.[45] The USDA publishes guidelines used as a baseline assessment by produce distributors, grocery stores, restaurants and other consumers in order to rate the quality of food.[46] These guidelines and how they rate are readily available on their website. For example, apples get graded by their size, color, wax residue, firmness, and skin appearance. If an apples rank highly in these categories and show close to no superficial defects, they are rated as “U.S. Extra Fancy” or “U.S. Fancy”, these are the typical ratings sought out by grocery stores when purchasing their produce.[47] Any apples with suboptimal levels of appearance are ranked as either “U.S. Number 1” or “Utility” and are not normally purchased for retail, as recommended by produce marketing sources, despite being safe and edible.[47][48]", "Vegetable. Storage can be short-term or long-term. Most vegetables are perishable and short-term storage for a few days provides flexibility in marketing. During storage, leafy vegetables lose moisture, and the vitamin C in them degrades rapidly. A few products such as potatoes and onions have better keeping qualities and can be sold when higher prices may be available, and by extending the marketing season, a greater total volume of crop can be sold. If refrigerated storage is not available, the priority for most crops is to store high-quality produce, to maintain a high humidity level, and to keep the produce in the shade.[33]", "Vegetable. When a vegetable is harvested, it is cut off from its source of water and nourishment. It continues to transpire and loses moisture as it does so, a process most noticeable in the wilting of green leafy crops. Harvesting root vegetables when they are fully mature improves their storage life, but alternatively, these root crops can be left in the ground and harvested over an extended period. The harvesting process should seek to minimise damage and bruising to the crop. Onions and garlic can be dried for a few days in the field and root crops such as potatoes benefit from a short maturation period in warm, moist surroundings, during which time wounds heal and the skin thickens up and hardens. Before marketing or storage, grading needs to be done to remove damaged goods and select produce according to its quality, size, ripeness, and color.[33]", "Food spoilage. Harvested foods decompose from the moment they are harvested due to attacks from enzymes, oxidation and microorganisms. These include bacteria, mold, yeast, moisture, temperature and chemical reaction.", "Antioxidant. Antioxidants are used as food additives to help guard against food deterioration. Exposure to oxygen and sunlight are the two main factors in the oxidation of food, so food is preserved by keeping in the dark and sealing it in containers or even coating it in wax, as with cucumbers. However, as oxygen is also important for plant respiration, storing plant materials in anaerobic conditions produces unpleasant flavors and unappealing colors.[181] Consequently, packaging of fresh fruits and vegetables contains an ~8% oxygen atmosphere. Antioxidants are an especially important class of preservatives as, unlike bacterial or fungal spoilage, oxidation reactions still occur relatively rapidly in frozen or refrigerated food.[182] These preservatives include natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AA, E300) and tocopherols (E306), as well as synthetic antioxidants such as propyl gallate (PG, E310), tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, E320) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, E321).[183][184]", "Potassium deficiency (plants). Typical symptoms of potassium deficiency in plants include brown scorching and curling of leaf tips as well as chlorosis (yellowing) between leaf veins. Purple spots may also appear on the leaf undersides. Plant growth, root development, and seed and fruit development are usually reduced in potassium-deficient plants. Often, potassium deficiency symptoms first appear on older (lower) leaves because potassium is a mobile nutrient, meaning that a plant can allocate potassium to younger leaves when it is K deficient.[3] Deficient plants may be more prone to frost damage and disease, and their symptoms can often be confused with wind scorch or drought. The deficiency is most common in several important fruit and vegetable crops; notably potatoes, brassicas, tomatoes, apples, currants, gooseberries, and raspberries. Sugar beets, cereals, and clover are also commonly affected. Specific symptoms for each of these plants are as follows:[4]", "Food spoilage. Bacteria can be responsible for the spoilage of food. When bacteria breaks down the food, acids and other waste products are created in the process.[1] While the bacteria itself may or may not be harmful, the waste products may be unpleasant to taste or may even be harmful to one's health.[2]", "Food irradiation. The changes in the flavor of fatty foods like meats, nuts and oils are sometimes noticeable, while the changes in lean products like fruits and vegetables are less so. Some studies by the irradiation industry show that for some properly treated fruits and vegetables irradiation is seen by consumers to improve the sensory qualities of the product compared to untreated fruits and vegetables.[17]", "Decomposition. The decomposition of food, either plant or animal, called spoilage in this context, is an important field of study within food science. Food decomposition can be slowed down by conservation. The spoilage of meat occurs, if the meat is untreated, in a matter of hours or days and results in the meat becoming unappetizing, poisonous or infectious. Spoilage is caused by the practically unavoidable infection and subsequent decomposition of meat by bacteria and fungi, which are borne by the animal itself, by the people handling the meat, and by their implements. Meat can be kept edible for a much longer time – though not indefinitely – if proper hygiene is observed during production and processing, and if appropriate food safety, food preservation and food storage procedures are applied.", "Food storage. Fresh fruits and vegetables are sometimes packed in plastic packages and cups for fresh premium markets, or placed in large plastic tubs for sauce and soup processors. Fruits and vegetables are usually refrigerated at the earliest possible moment, and even so have a shelf life of two weeks or less.", "Vegetable. The objective of preserving vegetables is to extend their availability for consumption or marketing purposes. The aim is to harvest the food at its maximum state of palatability and nutritional value, and preserve these qualities for an extended period. The main causes of deterioration in vegetables after they are gathered are the actions of naturally-occurring enzymes and the spoilage caused by micro-organisms.[38] Canning and freezing are the most commonly used techniques, and vegetables preserved by these methods are generally similar in nutritional value to comparable fresh products with regards to carotenoids, vitamin E, minerals. and dietary fiber.[39]", "Decomposition. Spoilage of food is attributed to contamination from microorganisms such as bacteria, molds, and yeasts, along with natural decay of the food.[18] These decomposition bacteria reproduce at rapid rates under conditions or moisture and preferred temperatures. When the proper conditions are lacking the bacteria may form spores which lurk until suitable conditions arise to continue reproduction.[18]", "Plant nutrition. The effect of a nutrient deficiency can vary from a subtle depression of growth rate to obvious stunting, deformity, discoloration, distress, and even death. Visual symptoms distinctive enough to be useful in identifying a deficiency are rare. Most deficiencies are multiple and moderate. However, while a deficiency is seldom that of a single nutrient, nitrogen is commonly the nutrient in shortest supply.", "Food spoilage. A number of methods of prevention can be used that can either totally prevent, delay, or otherwise reduce food spoilage.", "False advertising. When used to make people think food is riper, fresher, or otherwise healthier than it really is, food coloring can be a form of deception. When combined with added sugar or corn syrup, bright colors give the subconscious impression of healthy, ripe fruit, full of antioxidants and phytochemicals.", "Food spoilage. Spoilage bacteria do not normally cause \"food poisoning\"; typically, the microorganisms that cause foodborne illnesses are odorless and flavourless, and otherwise undetectable outside the lab \".\"[4] [5]", "Cabbage. Due to its high level of nutrient requirements, cabbage is prone to nutrient deficiencies, including boron, calcium, phosphorus and potassium.[54] There are several physiological disorders that can affect the postharvest appearance of cabbage. Internal tip burn occurs when the margins of inside leaves turn brown, but the outer leaves look normal. Necrotic spot is where there are oval sunken spots a few millimeters across that are often grouped around the midrib. In pepper spot, tiny black spots occur on the areas between the veins, which can increase during storage.[64]", "Food irradiation. Irradiation is used to reduce post-harvest losses. It reduces populations of spoilage micro-organisms in the food and can slow down the speed at which enzymes change the food, and therefore slows spoilage and ripening, and inhibits sprouting (e.g., of potato, onion, and garlic).[17]", "Fruit. All cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within two hours. After a certain time, harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness.[43]", "Food preservation. Foods have varying degrees of natural protection against spoilage and may require that the final step occur in a pressure cooker. High-acid fruits like strawberries require no preservatives to can and only a short boiling cycle, whereas marginal vegetables such as carrots require longer boiling and addition of other acidic elements. Low-acid foods, such as vegetables and meats, require pressure canning. Food preserved by canning or bottling is at immediate risk of spoilage once the can or bottle has been opened.", "Vitamin A deficiency. The common cause of blindness in developing countries is VAD. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 13.8 million children to have some degree of visual loss related to VAD.[8] Night blindness and its worsened condition, xerophthalmia, are markers of VAD, as it can also lead to impaired immune function, cancer, and birth defects. Collections of keratin in the conjunctiva, known as Bitot's spots, are also seen. Imtiaz's sign is the earliest ocular sign of VAD. Conjunctival epithelial defects occur around lateral aspect of the limbus in subclinical stage of VAD. These conjunctival epithelial defects are not even visible on a biomicroscope, but they take up black stain and become readily visible after instillation of kajal (surma); this is called \"Imtiaz's sign\".[9]", "Vitamin C. Scurvy leads to the formation of brown spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from all mucous membranes. The spots are most abundant on the thighs and legs, and a person with the ailment looks pale, feels depressed, and is partially immobilized. In advanced scurvy there are open, suppurating wounds and loss of teeth and, eventually, death. The human body can store only a certain amount of vitamin C,[19] and so the body stores are depleted if fresh supplies are not consumed. The time frame for onset of symptoms of scurvy in unstressed adults on a completely vitamin C free diet, however, may range from one month to more than six months, depending on previous loading of vitamin C.[20][21]", "Carrot. Physical damage can also reduce the value of carrot crops. The two main forms of damage are splitting, whereby a longitudinal crack develops during growth that can be a few centimetres to the entire length of the root, and breaking, which occurs postharvest. These disorders can affect over 30% of commercial crops. Factors associated with high levels of splitting include wide plant spacing, early sowing, lengthy growth durations, and genotype.[37]", "Food waste. One way of dealing with food waste is to reduce its creation. Consumers can reduce spoilage by planning their food shopping, avoiding potentially wasteful spontaneous purchases, and storing foods properly.[67] Widespread educational campaigns have been shown to be an effective way to reduce food waste.[69] A British campaign called “Love Food Hate Waste” has raised awareness about preventative measures to address food waste for consumers. Through advertisements, information on food storage and preparation and in-store education, the UK observed a 21% decrease in avoidable household food waste over the course of 5 years.[70] Another potential solution is for \"smart packaging\" which would indicate when food is spoiled more precisely than expiration dates currently do, for example with temperature-sensitive ink,[71] plastic that changes color when exposed to oxygen,[72] or gels that change color with time.[73]", "Vegetable. Proper post-harvest storage aimed at extending and ensuring shelf life is best effected by efficient cold chain application.[35] Cold storage is particularly useful for vegetables such as cauliflower, eggplant, lettuce, radish, spinach, potatoes, and tomatoes, the optimum temperature depending on the type of produce. There are temperature-controlling technologies that do not require the use of electricity such as evaporative cooling.[6] Storage of fruit and vegetables in controlled atmospheres with high levels of carbon dioxide or high oxygen levels can inhibit microbial growth and extend storage life.[36]" ]

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[ "Land of the Giants. In the unaired pilot of The Crash, there is no end scene with the giant dog in the garbage dump. Once it had been confirmed that Land of the Giants had been picked up by the network, the pilot was reworked and production began on succeeding episodes. However, a break in production occurred after 12 episodes were in the can (enough for a short run as a mid-season replacement), until the show received the green light on the decision to launch it as a full season the following fall.", "The BFG. A fleet of helicopters then follows Sophie and the BFG to the giants' homeland, where the giants are tied up as they sleep. The only one not easily caught is the Fleshlumpeater who wakes up as the British attempt to tie him up, but Sophie and the BFG trick him into allowing his own capture by claiming that he has been poisoned by a venomous snake so that he will put his hands and feet together to be tied up. The man-eating giants are suspended under the helicopters and carried back to London where they are then imprisoned in a deep pit. After BFG has Fleshlumpeater untied and is hoisted out of the pit, the man-eating giants find themselves being only fed snozzcumbers.", "Land of the Giants. Episodes often have the Giants capturing one of the passengers or crew, with the rest having to effect a rescue. The Earth people avoid capture most of the time, because their spaceship is hidden in a wood (in several episodes, described by the Giants as a park) outside the city limits. They also occasionally form alliances with individual Giants for some common beneficial purpose.", "Land of the Giants. The show had no proper conclusion about the humans' attempts to return to Earth, and the final episode, \"Graveyard of Fools,\" was a universal tale that could have taken place anytime in the second season. The penultimate episode, \"Wild Journey\" (guest starring Bruce Dern), has Steve and Dan using alien technology to travel back in time to Earth just a few hours before their ill-fated flight. In a storyline lifted from the Lost In Space episode \"The Time Merchant,\" they attempt to alter the timeline but only succeed in ensuring that the events of the first episode, \"The Crash,\" take place (footage from the pilot, where Spindrift becomes lost, is included in this episode), creating a Twilight Zone-style twist ending, with the impression of a recurring cycle of inevitable events. This episode would have been more effective as the final episode of the season, mirroring Irwin Allen's earlier series The Time Tunnel, in which the events of the final episode return the characters to their starting point in the pilot episode, \"Rendezvous with Yesterday\"; and Land of the Giants makes more sense with \"Wild Journey\" switched for \"Graveyard of Fools\" in reruns.", "Land of the Giants. The first season comprised a regular 26 episodes, but season two was left one episode short, having only 25 episodes, leaving the impression that \"Graveyard of Fools\" was not originally intended to be the final episode of the Season. The show thus comprises only 51 episodes (or 52 episodes including the unaired pilot).", "Land of the Giants. They do not achieve the second objective, as the primary systems of the craft are severely damaged, although in some episodes (including \"The Flight Plan\") Burton implies it is only a lack of fuel which prevents the ship lifting off. The secondary systems are insufficient to enable them to achieve the sub-orbital flight required. They are unable to use Giant technology, as it is bulky and less advanced; in one episode an experimental nuclear reactor, provided by an engineering student, produces dangerous side effects and is prone to overloading. They also cannot trust the Giants, who in another episode (\"Target: Earth\") offer the little people a ride home in exchange for technical assistance with their space program, but then double-cross them.", "Land of the Giants. Several episodes show crews surviving the initial crash, only to be killed later. The episode \"Brainwash\" has a crew of little people surviving long enough to build a radio station that can communicate with Earth. They are killed shortly after that. The episodes \"Golden Cage\" and \"The Lost Ones\" show there have been a few survivors of other crashes. Only the Spindrift crew seems to have survived for long with its party intact.", "Land of the Giants. Land of the Giants is an hour-long American science fiction television program lasting two seasons beginning on September 22, 1968, and ending on March 22, 1970. The show was created and produced by Irwin Allen. Land of the Giants was the fourth of Allen's science fiction TV series. The show was aired on ABC and released by 20th Century Fox Television. The series was filmed entirely in color and ran for 51 episodes. The show starred Gary Conway and special guest star Kurt Kasznar.", "Land of the Giants. In 1968, Pyramid Books published an extended novel adaptation of the pilot (Land of the Giants, Pyramid Books, X-1846), written by famed author Murray Leinster. Among notable changes or inventions is that the Spindrift is still an operational, flying ship after the initial crash, with enough \"atomic power\" to last as much as several months. Another invention for the novel is the knowledge that two other ships, the Anne and Marintha, disappeared via (what will turn out to be) the same mysterious phenomena which sends the Spindrift to the giants' planet. The Spindrift castaways encounter a female survivor of the Anne named Marjorie, who joins the castaways in this novel. Although the TV series featured 3 episodes with other on-screen survivors from previously lost earth-flights, the novel's character Marjorie and the ships Anne and Marintha do not appear and are not mentioned in the series.[10]", "Jack the Giant Slayer. Jack and Isabelle head down the beanstalk, while Elmont stays to confront Roderick. Elmont kills Roderick, but Fallon takes the crown before Elmont can claim it, and Elmont is forced to escape down the beanstalk. Jack, Isabelle, and Elmont all survive the fall after the beanstalk is cut down. As everyone returns home, Jack warns that the giants are using Roderick's beans to create beanstalks to descend down to Earth and attack Cloister.", "Jack the Giant Slayer. The giants chase Jack, Isabelle, and Brahmwell into the castle, where Elmont fills the moat with oil and sets it on fire. Fallon falls in the moat and breaks into the castle from below. As the siege continues, Fallon captures Jack and Isabelle, but Jack throws the final bean down Fallon's throat, causing a beanstalk to rip apart his body. Jack takes the crown and sends the giants back to their realm.", "The Spiderwick Chronicles. Seeing how fast the dragons can grow after feeding them a chunk of pizza, the children all drive to the beach in order to get the giants back to land so they can kill the dragons. The three nixies eventually agree to use their singing to lure the giants, and one of them is taken to the water with Nick and Jared in a surfboard (because since nixies are used to freshwater, salt water hurts their skin). Before they can accomplish this, however, Nick is taken underwater by the merfolk, who tell him how they're glad that the land-dwellers are doomed and give him a magical cap in the process that allows him to breathe underwater. The nixies manage to get some of the giants to follow them to land, where they immediately start eating the small reptiles and fighting each other again. As the children drive away from the giants, their car falls into a sinkhole and only after some time do they manage to get out. A giant then attacks them, being saved by the showing up of Jack Junior, who suddenly decided to listen to his father and come help the children kill the giants (being surprised when they reveal him that killing giants is no longer their plan).", "Land of the Giants. Set fifteen years in the future, in the year 1983, the series tells the tale of the crew and passengers of a sub-orbital transport ship named Spindrift. In the pilot episode, the Spindrift is en route from Los Angeles to London, on an ultra fast sub-orbital flight. Just beyond Earth's boundary with space, the Spindrift encounters a magnetic space storm, and is dragged through a space warp to a mysterious planet where everything is twelve times larger than on Earth, whose inhabitants the Earthlings nickname \"the Giants.\" The Spindrift crash-lands, and the damage renders it inoperable.", "Battle of the Giants!. The Eastgate platoon leave the tower in a huff, and Mainwaring prepares to chuck the Eastgate flag over the parapet, but Walker stops him. Mainwaring is shocked to learn that both flags are theirs. Walker offers up an excuse, but Mainwaring sees through him, knowing he did it on purpose. However, he is prepared to let him off because they won the contest.", "Battle of the Giants!. The platoon pass successfully through a battlefield, and successfully fire five rounds at the target, leaving them with just the flag to fly at the top of the tower, with still a huge margin for victory. However, their plans are temporarily scuppered when Mainwaring inadvertently pulls the rope off the flag pole. A still drunken Jones bravely, and successfully, shins along the pole and secures the rope again. However, he suffers another attack of malaria, giving the Eastgate platoon the opening they need to fly their flag. But Frazer notes that it's the Walmington platoon's flag they're flying, and Square is irate. The Walmington platoon have won!", "Land of the Giants. They are aided in the first goal, and at least somewhat hindered in the second, by the leadership of Captain Burton. He behaves as a leader, and as protector to the passengers and crew, and his leadership has rescued them from some difficulties. But Burton also tries to keep the Giants from ever reaching Earth. In the episode \"Brainwash,\" Giant police officer Ashim (Warren Stevens) says \"Maybe we can find the home planet of these little people. It may be a very tiny world, but rich beyond our dreams.\" In several episodes, Burton puts keeping the Giants away from Earth above the need to get his people home. At the end of those episodes, he destroys devices that would get the Spindrift back to Earth but which would probably enable the Giants to journey there too.", "Battle of the Giants!. Once they receive the details of the test, Mainwaring convenes a parade to discuss their plan of action. Walker tells Mainwaring that he has made separate flags for both platoons to fly at the top of a tower, to mark the end of the test. Frazer foresees a snag: while they're performing the test, Godfrey will still be trying to climb out of the van, and suggests that he breaks his leg to avoid going on the test, but Jones suggests that they carry Godfrey the way the natives carried Dr. Livingstone in Africa. Mainwaring agrees.", "Jack the Giant Slayer. Jack follows the giant to their stronghold, where the two-headed giant leader, Fallon, has killed Crawe. Jack finds Isabelle and Elmont imprisoned there. As the giants prepare to kill their remaining prisoners, Roderick walks in and enslaves the giants with the crown. He tells the giants they will attack Cloister at dawn and gives them permission to eat Isabelle and Elmont. Jack rescues Isabelle and Elmont as one of the giants prepares to cook Elmont as a pig-in-a-blanket. The trio makes for the beanstalk, where Jack causes the giant guarding the beanstalk to fall off the realm's edge. Seeing the giant's body, Brahmwell orders the beanstalk cut down to avoid an invasion by the giants.", "Battle of the Giants!. They eventually come to a halt on a bridge, with the Eastgate platoon approaching from one direction and the Walmington platoon arriving from the other. Neither commander is willing to back down, so both platoons get out and push their respective vehicles. Hodges arrives and is accidentally pushed into the river by Wilson. Mainwaring and Square rush to help, but tell their respective Sergeants to let down the enemy's tyres, leaving them both stranded.", "The Land of Stories. Alex's grandmother, the fairy godmother, eventually defeats the twins' presumed father's dragon with her fairy magic and dies. Alex is disgusted with Rook, figuring out he was the person who leaked out information and dumps him. Rook saves the world. Alex feels sad about dumping him, but knows she has to. In the end Alex finds out the masked man is Lloyd Bailey (in book 4)", "Land of the Giants. Culturally, the Giant society closely resembles the contemporary United States of 1968 (in various episodes it has a police force, private hospitals, prisons, a State Governor, radio and television services, a zoo, jazz clubs, even a racetrack - and the Giants speak English, drive American cars, attend Vaudeville-style theatres, and even play chess). The Earth people find themselves able to cope, and their efforts to get around are facilitated by the ubiquity of large drains leading directly from interior rooms to the pavement, in an outside wall of most buildings. The Giant government has offered a reward for the capture of the small Earth people (who the Giants call the little people).", "Land of the Giants. Very little is known about the home planet of the Giants. This is partially because the Spindrift crew very seldom leave the area where their spaceship crashes in the opening episode. Only two other (unidentified) giant societies are ever seen, in the episodes \"The Land of the Lost\" and \"The Secret City of Limbo.\"", "The Land of Stories. The book begins with the Bailey twins chasing the Masked Man, who they think is their late father. Alex was going through mood swings, in which her hair would float above her head and her eyes would glow. She also would get affected by her emotions greatly, in which she would attack many people. Alex then was 'un-godmothered' and kicked out of the fairy council for insisting that the Masked Man should be one of their highest priorities. Alex loses control of her magic, shooting at the fairy council with lightning and vanishing. She arrived at the Giant's castle which Mother Goose was staying in.", "Land of the Giants. The show was originally intended to premiere as a mid-season replacement in the spring of 1968, and the first 12 episodes were shot in the fall of 1967. This was changed and Giants premiered in September 1968 for a full season. The network screened the episodes in a significantly different order to the production sequence. This caused disconcerting lapses in continuity, since in the first 12 episodes filmed (but not in later episodes) the Giants moved slowly and hardly spoke. For example, \"Ghost Town\" was the 14th episode filmed (i.e. was not one of the original 12 episodes), but was the second episode aired.", "Land of the Giants. The pilot episode was the subject of a View-Master reel & booklet set in 1968 (GAF Packet # B494).[9] One notable difference between the aired episode and the reel set is an image of the Spindrift flying through the giant forest in apparent daylight. In the aired episode, the Spindrift arrives on the giants' planet during the night, and its flight through the forest also occurs that same night. Though the following is unconfirmed, either the daylight shot was a special effects sequence cut from the aired pilot, or a special set up for the View Master photographers.", "The Spiderwick Chronicles. The children decide to ask the authors of The Spiderwick Chronicles themselves for advice at a book signing, convincing Jules to drive them. Once there, they are disappointed when Tony DiTerlizzi and Holly Black don't believe them, but they then run into Jared and Simon Grace, who offer to help them gather useful information. Jared tells them about a giant expert who lived nearby and they plan to meet at his address. The place appears to be deserted, and after a quick incident with will-o'-the-wisps, the kids take several papers including a diagram of a giant trap. While the giant is hypnotized by the nixie's song, the three kids use a rope to tie the giant's foot to its neck. It thrashes around, strangling itself with the cords, leaving the kids horrified at what they've done. When the giant stops moving, an old man called Noseeum Jack (\"Noseeum\" due to his poor eyesight, and \"Jack\" being a reference to the story of Jack the Giant-Killer) approaches, revealing to be the son of the giant expert who met Arthur Spiderwick, and a giant slayer himself, killing the giant definitely. He explains that the giants sleep for 500 years at a time and all wake up at once, bringing panic and destruction to anywhere they go, and that soon all of Florida's giants would be waking up.", "The Spiderwick Chronicles. After getting Nick's model Viking ship from the hotel, they drive around a route provided by Sandspur of where the giants are, playing the mermaids' song. The giants follow the sound to the sea, where Nick drops the little boat (with the tape recorder) into the ocean. The giants follow it out to sea and the kids go back to the hotel where they find the Grace kids waiting for them with the news that the giants woke up all at the same time because they were there to kill something even worse.", "The Land Before Time V: The Mysterious Island. After the events of the second film, a swarm of \"leaf-gobblers\" descends upon the Great Valley, devouring all plants and leaving it a barren wasteland. The inhabitants must seek another place where they can survive until the plants in the Great Valley have grown back. However, the leaf-gobblers have left a path of devastation behind them, leaving no food for the dinosaurs to find. After searching for many days, tension enters the group as Cera's father and Littlefoot's grandfather argue over changing their course, which sparks a fight between Littlefoot and Cera. The fight soon breaks up when Cera's father announces that each herd will go its own way the next morning. Not wishing to be separated, Littlefoot leads his friends off in the night, in the hope they can find food before they are caught. They leave a trail for the grownups to follow, and eventually reach the \"Big Water\". Although they are disheartened by the undrinkable water, they spy a verdant island connected to the mainland by a thin land bridge. On their way, an earthshake occurs, causing it to create a tsunami, which they narrowly escape. They quickly tuck in to the plentiful bounty of the island, but are then horrified to discover the tsunami has destroyed the land bridge.", "Land of Doom. The cloaked dwarves lead the three to a secret hatch above the raider camp, where they begin to shoot at the men, who return fire. The three escape are about to escape when, Orland remembers seeing an oil tanker earlier and lights it on fire. They escape during the confusion caused by the oil explosion. They destroy all the raiders' fuel reserves and escape on foot. Purvis and his raiders emerge from the smokey wreckage and he leads them in a search for the trio. Orland finds an abandoned trucks and hotwires it. Raider bikers chase after the truck, shooting at it. They come to a bridge and find the midgets helping them keep the raiders at bay. The three makes it safely across the bridge just before the truck explodes, destroying the bridge and blocking the raiders from following.", "Land of the Giants. GNP Crescendo released an album as part of The Fantasy Worlds Of Irwin Allen, featuring both themes, Williams' replacement score (tracks 2-6) and Courage's thrown-out score (tracks 9 and 10) for \"The Crash.\"", "Land of the Giants. The cost of production was immense, partly because of the special optical effects needed to matte the little people into shots also showing the giants; and partly because of the gigantic mechanical props needed, for the little people to interact with, in shots depicting the giant-sized world they find themselves in; plus the futuristic spacecraft sets that were needed to represent the Spindrift. Because of the enormous cost, it was more efficient and cost-effective to film episodes in pairs using the same sets; so writers were informed about what giant-size props there were available, which they could incorporate into their storylines. These episodes were filmed back-to-back.[4]", "The Last Battle. The kings and queens bear witness to the end of the Narnian world. All the inhabitants, living and dead, gather outside the barn to be judged by Aslan; the faithful enter Aslan's Country while those who have opposed or deserted him become ordinary animals and vanish. The vegetation is eaten by dragons and giant lizards, and Father Time calls the stars down from the skies into the sea as it rises to cover Narnia. The land freezes when Father Time puts out the sun and the moon. Peter closes the door, and Aslan leads them to his country, telling them to go further in. Soon they encounter Emeth; Aslan has accepted his faithful service to Tash because it was good and therefore truly done to Aslan, whereas Tash is only served by evil." ]

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[ "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by Nancy Sinatra. It charted January 22, 1966,[3] and reached No. 1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart.[2]", "Maria de Medeiros. In 2009, she sang \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" on the Legendary Tigerman album Femina.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. The single was released in December 1965,[6] the second song to taken from her debut album Boots, and was a follow-up to the minor hit \"So Long, Babe\". The song became an instant success and in late February 1966 it topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart, a move it replicated in similar charts across the world.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" peaked at fourteen on the US Billboard Hot 100, and in late 2005 the RIAA certified the single Gold for 500,000 legal downloads or more. Its digital downloads were high, but radio airplay was low. Due to this, it's the song that reached the lowest chart position on the Billboard Hot 100 for a song topping the Hot Digital Songs chart. It reached the top ten on Billboard's Pop 100 chart, and was Simpson's first single to appear on the chart. On 11 December 2006 the single was certified Gold by the RIAA again, this time by Epic Records. In total, the single has received 1 million digital downloads.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. Lee Hazlewood intended to record the song himself, saying that \"it's not really a girl's song\", but Sinatra talked him out of it, saying that \"coming from a guy it was harsh and abusive, but was perfect for a little girl to sing\". Hazlewood agreed.[4]\nSinatra's recording of the song was made with the help of Los Angeles session musicians known as the Wrecking Crew.[4]\nThis session included Hal Blaine on drums, Al Casey, Tommy Tedesco, and Billy Strange on guitars, Ollie Mitchell, Roy Caton and Lew McCreary on horns, Carol Kaye on electric bass and Chuck Berghofer on double bass, providing the notable bass line. Nick Bonney was the guitarist for the Nelson Riddle Orchestra.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. Internationally it was a success, reaching top 5 in several European countries. It became her biggest hit in Australia, where it reached number two and remained in the top forty for twenty-four weeks. In Ireland, the single also reached number 2. The song also cracked the top five in the United Kingdom, where it reached number four and is to date, her highest peaking single in Britain. It reached the top ten in the chart European Hot 100 Singles, Belgium, and New Zealand and the top twenty in Austria, Switzerland, and Germany. As the end of the year 2005, the single had sold 69,500 copies in UK.[12]", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. In the same year Sinatra recorded a promotional film, which would later be known as the music video, for the song. It was produced by Color-Sonics and played on Scopitone video jukeboxes.[4] In 1986, for the song's 20th anniversary, cable station VH1 played the video.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. Megadeth covered the song on their 1985 debut album Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!, which is track four on the original release and eight on the 2002 re-release. Their version (entitled \"These Boots\") featured altered lyrics, and was produced more as a parody than a true cover.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. Jessica Simpson recorded her own version of \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" (and added her own lyrics) for the soundtrack to the film The Dukes of Hazzard (2005). The version was also included in the international version of her fifth studio album, A Public Affair (2006). Simpson's cover was co-produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and was released as the soundtrack's first single in 2005. It became Simpson's fifth top-twenty single in the United States, and its music video drew some controversy because of its sexual imagery.[10][11]", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. In 2006, Pitchfork Media selected it as the 114th best song of the 1960s. Critic Tom Breihan described the song as \"maybe the finest bitchy kiss-off in pop history\".[7]", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. The song was featured in the 1995 film Now and Then. However the song did not appear on the film's soundtrack.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. When the album started selling well, the writer of the song, Lee Hazlewood, began demanding that the song be omitted, due to its being a \"perversion of the original\". Megadeth guitarist and frontman Dave Mustaine made the point that Hazlewood had been paid royalties for years before he made the complaint, although Mustaine eventually omitted the song anyway from newer pressings of the album. When the album was remixed in 2002, a censored version of the song was included as a bonus track. In 2011, an uncensored live version recorded in 1987 was released as part of the 25th anniversary edition of the album Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?. In 1987 Megadeth re-recorded the song as part of the soundtrack for Penelope Spheeris’ movie Dudes, changing the title to \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\". In 2018, the song was released with the original Lee Hazlewood lyrics on the remixed and remastered version of Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. Simpson's version of the song is performed from the point of view of her character in The Dukes of Hazzard, Daisy Duke, and it has several major differences from Sinatra's version. The song's lyrics were changed almost completely as Simpson felt that they did not accurately convey the feelings needed for the film; in the original Sinatra dealt with a cheating boyfriend, while in the new version Simpson explored Daisy Duke's personality and experiences. She rewrote the majority of the lyrics herself, although some elements were retained such as the opening line \"You keep saying you got something for me...\" and the spoken \"Are you ready, boots? Start walkin'\".", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. The song was included in the third episode of American action-comedy series The Good Guys, \"Broken Door Theory\".", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. In 2017, US Gymnast Ragan Smith used portions of the song as music for her floor routine.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. The song was featured in Stanley Kubrick's 1987 film Full Metal Jacket.", "The Dukes of Hazzard (film). Jessica Simpson recorded her own version of \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" (and added her own lyrics) for the soundtrack to the film The Dukes of Hazzard (2005). Performed from the point of view of her character in the movie, Simpson's cover was co-produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, and was released as the soundtrack's first single in 2005. It became Simpson's fifth top-20 single in the United States and its music video drew some controversy because of its sexual imagery.[11] Both the original Ram Jam version of \"Black Betty\", and the Sylvia Massy produced remake by Spiderbait appear in the film. \"If You Want Blood (You've Got It)\" and \"Shoot to Thrill\" are played by AC/DC.[12]", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. Subsequently, many cover versions of the song have been released in a range of styles: metal, pop, rock, punk rock, country, dance, and industrial. Among the more notable versions are the singles released by Megadeth, Jessica Simpson, and Ella Fitzgerald backed by Duke Ellington and his orchestra.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company used portions of the song for its 1960s ad campaign promoting its \"wide boots\" tires. Nancy Sinatra unsuccessfully sued Goodyear for using the song, claiming that it had violated her publicity rights.[8]", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. The videos featured Sinatra wearing an iconic pair of boots.[4]", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. The song was featured in the 1997 film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery", "The Dukes of Hazzard (film). At the People's Choice Awards, Simpson won the \"Favorite Song from a Movie\" award for her cover of Nancy Sinatra's \"These Boots Are Made For Walkin'\".", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. Simpson also added some new music to her version of the song. Whereas the original version did not have a bridge, she created one for the cover. A risqué rap-like/spoken breakdown was added after the bridge. Because of the legalities of songwriting, Simpson has not been credited for the new music or lyrics that she wrote. The production of the song was altered as well. Producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis gave the cover a country-inspired production because of its relationship to the film The Dukes of Hazzard, but they also added a more hip hop-like beat.", "Madonna (entertainer). In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" by Nancy Sinatra; she said it summed up her own \"take-charge attitude\".[310] As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was baroque, and loved Mozart and Chopin because she liked their \"feminine quality\".[311] Madonna's major influences include Debbie Harry, Chrissie Hynde, Karen Carpenter, The Supremes and Led Zeppelin, as well as dancers Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev.[309][312] She also grew up listening to David Bowie, whose show was the first rock concert she ever attended.[313]", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. UK promotional single", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. Sinatra told Alison Martino that other videos and performances are from TV shows like The Ed Sullivan Show, Hullaballoo and Shindig![4]", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. Other personnel, as seen in the American Federation of Musicians (AFM) contracts for the session include:[5]", "Dr. Martens. The first Dr. Martens boots in the United Kingdom came out on 1 April 1960 (known as style 1460 and still in production today), with an eight-eyelet oxblood coloured smooth leather design. Dr. Martens boots were made in their Cobbs Lane factory in Wollaston, Northamptonshire (which is still operating today).[6] In addition, a number of shoe manufacturers in the Northamptonshire area produced DMs under licence, as long as they passed quality standards. The boots were popular among workers such as postmen, police officers and factory workers. By the later 1960s, skinheads started to wear them, \"dms\" being the usual naming, and by the late 1970s, they were popular among scooter riders, punks, some new wave musicians, and members of other youth subcultures.[1] The shoes' popularity among skinheads led to the brand gaining an association with violence.[1] Alexei Sayle sang the song \"Dr. Martens' Boots\" in a 1982 episode \nof the British TV comedy The Young Ones.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. This song appears in the 2018 film Ocean's 8.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'. In an interview with GAC Nights, Jessica stated that her record label did not want to promote the song because of its country feel, even though the song is more pop than country. She said that she told the label \"It's a great song and Willie Nelson's on it with me\" and she said the label told her pop radio wouldn't understand that importance.[citation needed]", "Walk On By (song). The Toronto folk-rock group Bobby Kris & The Imperials released a fairly straight-ahead cover version in late 1965. The single became a major hit in Canada, reaching number 8 in early 1966, but \"Walk On By\" was to be the band's only hit.", "Jessica Simpson. Simpson performed \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" at the Indy 500 in 2005.[69] Simpson launched The Jessica Simpson Collection in 2005, initially partnering with Tarrant Apparel Group to release the Princy and JS by Jessica Simpson clothing lines.[70] The company has continued to grow throughout the years, and in 2014 was reported to earn $1 billion in annual sales.[71] Simpson made her film debut as Daisy Duke in the film adaption of The Dukes of Hazzard (2005).[72] The film was met with generally negative reviews from film critics, though went on to gross over $111 million worldwide.[73] Simpson recorded the song \"These Boots Are Made For Walkin'\" (2005) to promote the film; it both samples and shares the title of a Nancy Sinatra song.[74] The song entered the top twenty of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming one Simpson's most successful singles to date.[75] The music video, which featured Simpson in character as Daisy Duke, was controversial for featuring Simpson in \"revealing\" outfits and washing the General Lee car in her bikini.[76] The controversy resulted in the music video being banned in some countries.[77] In November 2005, Simpson and Lachey announced they were separating.[78] Simpson filed for divorce in December 2005, citing \"irreconcilable differences.\"[79] Their divorce was publicized worldwide and was finalized on June 30, 2006.[80]" ]

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[ "Group 8 element. Iron is the most common element within the entire earth; most of the core is iron and there is a substantial amount of iron in the mantle and crust as well. Ruthenium and osmium are two of the rarest elements on earth, with ruthenium found only in small amounts in platinum ores. Osmium is the least abundant stable element in the earth's crust, found only in minor traces in platinum ores. Hassium is produced only in nuclear reactors and has never been observed in nature nor isolated in pure form.", "Chemical element. The abundance of the chemical elements on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean, and in various types of life. The abundance of elements in Earth's crust differs from that in the Solar system (as seen in the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements (hydrogen and helium) and also volatile neon, carbon (as hydrocarbons), nitrogen and sulfur, as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the solar system. Oxygen, the most abundant Earth element by mass, is retained on Earth by combination with silicon. Aluminum at 8% by mass is more common in the Earth's crust than in the universe and solar system, but the composition of the far more bulky mantle, which has magnesium and iron in place of aluminum (which occurs there only at 2% of mass) more closely mirrors the elemental composition of the solar system, save for the noted loss of volatile elements to space, and loss of iron which has migrated to the Earth's core.", "Aluminium. In the Earth's crust, aluminium is the most abundant (8.3% by mass) metallic element and the third most abundant of all elements (after oxygen and silicon).[21] The Earth's crust has a greater abundance of aluminium than the rest of the planet, primarily in aluminium silicates. In the Earth's mantle, which is only 2% aluminium by mass, these aluminium silicate minerals are largely replaced by silica and magnesium oxides. Overall, the Earth is about 1.4% aluminium by mass (eighth in abundance by mass). Aluminium occurs in greater proportion in the Earth than in the Solar system and Universe because the more common elements (hydrogen, helium, neon, nitrogen, carbon as hydrocarbon) are volatile at Earth's proximity to the Sun and large quantities of those were lost.", "Abundance of the chemical elements. The mass-abundance of the eight most abundant elements in the Earth's mantle (see main article above) is approximately: oxygen 45%, magnesium 23%, silicon 22%, iron 5.8%, calcium 2.3%, aluminum 2.2%, sodium 0.3%, potassium 0.3%.", "Oxygen. Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth's biosphere, air, sea and land. Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.[56] About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen.[11] Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the Earth's crust by mass[57] as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide and is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. It is also the major component of the world's oceans (88.8% by mass).[11] Oxygen gas is the second most common component of the Earth's atmosphere, taking up 20.8% of its volume and 23.1% of its mass (some 1015 tonnes).[11][58][d] Earth is unusual among the planets of the Solar System in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere: Mars (with 0.1% O\n2 by volume) and Venus have much less. The O\n2 surrounding those planets is produced solely by the action of ultraviolet radiation on oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide.", "Abundance of the chemical elements. The mass-abundance of the nine most abundant elements in the Earth's crust is approximately: oxygen 46%, silicon 28%, aluminum 8.2%, iron 5.6%, calcium 4.2%, sodium 2.5%, magnesium 2.4%, potassium 2.0%, and titanium 0.61%. Other elements occur at less than 0.15%. For a complete list, see abundance of elements in Earth's crust.", "Carbon. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon's abundance, its unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life. It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen.[17]", "Magnesium. Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe.[4][5] It is produced in large, aging stars from the sequential addition of three helium nuclei to a carbon nucleus. When such stars explode as supernovas, much of the magnesium is expelled into the interstellar medium where it may recycle into new star systems. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust[6] and the fourth most common element in the Earth (after iron, oxygen and silicon), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's mantle. It is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater, after sodium and chlorine.[7]", "Period 3 element. Magnesium (symbol Mg) is an alkaline earth metal and has common oxidation number +2. It is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust[2] and ninth in the known universe as a whole.[3][4] Magnesium is the fourth most common element in the Earth as a whole (behind iron, oxygen and silicon), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of planet's mantle. The relative abundance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon (which in turn is made from three helium nuclei). Due to magnesium ion's high solubility in water, it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater.[5]", "Period 3 element. Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure free element in nature. It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen.[7]", "Iron. Metallic or native iron is rarely found on the surface of the Earth because it tends to oxidize, but its oxides are pervasive and represent the primary ores. While it makes up about 5% of the Earth's crust, both the Earth's inner and outer core are believed to consist largely of an iron-nickel alloy constituting 35% of the mass of the Earth as a whole. Iron is consequently the most abundant element on Earth, but only the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, after oxygen, silicon, and aluminium.[28][29] Most of the iron in the crust is found combined with oxygen as iron oxide minerals such as hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and siderite (FeCO3). Many igneous rocks also contain the sulfide minerals pyrrhotite and pentlandite.[30][31]", "Carbon. Carbon is the fourth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon is abundant in the Sun, stars, comets, and in the atmospheres of most planets.[47] Some meteorites contain microscopic diamonds that were formed when the solar system was still a protoplanetary disk.[48] Microscopic diamonds may also be formed by the intense pressure and high temperature at the sites of meteorite impacts.[49]", "Main-group element. Main-group elements (with some of the lighter transition metals) are the most abundant elements on Earth, in the Solar System, and in the Universe. They are sometimes also called the representative elements.", "Osmium. Osmium is one of the even-numbered elements, which puts it in the upper half of elements commonly found in space. It is, however, the least abundant stable element in Earth's crust, with an average mass fraction of 50 parts per trillion in the continental crust.[42]", "Silicon. Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure element in the Earth's crust. It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen.", "Magnesium. Magnesium is the eighth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust by mass and tied in seventh place with iron in molarity.[6] It is found in large deposits of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals, and in mineral waters, where magnesium ion is soluble.", "Abundance of the chemical elements. The most abundant elements in the ocean by proportion of mass in percent are oxygen (85.84), hydrogen (10.82), chlorine (1.94), sodium (1.08), magnesium (0.1292), sulfur (0.091), calcium (0.04), potassium (0.04), bromine (0.0067), carbon (0.0028), and boron (0.00043).", "Sodium. The Earth's crust contains 2.27% sodium, making it the seventh most abundant element on Earth and the fifth most abundant metal, behind aluminium, iron, calcium, and magnesium and ahead of potassium.[43] Sodium's estimated oceanic abundance is 1.08×104 milligrams per liter.[44] Because of its high reactivity, it is never found as a pure element. It is found in many different minerals, some very soluble, such as halite and natron, others much less soluble, such as amphibole and zeolite. The insolubility of certain sodium minerals such as cryolite and feldspar arises from their polymeric anions, which in the case of feldspar is a polysilicate.", "Chemical element. A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).[1] 118 elements are identified, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radionuclides, which decay over time into other elements. Iron is the most abundant element (by mass) making up Earth, while oxygen is the most common element in the Earth's crust.[2]", "Abundance of the chemical elements. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe; helium is second. However, after this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number; oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8. All others are substantially less common.", "Rare-earth element. Despite their name, rare-earth elements are – with the exception of the radioactive promethium – relatively plentiful in Earth's crust, with cerium being the 25th most abundant element at 68 parts per million, or more abundant than copper. They are not especially rare, but they tend to occur together in nature and are difficult to separate from one another. However, because of their geochemical properties, rare-earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found concentrated as rare-earth minerals in economically exploitable ore deposits.[3] The first such mineral discovered was gadolinite, a mineral composed of cerium, yttrium, iron, silicon and other elements. This mineral was extracted from a mine in the village of Ytterby in Sweden; four of the rare-earth elements bear names derived from this single location.", "Abundance of the chemical elements. The abundance of chemical elements in the universe is dominated by the large amounts of hydrogen and helium which were produced in the Big Bang. Remaining elements, making up only about 2% of the universe, were largely produced by supernovae and certain red giant stars. Lithium, beryllium and boron are rare because although they are produced by nuclear fusion, they are then destroyed by other reactions in the stars.[1][2] The elements from carbon to iron are relatively more common in the universe because of the ease of making them in supernova nucleosynthesis. Elements of higher atomic number than iron (element 26) become progressively more rare in the universe, because they increasingly absorb stellar energy in being produced. Elements with even atomic numbers are generally more common than their neighbors in the periodic table, also due to favorable energetics of formation.", "Ruthenium. As the 74th most abundant element in Earth's crust, ruthenium is relatively rare,[14] found in about 100 parts per trillion.[15] This element is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa. The native form of ruthenium is a very rare mineral (Ir replaces part of Ru in its structure).[16][17]", "Potassium. Potassium makes up about 2.6% of the weight of the earth's crust and is the seventh most abundant element in the crust.[33] It is the 17th most abundant element by weight in the earth, and 20th most abundant element in the solar system. The potassium concentration in seawater is 0.39 g/L[5] (0.039 wt/v%), about one twenty-seventh the concentration of sodium.[34][35]", "Silicon. In the universe, silicon is the seventh most abundant element, coming after hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and neon. These abundances are not replicated well on Earth due to substantial separation of the elements taking place during the formation of the Solar System. Silicon makes up 27.2% of the Earth's crust by weight, second only to oxygen at 45.5%, with which it is always associated in nature. Further fractionation took place in the formation of the Earth by planetary differentiation: Earth's core, which makes up 31.5% of the mass of the Earth, has approximate composition Fe25Ni2Co0.1S3; the mantle makes up 68.1% of the Earth's mass and is composed mostly of denser oxides and silicates, an example being olivine, (Mg,Fe)2SiO4; while the lighter siliceous minerals rise to the surface and form the crust, making up 0.4% of the Earth's mass.[56]", "Group 5 element. There are 2 parts per million of tantalum in the earth's crust, making it the 51st most abundant element there. Soil contains on average 1 to 2 parts per billion of tantalum, and seawater contains 2 parts per trillion of tantalum. A typical human contains 2.9 parts per billion of tantalum. Tantalum is found in the minerals tantalite and pyrochlore.[4]", "Abundance of the chemical elements. Oxygen and silicon are notably the most common elements in the crust. On Earth and in rocky planets in general, silicon and oxygen are far more common than their cosmic abundance. The reason is that they combine with each other to form silicate minerals. In this way, they are the lightest of all of the two-percent \"astronomical metals\" (i.e., non-hydrogen and helium elements) to form a solid that is refractory to the Sun's heat, and thus cannot boil away into space. All elements lighter than oxygen have been removed from the crust in this way.", "Period 1 element. Hydrogen is the most abundant of the chemical elements, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental mass.[7] Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. Elemental hydrogen is relatively rare on Earth, and is industrially produced from hydrocarbons such as methane, after which most elemental hydrogen is used \"captively\" (meaning locally at the production site), with the largest markets almost equally divided between fossil fuel upgrading, such as hydrocracking, and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen may be produced from water using the process of electrolysis, but this process is significantly more expensive commercially than hydrogen production from natural gas.[8]", "Abundance of the chemical elements. The bulk composition of the Earth by elemental-mass is roughly similar to the gross composition of the solar system, with the major differences being that Earth is missing a great deal of the volatile elements hydrogen, helium, neon, and nitrogen, as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile hydrocarbons. The remaining elemental composition is roughly typical of the \"rocky\" inner planets, which formed in the thermal zone where solar heat drove volatile compounds into space. The Earth retains oxygen as the second-largest component of its mass (and largest atomic-fraction), mainly from this element being retained in silicate minerals which have a very high melting point and low vapor pressure.", "Iron. The most abundant iron isotope 56Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists because it represents the most common endpoint of nucleosynthesis.[22] Since 56Ni (14 alpha particles) is easily produced from lighter nuclei in the alpha process in nuclear reactions in supernovae (see silicon burning process), it is the endpoint of fusion chains inside extremely massive stars, since addition of another alpha particle, resulting in 60Zn, requires a great deal more energy. This 56Ni, which has a half-life of about 6 days, is created in quantity in these stars, but soon decays by two successive positron emissions within supernova decay products in the supernova remnant gas cloud, first to radioactive 56Co, and then to stable 56Fe. As such, iron is the most abundant element in the core of red giants, and is the most abundant metal in iron meteorites and in the dense metal cores of planets such as Earth.[23] It is also very common in the universe, relative to other stable metals of approximately the same atomic weight.[23][24] Iron is the sixth most abundant element in the Universe, and the most common refractory element.[25]", "Boron group. Aluminium, in contrast to boron, is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element. It composes about 8.2% (82,000 ppm) of the Earth, surpassed only by oxygen and silicon.[39] It is like boron, however, in that it is uncommon in nature as a free element. This is due to aluminium’s tendency to attract oxygen atoms, forming several aluminium oxides. Aluminium is now known to occur in nearly as many minerals as boron, including garnets, turquoises and beryls, but the main source is the ore bauxite. The world's leading countries in the extraction of aluminium are Ghana, Surinam, Russia and Indonesia, followed by Australia, Guinea and Brazil.[42]", "Alkaline earth metal. Strontium is the fifteenth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust. Most strontium is found in the minerals celestite and strontianite.[50] Barium is slightly less common, much of it in the mineral barite.[51]" ]

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[ "Marion Crane. In the second sequel, 1986's Psycho III, the shower scene appears again in a flashback, this time when Norman sees Maureen Coyle (Diana Scarwid) who reminds him of Marion. \"Mother\" tries to kill Maureen in exactly the same room and bathroom of the Bates Motel where Marion died, only to find that Maureen slit her wrists in a bathtub filled with water in an attempted suicide. Later, after being rescued by Norman, Maureen dies falling down the same stairs of the Bates house where private investigator Milton Arbogast died.", "Psycho (1960 film). Internationally, Hitchcock was forced to make minor changes to the film, mostly to the shower scene. In Britain, the BBFC requested cuts to stabbing sounds and visible nude shots, and in New Zealand the shot of Norman washing blood from his hands was objected to. In Singapore, though the shower scene was left untouched, the murder of Arbogast, and a shot of Norman's mother's corpse were removed.[119]", "Psycho (1960 film). The murder of Leigh's character in the shower is the film's pivotal scene and one of the best-known in all of cinema. As such, it spawned numerous myths and legends. It was shot from December 17–23, 1959, after Leigh had twice postponed the filming, firstly for a cold and then her period.[61] Seventy-seven different camera angles were used.[62] The finished scene runs three minutes and includes 50 cuts.[63] Most of the shots are extreme close-ups, except for medium shots in the shower directly before and directly after the murder. The combination of the close shots with their short duration makes the sequence feel more subjective than it would have been if the images were presented alone or in a wider angle, an example of the technique Hitchcock described as \"transferring the menace from the screen into the mind of the audience\".[64]", "Janet Leigh. Her most famous role was as the morally ambiguous Marion Crane, co-starring with John Gavin and Anthony Perkins, in Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960), featuring its iconic shower murder scene. The fact that the star died early in the movie violated narrative conventions of the time. She received a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. Leigh was so traumatized by the shower scene that she went to great lengths to avoid showers for the rest of her life.[16]", "Psycho (1960 film). There are varying accounts whether Leigh was in the shower the entire time or a body double was used for some parts of the murder sequence and its aftermath. In an interview with Roger Ebert and in the book Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho, Leigh stated she was in the scene the entire time and Hitchcock used a stand-in only for the sequence in which Norman wraps Marion's body in a shower curtain and places it in the trunk of her car.[74] The 2010 book The Girl in Alfred Hitchcock's Shower by Robert Graysmith contradicts this, identifying Marli Renfro as Leigh's body double for some of the shower scene's shots.[75] Graysmith also stated that Hitchcock later acknowledged Renfro's participation in the scene.[76] Costumer Rita Riggs, who was also responsible for Mother's dress, attests that it was Leigh[clarification needed], and because she did not wish to be nude, she devised strategic nude items including pasties, moleskin and bodystockings, to be pasted on Leigh for the scene.[77]", "Marion Crane. Marion makes no appearance in the final sequel, 1990's Psycho IV: The Beginning. She is merely referred to a few times as \"the girl [Norman] killed in the shower\".", "Norma Bates (Psycho). When Sam's mistress Marion Crane (Rihanna) checks into the motel, Norman fears that \"Mother\" will kill her, and tells her to leave and never come back. Sam soon arrives at the motel looking for Marion, and \"Mother\" convinces Norman to stab him to death in the shower.[17]", "Psycho (1960 film). The first name of the female protagonist was changed from Mary to Marion, since a real Mary Crane existed in Phoenix.[24] Also changed is the novel's budding romance between Sam and Lila. Hitchcock preferred to focus the audience's attention on the solution to the mystery,[25] and Stefano thought such a relationship would make Sam Loomis seem cheap.[22] Instead of having Sam explain Norman's pathology to Lila, the film uses a psychiatrist.[26] (Stefano was in therapy dealing with his relationship with his own mother while writing the script.)[27] The novel is more violent than the film; for instance, Crane is beheaded in the shower as opposed to being stabbed to death.[17] Minor changes include changing Marion's telltale earring found after her death to a scrap of paper that failed to flush down the toilet. This provided some shock effect, since toilets were virtually never seen in American cinema in the 1960s.[28] The location of Arbogast's death was moved from the foyer to the stairwell. Stefano thought this would make it easier to conceal the truth about \"Mother\" without tipping that something was being hidden.[29] As Janet Leigh put it, this gave Hitchcock more options for his camera.[26]", "Psycho (1960 film). It is often claimed that, despite its graphic nature, the shower scene never once shows a knife puncturing flesh.[85][86][87] However, a frame by frame analysis of the sequence shows one shot in which the knife appears to penetrate Leigh's abdomen, but the effect may have been created by lighting and reverse motion.[88] Leigh herself was so affected by this scene when she saw it, that she no longer took showers unless she absolutely had to; she would lock all the doors and windows and would leave the bathroom and shower door open.[89] She never realized until she first watched the film \"how vulnerable and defenseless one is\".[17]", "Psycho (1960 film). When Lila and Sam do not hear from Arbogast, Sam visits the motel. He sees a figure in the house whom he assumes is Mrs. Bates, but she ignores his knocking. Lila and Sam go to the local deputy sheriff, who informs them that Mrs. Bates died in a murder-suicide ten years ago. The sheriff concludes that Arbogast lied to Sam and Lila so he could pursue Marion and the money. Convinced that some ill has befallen Arbogast, Lila and Sam make their way to the motel. Norman carries his mother from her room and hides her in the fruit cellar against her will.", "Psycho (1960 film). Film theorist Robin Wood also discusses how the shower washes \"away her guilt\". He comments upon the \"alienation effect\" of killing off the \"apparent center of the film\" with which spectators had identified.[90]", "Marion Crane. Psycho's first sequel, 1983's Psycho II, starts off with a flashback to the shower scene. Marion's sister, Lila Crane (Vera Miles), now Lila Loomis, is on a crusade to keep Norman locked up. The film introduces Mary Loomis (Meg Tilly), Lila's daughter with Sam and Marion's niece. Both are killed in the film; Lila is stabbed while in Norman's fruit cellar by a woman who looks like him in his \"Mother\" guise (later revealed to be Emma Spool, (Claudia Bryar)), and Mary is shot by police when she attempts to kill Norman.", "Psycho (1960 film). Mirrors reflect Marion as she packs, her eyes as she checks the rear-view mirror, her face in the policeman's sunglasses, and her hands as she counts out the money in the car dealership's bathroom. A motel window serves as a mirror by reflecting Marion and Norman together. Hitchcock shoots through Marion's windshield and the telephone booth, when Arbogast phones Sam and Lila. The heavy downpour can be seen as a foreshadowing of the shower, and its cessation can be seen as a symbol of Marion making up her mind to return to Phoenix.[145]", "Psycho (1960 film). Moved by Norman's story, Marion decides to drive back to Phoenix in the morning to return the stolen money, which she hides in a folded newspaper on the nightstand. As she showers, a shadowy figure stabs her to death with a chef's knife. After seeing blood, Norman panics and runs to Marion's room, where he discovers her body. He cleans up the crime scene, putting Marion's corpse and her possessions—including the stolen money—into the trunk of her car and sinking it in the swamps near the motel.", "Psycho (1960 film). The success of the film jump-started Perkins' career, but he soon began to suffer from typecasting.[168] However, when Perkins was asked whether he would have still taken the role knowing that he would be typecast afterwards, he replied with a definite \"yes\".[169] As Perkins was in New York working on a Broadway stage show when the shower sequence was filmed, actresses Anne Dore and Margo Epper stepped in as his body doubles for that scene.[170] Until her death in 2004, Leigh received strange and sometimes threatening calls, letters, and even tapes detailing what the caller would like to do to Marion Crane. One letter was so \"grotesque\" that she passed it to the FBI. Two agents visited Leigh and told her the culprits had been located and that she should notify the FBI if she received any more letters of that type.[171]", "Psycho (1960 film). At the motel, Sam distracts Norman by engaging in conversation while Lila cases the property and sneaks inside the house. After Sam grills him, Norman becomes agitated, knocks Sam out, and rushes to the house. Lila hides in the cellar, where she finds Mrs. Bates in a chair. Lila turns her around and discovers she is a mummified corpse. Lila screams as Norman runs into the cellar, holding a knife and wearing his mother's clothes and a wig. Before Norman can attack Lila, Sam, having regained consciousness, subdues him.", "Norma Bates (Psycho). One of \"Mother\"'s victims is Marion Crane (Janet Leigh), who flees to the Bates Motel after stealing money from her employer in order to marry her boyfriend, Sam Loomis (John Gavin). When she checks into the motel, Norman is smitten, and invites her to have dinner with him in his office. This arouses \"Mother\"'s ire, and she threatens to kill Marion if Norman lets her into the house. He defies her and has dinner with Marion, who takes pity on him and gently suggests that he put his mother in a mental institution. He angrily rejects the suggestion, however. After Marion retires to her room, Norman becomes \"Mother\" and kills Marion in the shower. When Norman regains consciousness, he disposes of Marion's corpse in a nearby swamp, covering up what he believes to be his mother's crime.", "Psycho (1960 film). In Psycho, Hitchcock subverts the romantic elements that are seen in most of his work. The film is instead ironic as it presents \"clarity and fulfillment\" of romance. The past is central to the film; the main characters \"struggle to understand and resolve destructive personal histories\" and ultimately fail.[138] Lesley Brill writes, \"The inexorable forces of past sins and mistakes crush hopes for regeneration and present happiness.\" The crushed hope is highlighted by the death of the protagonist, Marion Crane, halfway through the film.[139] Marion is like Persephone of Greek mythology, who is abducted temporarily from the world of the living. The myth does not sustain with Marion, who dies hopelessly in her room at the Bates Motel. The room is wallpapered with floral print like Persephone's flowers, but they are only \"reflected in mirrors, as images of images—twice removed from reality\". In the scene of Marion's death, Brill describes the transition from the bathroom drain to Marion's lifeless eye, \"Like the eye of the amorphous sea creature at the end of Fellini's La Dolce Vita, it marks the birth of death, an emblem of final hopelessness and corruption.\" [140]", "Psycho (1960 film). Psycho has appeared on a number of lists by websites, television channels, and magazines. The shower scene was featured as number four on the list of Bravo Network's 100 Scariest Movie Moments,[152] whilst the finale was ranked number four on Premiere's similar list.[153] Entertainment Weekly's book titled The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time ranked the film as #11.[71]", "Psycho (1960 film). To capture the straight-on shot of the shower head, the camera had to be equipped with a long lens. The inner holes on the shower head were blocked and the camera placed a sufficient distance away so that the water, while appearing to be aimed directly at the lens, actually went around and past it.[65]", "Psycho (1960 film). Krohn's analysis of the production of Psycho in his book Hitchcock at Work, while refuting Bass' claims for directing the scene, notes that these storyboards did introduce key aspects of the final scene—most notably, the fact that the killer appears as a silhouette, and details such as the close-ups of the slashing knife, Leigh's desperate outstretched arm, the shower curtain being torn off its hooks, and the transition from the hole of the drainage pipe to Marion Crane's dead eyes. Krohn notes that this final transition is highly reminiscent of the iris titles that Bass created for Vertigo.[83]", "Psycho (1960 film). There were rumors that Herrmann had used electronic means, including amplified bird screeches to achieve the shocking effect of the music in the shower scene. The effect was achieved, however, only with violins in a \"screeching, stabbing sound-motion of extraordinary viciousness.\"[103] The only electronic amplification employed was in the placing of the microphones close to the instruments, to get a harsher sound.[103] Besides the emotional impact, the shower scene cue ties the soundtrack to birds.[103] The association of the shower scene music with birds also telegraphs to the audience that it is Norman, the stuffed-bird collector, who is the murderer rather than his mother.[103]", "Saul Bass. Bill Krohn has noted that Bass's 48 story board panels for the scene introduced all the key aspects of the final shower murder scene – most notably, the fact that the attacker appears as a silhouette, close-ups of a slashing knife, the shower curtain torn down, a shot of the shower head from below, Marion's desperate outstretched arm, and the famous shot of the transition from the drain hole of the bathtub to Marion Crane's dead eye. Krohn notes that this final transition is highly reminiscent of Bass's iris titles for Vertigo.[30] Krohn also concludes that Bass did not literally direct the shower scene, proving Hitchcock's presence on the set throughout the shooting of that scene.[30]", "Psycho (1960 film). At the courthouse, a psychiatrist explains that Norman murdered Mrs. Bates and her lover ten years ago out of jealousy. Unable to bear the guilt, he exhumed her corpse and began to treat it as if she were still alive. He recreated his mother in his own mind as an alternate personality, dressing in her clothes and talking to himself in her voice. This \"Mother\" personality is jealous and possessive: whenever Norman feels attracted to a woman, \"Mother\" kills her. As \"Mother\", Norman killed two young girls before stabbing Marion and Arbogast to death. The psychiatrist says the \"Mother\" personality has taken permanent hold of Norman's mind. While Norman sits in a holding cell, \"Mother\"'s voice-over protests that the murders were Norman's doing. Marion's car is pulled out of the swamp.", "Norma Bates (Psycho). The murderer eventually kills Lila. When Mary and Norman return to the house, Norman receives a phone call from Dr. Raymond; in his mind, however, the phone call is from his mother. Mary, disturbed, tries to convince Norman to stop answering the phone by dressing up as his mother, complete with a butcher knife. Mary accidentally kills Dr. Raymond, who has come to the house to catch Mary, and Norman tries to hide her from the police. Mary discovers Lila's corpse hidden in a pile of coal, and, convinced Norman is the murderer, tries to kill him. The police intervene just in time however, and shoot her dead.", "Norman Bates. In 1986's Psycho III, set a month later, Norman continues to struggle, unsuccessfully, against \"Mother\"'s dominion. He also finds another love interest named Maureen Coyle (Diana Scarwid), who eventually dies at \"Mother\"'s hand. In the film, Mrs. Spool's corpse is first discovered by sleazy musician Duane Duke (Jeff Fahey), whom Norman kills when Duke tries to use the discovery to blackmail Norman. Tracy Venable (Roberta Maxwell), a reporter interested in Norman's case, finds out that Spool was in fact Norman's aunt - Norma Bates' sister - who was obsessed with Norman's father and killed him when he chose Norma over her. She then kidnapped the infant Norman, believing him to be her child, but she was arrested and institutionalized, leaving Norman to be raised by Norma.", "Norman Bates. In 1983's Psycho II, the first sequel to the original film, Norman is released from the institution twenty-two years after his arrest, seemingly cured. He meets Mary Loomis (Meg Tilly)—Marion Crane's niece—and falls in love with her. However, a series of mysterious murders occurs, as well as strange appearances and messages from his mother, and Norman slowly loses his grip on sanity. The mysterious appearances and messages turn out to be a plot by Mary's mother, Lila Loomis, to drive him insane again in order to get him recommitted. The actual murders turn out to be the work of Norman's coworker, Emma Spool (Claudia Bryar). Before Norman discovers this, however, Mary Loomis is shot dead by the police during a confrontation with Norman, and Mrs. Spool murders Lila. When Spool tells Norman that she is his real mother, he kills her and embalms her corpse while assuming the \"Mother\" personality once again.[6]", "Norman Bates. In Bloch's 1982 sequel to his first novel, Psycho II, Norman escapes from the psychiatric hospital by killing a nun and donning her habit. Picked up as a hitchhiker, Norman tries to attack the driver with a tire iron, but the driver overpowers him. This in turn causes a fiery accident where the driver escapes, but Norman dies. Meanwhile, Norman's past crimes is being adapted into a movie directed by Vizzini, who is the spitting image of Noman Bates from twenty years ago. Vizzini's mother was raped and murdered when he was a child and the truama from it affected his sexual morality. He plans to rape and murder the actress playing Marion Crane, but is killed by an unknown assailant.[citation needed] Dr. Adam Claiborne, who discovered Norman's corpse, assumed his personality and killed Vizzini and others.[5]", "Psycho (1960 film). The shower scene has become a pop culture touchstone and is often regarded as one of the most terrifying scenes ever filmed. Its effectiveness is often credited to the use of startling editing techniques borrowed from the Soviet montage filmmakers,[157][158] and to the iconic screeching violins in Bernard Herrmann's musical score. The scene has been frequently spoofed and referenced in popular culture, complete with the violin screeching sound effects (see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, among many others).[159] 78/52: Hitchcock's Shower Scene, a documentary on its production by Alexandre O. Philippe, was released on October 13, 2017, including interviews with and analysis by Guillermo del Toro, Peter Bogdanovich, Bret Easton Ellis, Jamie Lee Curtis, Karyn Kusama, Eli Roth, Oz Perkins, Leigh Whannell, Walter Murch, Danny Elfman, Elijah Wood, Richard Stanley, and Neil Marshall.[160]", "Norma Bates (Psycho). By this point in the series, Norman has begun murdering young women again under the control of the Mother personality. He finds some hope for redemption when he meets and falls in love with a young woman and former nun named Maureen Coyle (Diana Scarwid), but Mother eventually wins out and kills her. Tracy finds Norman and tells him the truth about his parentage, and Norman attacks his aunt's preserved corpse. He is arrested and sent back to the institution, but proclaims that he is finally free.", "Psycho (1960 film). Marion had decided to go back to Phoenix, come clean, and take the consequence, so when she stepped into the bathtub it was as if she were stepping into the baptismal waters. The spray beating down on her was purifying the corruption from her mind, purging the evil from her soul. She was like a virgin again, tranquil, at peace.[79]", "Norman Bates. When Sam's mistress Marion Crane (Rihanna) checks into the motel, Norman has dinner with her and tells her that Sam is married. Marion comes back to the motel after confirming Sam's infidelity, and seeks comfort from Norman. He fears that \"Mother\" will kill her, however, and tells her to leave and never come back. When Sam comes to the motel to look for Marion, Norman stabs him to death in the shower.[21]" ]

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[ "I Am David. I am David is a 1963 novel by Anne Holm. It tells the story of a young boy who, with the help of a prison guard, escapes from a concentration camp in an unnamed Eastern European country (according to geographical clues, probably Bulgaria) and journeys to Denmark. Along the way he meets many people who teach him about life outside the camp.", "I Am David. The book, originally written in Danish, has been translated into several languages, including Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish and German (all 1963), Dutch (1964), English (1965), Afrikaans (1981), French (1986) and Konkani (1987). In the United States, the book was first called North to Freedom, but it is now also being published as I am David. It was made into a film in 2003.", "I Am David. He saves a girl named Maria from a fire in a shed where she was trapped. David spends some time in Maria's family's house, where he sees a globe and learns about different countries. However, his knowledge of suffering and death, as well as his enemity with their eldest son and his deepening, overtly exclusive relationship with Maria worries the parents. David overhears them talking about him and, after writing them a letter, leaves the house to travel north again. Some time later he sees a personal advertisement in a newspaper placed by Maria's family, offering him a home and saying they understand his reticence.", "I Am David. When he meets Sophie, a middle-aged lady who lives in Switzerland and likes to paint as a hobby, she asks David if she might paint him; later she invites David to have lunch with her in her house, and while he is there, David sees a picture of a woman in Denmark. Sophie tells him that the woman's husband and her child, a boy named David, were killed, but that a guard who was attracted to the woman allowed her to escape. He realizes he needs to travel to Denmark and find that woman, who is his mother. He also realizes that the guard, who became the commandant, has saved him because he was in love with David's mother. However, because she did not love him back, and he felt a need for revenge, he did not tell her that David was still alive.", "I Am David. After having abath, David finds a cave to spend the day in. Then he decides to go to the town nearby to learn about life outside of a prison camp. He is given, much to his surprise, a loaf of bread. He also finds a piece of newspaper that he uses to practice reading with. Later, after visiting the town every day for a while, David decides uses the excuse that he works for a circus to explain why he is a polyglot and why he is traveling. Then he overhears people talking about him. He flees the town and travels north. On his way, he helps people, and sometimes they give him money. Along his journey, David discovers the beauty of the world and slowly he changes his behavior and the way he interacts with people.", "I Am David. When winter hits, David is travelling through the mountains, and he is held prisoner by a farmer who uses him for work. It is a hard season, but he is grateful to shelter at night in the farmer's stable until the snow melts. The farmer's dog, King, keeps him company through the winter. David knows that as the snow melts, he must escape from the bolted stable, as the farmer will soon hand him to the police. He makes a hole in the stable, digs a tunnel, and is free again. King catches up with him. Later, the dog gives his life to distract some guards in East Germany so that David can sneak over the border. David travels on through Denmark to Copenhagen where he looks up his mother's address in a telephone book. Virtually at the end of his strength he knocks on the door and introduces himself to his mother whom he recognizes from the picture he saw of her in Switzerland. His mother instantly recognizes him as her son David.", "I Am David. 12 -year-old David has lived in a concentration camp for as long as he can remember. While the people who run the camp are only referred to as them, later in the book it is stated that they came to power in 1917, the year of the Russian Revolution.", "I Am David. David finds a truck headed for Salonika, and without realizing it, climbs on board. He eats some of the food inside and when the truck stops, he jumps out. He finds a boat labeled \"Italy\" and sneaks in. After hiding for a few days and getting quite drunk (accidentally), he is found. Thankfully, the Italian sailor decides to help David escape by lowering him down the side of the ship with a lifebelt on. He floats to land and, after climbing for a little ways, promptly falls asleep.", "I Am That. I Am That is a compilation of talks on Shiva Advaita (Nondualism) philosophy by Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj, a Hindu spiritual teacher who lived in Mumbai.[1][2][3][4][5] The English translation of the book from the original Marathi recordings was done by Maurice Frydman, edited by Sudhakar S. Dixit and first published in 1973 by Chetana Publications.[6] The book was revised and reedited in July 1981.[7] These publications led to the spread of Nisargadatta's teachings to the West, especially North America and Europe.[2] Excerpts of the book were published in Yoga Journal in September 1981, the month Nisargadatta died at age 84.[8]", "David. David is richly represented in post-biblical Jewish written and oral tradition, and is discussed in the New Testament. Early Christians interpreted the life of Jesus in light of the references to the Messiah and to David; Jesus is described as being descended from David. David is discussed in the Quran and figures in Islamic oral and written tradition as well. The biblical character of David has inspired many interpretations in fictional literature over centuries.", "David. Literary works about David include:", "Sophia Bush. In 2013, Bush hosted a Prizeo campaign to raise funds for one of her favorite causes, I Am that Girl.[52] As part of the campaign, Bush offered donors a grand prize of the opportunity to skydive with her.[53] In 2014, Bush's foreword to Alexis Jones' debut novel I Am that Girl was released and distributed by accessories retailer Claire's.[54] In 2016, Bush was named to Oprah's SuperSoul 100 list of visionaries and influential leaders.[55]", "David. Psalm 34 is attributed to David on the occasion of his escape from Abimelech (or King Achish) by pretending to be insane.[69] According to the parallel narrative in 1 Samuel 21, instead of killing the man who had exacted so many casualties from him, Abimelech allows David to depart, exclaiming, \"Am I so short of madmen that you have to bring this fellow here to carry on like this in front of me? Must this man come into my house?\"[70]", "I Am David. His only friend in the camp, Johannes, died some time before from a heart attack, as is revealed in a flashback in Chapter 1. One of the commandants has been keeping an eye on David, making sure he is fed properly and taking his vitamins. This guard sets up the escape, gives him some soap, and leaves a sack outside the camp fence with bread, a bottle of water, and a compass in it. David must go south to Salonika, find a boat to Italy, then travel north to a free country that has a king.", "I Am Legend (novel). Dan Schneider from International Writers Magazine: Book Review wrote in 2005:[4]", "Play Me. It is widely praised by critics and musicians as well; it is among the top-ten favorite songs of American writer and critic David Wild. Wild was especially fond of the lines \"You are the sun, I am the moon, / You are the words, I am the tune, / Play me,\"[8] and other writers have cited the lines as well.[18] Diamond himself has referred to those lines, for instance in an apology to a 2008 Columbus, Ohio, audience, for performing with a raspy voice while suffering from acute laryngitis.[19]", "I Am That. According to Nisargadatta, \"Maurice (Frydman) told me, 'Everything that is said here is immediately lost, though it could be of a great benefit for those looking for truth. I would like to translate and publish your words so others might know them. And so, he wrote I Am That\".[22]", "I Am That. The book is considered the author's masterpiece and a spiritual classic by authors and teachers like Eckhart Tolle,[9] Wayne Dyer,[10] Deepak Chopra[11] and Adyashanti, who called the book a \"standout\" and \"the clearest expression I've ever found.\"[12] Dyer calls Nisargadatta his teacher, and cites the quotation, \"Love says: 'I am everything'. Wisdom says: 'I am nothing'. Between the two my life flows.\"[10] That quotation has also been cited by several other authors in diverse fields, from wellness to cooking.[13][14] Joseph Goldstein visited Nisargadatta in January 1980 after reading the book, and after several meetings said, \"The path that Nisargadatta revealed was not a search, but a find, not a struggle, but an abiding, not a cultivation, but something intrinsic to all\".[15]", "David. Jacob L. Wright, Associate Professor of Hebrew Bible at Emory University, has written that the most popular legends about David, including his killing of Goliath, his affair with Bathsheba, and his ruling of a United Kingdom of Israel rather than just Judah, are the creation of those who lived generations after him, in particular those living in the late Persian or Hellenistic periods.[92]", "David Baldacci. David Baldacci (born August 5, 1960)[1] is a bestselling American novelist.", "David Bowie. David Robert Jones (8 January 1947 – 10 January 2016), known professionally as David Bowie (/ˈboʊi/),[2] was an English singer-songwriter and actor. He was a leading figure in popular music for over five decades, acclaimed by critics and fellow musicians for his innovative work. His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation, his music and stagecraft significantly influencing popular music. During his lifetime, his record sales, estimated at 140 million albums worldwide, made him one of the world's best-selling music artists. In the UK, he was awarded nine platinum album certifications, eleven gold and eight silver, releasing eleven number-one albums. In the US, he received five platinum and nine gold certifications. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.", "Here I Am, Lord. \"Here I Am, Lord\",[1] also known by its first line, \"I, the Lord of sea and sky\", is a Christian hymn written by Dan Schutte in 1981.[2] Its words are based on Isaiah 6:8 and 1 Samuel 3. It is published by OCP Publications.", "Mo'ne Davis. In 2015, she released a memoir, written with Hilary Beard, Mo'ne Davis: Remember My Name.[11][12] That year she also teamed up with the brand M4D3 (Make A Difference Everyday) to design a line of sneakers for girls, with some of the proceeds going toward the Plan International’s Because I Am A Girl initiative, which has the goal of helping to lift four million girls in the developing world out of poverty.[11]", "Dave Pelzer. David James \"Dave\" Pelzer (born December 29, 1960 in San Francisco, California)[1] is an American author, of several autobiographical and self-help books.[2] He is best known for his 1995 memoir of childhood abuse, A Child Called \"It\".", "will.i.am. He released his first book Wizards And Robots, a collaboration with Brian David Johnson, early 2018 [72]", "David Cross. In 2009, Cross released his first book I Drink for a Reason. The book features memoirs, satirical fictional memoirs, and material from Cross that originally appeared in other publications.[27] In September 2009, Cross performed at his own comedy stage at the ATP New York 2009 music festival, for which he picked Eugene Mirman, H. Jon Benjamin, Jon Glaser, and Derrick Brown & The Navy Gravy to join him. In the same year, Cross and Benjamin created and wrote for Paid Programming on Adult Swim. Paid Programming was not picked up for a full series and Benjamin referred to it as an \"abject failure\".[28]", "David Jason. Jason is a qualified helicopter pilot.[12] In October 2013, Jason released his autobiography called David Jason: My Life.[13] It was shortlisted for the 2013 Specsavers National Book Awards \"Best Book of the Year\".[14]", "David. Some studies of David have been written: Baruch Halpern has pictured David as a lifelong vassal of Achish, the Philistine king of Gath;[84] Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman have identified as the oldest and most reliable section of Samuel those chapters which describe David as the charismatic leader of a band of outlaws who captures Jerusalem and makes it his capital.[85] Steven McKenzie, Associate Professor of the Hebrew Bible at Rhodes College and author of King David: A Biography, argues that David came from a wealthy family, was \"ambitious and ruthless\" and a tyrant who murdered his opponents, including his own sons.[68]", "David. Rembrandt, c. 1650: Saul and David.", "David. Apart from these, all that is known of David comes from the biblical literature. The Books of Samuel were substantially composed during the time of King Josiah at the end of the 7th century BCE, extended during the Babylonian exile (6th century BCE), and substantially complete by about 550 BCE, although further editing was done even after then—the silver quarter-shekel which Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 \"almost certainly fixes the date of the story in the Persian or Hellenistic period\".[75] The authors and editors of Samuel drew on many earlier sources, including, for their history of David, the \"history of David's rise\" (1 Samuel 16:14–2 Samuel 5:10), and the \"succession narrative\" (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2).[76] The Book of Chronicles, which tells the story from a different point of view, was probably composed in the period 350–300 BCE, and uses Samuel as its source.[77]", "David (Bernini). The biblical David was a popular subject among Renaissance artists and had been treated by sculptors such as Donatello (c.1440s), Verrocchio (1473-1475) and Michelangelo (1501-1504). Bernini's David, though engaging with these works, differed from them in some significant ways.", "Dada. Marc Lowenthal, in I Am a Beautiful Monster: Poetry, Prose, and Provocation, writes:" ]

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[ "Antarctica. More than 170 million years ago, Antarctica was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Over time, Gondwana gradually broke apart and Antarctica as we know it today was formed around 25 million years ago. Antarctica was not always cold, dry, and covered in ice sheets. At a number of points in its long history, it was farther north, experienced a tropical or temperate climate, was covered in forests, and inhabited by various ancient life forms.", "Geology of Antarctica. More than 170 million years ago, Antarctica was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Over time Gondwana broke apart and Antarctica as we know it today was formed around 35 million years ago.", "History of Antarctica. In 1930, the United Kingdom claimed Enderby Land. In 1933, a British imperial order transferred territory south of 60° S and between meridians 160° E and 45° E to Australia as the Australian Antarctic Territory.[67][68]", "History of Antarctica. Finally, in 1642 Tasman showed that even New Holland (Australia) was separated by sea from any continuous southern continent. Voyagers round the Horn frequently met with contrary winds and were driven southward into snowy skies and ice-encumbered seas; but so far as can be ascertained none of them before 1770 reached the Antarctic Circle, or knew it, if they did.", "History of Antarctica. The first step was taken on 30 July 1923, when the British government passed an Order in Council under the British Settlements Act 1887, defining the new borders for the Ross Dependency - \"that part of His Majesty's Dominions in the Antarctic Seas, which comprises all the islands and territories between the 160th degree of East Longitude and the 150th degree of West Longitude which are situated south of the 60th degree of South Latitude shall be named the Ross Dependency.\"", "Continent. Antarctica was sighted in 1820 during the First Russian Antarctic Expedition and described as a continent by Charles Wilkes on the United States Exploring Expedition in 1838, the last continent identified, although a great \"Antarctic\" (antipodean) landmass had been anticipated for millennia. An 1849 atlas labelled Antarctica as a continent but few atlases did so until after World War II.[59]", "History of Antarctica. The history of Antarctica emerges from early Western theories of a vast continent, known as Terra Australis, believed to exist in the far south of the globe. The term Antarctic, referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle, was coined by Marinus of Tyre in the 2nd century AD.", "Antarctica. As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as \"mammal-like reptiles\", were common in Antarctica during the Early Triassic and included forms such as Lystrosaurus. The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206–146 Ma), and islands gradually rose out of the ocean. Ginkgo trees, conifers, bennettites, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during this period. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period (146–66 Ma), though southern beech became more prominent towards the end of this period. Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only three Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Hanson Formation,[51] and Antarctopelta) have been described to date.[52] It was during this era that Gondwana began to break up.", "Geological history of Earth. During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago),[3] the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high. But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and ice floes north, reinforcing the cooling. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago.[citation needed]", "Geology of Antarctica. As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In East Antarctica the seed fern became established, and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206–146 Ma), and islands gradually rose out of the ocean. Ginkgo trees and cycads were plentiful during this period, as were reptiles such as Lystrosaurus. In West Antarctica conifer forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period (146–65 Ma), though Southern beech began to take over at the end of this period. Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only three Antarctic dinosaur genera (in order of naming, Cryolophosaurus, Antarctopelta, and Glacialisaurus) have been described to date. It was during this period that Gondwana began to break up.", "Antarctica. Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic, around 160 Ma, followed by the Indian subcontinent in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma). By the end of the Cretaceous, about 66 Ma, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a subtropical climate and flora, complete with a marsupial fauna.[54] In the Eocene epoch, about 40 Ma Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica, so that latitudinal currents could isolate Antarctica from Australia, and the first ice began to appear. During the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, CO2 levels have been found to be about 760 ppm[55] and had been decreasing from earlier levels in the thousands of ppm.", "History of Antarctica. In 1917, the wording of the claim was modified, so as to, among other things, unambiguously include all the territory in the sector stretching to the South Pole (thus encompassing all of the present-day British Antarctic Territory). The new claim covered \"all islands and territories whatsoever between the 20th degree of west longitude and the 50th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 50th parallel of south latitude; and all islands and territories whatsoever between the 50th degree of west longitude and the 80th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 58th parallel of south latitude\".[65]", "Ice sheet. The present-day polar ice sheets are relatively young in geological terms. The Antarctic Ice Sheet first formed as a small ice cap (maybe several) in the early Oligocene, but retreating and advancing many times until the Pliocene, when it came to occupy almost all of Antarctica. The Greenland ice sheet did not develop at all until the late Pliocene, but apparently developed very rapidly with the first continental glaciation. This had the unusual effect of allowing fossils of plants that once grew on present-day Greenland to be much better preserved than with the slowly forming Antarctic ice sheet.", "Antarctica. East Antarctica is geologically varied, dating from the Precambrian era, with some rocks formed more than 3 billion years ago. It is composed of a metamorphic and igneous platform which is the basis of the continental shield. On top of this base are coal and various modern rocks, such as sandstones, limestones and shales laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. In coastal areas such as Shackleton Range and Victoria Land some faulting has occurred.", "History of Antarctica. The Norwegian ship Antarctic was put ashore at Cape Adare, on January 24, 1895.[21]", "Antarctica. Since about 15 Ma, the continent has been mostly covered with ice.[57]", "History of Antarctica. Ferdinand Magellan, who passed through the Straits of Magellan in 1520, assumed that the islands of Tierra del Fuego to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land, and it appeared as such on a map by Ortelius: Terra australis recenter inventa sed nondum plene cognita (\"Southern land recently discovered but not yet fully known\").[citation needed]", "Antarctica. About 298 million years ago Permian forests started to cover the continent, and there were tundras as late as 15 million years ago,[84] but the climate of present-day Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of bryophytes. There are about 100 species of mosses and 25 species of liverworts, but only three species of flowering plants, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula: Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass), Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native Poa annua (annual bluegrass).[85] Growth is restricted to a few weeks in the summer.[80][86]", "Antarctica. New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959, although in 2015 Norway formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole.[92] Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States.[93] It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.", "Antarctica. Around 23 Ma, the Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America, resulting in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completely isolated the continent. Models of the changes suggest that declining CO2 levels became more important.[56] The ice began to spread, replacing the forests that then covered the continent.", "Antarctic ice sheet. The icing of Antarctica began in the middle Eocene about 45.5 million years ago[6] and escalated during the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago. CO2 levels were then about 760 ppm[7] and had been decreasing from earlier levels in the thousands of ppm. Carbon dioxide decrease, with a tipping point of 600 ppm, was the primary agent forcing Antarctic glaciation.[8] The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size.[9] The opening of the Drake Passage may have played a role as well[10] though models of the changes suggest declining CO2 levels to have been more important.[11]", "Antarctica. The first formal use of the name \"Antarctica\" as a continental name in the 1890s is attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew.[15]", "History of Antarctica. In December 1821, Nathaniel Palmer, an American sealer looking for seal breeding grounds, sighted what is now known as the Antarctic Peninsula, located between 55 and 80 degrees west. In 1823, James Weddell, a British sealer, sailed into what is now known as the Weddell Sea. Until, the twentieth century, most expeditions were for commercial purpose, to look for the prospects of seal and whale hunting. A piece of wood, from the South Shetland Islands, was the first fossil ever recorded from Antarctica, obtained during a private United States expedition during 1829-31, commanded by Captain Benjamin Pendleton.[10][11][12]", "Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Published estimates of the onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current vary, but it is commonly considered to have started at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. The isolation of Antarctica and formation of the ACC occurred with the openings of the Tasmanian Seaway and the Drake Passage. The Tasmanian Seaway separates East Antarctica and Australia, and is reported to have opened to water circulation 33.5 Ma.[8] The timing of the opening of the Drake Passage, between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula, is more disputed; tectonic and sediment evidence show that it could have been open as early as pre 34 Ma,[9] estimates of the opening of the Drake passage are between 20 and 40 Ma.[10] The isolation of Antarctica by the current is credited by many researchers with causing the glaciation of Antarctica and global cooling in the Eocene epoch. Oceanic models have shown that the opening of these two passages limited polar heat convergence and caused a cooling of sea surface temperatures by several degrees; other models have shown that CO2 levels also played a significant role in the glaciation of Antarctica.[10][11]", "South Pole. The basic geography of the Antarctic coastline was not understood until the mid-to-late 19th century. American naval officer Charles Wilkes claimed (correctly) that Antarctica was a new continent, basing the claim on his exploration in 1839–40,[12] while James Clark Ross, in his expedition of 1839–43, hoped that he might be able to sail all the way to the South Pole. (He was unsuccessful.)[13]", "Climate of Antarctica. Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change:", "Antarctica. The cooling of Antarctica occurred stepwise, as the continental spread changed the oceanic currents from longitudinal equator-to-pole temperature-equalising currents to latitudinal currents that preserved and accentuated latitude temperature differences.", "Gondwana. The Tasman Gateway between Australia and Antarctica began to open c. 40 to 30 Ma. Palaeontological evidences indicate the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) was established in the Late Oligocene c. 23 Ma with the full opening of the Drake Passage and the deepening of the Tasman Gateway. The oldest oceanic crust in the Drake Passage, however, is 34 to 29 Ma-old which indicates spreading between the Antarctic and South American plates began near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary.[50] Deep sea environments in Tierra del Fuego and the North Scotia Ridge during the Eocene and Oligocene indicate a \"Proto-ACC\" opened opened during this period. Later, 26 to 14 Ma, a series of events severally restricted the Proto-ACC: change to shallow marine conditions along the North Scotia Ridge; closure of the Fuegan Seaway, the deep sea that existed in Tierra del Fuego; and uplift of the Patagonian Cordillera. This, together with the reactivated Iceland plume, contributed to global warming. During the Miocene, the Drake Passage began to widen and as water flow between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula increased, the renewed ACC resulted in cooler global climate.[51]", "Antarctic Peninsula. Detailed studies of the paleontology, sedimentology, and stratigraphy of glacial and nonglacial deposits within the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent parts of the Weddell Sea and its Pacific continental shelf have found that it has become progressively glaciated as the climate of Antarctica dramatically and progressively cooled during the last 37 million years. This progressive cooling was contemporaneous with a reduction in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. During this climatic cooling, the Antarctic Peninsula was probably the last region of Antarctica to have been fully glaciated. Within the Antarctic Peninsula, mountain glaciation was initiated during the latest Eocene, about 37–34 Ma. The transition from temperate, alpine glaciation to a dynamic ice sheet occurred about 12.8 Ma. At this time, the Antarctic Peninsula formed as the bedrock islands underlying it were overridden and joined together by an ice sheet in the early Pliocene about 5.3–3.6 Ma. During the Quaternary period, the size of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has fluctuated in response to glacial–interglacial cycles. During glacial epochs, this ice sheet was significantly thicker than it is currently and extended to the edge of the continental shelves. During interglacial epochs, the West Antarctica Ice Sheet was thinner than during glacial epochs and its margins lay significantly inland of the continental margins.[13][14][15]", "Gondwana. Separation between Australia and East Antarctica began c. 132 Ma with sea-floor spreading occurring c. 96 Ma. A shallow seaway developed over the South Tasman Rise during the Early Cenozoic and as oceanic crust started to separate the continents during the Eocene c. 35.5 Ma global ocean temperature dropped significantly.[39] A dramatic shift from arc- to rift magmatism c. 100 Ma separated Zealandia, including New Zealand, the Campbell Plateau, Chatham Rise, Lord Howe Rise, Norfolk Ridge, and New Caledonia, from West Antarctica c. 84 Ma.[40]", "Geology of Antarctica. East Antarctica is geologically very old, dating from the Precambrian, with some rocks formed more than 3 billion years ago. It is composed of a metamorphic and igneous platform which is the basis of the continental shield. On top of this base are various more modern rocks, such as sandstones, limestones, coal and shales laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. In coastal areas such as Shackleton Range and Victoria Land some faulting has occurred.", "Geology of Antarctica. The geological history of Antarctica covers the geological development of the continent through the Proterozoic Eon, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras." ]

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[ "Sword Art Online. A game based in Gun Gale Online, Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet, was released for the PS4, Xbox One and Windows on February 23, 2018.[122]", "Sword Art Online. Sword Art Online: Memory Defrag, launched by Bandai Namco Entertainment, was released outside of Japan on January 24, 2017.[119] This RPG is available on iOS and Android devices. Featuring content from the anime series, Ordinal Scale, and some original shorts written for event characters, players are allowed to play solo and progress through the story, or join up with others online to farm special items, equipment, and materials.[120] Common events include ranked challenges against other players, floor clearing, character introductions and seasonal events. Players have the choice of spending real money to speed-up their progress.[121]", "Sword Art Online. A virtual reality massive multiplayer online game was in development by Kadokawa and IBM Japan,[115] but was only a demo and will not be released as a full game. An action role-playing game titled Accel World VS Sword Art Online: Millennium Twilight was announced in October 2016. The game is a crossover with Accel World, developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita,[116] and Windows via Steam,[117] and was released to western audiences on July 7, 2017.[118]", "Sword Art Online. A fourth game titled Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization was released in Japan for the PS4, Vita, and Windows on October 27, 2016[101] and worldwide on November 8, 2016 for the PS4 and Vita.[102]", "Sword Art Online. An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as Sword Art Online, aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film Sword Art Online: Extra Edition airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled Sword Art Online II, airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A third season titled Sword Art Online: Alicization and a spin-off anime series titled Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online are in production and are set to be released in 2018.[needs update] A live-action series will be produced by Netflix. Four video games based on the series have been released for multiple consoles.", "Sword Art Online. An animated film titled Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale featuring an original story by Kawahara set after the events of Sword Art Online II premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017.[61][62][63][64]", "Sword Art Online. A third video game developed by Artdink[94] and titled Sword Art Online: Lost Song was released in Japan on March 26, 2015[95] on the PlayStation 3 and Vita platforms,[96][97] with an English version being released in Asia.[98] The game's producer revealed in October 2014 that the game is an open-world action RPG featuring an original storyline, set within Alfheim Online, where characters are able to fly.[99] The game sold 139,298 physical retail copies on the PlayStation Vita in addition to another 55,090 units on the PlayStation 3 within its first week of release in Japan, ranking second and sixth place respectively within the Japanese software sales charts for that particular week, narrowly behind Bloodborne taking the top spot.[100]", "Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale. The Blu-ray and DVD home video release volumes of Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale were released in Japan on September 27, 2017 and are scheduled for release in North America on December 19, 2017.[26] The Japanese home video release features a sequel novel titled Sword Art Online: Cordial Code written by Kawahara and illustrated by abec, set eight days after the events of Ordinal Scale.[27]", "Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization. The game was teased at Tokyo Game Show 2015 in September[12] with the working title of SAO IV.[17] It was officially announced at Dengeki Bunko Fall Fest by Bandai Namco on October 3.[18] According to Bandai Namco Games producer Yosuke Futami, the game was devised with the idea of Kirito starting the game at level one.[5] A Western release date was later announced, with Hollow Realization releasing in Japan on October 27 and internationally on November 8.[19] The North American Vita release is digital-only.[11]", "Sword Art Online. A social network game called Sword Art Online: End World was released for Japanese feature phones and smartphones on February 28, 2013[103][104] with more than 1 million registered users.[105] Another freemium game for Android and iOS titled Sword Art Online: Code Register launched in 2014, and over 3,000,000 users have downloaded the game.[106] Another game called Sword Art Online: Progress Link designed for the Mobage browser game platform on smartphones was released on February 10, 2015.[107] In 2016, Bandai Namco released Sword Art Online: Memory Defrag for Android and iOS.[108]", "Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale. Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale (Japanese: 劇場版 ソードアート・オンライン -オーディナル・スケール-, Hepburn: Gekijō-ban Sōdo Āto Onrain -Ōdinaru Sukēru-) is a 2017 Japanese animated fantasy adventure film based on the Sword Art Online light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by abec. The film is produced by A-1 Pictures and directed by Tomohiko Itō, featuring an original story by Kawahara, character designs by Shingo Adachi and music by Yuki Kajiura. It was released in Japan, Southeast Asia, and Germany on February 18, 2017, in Mexico on March 4, 2017, and in the United States on March 9, 2017.", "Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization. Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization (ソードアート・オンライン -ホロウ・リアリゼーション-, Sōdoāto Onrain - Horō Riarizēshon -) is a video game developed by Aquria and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Windows PC, based on the Japanese light novel series, Sword Art Online. It is the fourth video game in the series and the successor to Sword Art Online: Lost Song. Hollow Realization was released on October 27, 2016 in Japan,[1] and on November 8, 2016 for North American and European territories.[2][3]", "Sword Art Online. After Kawahara's request for Sword Art Online to be published was approved,[3] he started working with illustrator abec on the light novel series. The first volume was published in print on April 10, 2009,[9] and 20 volumes have been published as of September 8, 2017.[10]", "Sword Art Online. A stage event at the Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011 revealed that Reki Kawahara's light novels would get video game adaptations.[83] The first Sword Art Online adaptation, titled Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment (ソードアート・オンライン -インフィニティ・モーメント-, Sōdo Āto Onrain: Infiniti Mōmento), was developed by Namco Bandai Games for the PlayStation Portable.[84] The game follows an alternate storyline, in which a glitch causes Kirito and the other players to remain in Sword Art Online despite defeating Heathcliff, and players from other VMMORPGs such as Leafa and Sinon get sucked into the game themselves.[85] The game was released in both regular and limited edition box sets on March 14, 2013.[86]", "Sword Art Online. Sword Art Online (Japanese: ソードアート・オンライン, Hepburn: Sōdo Āto Onrain) is a Japanese light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by abec. The series takes place in the near future and focuses on protagonist Kazuto \"Kirito\" Kirigaya and Asuna Yuuki as they play though various virtual reality MMORPG worlds. The light novels began publication on ASCII Media Works' Dengeki Bunko imprint from April 10, 2009, with a spin-off series launching in October 2012. The series has spawned eight manga adaptations published by ASCII Media Works and Kadokawa. The novels and four of the manga adaptations have been licensed for release in North America by Yen Press.", "Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale. The film premiered in Japan, Southeast Asia and Germany on February 18, 2017. The Asian premieres were distributed by Aniplex and Odex, respectively.[13][14][15] There was a premiere event in the United States on March 1, 2017; Eleven Arts distributed and released the film in U.S. theaters on March 9, 2017.[16] Madman Entertainment also released the film at theaters in Australia and New Zealand on March 9, 2017.[17] Aniplex of America released the film at theaters in Canada between March 17 and March 19, 2017.[18] The English dub premiered at Anime Boston 2017, with a national release on April 22.[19][20] Anime Limited brought the film to cinemas in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 19, 2017.[21][22] The film was set to play in about 1,000 theaters worldwide.[23]", "List of Sword Art Online: Alicization episodes. The series premiered on October 7, 2018,[2] with a one-hour world premiere airing in Japan, the United States, Australia, France, Germany, Russia and South Korea on September 15, 2018.[3] It will air for four cours (around one year).[1]", "Sword Art Online. Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment is a PlayStation Vita game released in Japan on April 24, 2014.[87][88] Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment takes place in the same alternative storyline as Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment,[89] and it includes all content of \"Floor Clearing\" from that previous game[90] with the addition of new unexplored \"Hollow Area\" of Aincrad.[91] The protagonist Kirito will cross swords with a mysterious player who would become one of the key characters in the game.[91] The game sold 145,029 physical retail copies within the first week of release in Japan, topping the Japanese software sales charts for that particular week.[92] The game had also been released in Taiwan by Namco Bandai Games Taiwan with Chinese and English subtitles.[93] A digital-only North American, European and Australian release was released in August 2014.", "Sword Art Online. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called Sword Art Online (SAO) is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the NerveGear was created by Akihiko Kayaba.", "List of Sword Art Online episodes. In North America, Aniplex of America released the series in four DVD and Blu-ray volumes beginning on August 13, 2013. In Australasia, Madman Entertainment released volume one in DVD and Blu-ray on December 18, 2013, and concluded with volume four on March 19, 2014. In Europe, Manga Entertainment began to release the anime on December 16, 2013.[72] Sword Art Online: Extra Edition was licensed by Aniplex of America and released by Blu-ray and DVD in North America on December 23, 2014.[62]", "Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online. An anime television series adaptation was announced at the Dengeki Bunko Fall Festival 2017 event on October 1, 2017.[1] The series is directed by Masayuki Sakoi, written by Yōsuke Kuroda, and animated by studio 3Hz, with character designs by Yoshio Kosakai.[7][8] The opening theme song is \"Ryūsei\" (流星, Meteor) by Eir Aoi[9] and the ending theme song is \"To see the future\" by Tomori Kusunoki.[10][11]", "List of Sword Art Online episodes. Aniplex, in partnership with Sony Music Entertainment Japan, distributed the episodes in nine volumes in DVD and Blu-ray format across Japan.[9][63] Sword Art Online: Extra Edition was released on April 23, 2014, in DVD and Blu-ray limited editions, including a bonus Sword Art Offline: Extra Edition episode.[64]", "Sword Art Online. The third season of Sword Art Online, titled Sword Art Online: Alicization and a spin-off anime, titled Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online, were announced in 2017.[65] Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online, animated by 3Hz, is due to air in April 2018.[66][67] Sword Art Online: Alicization is due to air in October 2018.[68]", "Sword Art Online. The anime has been licensed in North America by Aniplex of America[43] and an English-language dub premiered on Adult Swim's Toonami from July 27, 2013[44] to February 15, 2014. The series was released by Aniplex of America in four DVD and Blu-ray sets, with special extras on the BD sets, between August 13 and November 19, 2013.[45] Manga Entertainment released the first series on BD/DVD in the United Kingdom in December 2013,[46] whilst Madman Entertainment released the series in Australia[47] and the English-language version began airing on ABC3 on June 7, 2014.[48] Sword Art Online has been available on Netflix in North America since March 15, 2014.[49]", "Sword Art Online. At their Japan Expo USA panel, Yen Press announced the rights to publish the light novels; the first volume was released on April 22, 2014.[15][16] Yen Press later announced their license of the Sword Art Online: Progressive series, which is scheduled for release in 2015.[17] The novels are also published in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam,[18] with future plans for publications in France,[19] Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland and others.[18]", "Sword Art Online. A spin-off manga starring Lisbeth, Silica, and Leafa, titled Sword Art Online: Girls Ops (ソードアート・オンライン ガールズ・オプス) and illustrated by Neko Nekobyō, began serialization in the July 2013 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine.[29] Girls Ops was licensed by Yen Press in November 2014, the first volume of which was released on May 19, 2015.[30][31] A manga adaption of Sword Art Online: Progressive, illustrated by Kiseki Himura, began serialization in the August 2013 issue of Dengeki G's Magazine. The manga ended serialization in the magazine's May 2014 issue and was transferred to Dengeki G's Comic starting with the June 2014 issue.[32] The Progressive manga adaption has been licensed by Yen Press, with the first two volumes released in January and April 2015, respectively.[17][33]", "Sword Art Online. An anime adaptation of Sword Art Online was announced at Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011, along with Reki Kawahara's other light novel series, Accel World.[39] The anime is produced by Aniplex and Genco, animated by A-1 Pictures and directed by Tomohiko Ito with music by Yuki Kajiura.[40] The anime aired on Tokyo MX, tvk, TVS, TVA, RKB, HBC and MBS between July 7 and December 22, 2012, and on AT-X, Chiba TV and BS11 at later dates.[41] The series was also streamed on Crunchyroll and Hulu.[42] The anime is adapted from the first four novels and parts of volume seven.", "Sword Art Online. A number of character songs were included in the Blu-ray and DVD volume releases of the anime. These were collected into two compilation albums: Sword Art Online Song Collection, which included character songs released in the season one volumes, was released on August 27, 2014,[81] while Sword Art Online Song Collection II, which included character songs released in the season two volumes, was released on March 22, 2017.[82]", "Sword Art Online. A tenth manga, titled Sword Art Online: Project Alicization and illustrated by Kōtarō Yamada, based on the Alicization arc of the light novel series, began serialization in the September 2016 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine.[38]", "Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale. In the year 2026, the Augma is released to the public as an alternative system to the AmuSphere, due to its function to simulate reality while the player is conscious rather than using FullDive. The most prominent combat-based game is Ordinal Scale, in which a player's abilities are ranked by ordinal numbers.", "Sword Art Online. A sixth manga, titled Sword Art Online: Phantom Bullet and illustrated by Kōtarō Yamada, had its first chapter serialized in the May 2014 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine, with following chapters being digitally serialized on Kadokawa's Comic Walker website. A seventh manga, titled Sword Art Online: Calibur and illustrated by Shii Kiya, was serialized in Dengeki G's Comic between the September 2014 and July 2015 issues.[34] A single compilation volume was released on August 10, 2015.[35] An eighth manga, titled Sword Art Online: Mother's Rosario and also by Tsubasa, is based on the seventh volume of the novel series and began serialization in the July 2014 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine.[36] A ninth manga, an adapatation of Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online, began serialization in the November 2015 issue of Dengeki Maoh.[37]", "Sword Art Online. Sword Art Online is a planned American live-action television adaptation of Sword Art Online. Skydance Television announced on August 2, 2016, that they had acquired the global rights to produce a live-action television adaptation of Reki Kawahara's Sword Art Online light novel series.[123] Laeta Kalogridis has been attached to write a script for the pilot, and will also serve as executive producer for the series alongside Skydance CEO David Ellison, Dana Goldberg, and Marcy Ross.[123] Skydance has stated their intent to \"fast-track\" the launch of the series,[123] along with plans to follow the TV series with the release of a Sword Art Online virtual reality experience.[124][125] In February 2018 it was reported that the live-action series had been sold to Netflix.[126]" ]

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[ "The Book of Life (2014 film). On the Day of the Dead, La Muerte, ruler of the Land of the Remembered, and Xibalba, ruler of the Land of the Forgotten, set a wager for their own worlds after seeing Manolo Sánchez and Joaquín Mondragon competing over María Posada. La Muerte bets on Manolo while Xibalba bets on Joaquín. However, Xibalba cheats by giving Joaquín his Medal of Everlasting Life, granting the wearer invincibility. María frees a herd of captive pigs, resulting her being sent to a boarding school in Spain. Parting ways, Manolo gives her one of the rescued baby pigs, which he named Chuy, and she gives him a guitar engraved with the phrase \"Always play from the heart\".", "Pig. With around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domestic pig is one of the most numerous large mammals on the planet.[3][4]", "Pig. With around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domestic pig is among the most populous large mammals in the world.[3][4] Pigs are omnivores and can consume a wide range of food.[5] Biologically, pigs are very similar to humans, thus are frequently used for human medical research.[6]", "Pig. The genus Sus is currently thought to contain eight living species. A number of extinct species (†) are known from fossils.", "Pig (zodiac). The Pig (豬) is the twelfth and the last sign of the Earthly Branches (亥). In the continuous Sexagenary cycle, every twelfth year corresponds to Hai, and is commonly called \"the Year of the Pig\" (豬年). There are five types of Pigs, named after the Chinese elements. In order, they are: Metal, Water, Wood, Fire, and Earth.", "Pig (zodiac). However, the Pig is yin, and thus only the negative aspects of the elements can be attached to them, thus only 5 kinds of Pigs are found in the zodiac. They are the following:", "Pig. A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the even-toed ungulate family Suidae. Pigs include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), along with other species. Related creatures outside the genus include the peccary, the babirusa, and the warthog. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Eurasian and African continents. Juvenile pigs are known as piglets.[1] Pigs are highly social and intelligent animals.[2]", "Domestic pig. With around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domesticated pig is one of the most numerous large mammals on the planet.[37][38]", "Pig. Pigs appear in the traditional and popular arts, media, and cultures of many societies, where they sometimes carry religious symbolism. In Asia the wild boar is one of 12 animal images comprising the Chinese zodiac, while in Europe the boar represents a standard charge in heraldry. In Islam and Judaism pigs and those who handle them are viewed negatively, and the consumption of pork is forbidden. Pigs are frequently alluded to in folk art, idioms, metaphors, and proverbs, and also occasionally in parables (e.g. Parable of the Prodigal Son).", "Benjamin (Animal Farm). He is one of the wisest animals on the farm and is able to \"read as well as any pig\". However, he rarely uses his ability, because he feels there is nothing worth reading. He does not use his ability for the benefit of others until the end of the book, when Boxer is sent off to the slaughterhouse, and when Clover asks him to read the public display of the Seven Commandments, as they, for the last time in the book, changed; Benjamin reveals that the Commandments now consist entirely of the message \"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others\". Despite his age, he is never given the option of retirement (none of the animals are). Only the pigs' betrayal of his best friend, Boxer, spurs him into (failed) action, after which Benjamin becomes more cynical than ever.", "Pig (zodiac). The Snake is said to be the most incompatible with the Pig as the jovial character of the Pig is very opposite from that of the reserved and contemplative Snake.", "Pig (zodiac). The Pig belongs to the 4th Trine of the Chinese zodiac, along with the Rabbit and the Goat. It is said that the relationship between these three archetypes work best as they strive for aestheticism, beauty, and a more philosophical, and intellectual approach in life. Their calm nature gives them great leadership abilities.", "A Day No Pigs Would Die. A Day No Pigs Would Die has been noted for not withdrawing from the harsh realities of birth and death, despite being written from for children. From the first chapter, \"readers begin to understand the value of life, the ever-present possibility of death, and the need for self-reliance\".[5] The book opens with Rob helping a cow through a bloody, difficult birth.[4]:6–8 He later has Pinky breed for the first time, in a graphic scene, and must then help his father butcher Pinky, after she proves to be barren and too costly for the family to keep if she cannot bear piglets for them to sell.[4]:127–128; 137–139 And, in the closing chapters of the text, Haven Peck comes down with \"an affection\", sickens and dies, leaving Rob to arrange his funeral and then deal with the fact that, now thirteen, he must be considered a man for the sake of his family's continued welfare.[4]:121; 142–144", "Pig (zodiac). The natural element of the Pig is water. Thus it is commonly associated with emotions and intuitions. Yet, given that along with the elements (also called the Celestial stem), the animal zodiac (called the earthly stem) also follows a cycle, each of the elements affect the characteristic of the same earthly stem.", "Pig (zodiac). Given that the day is composed of 24 hours, each sign is given to the different signs of the zodiac. The Pig was assigned to govern the time between 21hrs00 to 22hrs59. According to tradition, this is the time when the Pig is doing what it does best (sleeping and enjoying the sweet life).", "Benjamin (Animal Farm). Benjamin is a donkey in George Orwell's novel Animal Farm.[1] He is also the oldest of all the animals (he is alive in the last scene of the novel). He is less straightforward than most characters in the novel, and a number of interpretations have been put forward to which social class he represents as regards to the Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union. (Animal Farm is an allegory for the evolution of Communism in Russia, with each animal representing a different social class, e.g. Boxer represents the working class.)", "Pork. These are the creatures that you may eat from among all the animals that are upon the land. Everything that possesses a split hoof, which is fully cloven, and that brings up its cud—this you may eat. But this is what you shall not eat from what brings up its cud or possesses split hooves—the camel, because it brings up its cud but does not possess split hooves...and the pig, because it has split hooves that are completely cloven, but it does not bring up its cud—it is impure to you and from its flesh you may not eat.", "Pig (zodiac). According to the myths, the Pig was the last to arrive when the Jade Emperor called for the great meeting. Other sources said that Buddha called for a great meeting when he was about to leave the earth. The Pig came in last.", "Fetal pig. Fetal pigs are unborn pigs used in elementary as well as advanced biology classes as objects for dissection. Pigs, as a mammalian species, provide a good specimen for the study of physiological systems and processes due to the similarities between many pig and human organs.", "Pig. The pygmy hog, formerly Sus salvanius is now placed in the monotypic genus Porcula.[25]", "Domestic pig. Miss Piggy, Babe, and Porky Pig represent the domestic pig in entertainment, and \"The Three Little Pigs\", Piglet in the stories of A. A. Milne, Charlotte's Web, The Sheep-Pig, Zhu Bajie and Napoleon in George Orwell's Animal Farm are prominent examples of the domestic pig in literature.", "Animal husbandry. Pigs, for example, appear in several of Beatrix Potter's \"little books\", as Piglet in A. A. Milne's Winnie the Pooh stories, and somewhat more darkly (with a hint of animals going to slaughter) as Babe in Dick King-Smith's The Sheep-Pig, and as Wilbur in Charlotte's Web.[90] Pigs tend to be \"bearers of cheerfulness, good humour and innocence\". Many of these books are completely anthropomorphic, dressing farm animals in clothes and having them walk on two legs, live in houses, and perform human activities.[89] The children's song \"Old MacDonald Had a Farm\" describes a farmer named MacDonald and the various animals he keeps, celebrating the noises they each make.[91]", "Benjamin (Animal Farm). Some interpret Benjamin as representing the aged population of Russia, because he is old and cynical. Others feel that he represents the Menshevik intelligentsia as he is just as intelligent, if not more so, than the novel's pigs, yet he is marginalized. He is very cynical about the Revolution and life in general. It has also been argued that he represents the skeptical people who believed that Communism would not help the people of Russia, but who did not criticize it fervently enough to lose their lives. His Biblical name could also imply that he represents the Jewish populace of Russia whose lives were not remotely improved under Joseph Stalin's leadership.", "Epistle of Barnabas. The Epistle explains many Torah laws as having a spiritual lesson as their main purpose. For example, the prohibition against eating pork is intended to forbid the people to live like swine, who supposedly grunt when hungry but are silent when full: likewise, the people are not to pray to God when they are in need but ignore Him when they are satisfied. Similarly, the prohibition against eating rabbit means that the people are not to behave in a promiscuous manner, and the prohibition against eating weasel is also to be interpreted as a prohibition of oral sex, based on the mistaken belief that weasels copulate via the mouth.[4]", "Pig (zodiac). In terms of astrology, the hours in which the person is born (technically termed as the Ascendant) is the second most important facet of his astrology. Thus, this alters greatly the characteristics of a person. Even if a person was born in a year governed by another animal (for example someone born on 20 December 2000, i.e. Year of the Dragon) will display strong characteristics of the Pig as well. Thus he may be fierce and strong like the Dragon but at the same time emotional and intuitive like the Pig.", "Pig (zodiac). They are artistic, refined, intuitive, intelligent, and well-mannered. These souls love the preliminaries in love, and are fine artists in their lovemaking. The Rabbit, Goat and Pig have been bestowed with calmer natures than the other 9 signs.", "Pig (zodiac). Legend has it that just as the emperor was about to call it a day, an oink and squeal was heard from a little Pig. The term \"lazy Pig\" is due here as the Pig got hungry during the race, promptly stopped for a feast then fell asleep. After the nap, the Pig continued the race and was named the 12th and last animal of the zodiac cycle.[4]", "Pig (zodiac). Other sources say that given his very stout form, he was just too slow a swimmer, and thus he could not do anything against the other animals.", "Pig (zodiac). People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the \"Year of the Pig\", while also bearing the following elemental sign:[5]", "Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son. The 'pig' mentioned in the song is almost certainly not a live animal but rather a kind of pastry, often made with an apple filling, smaller than a pie.[1]", "Pig (zodiac). These three are compassionately aware, yet detached and resigned to their condition. They seek beauty and a sensitive love. They are caring, unique, self-sacrificing, obliging, sensible, creative, empathetic, tactful, and prudent. They can also be naive, pedantic, insecure, cunning, indecisive, and pessimistic.", "The Book of Life (2014 film). In the Land of the Living, Chakal leads his army to San Angel (in middle of María and Joaquín's wedding) to find the Medal, which was previously his. Chakal kills Carlos, who arrives in the Land of the Remembered in time to see Manolo's fight. Manolo, realizing his fear is actually that of being himself, refuses to fight and instead sings an apology to the bull, appeasing it and touching his family, even the deities (especially Xibalba). Impressed, the deities restore Manolo to life and send him and his family to San Angel to protect it from Chakal and his army. Manolo is knocked unconscious when Chakal destructs himself, but he is protected by the Medal, which Joaquín had slipped him earlier. Joaquín returns it to Xibalba and resolves to be a true hero, while Manolo and María are happily married as Xibalba and La Muerte reconcile." ]

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[ "American Made (film). American Made is a 2017 American biographical crime film directed by Doug Liman, written by Gary Spinelli and starring Tom Cruise, Domhnall Gleeson, Sarah Wright, Alejandro Edda, Mauricio Mejía, Caleb Landry Jones and Jesse Plemons.[3] The plot focuses on Barry Seal, a former TWA pilot who became a drug smuggler for the Medellín Cartel in the 1980s.[4] In order to avoid jail time, Seal approached United States government officials and served as an informant for the DEA.[4]", "American Made (film). In May 2015, Universal set the film for a January 6, 2017 release.[13] On August 8, 2016, the film's release was pushed to September 29, 2017, and also received its final title, American Made, having been known prior as Mena.[14] It was released in Europe on August 23, 2017, and on September 29, 2017 in the US.[15]", "American Made (film). The film was first released in Europe on August 23, 2017, and then in the United States on September 29, 2017. It is the first film directed by Liman to be released by Universal Pictures since The Bourne Identity in 2002, and was played in 2D and IMAX in select theaters.[5] It has grossed $100 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised Cruise's performance.[6]", "American Made (film). The film was released in 21 countries on August 25, 2017 and grossed a total of $6.1 million over the weekend. It finished number one in 11 of the territories, including the UK where it replaced five-time champ Dunkirk.[19]", "American Made (film). In the late 1970s, Barry Seal, a pilot for commercial airline TWA, is contacted by CIA case officer Monty Schafer. He asks Seal to fly clandestine reconnaissance missions for the CIA over Central America using a small plane with cameras installed.", "American Made (film). A plane crash on the set of the film in Colombia on September 11, 2015 killed two people and caused serious injuries to another member of the crew. The plane (a twin-engine Aerostar), which was carrying crew members (three American pilots), was returning to Enrique Olaya Herrera Airport in Medellín when it ran into bad weather and the crash occurred.[10] The dead were later identified as Carlos Berl and Alan Purwin, who was the founder and president of Helinet Aviation, a company which provides aerial surveillance technology to government agencies and law enforcement, and a film pilot who had worked in top films. American pilot Jimmy Lee Garland was seriously injured and rushed to a local hospital.[11][12]", "American Made (film). On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 87% based on 197 reviews, and an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"American Made's fast-and-loose attitude with its real-life story mirrors the cavalier – and delightfully watchable – energy Tom Cruise gives off in the leading role.\"[20] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 65 out of 100, based 50 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[21] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale.[17]", "American Made (film). As of October 8, 2017[update], American Made has grossed $30.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $68.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $98.5 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[2]", "American Made (film). In North America, American Made was released alongside Flatliners and 'Til Death Do Us Part, as well as the wide expansion of Battle of the Sexes, and was projected to gross $12–15 million from 3,023 theaters in its opening weekend.[16] It made $960,000 from Thursday night previews, the lowest total by a Cruise-led film in recent years, and $6.1 million on its first day. Initially, studio estimates had the film opening to $17 million, finishing third at the box office behind holdovers It ($17.3 million) and Kingsman: The Golden Circle ($17 million). However the following day, actual results had the film debuting to $16.8 million, with Kingsman beating out It by a gross of $16.93 million to $16.90 million. 91% of its opening weekend audience was over the age of 25.[17] In its second weekend the film made $8.1 million (a drop of 51%), finishing 6th.[18]", "American Made (film). Later in the 1970s, Schafer asks Seal to start acting as a courier between the CIA and General Noriega in Panama. During a mission, the Medellín Cartel picks Seal up and asks him to fly cocaine on his return flights to the USA. Seal accepts and starts flying the cartel’s cocaine to Louisiana. The CIA turns a blind eye to the drug smuggling, but the DEA tracks Seal down. To avoid the authorities, Schafer moves Seal and his family to a remote town in Arkansas called Mena.", "American Made (film). When asked if the film was a biopic, director Doug Liman said \"You know, we're not making a biopic. Tom Cruise doesn't look like Barry Seal. His character is inspired by the stories we learned about Barry.\"[22] It has been noted the real Seal was not of Tom Cruise's 5-foot-7 frame and was an obese man who reportedly weighed 300 pounds.[23] Liman has also acknowledged that the film's zero-gravity love scene was his idea and that he got the inspiration for it after he and Cruise collided in the cockpit while filming a flight scene.[22]", "American Made (film). Seal was also unapologetic about his weapons and drug smuggling operations,[23] even stating once in a TV interview \"Whether you call it soldier of fortune or what, it's a way of life for me. I enjoy it and I'm going to keep doing it.\"[23] He also never crash landed into a suburban neighborhood.[22] Liman described the film as \"a fun lie based on a true story.\"[23]", "American Made (film). Seal is convicted but given a light sentence, 1,000 hours community service for the Salvation Army. Eventually, after moving from motel to motel each night, assassins sent by Pablo Escobar and the Cartel locate Seal and kill him; the CIA then seizes all the evidence to avoid being implicated in drug smuggling. The CIA subsequently begins the Iran–Contra affair.", "O.J.: Made in America. O.J.: Made in America is a 2016 American documentary produced and directed by Ezra Edelman for ESPN Films and their 30 for 30 series, which was released as a five-part miniseries and in theatrical format. The documentary explores two of America's greatest fixations – race and celebrity – through the life of O. J. Simpson, from his emerging football career at the University of Southern California and why America fell in love with him, to being accused of murdering Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Lyle Goldman, and his subsequent acquittal, and how he was convicted and imprisoned for another crime 13 years later.[2] O.J.: Made in America premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2016, was released in theaters in New York City and Los Angeles in May 2016 and debuted on ABC on June 11, 2016, and aired on ESPN. The documentary has received widespread acclaim and won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 89th Academy Awards.", "American Made (film). Lucy's freeloading brother JB moves in, needing a job from Barry. Eventually, he starts stealing money from the Seals and is caught by Sheriff Downing with a briefcase full of laundered cash and is arrested. Barry gives him money and a plane ticket to Bora Bora so he can leave. JB demands weekly cash and insults Lucy. Barry tries to chase him but JB's car explodes; it is implied Jorge Ochoa had JB's car rigged with explosives, killing him so that he would not snitch.", "American Made (film). Later, Schafer asks Seal to run guns to the Nicaraguan Contras based in Honduras, Central America. Seal soon realizes that the Contras are not serious about the war and starts trading the guns to the cartel. The CIA set up a Contra training base in Mena and Seal flies the Contras in, but many of them escape as soon as they arrive.", "American Made (film). Principal photography on the film began on May 27, 2015 in Georgia.[7] Filming locations include counties Cherokee, Clayton, DeKalb, Fulton, Gwinnett, Morgan and Pickens.[7] On August 20, 2015, Tom Cruise arrived in Medellin, Colombia, and on August 31 arrived in Santa Marta[8] to scout for filming locations for the film.[9]", "American Made (film). Despite the film's suggestion that he was recruited by the CIA while working for TWA, Seal claimed in his court testimony that he had started running covert operations for various government agencies as early as the late 1950s,[22] while he was a member of the Civil Air Patrol in New Orleans,[22] well before he became a TWA pilot.[22] He also stated in his testimony that he started his career in US covert operations by doing things like flying guns for the CIA to revolution fighters in Cuba in the late 1950s and flying operations for U.S. Army Special Forces in Laos just prior to the Vietnam War.[22] His biography Smuggler's End: The Life and Death of Barry Seal noted that Seal was fired from TWA in 1974 for falsely citing medical leave when he was actually off trafficking weapons[22] and that he had also been arrested in 1972 by the U.S. Customs Service for trying to fly 1,350 pounds of plastic explosives to anti-Castro Cubans via Mexico.[22] Monty Schafer was a fictional character,[22] was not based on a real-life CIA agent,[22] and was merely a representation of Seal's CIA contacts.[22] Seal's connections with cartel bosses were also not direct when he was running his drug operations[22] and he didn't meet Pablo Escobar and the Ochoa brothers in person until 1984,[22] when he was working as an informant for the DEA on an undercover operation following his arrest.[22]", "Made in the USA (song). The video is about a love story of a young American couple (portrayed by Aimee Teegarden and Dustin Milligan). At one night, the girl (Teegarden) goes with her friends to the carnival where she sees the boy (Milligan) for the first time, as the boy begins to dating with her along the way. One day, the boy leaves the girl behind, and it is revealed he is a soldier being deployed in the middle of the war. He promises to return, and meanwhile, the girl is left alone at home. The two attempt to stay in contact by writing letters to one another, and the girl anxiously awaits his correspondence. The climax of the story portrays a chaotic scene with the boy in a battlefield, shots ringing all around him. Simultaneously, the girl begins to shut herself in her room, worried about her boyfriend, and it seems as if he will die. In the end, the boy returns home and reunites with the girl.[14]", "American Made (film). Eventually, the CIA shuts the program down and abandons Seal to be arrested by the FBI, DEA and other law enforcement agencies. Seal escapes prosecution by making a deal with the White House, which wants evidence the Sandinistas are drug traffickers. They ask Seal to get photos that tie the Medelin Cartel to the Nicaraguan Sandinistas. Seal manages to get the pictures, but the White House releases them as propaganda against the Sandinistas. Seal is prominently shown in the pictures, which leads to his arrest, and to the cartel plotting revenge.", "Jesse Plemons. In late 2015, Plemons co-starred in the second season of the TV show loosely based on the film of the same name, Fargo.[1] He portrayed Ed Blumquist, who is a butcher, and is the husband of Peggy Blumquist (Kirsten Dunst).[23] For his performance, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie.[24] In 2016, Plemons starred in the film Other People. In 2017, he appeared in the Doug Liman thriller film American Made (released on September 29)[1] and portrayed disenfranchised programmer Robert Daly in the Black Mirror episode \"USS Callister\".", "American Made (film). His third wife Deborah, whom Lucy was loosely based on,[22] stated that Seal started his drug smuggling business in 1975,[22] not 1980 like the film suggests,[22] and that it originally was centered around marijuana before it involved cocaine.[22] Seal's DEA record also noted that he expanded to smuggling cocaine in 1978[22] and claimed that he was smuggling marijuana as early as 1976.[22] Seal's ties to the Medellín Cartel also did not begin after being kidnapped while refueling his plane in Colombia,[22] but when he met a smuggler who flew for cartel operative Jorge Ochoa during a flight home from Honduras,[22] where he served nine months in a local jail after being caught smuggling drugs in 1979.[22] Deborah is also a brunette and not a blonde like Lucy.[22]", "American Assassin. American Assassin is a 2017 American action thriller film directed by Michael Cuesta and written by Stephen Schiff, Michael Finch, Edward Zwick and Marshall Herskovitz, based on Vince Flynn's 2010 novel of the same name. The film stars Dylan O'Brien, Michael Keaton, Sanaa Lathan, Shiva Negar and Taylor Kitsch, and follows young CIA black ops recruit Mitch Rapp, who helps a Cold War veteran try to stop the detonation of a rogue nuclear weapon.", "O.J.: Made in America. In January 2016, ESPN Films announced O.J.: Made in America for part of their 30 for 30 series. It was also revealed to be premiering at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2016, along with a theatrical release in New York City and Los Angeles on May 20, 2016, and a debut on television in June 2016.[2]", "American Sniper. American Sniper is a 2014 American biographical war drama film[6] directed by Clint Eastwood and written by Jason Hall. It is loosely based on the memoir American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in U.S. Military History (2012) by Chris Kyle, with Scott McEwen and Jim DeFelice. The film follows the life of Kyle, who became the deadliest marksman in U.S. military history with 255 kills from four tours in the Iraq War, 160 of which were officially confirmed by the Department of Defense.[7] While Kyle was celebrated for his military successes, his tours of duty took a heavy toll on his personal and family life. The film was produced by Eastwood, Robert Lorenz, Andrew Lazar, Bradley Cooper, and Peter Morgan. It stars Cooper as Kyle and Sienna Miller as his wife Taya, with Luke Grimes, Jake McDorman, Cory Hardrict, Kevin Lacz, Navid Negahban, and Keir O'Donnell in supporting roles.", "Domhnall Gleeson. Gleeson played fashion house Burberry's founder, Thomas Burberry, in a short Christmas-themed advertisement film for the company in 2016.[43] He made a guest appearance on the Channel 4 sitcom Catastrophe as a recruitment consultant in March 2017.[44] Gleeson then played fictional CIA agent Monty Schafer in American Made, released in September 2017, and starring Tom Cruise as drug smuggler Barry Seal.[45] Also in September, Gleeson had a small role in Darren Aronofsky's psychological horror film Mother!, starred alongside Christina Applegate and Thomas Haden Church in the independent comedy Crash Pad,[46] and portrayed Winnie-the-Pooh creator A. A. Milne in the biographical film Goodbye Christopher Robin.[45] His portrayal of Milne was deemed as being played a \"little too stiffly\" by BBC critic Nicholas Barber.[47] Gleeson reprised his role as General Hux in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, released in December 2017.[48]", "30 for 30. O.J.: Made in America, which was directed by Ezra Edelman, was billed as a \"mini-series event\" in the 30 for 30 series.[71] The five-part documentary series examines the life of O. J. Simpson, as well as the broader issues of race and celebrity in the United States as it pertained to Simpson's 1995 criminal trial for the murders of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her acquaintance, Ronald Lyle Goldman. Made in America also focuses on other aspects in Simpson's life, including his success on the football field, his celebrity away from the gridiron, and his later conviction and imprisonment in a robbery case. Part 1 aired on June 11, 2016, with Parts 2–5 airing on June 14, 15, 17 and 18, respectively.[72][h]", "O.J.: Made in America. Through interviews, news footage, and archival audio and video, O.J.: Made in America traces the life and career of O. J. Simpson, starting with his arrival at the University of Southern California as an emerging football superstar and ending with his incarceration in 2007 for robbery. Throughout the documentary, Simpson's life – the football success, television career, relationship with Nicole Brown, the domestic abuse, Nicole and Ron Goldman's murder, the trial – runs parallel to the larger narrative of the city of Los Angeles, which serves as host to mounting racial tensions and a volatile relationship between the city's police department and the African American community.", "Made in America (The Sopranos). The plot of \"Made in America\" details the aftermath of the mob war between the DiMeo crime family, headed by series protagonist Tony Soprano (James Gandolfini), and the New York-based Lupertazzi family. Tony also has to deal with many familial concerns involving his wife Carmela (Edie Falco), son A.J. (Robert Iler), and daughter Meadow (Jamie-Lynn Sigler). As the series comes to a close, several characters make personal and professional adjustments.", "Hayden Christensen. On May 20, 2013, during the Cannes Film Festival, the Russian company Enjoy Movies announced the creation of Glacier Films, an alliance company with Christensen and his brother Tove. Over a three-year period, Glacier Films intends to make 11 \"micro-budget\" movies costing $1.5M each. The first project, American Heist, starring Christensen, Adrien Brody and Jordana Brewster, started filming in June 2013. It is a remake of Steve McQueen's The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery.[46] In 2014, he starred in the American-Chinese-Canadian film Outcast, an action drama, alongside Nicolas Cage.[47]", "O.J.: Made in America. Kenneth Turan and Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times both praised O.J.: Made in America, with Turan stating, the film \"is an exceptional 7 1/2-hour documentary, so perceptive, empathetic and compelling you want it never to end\",[13] with McNamara adding, \"Historically meticulous, thematically compelling and deeply human, O.J.: Made in America is a masterwork of scholarship, journalism and cinematic art.\"[14] Sports Illustrated's Richard Deitsch called the film \"the best 30 for 30 documentary [ESPN] has ever produced. It is thrilling and uncompromising filmmaking... and it will make you look at the most famous murder case in United States history with fresh eyes and under a larger prism.\"[4] Brian Tallerico, writing for RogerEbert.com, awarded the film four stars out of four, stating, \"Even in this era of 'Peak TV', it's rare to see something as essential and momentous as ESPN's OJ: Made in America... Ezra Edelman's stunningly ambitious, eight-hour documentary is a masterpiece, a refined piece of investigative journalism that places the subject it illuminates into the broader context of the end of the 20th century... I would have watched it for another eight hours... It's that good.\"[15]", "Split (2016 American film). Split is a 2017 American psychological horror thriller film written, co-produced and directed by M. Night Shyamalan[3] and starring James McAvoy, Anya Taylor-Joy, and Betty Buckley. The film follows a man with 23 different personalities who kidnaps and imprisons three teenage girls in an isolated underground facility. One of his darker personalities manifests within his psyche and results in his eventual transformation into a merciless and cannibalistic sociopath with superhuman abilities." ]

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[ "Lymph node. Lymph nodes are present throughout the body, are more concentrated near and within the trunk, and are divided in the study of anatomy into groups. Some lymph nodes can be felt when enlarged (and occasionally when not), such as the axillary lymph nodes under the arm, the cervical lymph nodes of the head and neck and the inguinal lymph nodes near the groin crease. Some lymph nodes can be seen, such as the tonsils. Most lymph nodes however lie within the trunk adjacent to other major structures in the body - such as the paraaortic lymph nodes and the tracheobronchial lymph nodes.", "Lymphatic system. A lymph node is an organized collection of lymphoid tissue, through which the lymph passes on its way back to the blood. Lymph nodes are located at intervals along the lymphatic system. Several afferent lymph vessels bring in lymph, which percolates through the substance of the lymph node, and is then drained out by an efferent lymph vessel. There are between five and six hundred lymph nodes in the human body, many of which are grouped in clusters in different regions as in the underarm and abdominal areas. Lymph node clusters are commonly found at the base of limbs (groin, armpits) and in the neck, where lymph is collected from regions of the body likely to sustain pathogen contamination from injuries.", "Lymph node. A lymph node or lymph gland is an ovoid or kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system, and of the adaptive immune system, that is widely present throughout the body. They are linked by the lymphatic vessels as a part of the circulatory system. Lymph nodes are major sites of B and T lymphocytes, and other white blood cells. Lymph nodes are important for the proper functioning of the immune system, acting as filters for foreign particles and cancer cells. Lymph nodes do not have a detoxification function, which is primarily dealt with by the liver and kidneys.", "Lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are particularly numerous in the mediastinum in the chest, neck, pelvis, axilla, inguinal region, and in association with the blood vessels of the intestines.[4]", "List of lymph nodes of the human body. Humans have approximately 500–600 lymph nodes distributed throughout the body, with clusters found in the underarms, groin, neck, chest, and abdomen.", "Head and neck anatomy. Lymph nodes line the cervical spine and neck regions as well as along the face and jaw.", "List of lymph nodes of the human body. The mediastinal lymph nodes along the esophagus are in tight connection with the abdominal lymph nodes along the esophagus and the stomach. That fact facilitates spreading of tumor cells through these lymphatics in cases of cancers of the stomach and particularly of the esophagus. Through the mediastinum, the main lymphatic drainage from the abdominal organs goes via the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus), which drains majority of the lymph from the abdomen to the above mentioned left venous angle.", "List of lymph nodes of the human body. The lymphatic vessels that link the lymph nodes are:", "Lymph node. Thin reticular fibers of reticular connective tissue, and elastin form a supporting meshwork called a reticulin inside the node. B cells are mainly found in the outer (superficial) cortex where they are clustered together as follicular B cells in lymphoid follicles and the T cells are mainly in the paracortex.[6] The lymph node is divided into compartments called lymph nodules (or lobules) each consisting of a cortical region of combined follicle B cells, a paracortical region of T cells, and a basal part of the nodule in the medulla.[7]", "Lymph node. Lymph nodes are kidney or oval shaped and range in size from a few millimeters to about 1–2 cm long.[5] Each lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, which extends inside the lymph node to form trabeculae. The substance of the lymph node is divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla. The cortex is continuous around the medulla except where the medulla comes into direct contact with the hilum.[5]", "List of lymph nodes of the human body. These drain the whole of the arm, and are divided into two groups, superficial and deep. The superficial nodes are supplied by lymphatics that are present throughout the arm, but are particularly rich on the palm and flexor aspects of the digits.", "Lymph node. There are no lymph nodes in the central nervous system, which is separated from the body by the blood-brain barrier.", "Lymph node. In the lymphatic system the lymph node is a secondary lymphoid organ.[3] A lymph node is enclosed in a fibrous capsule and is made up of an outer cortex and an inner medulla.[3]", "Axillary lymph nodes. The axillary lymph nodes or armpit lymph nodes (20 to 49 in number) drain lymph vessels from the lateral quadrants of the breast, the superficial lymph vessels from thin walls of the chest and the abdomen above the level of the navel, and the vessels from the upper limb. They are divided in several groups according to their location in the armpit. These lymph nodes are clinically significant in breast cancer, and metastases from the breast to the axillary lymph nodes are considered in the staging of the disease.[1]", "Lymphatic system. The substance of a lymph node consists of lymphoid follicles in an outer portion called the cortex. The inner portion of the node is called the medulla, which is surrounded by the cortex on all sides except for a portion known as the hilum. The hilum presents as a depression on the surface of the lymph node, causing the otherwise spherical lymph node to be bean-shaped or ovoid. The efferent lymph vessel directly emerges from the lymph node at the hilum. The arteries and veins supplying the lymph node with blood enter and exit through the hilum.", "Axillary lymph nodes. The superficial lymph glands and lymphatic vessels of the upper extremity", "Lymph node. The lymph node contains lymphoid tissue, i.e., a meshwork or fibers called reticulum with white blood cells enmeshed in it. The regions where there are few cells within the meshwork are known as lymph sinus. It is lined by reticular cells, fibroblasts and fixed macrophages.[5]", "Lymph node. The cortex of the lymph node is the outer portion of the node, underneath the capsule and the subcapsular sinus.[7] It has an outer superficial part and a deeper part known as the paracortex.[7] The subcapsular sinus drains to the trabecular sinuses, and then the lymph flows into the medullary sinuses.", "Anatomy of the human nose. The pertinent nasal lymphatic system arises from the superficial mucosa, and drains posteriorly to the retropharyngeal nodes (in back), and anteriorly (in front), either to the upper deep cervical nodes (in the neck), or to the submandibular glands (in the lower jaw), or into both the nodes and the glands of the neck and the jaw.", "Lymph node. Lymph is present throughout the body, and circulates through lymphatic vessels. These drain into and from lymph nodes – afferent vessels drain into nodes, and efferent vessels from nodes. When lymph fluid enters a node, it drains into the node just beneath the capsule in a space called the subcapsular sinus. The subcapsular sinus drains into trabecular sinuses and finally into medullary sinuses. The sinus space is criss-crossed by the pseudopods of macrophages, which act to trap foreign particles and filter the lymph. The medullary sinuses converge at the hilum and lymph then leaves the lymph node via the efferent lymphatic vessel towards either a more central lymph node or ultimately for drainage into a central venous subclavian blood vessel.", "Axillary lymph nodes. Lymph nodes of the upper limb and breast", "Axillary lymph nodes. The apical nodes drain into the subclavian lymph trunk. On the left side, this trunk drains into the thoracic duct; on the right side, it drains into the right lymphatic duct. Alternatively, the lymph trunks may drain directly into one of the large veins at the root of the neck.[2]", "Lymph node. The primary function of lymph nodes is the filtering of lymph to identify and fight infection. In order to do this, lymph nodes contain lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, which includes B cells and T cells. These circulate through the bloodstream and enter and reside in lymph nodes.[11] B cells produce antibodies. Each antibody has a single predetermined target, an antigen, that it can bind to. These circulate throughout the bloodstream and if they find this target, the antibodies bind to it and stimulate an immune response. Each B cell produces different antibodies, and this process is driven in lymph nodes. B cells enter the bloodstream as \"naive\" cells produced in bone marrow. After entering a lymph node, they then enter a lymphoid follicle, where they multiply and divide, each producing a different antibody. If a cell is stimulated, it will go on to produce more antibodies (a plasma cell) or act as a memory cell to help the body fight future infection.[12] If a cell is not stimulated, it will undergo apoptosis and die.[12]", "Lymph node. Lymph nodes also have clinical significance. They become inflamed or enlarged in various diseases which may range from trivial throat infections, to life-threatening cancers. The condition of the lymph nodes is very important in cancer staging, which decides the treatment to be used, and determines the prognosis. When swollen, inflamed or enlarged, lymph nodes can be hard, firm or tender.[4]", "Popliteal lymph nodes. The popliteal lymph nodes, small in size and some six or seven in number, are embedded in the fat contained in the popliteal fossa, sometimes referred to as the 'knee pit'. One lies immediately beneath the popliteal fascia, near the terminal part of the small saphenous vein, and drains the region from which this vein derives its tributaries, such as superficial regions of the posterolateral aspect of the leg and the plantar aspect of the foot. [1]", "Lymphatic system. The region of the lymph node called the paracortex immediately surrounds the medulla. Unlike the cortex, which has mostly immature T cells, or thymocytes, the paracortex has a mixture of immature and mature T cells. Lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes through specialised high endothelial venules found in the paracortex.", "Lymph node. The lymph node capsule is composed of dense irregular connective tissue with some plain collagenous fibers, and from its internal surface are given off a number of membranous processes or trabeculae. They pass inward, radiating toward the center of the node, for about one-third or one-fourth of the space between the circumference and the center of the node. In some animals they are sufficiently well-marked to divide the peripheral or cortical portion of the node into a number of compartments (nodules), but in humans this arrangement is not obvious. The larger trabeculae springing from the capsule break up into finer bands, and these interlace to form a mesh-work in the central or medullary portion of the node. In these trabecular spaces formed by the interlacing trabeculae is contained the proper lymph node substance or lymphoid tissue. The node pulp does not, however, completely fill the spaces, but leaves, between its outer margin and the enclosing trabeculae, a channel or space of uniform width throughout. This is termed the subcapsular sinus (lymph path or lymph sinus). Running across it are a number of finer trabeculae of reticular connective tissue, the fibers of which are, for the most part, covered by ramifying cells.", "Lymph node. The subcapsular sinus (lymph path, lymph sinus, marginal sinus) is the space between the capsule and the cortex which allows the free movement of lymphatic fluid and so contains few lymphocytes.[5] It is continuous with the similar lymph sinuses that flank the trabeculae.[5]", "Lymph node. Local cancer in many parts of the body can cause lymph nodes to enlarge, usually because of tumours cells that have metastasised into the node. Lymph node involvement is often a key part in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, acting as \"sentinels\" of local disease, incorporated into TNM staging and other cancer staging systems. As part of the investigations or workup for cancer, lymph nodes may be imaged or even surgically removed. Whether lymph nodes are affected will affect the stage of the cancer and overall treatment and prognosis.", "Lymphatic vessel. Afferent lymphatic vessels are only found in lymph nodes. This is in contrast to efferent lymphatic vessel which are also found in the thymus and spleen.", "Lymphatic system. Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs, which include lymph nodes and the spleen, maintain mature naive lymphocytes and initiate an adaptive immune response. The peripheral lymphoid organs are the sites of lymphocyte activation by antigens. Activation leads to clonal expansion and affinity maturation. Mature lymphocytes recirculate between the blood and the peripheral lymphoid organs until they encounter their specific antigen.", "Lymphatic vessel. Generally, lymph flows away from the tissues to lymph nodes and eventually to either the right lymphatic duct or the largest lymph vessel in the body, the thoracic duct. These vessels drain into the right and left subclavian veins respectively." ]

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[ "Magic in Harry Potter. Defence Against the Dark Arts, commonly shortened to D.A.D.A.,[21] is the class that teaches students defensive techniques to defend against the Dark Arts, and to be protected from Dark creatures. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, with Death-Eaters in charge of the school, the subject is renamed the Dark Arts, and involves pupils practicing the Cruciatus Curse on those who have earned detentions.[DH Ch.29] The subject has an extraordinarily high turnover of staff members—throughout the series no Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher has retained the post for more than one school year. Harry is exceptionally skilled in this subject. During the period the story takes place, the class is taught by Quirinus Quirrell (book one), Gilderoy Lockhart (book two), Remus Lupin (book three), Bartemius Crouch Jr impersonating Alastor \"Mad-eye\" Moody (book four), Dolores Umbridge (book five), Severus Snape (book six), and Amycus Carrow (book seven). Hagrid suggests in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that \"They're startin' ter think the job's jinxed. No one's lasted long for a while now.\" In Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore suggests that Voldemort cursed the position because his application for it was rejected.[HBP Ch.20] The existence of the jinx was eventually confirmed by Rowling. The position had also been coveted by Snape, but he was denied the position as well. Snape was finally appointed D.A.D.A. professor in Half-Blood Prince. Rowling announced in an interview that once Voldemort had died, the jinx he placed on the office was lifted and a permanent professor had been teaching the subject between the end of Deathly Hallows and the epilogue, set nineteen years afterwards. Furthermore, she imagines that Harry Potter occasionally comes to the class to give lectures on the subject.[22]", "Dumbledore's Army. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor, Dolores Umbridge, chooses to teach only the basic theoretical principles of the subject in her classes instead of practical applications, due to Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge's erroneous fear that Albus Dumbledore is preparing to assemble a student army to overthrow him. This theory-only approach is widely unpopular among the students, especially those characters like Harry, who are in their fifth year and have to take their O.W.L. exams on the subject later in the year. Harry also believes that lack of practical experience makes them more vulnerable to Lord Voldemort's forces, though the Ministry staunchly refuses to accept that Lord Voldemort has returned. This prompts Hermione to suggest founding a student group where Harry would teach practical Defence Against the Dark Arts.", "Hogwarts staff. Quirinus Quirrell is the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts during Harry's first year and secretly a follower of Lord Voldemort. Prior to his employment at Hogwarts, he is said by Hagrid to have had a \"brilliant mind\", and was a fine teacher while studying from books; some time before Harry's arrival at Hogwarts, \"he took a year off to get some first-hand experience\". Rowling stated in a live web chat on 30 July 2007 that Quirrell had worked at Hogwarts as Muggle Studies teacher for a certain length of time, before taking the cursed Defence Against the Dark Arts position in the same year that Harry joined.[13] There were rumours that he encountered vampires in the Black Forest and one in Romania, and he apparently had \"a nasty bit of trouble with a hag\". After that, he was 'never the same' – upon his return, he appears perpetually nervous and has developed a stutter and nervous tics and Hagrid was able to say even before the beginning of the autumn term that he was \"scared of the students, scared of his own subject\". Quirrell's attire includes a new purple turban which he claims to have received as a reward from an African prince for getting rid of a troublesome zombie. Fred and George constantly joke that the turban was full of garlic to ward away vampires and in one part they even enchant snowballs to hit it.[14] According to JK Rowling, Quirrell taught Muggle Studies before Harry studied at Hogwarts, which explains why he was a teacher before but at the same time only a Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher for one year.[15]", "Magic in Harry Potter. In the wizarding world, use of the Dark Arts is strongly stigmatised and even illegal; however, these spells are prevalent enough that even before the rise of Voldemort, many schools, (including Hogwarts), taught Defence Against the Dark Arts as a standard subject. Techniques include anti-curses and simple spells to disable or disarm attackers or fight off certain creatures. Some schools, such as Durmstrang, teach Dark Magic. A Dark Arts class is also taught at Hogwarts while it is under Death Eater control.", "Magic in Harry Potter. The Dark Arts are magical spells and practices that are usually used for malicious purposes. Practitioners of Dark Arts are referred to as Dark witches or wizards. The most prominent of these is Voldemort, known to them as the Dark Lord. His followers, known as Death Eaters, practice the Dark Arts while doing his bidding.", "A Very Potter Musical. Meanwhile, Defense Against The Dark Arts teacher Quirinus Quirrell is secretly conspiring to revive the evil wizard Lord Voldemort, who is parasitically attached to the back of his head after Voldemort's previous defeat by an infant Harry Potter. They bicker about this arrangement, which causes inconvenience to both of them due to their conflicting personalities (\"Different As Can Be\").", "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Later on, Lupin's Defence Against the Dark Arts sessions prove far better than those of Gilderoy Lockhart's (Harry's uselessly vain ex-teacher). They have a fun lesson on Boggarts (see Magical Creatures in Harry Potter) and then learn about more Dark Creatures, though, when Lupin supposedly falls ill, Professor Snape, the much hated Potions Master, takes over and belittles Hermione's knowledge, much to her dismay.", "Down a Dark Hall. Professor Farley - The only teacher at Blackwood other than Madame Duret and Jules. He is a strong supporter of Madame Duret's cause, willing to sacrifice the lives and minds of unremarkable young girls for the sake of art and science.", "Ministry of Magic. Dolores Jane Umbridge is the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, the Senior Undersecretary to the Minister himself, and the main antagonist in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. She is a short, squat woman described as resembling a large pale toad, with \"short, curly, mouse-brown hair\". She speaks with a quiet, childish, high-pitched voice, and loves kittens, chocolate cakes, biscuits, tea and other cute things, decorating her office with related paraphernalia. She has a tendency to speak to people she feels are her lessers in a very condescending tone, as if they are simpletons or very young children.", "Places in Harry Potter. Durmstrang is known for placing an emphasis on the study of the Dark Arts. While other schools of magic in the series limit the study to Defence Against the Dark Arts, Durmstrang students actually learn them. In Deathly Hallows, it is revealed that the Dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald attended Durmstrang. He also carved the symbol of the Deathly Hallows onto the school's stone walls. Although Durmstrang teaches the Dark Arts as part of its curriculum, apparently the experiments performed by Grindelwald were considered too extreme even by the school's standards as he was expelled because of them.", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. At Hogwarts, Harry learns that Dolores Umbridge, a senior employee in the Ministry of Magic, will be the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. Umbridge and Harry clash, as she, like Fudge, refuses to believe that Voldemort has returned. She punishes Harry for his rebellious outbursts by having him write \"I must not tell lies\" with a cursed quill that carves the phrase into his skin. She also refuses to teach her students how to perform defensive spells, prompting Harry, Ron and Hermione to form their own Defence Against the Dark Arts group (with students from Gryffindor, Ravenclaw and Hufflepuff), which they call Dumbledore's Army. Many students sign up, including Neville Longbottom, Fred and George Weasley, Ginny Weasley and Luna Lovegood. Struggling to find a place to practise, Dobby the house elf tells him about the Room of Requirement and its uses. The club meet there to learn and practise defensive spells under Harry's instruction.", "Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation). In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Moody is appointed as the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts, coming out of retirement as a favour to Dumbledore. Shortly before the school year begins, however, Moody is attacked by Barty Crouch, Jr., who subdues him with the Imperius Curse and takes Polyjuice Potion to assume his appearance. He keeps the real Moody alive as a source both of Polyjuice potion ingredients and of personal information helpful in putting the impersonation over and takes Moody's place at Hogwarts. Moody's well-known habit of carrying around his own drinks in a private hip flask allows Crouch to take the Polyjuice Potion as needed to sustain the masquerade without raising suspicion.", "Death Eater. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Alecto and Amycus become \"teachers\" at Hogwarts, severely disciplining students who oppose Voldemort. Amycus teaches Defence Against the Dark Arts, but as Neville Longbottom puts it, it becomes just \"The Dark Arts\" in which students are forced to perform the Cruciatus Curse against students who have been assigned to detention. Alecto teaches Muggle Studies, which becomes a compulsory subject, and teaches students that Muggles are like animals. Right before the Battle of Hogwarts, Alecto waits in Ravenclaw Tower on Voldemort's orders, preparing to capture Harry, but is stunned by Luna Lovegood after touching her Dark Mark to summon Voldemort. Amycus, after seeing what happened, tries to conspire with Minerva McGonagall who helped him into the room to offer some Ravenclaw students as sacrifices to Voldemort while planning to use the lie that Ravenclaws had ambushed Alecto and forced her to press her Dark Mark. McGonagall refuses and argues with Amycus, who spits in her face. Enraged at this, Harry casts the Cruciatus Curse, with such power that Amycus passes out. Later, McGonagall places the Imperius Curse on him, then binds him with his sister and places him inside a net.", "Death Eater. To prevent him from returning to Voldemort's service, Crouch Sr. controls his son with the Imperius Curse and keeps him hidden under an invisibility cloak. When Bertha Jorkins discovers the truth, the news reaches Voldemort, who rescues Crouch Jr. and puts Crouch Sr. under the Imperius Curse. Crouch Jr. then imprisons Alastor \"Mad-Eye\" Moody, a famous auror, and using Polyjuice Potion, assumes Moody's appearance and position to infiltrate Hogwarts as the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. Despite not being a real teacher, Crouch Jr. does a fair job and the class learns vast amounts from him. Crouch Sr. escapes and, exhausted and delirious from the Imperius Curse, reaches Hogwarts to tell Dumbledore about Voldemort's return; but his loyal Death-Eater son murders him on the castle grounds, transfigures the body into a bone, and buries the bone in freshly turned earth in front of Hagrid's cabin.[6]", "Hermione Granger. Hermione (along with Ron's mother Molly Weasley and a few female students of Hogwarts) develops a liking for Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Gilderoy Lockhart as he had written all the books required for the subject of Defence Against The Dark Arts in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.[16] During a morning confrontation between the Gryffindor and Slytherin Quidditch teams, a brawl nearly ensues after Draco Malfoy calls her a \"Mudblood\", an insulting epithet for Muggle-born wizards when she defends the Gryffindor Quidditch team. She concocts the Polyjuice Potion needed for the trio to disguise themselves as Draco's housemates to collect information about the Heir of Slytherin who has reopened the Chamber of Secrets. However, she is unable to join Harry and Ron in the investigation after the hair plucked from the robes of Slytherin student Millicent Bulstrode (with whom Hermione was previously matched up during Lockhart's ill-fated Duelling Club) was that of her cat, whose appearance she takes on in her human form; it takes several weeks for the effects to completely wear off. Hermione is Petrified by the basilisk after successfully identifying the creature through library research. Though she lies incapacitated in the hospital wing, her information is crucial to Harry and Ron in their successful mission to solve the mystery of the Chamber of Secrets. Hermione is revived after Harry kills the basilisk, but she is distraught to learn that all end-of-year exams have been cancelled as a school treat.[17]", "William Rehnquist. Rehnquist consistently defended state-sanctioned prayer in public schools.[18]", "Harry Potter (character). Harry is also gifted in Defence Against the Dark Arts, in which he becomes proficient due to his repeated encounters with Voldemort and various monsters. In his third year, Harry becomes able to cast the very advanced Patronus Charm, and by his fifth year he has become so talented at the subject that he is able to teach his fellow students in Dumbledore's Army, some even older than him how to defend themselves against Dark Magic. At the end of that year, he achieves an 'Outstanding' Defence Against the Dark Arts O.W.L., something that not even Hermione achieved. He is a skilled duellist, the only one of the six Dumbledore's Army members to be neither injured nor incapacitated during the battle with Death Eaters in the Department of Mysteries in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. He also fends off numerous Death Eaters during his flight to the Burrow at the beginning of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.", "Albus Dumbledore. During the following year at Hogwarts, the Ministry passes Educational Decree Twenty-two, allowing Fudge to place Dolores Umbridge to the post of Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher (after Dumbledore failed to find a suitable candidate). Through her, Fudge gradually gains power over Hogwarts and Dumbledore, who he fears is building an under-age wizard army to overthrow the Ministry. Umbridge forbids practical defence practice in her classes, forcing Harry, Ron, and Hermione to form Dumbledore's Army (a defence group led by Harry) with fellow friends. It is when the Ministry discovers the D.A. that Dumbledore, choosing to accept the responsibility, falsely claims that the organisation was his own subversive creation, and allows himself to be removed as headmaster (for the second time) rather than allow Harry to be expelled.", "The Art of Self-Defense (film). The Art of Self-Defense is an upcoming dark comedy film starring Jesse Eisenberg, Imogen Poots, and Alessandro Nivola, written and directed by Riley Stearns.[1][2]", "Donnie Darko. Donnie's actions become influenced by Frank, and he floods his high school by breaking a water main. Gym teacher Kitty Farmer attributes the act of vandalism to the influence of the short story \"The Destructors\", assigned by dedicated English teacher Karen Pomeroy. Kitty begins teaching attitude lessons taken from motivational speaker Jim Cunningham, but Donnie rebels against these, leading to friction between Kitty and Rose. Kitty arranges for Cunningham to speak at a school assembly, where Donnie insults him. Donnie later finds Cunningham's wallet and address, and Frank suggests setting his house on fire. Firefighters discover a hoard of child pornography there, Cunningham is arrested, and Kitty, who wishes to testify in his defense, asks Rose to chaperone her daughter Samantha's dance troupe to Los Angeles.", "School of the Art Institute of Chicago. In 2017, a controversy arose over the resignation of Michael Bonesteel, an adjunct professor specializing in outsider art and comics after two Title IX complaints were filed. Bonesteel described the SAIC investigation as a \"Kafkaesque trial\" in which he was never shown copies of the complaints and in which he was guilty until proven innocent and that SAIC \"feels more like a police state than a place where academic freedom and the open exchange of ideas is valued\".[citation needed] Laura Kipnis, author of a book on Title IX cases, described SAIC as displaying \"jawdropping cowardice\" and said \"The idea that students are trying to censor or curb a professor’s opinions or thinking is appalling\". [13][14] The School said the claims made against it were \"problematic\" and \"misleading\" and said it supports academic freedom.[15]", "Harry Potter (character). In the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the Ministry of Magic has been waging a smear campaign against Harry and Dumbledore, disputing their claims that Voldemort has returned. Harry is made to look like an attention-seeking liar, and Dumbledore a trouble-maker. A new character is introduced when the Ministry of Magic appoints Dolores Umbridge as the latest Hogwarts' Defence Against the Dark Arts instructor (and Ministry spy). Because the paranoid Ministry suspects that Dumbledore is building a wizard army to overthrow them, Umbridge refuses to teach students real defensive magic. She gradually gains more power, eventually ousting Dumbledore and seizing control of the school. As a result, Harry's increasingly angry and erratic behaviour nearly estranges him from Ron and Hermione.", "List of Victorious characters. Sikowitz appeared in the Sam & Cat episode \"#MommaGoomer.\" He is seen teaching his students about backward acting when Sam and Cat comes in. Sikowitz scolds Cat for showing up very late with class being almost over. When the bell rings, Sam and Cat tell Sikowitz that they would like to use his classroom for a charity called \"The Salvation Goomers\" (which was a cover-up for Goomer claiming to his mother that he is a history teacher). During Goomer's teaching of history to Sam, Cat, Dice, Goomer's mom, and the local shruggers,[clarification needed] Sikowitz comes in stating that he had gone to Charityosity.com where he found nothing about \"The Salvation Goomers.\" After Goomer confessed to his mother that he is actually an MMA Fighter, Sikowitz uses an electric shaver to get the fake pit hair off of Dice's armpits claiming that he grew them too soon. In the same series, Cat has a picture of Sikowitz near her bed in the room that she shares with Sam.", "Dumbledore's Army. Dumbledore's Army (or D.A. for short) is a fictional student organisation in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series that is founded by the main characters, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, to stand up against the regime of Hogwarts High Inquisitor Dolores Umbridge, as well as to learn practical Defence Against the Dark Arts. It was founded in the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.", "Howard the Duck. Howard is seen as a blindfold-wearing martial arts teacher.[98]", "Toby Flenderson. In \"Test the Store\", Toby has a rare substantial role in a Season 8 episode, where he leads a self-defense lecture for the employees after they believe Andy was attacked by a gang and left with a black eye (Toby and everyone else later find out Andy was punched by a rude 4th-grade girl when he defended Pam from a barrage of tossed pine cones). When Toby isn't aggressive enough for Kelly Kapoor's taste, she stands up and begins threatening and swinging at him, after which Andy defends Toby and gets punched in his other eye.", "Samuel Parris. As Parris had been an active prosecutor in the witchcraft cases, in 1693, his parish brought charges against Parris for his part in the trials.[4][10] Parris apologized in his essay Meditations for Peace, which he presented in November 1694.[11] Increase Mather led a church council which then vindicated him.[11]", "A Very Potter Sequel. Everyone is shaken up by all the new regulations instated by Umbridge, including cancelling the Valentine's Day Dance, removing the moving paintings, and having the Ghostbusters chase away all the ghosts in the school, as well as put strict regulations on what the professors are allowed to teach. Lupin tries to cheer everyone up by teaching them a spell to ward off Dementors, called the Patronus Charm. Umbridge interrupts the lesson and fires Lupin due to not following the proper curriculum or even the assigned textbook (to which Lupin replies \"That textbook is like a thousand years old! It still refers to dementors as ringwraiths.\") Lupin leaves, much to Snape's delight, but apologizes to him for making fun of him when they were children. Umbridge takes the position of Professor of Defense Against the Dark Arts, and introduces \"Mama's Little Love Hand\", which she threatens them with. Hermione tries to stand up to Umbridge, but Umbridge sees her as herself at her age and promises to mold her in her image, starting by punishing her first. The whole class then stands up for Hermione and Snape decides to step in and take them to Potions class. Umbridge gives up but gives the class detention. She then asks Harry where Dumbledore is hiding, but Harry tells her that even if he did know he wouldn't tell her.", "Down a Dark Hall. Jules Duret - Madame Duret's son and Blackwood's music teacher. While is at first in line with his mother's plans, he vows to help the girls escape after he discovers the horrific fates of all of Madame Duret's previous students.", "Albus Dumbledore. Dumbledore is not heard of again in the book until he arrives in the Department of Mysteries to aid the Order in the battle against the Death Eaters. He subdues all the Death Eaters, except for Bellatrix Lestrange, and binds them with an Anti-Disapparition Jinx to prevent them from magically escaping. He then saves Harry from the Avada Kedavra curse conjured by Voldemort and engages in a ferocious duel with the Dark Lord. This culminates in Voldemort's attempting to possess Harry in an attempt to make Dumbledore kill the boy. Voldemort is forced to leave Harry's body and flee with Bellatrix after this ruse fails. Many ministry officials having witnessed the end of the battle, Dumbledore is reinstated as headmaster and retrieves all his distinctions. Towards the end of the book, Dumbledore explains to Harry that Voldemort chose him as his equal and that one must kill the other in the end, and confesses that his great affection for Harry has clouded his judgement.", "Down a Dark Hall. Madame Duret - The headmistress of Blackwood. She believes that she is called to help the great masters of the past continue their work from the grave by using the students in her school to channel their talents. For this purpose, she chooses only girls with psychic abilities and absentee parents as her pupils.", "Franz Boas. Boas was known for passionately defending what he believed to be right.[70] During his lifetime (and often through his work), Boas combated racism, berated anthropologists and folklorists who used their work as a cover for espionage, worked to protect German and Austrian scientists who fled the Nazi regime, and openly protested Hitlerism.[71]" ]

[ 5.54296875, 2.732421875, 6.42578125, -1.3662109375, -2.86328125, 5.109375, 1.4189453125, -3.515625, 5.6015625, 0.481689453125, 3.560546875, 2.1328125, 1.8984375, 2.150390625, 1.603515625, -8.0859375, -1.0673828125, 1.845703125, -5.55859375, -4.78515625, -6.48828125, 2.447265625, -6.30859375, -0.693359375, -3.349609375, -6.48046875, -6.9921875, -0.1302490234375, -6.41015625, -5.11328125, -8.4765625, -8.59375 ]

[ "Call of Duty. Call of Duty 2 is a first-person shooter video game and the sequel to Call of Duty. It was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. The game is set during World War II and is experienced through the perspectives of soldiers in the Red Army, British Army, and United States Army. It was released on October 25, 2005 for Microsoft Windows, November 15, 2005 for the Xbox 360, and June 13, 2006 for Mac OS X. Other versions were made for mobile phones, Pocket PCs, and smartphones.", "Call of Duty: WWII. Call of Duty: WWII is a first-person shooter video game developed by Sledgehammer Games and published by Activision. It was released worldwide on November 3, 2017 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is the fourteenth main installment in the Call of Duty series and the first title in the series to be set primarily during World War II since Call of Duty: World at War in 2008.", "Call of Duty: WWII. The game was released worldwide on November 3, 2017, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[20]", "Call of Duty: World at War. Call of Duty: World at War is a first-person shooter video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. It was released for Microsoft Windows, the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii in November 2008. It is the fifth mainstream game of the Call of Duty series and returns the setting to World War II for the last time until Call of Duty: WWII almost nine years later. The game is also the first title in the Black Ops story line. World at War received ports featuring different storyline versions, while remaining in the World War II setting, for the Nintendo DS and PlayStation 2. A Windows Mobile version was also made available by Glu Mobile.", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: WWII is the fourteenth game in the series, and was revealed on April 26, 2017. The game is being developed by Sledgehammer Games.[6] It was announced that the game will be released on November 3.[7]", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty 3 is a World War II first-person shooter and the third installment in the Call of Duty video game series. Released on November 7, 2006, the game was developed by Treyarch, and was the first major installment in the Call of Duty series not to be developed by Infinity Ward. It was also the first not to be released on the PC platform. It was released on the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox, and Xbox 360.[5] Call of Duty 3 follows the American, Canadian, British, and Polish armies as well as the French Resistance after D-Day in the Falaise Gap.", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty is a video game based on the Quake III Arena engine (id Tech 3), and was released on October 29, 2003. The game was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. The game simulates the infantry and combined arms warfare of World War II.[2] An expansion pack, Call of Duty: United Offensive, was developed by Gray Matter Interactive with contributions from Pi Studios and produced by Activision. The game follows American and British paratroopers and the Red Army. The Mac OS X version of the game was ported by Aspyr Media. In late 2004, the N-Gage version was developed by Nokia and published by Activision. Other versions were released for PC, including Collector's Edition (with soundtrack and strategy guide), Game of the Year Edition (includes game updates), and the Deluxe Edition (which contains the United Offensive expansion and soundtrack; in Europe the soundtrack was not included). On September 22, 2006, Call of Duty, United Offensive, and Call of Duty 2 were released together as Call of Duty: War Chest for PC.[3] Since November 12, 2007, Call of Duty games have been available for purchase via Valve's content delivery platform Steam.[4]", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: The War Collection is a boxed set compilation of Call of Duty 2, Call of Duty 3 and Call of Duty: World at War. It was released for the Xbox 360 on June 1, 2010.[33]", "Call of Duty: World at War. Call of Duty: World at War was released for the Nintendo DS on November 11, 2008 in North America,[38] and on November 14 in Europe.[39] It was published by Activision and developed by n-Space, who used the same game engine as their previous title, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare.[40] The game's scenarios are also based on World War II's Pacific theater and Eastern front with American, British and Soviet campaigns.[38] Up to four players can be supported online with four different types of game, as well as perks and rank-ups.[40] Compared to Modern Warfare, it has improved in-level geometry, has more responsive sprints and crouches and 3D-modeled guns instead of 2D sprites.[40] However the flamethrower, which is new to the game series, is rendered with 2D sprites.[40] The framerate is just under 30 and has lots of voice-over during the missions.[41] Players are able to defuse mines and send Morse code with the touch screen, as well as using mortar rounds, an anti-air gun from a battleship, parachuting and using mounted guns.[40] There is also a tank mode which allows the player to turn the main gun and fire machine gun rounds at the same time.[40]", "Sledgehammer Games. On April 21, 2017, Sledgehammer Games and Activision announced their next Call of Duty game, titled Call of Duty: WWII. It was released on November 3, 2017.[9]", "Call of Duty: WWII. The multiplayer mode for Call of Duty: WWII was revealed on E3 2017, which took place from June 13–15.[6] Sledgehammer Games announced features such as the new headquarters social space, divisions, war mode and the return to \"boots-on-the-ground\" gameplay. Players who pre-order the game were invited to a closed beta, which was released initially for the PlayStation 4, and later released on other platforms.[7]", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 is the sixth installment of the main series. It was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision.[9][10] Activision Blizzard officially announced Modern Warfare 2 on February 11, 2009.[11][12] The game was released worldwide on November 10, 2009, for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows.[9] A Nintendo DS iteration of the game, titled Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized, was released alongside the game and the Wii port of Call of Duty : Modern Warfare.[13][14] Modern Warfare 2 is the direct sequel to Call of Duty 4 and continues the same storyline, taking place five years after the first game and featuring several returning characters including Captain Price and \"Soap\" MacTavish.[15]", "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 is a first-person shooter video game developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. Officially announced on February 11, 2009,[2] the game was released worldwide on November 10, 2009 for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Microsoft Windows.[3] It is the sixth installment of the Call of Duty series[4] and the direct sequel to Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, continuing the same storyline, with Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 ending the storyline.[2][5] It was released in conjunction with two other Call of Duty games: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized for the Nintendo DS,[6] and Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Reflex, a port of Call of Duty 4 adapted by Treyarch for the Wii console.[7]", "Call of Duty: World at War. World at War was announced on June 23, 2008, by Activision, who confirmed that the game was to be released in fall 2008, and that the series would revert to its customary World War II setting.[15] The game took about two years to make, twice as long as Treyarch's previous entry to the series, Call of Duty 3.[6] The game is powered by a improved version of the Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare engine, with several improvements made to the physics model. Environments are more destructible and can be set on fire with the flamethrower, whose fire propagates. Dismemberment, as well as realistic skin and clothes burning of the characters were added.[16]", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: Black Ops II is the ninth main installment in the series, developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. The game was first revealed on May 1, 2012.[25][26] It was the first game in the series to feature future warfare technology, and the campaign features multiple branching storylines driven by player choice and multiple endings. It was later released on November 12, 2012.", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty is a first-person shooter video game franchise. The series began on Microsoft Windows, and later expanded to consoles and handhelds. Several spin-off games have been released. The earlier games in the series are set primarily in World War II, but later games like Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare are set in modern times or in futuristic settings. The most recently announced game, Call of Duty: WWII, was released on November 3, 2017 and return the series to its mid-20th century roots.", "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. Modern Warfare 2 was originally announced as Call of Duty 6.[4] The game was first announced under the title Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 by Activision on December 3, 2008.[34] Activision subsequently retracted its announcement, stating that any information about an upcoming Call of Duty game was \"speculative.\"[35] Infinity Ward then asserted that it had not officially confirmed its latest project at that time.[36] On February 11, 2009, Activision officially announced Modern Warfare 2 and set a tentative release date for \"Holiday 2009.\"[2] The game was tested in an internal beta by the development team. While both Call of Duty 4 and Call of Duty: World at War had been preceded by public multiplayer betas, no such beta was released for Modern Warfare 2 because it was determined that, according to Community Manager Robert Bowling, no public beta was needed unless the internal beta did not provide adequate feedback.[37]", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: World at War, developed by Treyarch, is the fifth installment of the main series and a prologue to Black Ops. It returns to the World War II setting of earlier titles.[19] It is set in the Pacific theater and Eastern front of World War II. The game uses the same proprietary game engine as Call of Duty 4 and was released for the PC, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360 consoles and the Nintendo DS handheld in North America on November 11, 2008, and November 14, 2008 in Europe. As of June 2009, Call of Duty: World at War has sold over 11 million copies.[20]", "Call of Duty: World at War. A collector's edition of World at War was released on November 11, 2008 in North America and November 14, 2008 in Europe.[27] It includes several bonus items, among them a stainless steel canteen imprinted with the Call of Duty series logo and a metal storage tin. The collector's edition also gives the player access to an unlockable weapon and the opportunity to earn double experience points in the online multiplayer mode, as well as a specially colored clan tag to denote the player's VIP status. This edition of the game is only available for the Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 platforms.[28]", "Call of Duty: WWII. Call of Duty: World War II is the second game in the Call of Duty franchise developed by Sledgehammer Games, and the third to benefit under publisher Activision's three-year development cycle (the first being Sledgehammer's Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare) in order for a longer development time for each game. A new Call of Duty title set in World War II was alluded to in a 2014 Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare launch interview with Michael Condrey, co-founder of Sledgehammer Games. In the interview by Metro, the interviewer asked him what the possibilities of where the next Call of Duty could go in terms of setting. Condrey responded, \"[S]ome of my favorite pieces of entertainment are set in World War II. Band of Brothers, I'm a massive fan of Band of Brothers.\" Condrey dived further into the subject, \"And that's a great hero's war, kind of the last that was recognized as a noble cause in a war. So yeah, I think a next generation game with the latest production values and robustness in a World War II setting like Band of Brothers would be amazing. Now, how would it play and how would the multiplayer work after the new movement set in Advanced Warfare? That's a tougher question than I've had to tackle yet…\".[15]", "Call of Duty: Black Ops II. Call of Duty: Black Ops II is a first-person shooter developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and the Xbox 360 on November 13, 2012, and for the Wii U on November 18 in North America and November 30 elsewhere.[1][2][3][4][5] Black Ops II is the ninth game in the Call of Duty franchise of video games, a sequel to the 2010 game Call of Duty: Black Ops and the first Call of Duty game for the Wii U. A corresponding game for the PlayStation Vita, Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified, was developed by nStigate Games and also released on November 13.", "Call of Duty: WWII. Sledgehammer Games were interested in bringing the series back to World War II after developing their previous title, Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare (2014), which featured advanced movements and futuristic warfare technology. Studio head Michael Condrey stated that he was unsure if a World War II game would feel right after creating a futuristic title like Advanced Warfare, but the developers ultimately decided to create a game in this time period. They also chose to include \"atrocities\" and Nazi extermination camps apparent during this time period in the campaign mode in order to deliver an authentic war story.", "Call of Duty: Black Ops. Call of Duty: Black Ops is a first-person shooter video game,[5] developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. Announced on April 30, 2010, it was released worldwide on November 9, 2010 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360,[6] and Wii consoles,[7] with a separate version for Nintendo DS developed by n-Space.[8] It is the seventh title in the Call of Duty series and the third to be developed by Treyarch. It serves as the sequel to Call of Duty: World at War.[9]", "Call of Duty: World at War. Development for World at War took two years and began after the release of Treyarch's previous title, Call of Duty 3, which was also set in World War II and was their first title they developed for the series. The game is based on an enhanced version of the Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare game engine developed by Infinity Ward with increased development on audio and visual effects. Treyarch utilized the engine to make more parts of certain environments destructible and introduce limb dismemberment and realistic burns to character models. The game was officially announced by Activision on June 23, 2008.", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare is the eleventh main installment in the series, developed by Sledgehammer Games with assistance from Raven Software and High Moon Studios. It was released in November 2014.[29]", "Call of Duty 3. Call of Duty 3 is a 2006 first-person shooter video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. It is the third major installment in the Call of Duty series. It was released for PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It was a launch title for the PlayStation 3 and Wii in North America, Europe and Australia.", "Call of Duty: World at War. World at War received positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success. It sold over 3 million copies in the United States within the first two months of its release, becoming one of the best-selling titles of 2008. In 2010, a sequel, Call of Duty: Black Ops was released. Two other sequels followed: Call of Duty: Black Ops II in 2012 and Call of Duty: Black Ops III in 2015. The Xbox 360 version of World at War became backwards compatible on the Xbox One in September 2016.[4]", "Call of Duty: World at War. The first trailer for the game premiered on Xbox Live on June 21, 2008,[21] and arrived on PlayStation Network five days later.[22] A beta of the game's online multiplayer mode was released for the Xbox 360 on October 10, 2008.[23] A PC version of the beta was later released on October 28, 2008.[24] Those who pre-ordered the game at GameStop, Game and EB Games in Australia or North America or who are members of the Call of Duty official website were given codes which allowed them to download both beta versions of the game.[25] Coinciding with the release of the game, McFarlane Toys produced four action figures. Three are different varieties of US Marine Corps infantry, and the fourth is a British Special Ops soldier.[26]", "Call of Duty: World at War. On April 30, 2009, Activision and Treyarch announced Map Pack 2,[34] which was released on June 11.[35] Map Pack 2 contains an additional four multiplayer maps. \"Shi No Numa\" (Japanese: \"死の沼\" 'swamp of death') is a new map on the Nazi Zombies co-op mode, set in a misty swamp-land surrounded by jungle. New features include flaming hellhounds, the Wunderwaffe DG-2 weapon and ten new achievements/trophies. The map also introduced four new playable characters who have appeared in several subsequent Nazi Zombie maps: Tank Dempsey U.S.M.C, Nikolai Belinski of the Red Army, Nazi Doctor Edward Richtofen and Takeo Masaki of the Japanese Imperial Army. The multiplayer map \"Banzai\" is set in a jungle featuring a river bridge, villages, a waterfall and hidden caves. The \"Corrosion\" map is set in a run-down train yard in Russia, featuring broken pipelines and train cars. The \"Sub Pens\" map is located in a bombed-out Japanese submarine base with heavy rain.[36]", "Call of Duty. Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare is the fourth installment of the main series, and was developed by Infinity Ward. It is the first game in the series not to be set during World War II, but set in the modern day. It is the first to receive a Mature rating from the ESRB, except for the Nintendo DS version, which was rated Teen. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on November 7, 2007. Download and retail versions for Mac OS X were released by Aspyr in September 2008. As of May 2009, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare has sold over 13 million copies.[8]", "Call of Duty: Black Ops. The game received generally positive reviews from critics. Within 24 hours of going on sale, the game had sold more than 5.6 million copies, 4.2 million in the U.S. and 1.4 million in the UK, breaking the record set by its predecessor Modern Warfare 2 by some 2.3 million copies.[10][11] After six weeks on release, Activision reported that Black Ops had exceeded $1 billion in sales.[12] On August 3, 2011, Activision confirmed that the game had sold over 25 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling games of all time in the US, UK and Europe.[13][14][15] A sequel, Call of Duty: Black Ops II, was released on November 13, 2012.[16][17] Call of Duty: Black Ops III was released on November 6, 2015 as the sequel to Black Ops II.", "List of cooperative Xbox 360 games. Call of Duty: World at War is a first-person shooter video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, and PlayStation 2.[2] It is the fifth installment in the Call of Duty video game series, excluding spin-offs.[3] The game is set in the Pacific theater and Eastern front of World War II.[3][4] The game is scheduled to ship in North America on November 11, 2008,[5] in Europe on November 14, 2008.[6]" ]

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[ "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. The 1916 New York Giants hold the record for the longest unbeaten streak in MLB history at 26, with a tie in-between the 14th and 15th win. The record for the longest winning streak by an American League team is held by the 2017 Cleveland Indians at 22. The Chicago Cubs franchise has won 21 games twice, once in 1880 when they were the Chicago White Stockings and once in 1935.", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. The longest winning streak consisting only of playoff games stands at 12 consecutive wins, by the 1927, 1928 and 1932 New York Yankees (who swept the World Series all three seasons) and tied by the 1998–99 Yankees. For streaks that have included both regular and postseason games, the 1970 and 1971 Baltimore Orioles hold the top two positions with 17 and 16 consecutive victories, respectively.", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. This is a list of the longest team winning streaks or unbeaten streaks in Major League Baseball history. Streaks started at the end of one season are carried over into the following season. The lists below include streaks that consist entirely of regular-season games, streaks from the predecessor National Association (1871–1875), streaks of playoff games and World Series games, and streaks that include both regular-season and postseason games.", "Winning streak (sports). The longest winning streak in Major League Baseball that does not include a tie is 22 games, achieved by the Cleveland Indians in 2017, which is also the longest winning streak in the American League. The National League record for consecutive wins without a tie is 21 games, by the 1935 Chicago Cubs.", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. This list contains the top 30 streaks consisting entirely of regular-season games.", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. This list contains only the top 10 streaks consisting entirely of World Series games.", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. This list contains only the top 10 streaks consisting entirely of postseason games.", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. This list includes streaks that involve both regular season games and games which occurred in the postseason.", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. 1Denotes season in which team won a pennant in the American Association", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. This list contains only the top 10 streaks consisting entirely of postseason series. For the purpose of this list, one-game wild card matchups, such as the 2012 Cardinals' win, and the Giants' wild card wins in 2014 and 2016, are counted.", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. (tie)", "List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks. Several entries in the table are denoted as including ties. In the early days of baseball, a game that was postponed due to weather or darkness was replayed from the beginning (instead of being resumed from that point), but all statistics from the game were counted. In official records, the game is unofficial but is listed as a tie.[1]", "Ferguson Jenkins. Jenkins led the league in wins twice, (1971, 1974) fewest walks per 9 innings five times, complete games nine times, and home runs allowed seven times. He led the league in strikeouts once (1969, with 273). His streak of six straight seasons with 20 or more wins (1967–1972) is the longest streak in the major leagues since Warren Spahn performed the feat between 1956 and 1961.", "Hitting streak. Keeler's streak started in his final game of the 1896 season, and continued through the first 44 games of the 1897 season. Rollins ended the 2005 season with a 36-game streak and extended it through the first two games of the 2006 season. Sisler had a hit in the last game of 1924 and the first 34 games of 1925. Major League Baseball recognizes two hitting streak records: Longest hitting streak in one season, and longest hitting streak over multiple seasons (e.g. Rollins 2005–2006).[4] Keeler's, Sisler's, and Rollins' streaks are listed as 44, 34, and 36 games when discussing single-season streaks, and 45, 35, and 38 games when discussing multiple-season streaks.", "List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks. Beginning in 1969, MLB split into four divisions, and the winners of each competed in the League Championship Series, with the winners advancing to the World Series. When a multi-tier playoff system was implemented in 1995, the LCS remained the series that determined the pennant-winner. The longest streak of consecutive LCS appearances belongs to the Atlanta Braves with 8 in a row from 1991 to 1999 (not counting 1994, when there were no playoffs), while the second-longest belongs to the Oakland Athletics with 5 in a row from 1971 to 1975.", "No-hitter. All modern-era MLB teams have experienced at least two no-hitters pitched against them. The record for the longest period of time without being no-hit is held by the Chicago Cubs, who succeeded in getting at least one hit in every game since Sandy Koufax's perfect game against them on September 9, 1965, until they were no-hit by Cole Hamels of the Philadelphia Phillies on July 25, 2015, a period of 7004182150000000000♠49 years, 318 days (7951 games – including 31 Post Season games). The second-longest streak without having an official no-hitter pitched against them is held by the New York Yankees, who had a gap of 7004163340000000000♠44 years, 263 days between nine-inning no-hitters from September 21, 1958 to June 10, 2003. However, during this time, the Yankees team hitting streak ended in a rain-shortened official game on July 12, 1990,[29] after 7004116170000000000♠31 years, 294 days. The St. Louis Cardinals have the second-longest team hitting streak in MLB history: May 12, 1919 to May 14, 1960, a period of 7004149790000000000♠41 years, 3 days. Among AL teams, the Kansas City Royals have the longest team hitting streak: May 15, 1973 to May 19, 2008, a period of 7004127880000000000♠35 years, 4 days.", "Joe DiMaggio. Some consider DiMaggio's streak a uniquely outstanding and unbreakable record and a statistical near-impossibility. Nobel Prize-winning physicist and sabermetrician Edward Mills Purcell calculated that, to have the likelihood of a hitting streak of 50 games occurring in the history of baseball up to the late 1980s be greater than 50%, fifty-two .350 lifetime hitters would have to have existed instead of the actual three (Ty Cobb, Rogers Hornsby, and Shoeless Joe Jackson). His Harvard colleague Stephen Jay Gould, citing Purcell's work, called DiMaggio's 56-game achievement \"the most extraordinary thing that ever happened in American sports\".[33] Samuel Arbesman and Steven Strogatz of Cornell University disagree; they conducted 10,000 computer simulations of Major League Baseball from 1871 to 2005, 42% of which produced streaks as long or longer, with record streaks ranging from 39 to 109 games and typical record streaks between 50 and 64 games.[34]", "Hitting streak. The longest streaks in the history of Minor League Baseball and other professional baseball leagues:[8]", "Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks. Listed below are the longest consecutive games played in Major League Baseball history. To compile such a streak, a player must appear in every game played by his team. The streak is broken if the team completes a game in which the player neither takes a turn at bat nor plays a half-inning in the field.", "Winning streak (sports). Longest unbeaten streaks:[35]", "Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks. The record for a National League player is held by Steve Garvey of the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego Padres (1975–1983), though Garvey's 1,207-game streak is less than half the length of Ripken's. Previous holders of the National League record include Billy Williams of the Chicago Cubs (1963–1970), Stan Musial of the St. Louis Cardinals (1952–1957), and Gus Suhr of the Pittsburgh Pirates (1931–1937).", "Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks. From June 5, 1982 to September 14, 1987, Ripken played 8,264 consecutive innings, which is believed to be a record, although not one that is officially kept by MLB. The second-longest streak known to have occurred is 5,152 consecutive innings by George Pinkney from 1885 to 1890. The World record for consecutive innings played is currently held by former Hanshin Tigers player and now coach Tomoaki Kanemoto playing 1492 games without missing an inning[22]", "No-hitter. The longest current streak is held by the Oakland Athletics at 7003937300000000000♠25 years, 241 days (4103 games, including 44 postseason games) as of March 11, 2017. They were last held hitless on July 13, 1991, when four Baltimore Orioles pitchers combined to shut down the A's offense.", "Winning streak (sports). Note: With 132 years, this is the longest winning streak (in years) in sports history.", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Joe DiMaggio, 1941.[2] Highlights include a .404 batting average and 91 hits.[68] DiMaggio's achievement is such a statistical aberration in its unlikelihood that sabermetrician Stephen Jay Gould called it \"the most extraordinary thing that ever happened in American sports\".[69] The next closest player is Willie Keeler, who had a hitting streak of 11 fewer games at 45 over 2 seasons.[70] There have been only six 40-game hitting streaks, the most recent one occurring in 1978, when Pete Rose hit in 44 straight games.[70] This also marked the only time since 1941 that a player has reached a 40-game hitting streak.[71] Since 1900, no player other than DiMaggio has ever hit safely in 55 of 56 games and no active players (as of 2011) have their two longest career hit streaks even add up to 56 games.[72] The improbability of DiMaggio's hit streak ever being broken has been attributed to the increased use of the bullpen and specialist relievers.[73] On July 17, 1941, pitchers Al Smith and Jim Bagby of the Cleveland Indians held him hitless. Two hard hit shots came close, but great defensive stops by third baseman Ken Keltner ended the streak.[74]", "Winning streak (sports). The three longest undefeated streaks in domestic top level leagues are:[66]", "Winning streak (sports). The longest recorded winning streak in any professional sports is Pakistani Jahangir Khan's 555 consecutive wins in squash from 1981 to 1986.", "List of Major League Baseball individual streaks. Consecutive games won", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Both records were set by Jack Taylor, who pitched 202 consecutive games without being relieved from June 20, 1901 through August 13, 1906. The streak includes a total of 187 career starts (all complete games) and 15 relief appearances. The streak of 39 consecutive complete games (uninterrupted by a relief appearance) is a subset of the longer streak, lasting from April 15 through October 6, 1904.", "Hitting streak. Ty Cobb, Sam Rice, and George Sisler are the only players with multiple streaks of 30 games or longer.", "Winning streak (sports). Note: This is the longest winning streak in sports history (in number of wins).", "Joe DiMaggio. DiMaggio's most famous achievement is his MLB record-breaking 56-game hitting streak in 1941. The streak began on May 15, 1941, a couple of weeks before the death of Lou Gehrig, when DiMaggio went one-for-four against Chicago White Sox pitcher Eddie Smith.[19] Major newspapers began to write about DiMaggio's streak early on, but as he approached George Sisler's modern era record of 41 games, it became a national phenomenon. Initially, DiMaggio showed little interest in breaking Sisler's record, saying \"I'm not thinking a whole lot about it... I'll either break it or I won't.\"[20] As he approached Sisler's record, DiMaggio showed more interest, saying, \"At the start I didn't think much about it... but naturally I'd like to get the record since I am this close.\"[21] On June 29, 1941, DiMaggio doubled in the first game of a doubleheader against the Washington Senators at Griffith Stadium to tie Sisler's record and then singled in the nightcap to extend his streak to 42.[22][23]" ]

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[ "Pickled cucumber. Bread-and-butter pickles are a marinated pickle produced with sliced cucumbers in a solution of vinegar, sugar and spices which may be either be processed by canning or simply chilled as refrigerator pickles. The origin of the name and the spread of their popularity in the United States is attributed to Omar and Cora Fanning, a pair of Illinois cucumber farmers who started selling sweet and sour pickles in the 1920s and filed for the trademark \"Fanning's Bread and Butter Pickles\" in 1923 (though the recipe and similar ones are probably much older).[12] The story attached to the name is that the Fannings survived rough years by making the pickles with their surplus of undersized cucumbers and bartering them with their grocer for staples such as bread and butter.[13]", "Pickled cucumber. The term pickle is derived from the Dutch word pekel, meaning brine.[22] In the United States and Canada, the word pickle alone almost always refers to a pickled cucumber (other types of pickles will be described as \"pickled onion\", \"pickled beets\", etc.). In the UK pickle generally refers to ploughman's pickle made from various vegetables, such as Branston pickle, traditionally served with a ploughman's lunch.", "Pickling. The term pickle is derived from the Dutch word pekel, meaning brine. In the U.S. and Canada, and sometimes Australia and New Zealand, the word pickle alone almost always refers to a pickled cucumber, except when it is used figuratively. It may also refer to other types of pickles such as \"pickled onion\", \"pickled cauliflower\", etc. In the UK, pickle, as in a \"cheese and pickle sandwich\", may also refer to Ploughman's pickle, a kind of chutney.", "Bread and butter (superstition). \"Bread and butter\" is a superstitious blessing or charm, typically said by young couples or friends walking together when they are forced to separate by an obstacle, such as a pole or another person. By saying the phrase, the bad luck of letting something come between them is thought to be averted.[1] Both walkers must say the phrase, and if they do not do this, then a bitter quarrel is expected to occur. Many believe that the person who splits the pole has to say it first, that is wrong [2][3] The concept derives from the difficulty of separating butter from bread once it has been spread – buttered bread cannot be \"unbuttered\".[2][4] Another phrase used in this way is \"salt and pepper\".[5]", "Christmas pickle. Another origin which comes from Berrien Springs is a Victorian era tale of St. Nicholas saving two Spanish children who were trapped in a barrel of pickles by an innkeeper.[1][8]", "Christmas pickle. This tradition is commonly believed by Americans to come from Germany and be referred to as a Weihnachtsgurke,[4][5] but this is probably apocryphal.[6] In fact, the tradition is completely unknown in Germany.[4][1] It has been suggested that the origin of the Christmas pickle may have been developed for marketing purposes in the 1890s to coincide with the importation of glass Christmas tree decorations from Germany. Woolworths was the first company to import these types of decorations into the United States in 1890,[4] and glass blown decorative vegetables were imported from France from 1892 onwards.[7] Despite the evidence showing that the tradition did not originate in Germany, the concept of Christmas pickles has since been imported from the United States and they are now on sale in the country traditionally associated with it.[4]", "Pickling. The exact origins of pickling are unknown, but the ancient Mesopotamians may have used the process around 2400 B.C.[5] Pickling was used as a way to preserve food for out-of-season use and for long journeys, especially by sea. Salt pork and salt beef were common staples for sailors before the days of steam engines. Although the process was invented to preserve foods, pickles are also made and eaten because people enjoy the resulting flavors. Pickling may also improve the nutritional value of food by introducing B vitamins produced by bacteria.[6]", "Christmas pickle. The Christmas pickle is a Christmas tradition for some people in the United States and Canada.[citation needed][1] A decoration in the shape of a pickle is hidden on a Christmas tree, with the finder receiving either a reward or good fortune for the following year. There are a number of different origin stories attributed to the tradition, including an origination in Germany. This theory has since been discounted, and it is now thought to be an American tradition created in the late 19th century.", "Piccalilli. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the word to the middle of the 18th century when, in 1758, Hannah Glasse described how \"to make Paco-Lilla, or India Pickle\".[5] An apparently earlier reference is in Anne Blencowe's \"Receipt Book\", written c. 1694, which has \"To Pickle Lila, an Indian Pickle\" credited to Lord Kilmory.[6]", "Pickled cucumber. Kool-Aid pickles or \"koolickles\", enjoyed by children in parts of the Southern United States,[15] are created by soaking dill pickles in a mixture of Kool-Aid and pickle brine.", "Pickled cucumber. In Russia and Ukraine, pickles are used in rassolnik: a traditional soup made from pickled cucumbers, pearl barley, pork or beef kidneys, and various herbs. The dish is known to have existed as far back as the 15th century, when it was called kalya.", "English muffin. Samuel Bath Thomas emigrated from Plymouth, England, to New York City in 1874.[8] By 1880 he had opened his own bakery at 163 Ninth Avenue. He invented what he called \"toaster crumpets\", selling them from the bakery to hotels and grocery stores. They were soft and spongy after baking like Victorian-era English crumpets, but thinner. They were also pre-cut, which was later called \"fork-split\", so as to be able to be pulled apart, giving a rougher toasting surface than would be obtained by slicing. Later they were baked in ovens.[9] They became popular as an alternative to toast; Thomas opened a second bakery around the corner from the first at 337 West 20th Street in a building that remains known as \"The Muffin House\".[10]", "Pickles (dog). Pickles (born 1962 or 1963; died 1967) was a black and white collie dog, known for his role in finding the stolen Jules Rimet Trophy in March 1966, four months before the 1966 FIFA World Cup was scheduled to kick off in England.", "Pickling. In Britain, pickled onions and pickled eggs are often sold in pubs and fish and chip shops. Pickled beetroot, walnuts, and gherkins, and condiments such as Branston Pickle and piccalilli are typically eaten as an accompaniment to pork pies and cold meats, sandwiches or a ploughman's lunch. Other popular pickles in the UK are pickled mussels, cockles, red cabbage, mango chutney, sauerkraut, and olives. Rollmops are also quite widely available under a range of names from various producers both within and out of the UK.", "Pickled cucumber. Sweet pickled cucumbers, including bread-and-butter pickles, are higher in calories due to their sugar content; a similar 30-gram portion may contain 20 to 30 kilocalories (84 to 126 kJ). Sweet pickled cucumbers also tend to contain significantly less sodium than sour pickles.[18]", "Pickled cucumber. Swedish pickled cucumbers (pressgurka) are thinly sliced, mixed with salt and pressed to drain some water from the cucumber slices. Afterwards placed in a jar with a sour-sweet brine of vinegar, sugar, dill and mustard seeds.", "Pickling. In Hungary the main meal (lunch) usually goes with some kind of pickles (savanyúság) but they are commonly consumed at other times of the day too. The most commonly consumed pickles are sauerkraut (savanyú káposzta), the different kinds of pickled cucumbers and peppers and csalamádé but tomatoes, carrots, beetroot, baby corn, onions, garlic, certain squashes and melons and a few fruits like plums and apples are used to make pickles too. Stuffed pickles are specialties usually made of peppers or melons pickled after being stuffed with a cabbage filling. Pickled plum stuffed with garlic is a unique Hungarian type of pickle just like csalamádé and leavened cucumber (kovászos uborka). Csalamádé a type of mixed pickle made of cabbage, cucumber, paprika, onion, carrot, tomatoes and bay leaf mixed up with vinegar as the fermenting agent. Leavened cucumber, unlike other types of pickled cucumbers that are around all year long, is rather a seasonal pickle produced in the summer. Cucumbers, spices, herbs and slices of bread are put in a glass jar with salt water and kept in direct sunlight for a few days. The yeast from the bread, along with other pickling agents and spices fermented under the hot sun, give the cucumbers a unique flavor, texture and slight carbonation. Its juice can be used to make a special type of spritzer ('Újházy fröccs') instead of carbonated water. It is common for Hungarian households to produce their own pickles. Different regions or towns have their special recipes unique to them. Among them all the Vecsési Sauerkraut (Vecsési savanyú káposzta) is the most famous.", "Pickled cucumber. In Hungary, while regular vinegar-pickled cucumbers (Hungarian: savanyú uborka) are made during most of the year, during the summer kovászos uborka (\"leavened pickles\") are made without the use of vinegar. Cucumbers are placed in a glass vessel along with spices (usually dill and garlic), water and salt. Additionally, a slice or two of bread are placed at the top and bottom of the solution, and the container is left to sit in the sun for a few days so the yeast in the bread can help cause a fermentation process.[10]", "Ham and cheese sandwich. In the UK, a common addition to a ham and cheese sandwich is pickle (a sweet, vinegary chutney originally by Branston); the snack is then known as a ham, cheese and pickle sandwich.[5][6][7][8][9]", "Bread and Butter (The Newbeats song). \"Bread and Butter\" is a 1964 song by The Newbeats. Written by Larry Parks and Jay Turnbow, \"Bread and Butter\" was the group's first and most popular hit, reaching #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 1964 for two weeks,[1][2] while attaining the same position on Cashbox for one week.[3] The song reached #15 in the United Kingdom[4] and #8 in Australia. It sold over one million copies in the United States, attaining a gold disc.[1][4]", "Dethklok. Pickles is Dethklok's drummer. He was raised in Tomahawk, Wisconsin and speaks with a Upper Midwestern accent. He refers to himself as \"very Irish American\" and has long red hair, styled into dreadlocks and a comb-over skullet, and green eyes. He is depicted as having an average build with a strong propensity for drugs and alcohol abuse stemming from feelings of resentment towards his family. He comes off as the most socially-capable member of the band, able to grasp most concepts outside the scope of death metal that the other four cannot. In later seasons, this capacity often puts him at odds with Nathan, though ironically they are the only two the others can talk to on certain levels. Pickles is a multi-talented performer, whom IGN Magazine described as \"the band's deepest thinker\".[12] Pickles is the former front-man of a group called Snakes 'n' Barrels, providing the vocals and performing as the lead guitarist.", "Pickled cucumber. The Polish- or German-style pickled cucumber (Polish: ogórek kiszony/kwaszony; German: Salzgurken), was developed in the northern parts of central and eastern Europe. It has been exported worldwide and is found in the cuisines of many countries, including the United States, where it was introduced by immigrants. It is sour, similar to the kosher dill, but tends to be seasoned differently.[citation needed]", "Pickled cucumber. German pickles called Spreewald gherkins", "Bath, Somerset. Bath has lent its name to one other distinctive recipe – Bath Olivers – a dry baked biscuit invented by Dr William Oliver, physician to the Mineral Water Hospital in 1740.[155] Oliver was an anti-obesity campaigner and author of a \"Practical Essay on the Use and Abuse of warm Bathing in Gluty Cases\".[155] In more recent years, Oliver's efforts have been traduced by the introduction of a version of the biscuit with a plain chocolate coating. Bath Chaps, the salted and smoked cheek and jawbones of the pig, takes its name from the city[156] and is available from a stall in the daily covered market. Bath Ales brewery is located in Warmley and Abbey Ales are brewed in the city.[157]", "Butter. The word butter derives (via Germanic languages) from the Latin butyrum,[2] which is the latinisation of the Greek", "Elizabeth Daily. Elizabeth Ann Guttman (born September 11, 1961), known professionally as Elizabeth Daily and E.G. Daily, is an American voice, onscreen actress and singer. She is known for her portrayal of voicing Tommy Pickles in the Nickelodeon series Rugrats and its spin-off All Grown Up! and in the Rugrats film series and Buttercup in Cartoon Network's The Powerpuff Girls. Daily also provided the voice of the title pig in the live-action feature film Babe: Pig in the City.", "Pickled cucumber. Traditionally it was preserved in wooden barrels, but now is sold in glass jars. A cucumber only pickled for a few days is different in taste (less sour) than one pickled for a longer time and is called ogórek małosolny, which literally means \"low-salt cucumber.\" This distinction is similar to the one between half- and full-sour types of kosher dills (see above).", "Pickled cucumber. In the United States, pickles are often served as a side dish accompanying meals. This often takes the form of a \"pickle spear\", which is a pickled cucumber cut length-wise into quarters or sixths. Pickles may be used as a condiment on a hamburger or other sandwich (usually in slice form), or on a sausage or hot dog in chopped form as pickle relish.", "Sandwich. During the Middle Ages in Europe, thick slabs of coarse and usually stale bread, called \"trenchers\", were used as plates.[10] After a meal, the food-soaked trencher was fed to a dog or to beggars at the tables of the wealthy, and eaten by diners in more modest circumstances. The immediate culinary precursor with a direct connection to the English sandwich was to be found in the Netherlands of the seventeenth century, where the naturalist John Ray observed[11][12] that in the taverns beef hung from the rafters \"which they cut into thin slices and eat with bread and butter laying the slices upon the butter\"— explanatory specifications that reveal the Dutch belegde broodje, open-faced sandwich, was as yet unfamiliar in England.", "Pickling. Giardiniera, a mixture of pickled peppers, celery and olives, is a popular condiment in Chicago and other cities with large Italian-American populations, and is often consumed with Italian beef sandwiches. Pickled eggs are common in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Pickled herring is available in the Upper Midwest. Pennsylvania Dutch Country has a strong tradition of pickled foods, including chow-chow and red beet eggs. In the Southern United States, pickled okra and watermelon rind are popular, as are deep-fried pickles and pickled pig's feet, pickled chicken eggs, pickled quail eggs, pickled garden vegetables and pickled sausage.[8][9] In Mexico, chili peppers, particularly of the Jalapeño and serrano varieties, pickled with onions, carrots and herbs form common condiments. Various pickled vegetables, fish, or eggs may make a side dish to a Canadian lunch or dinner. Popular pickles in the Pacific Northwest include pickled asparagus and green beans. Pickled fruits like blueberries and early green strawberries are paired with meat dishes in restaurants.", "Bread and Butter (The Newbeats song). Soon the song was sampled in the Dickie Goodman novelty song \"Presidential Interview (Flying Saucer '64)\". \"Bread and Butter\" was the inspiration for the advertising jingle of Schmidt Baking Company used in the 1970s and 1980s; it went: \"I like bread and butter, I like toast and jam, I like Schmidt's Blue Ribbon Bread, It's my favorite brand\".[5] Devo covered the song in 1986 for the soundtrack to the film 9½ Weeks, but it wasn't used in the film. A lyrically modified version of the song was used as the theme for the television series Baby Talk. The song features on the soundtrack to the 1998 comedy-drama film, Simon Birch, as well as in the 2004 Will Ferrell comedy, Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy. \"Bread and Butter\" was featured in The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars and in the Lizzie McGuire episode \"She Said, He Said, She Said\". The song has also been used as a jingle for Spam, and Quaker Rice Cakes; as well as in a 2018 television commercial for Wal-Mart.", "Pickling. In the United States and Canada, pickled cucumbers (most often referred to simply as \"pickles\" in Canada and the United States), olives, and sauerkraut are most commonly seen, although pickles common in other nations are also available." ]

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[ "The Hunger Games. The Hunger Games is the first book in the series and was released on September 14, 2008.", "The Hunger Games (novel). The Hunger Games was first published in hardcover on September 14, 2008, by Scholastic, featuring a cover designed by Tim O'Brien. It has since been released in paperback and also as an audiobook and ebook. After an initial print of 200,000, the book had sold 800,000 copies by February 2010. Since its release, The Hunger Games has been translated into 26 languages, and publishing rights have been sold in 38 territories. The novel is the first in The Hunger Games trilogy, followed by Catching Fire (2009) and Mockingjay (2010). A film adaptation, directed by Gary Ross and co-written and co-produced by Collins herself, was released in 2012.", "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire. The Hunger Games: Catching Fire was released on November 15, 2013, in Brazil; November 20 in Finland, Sweden, and Norway; November 21 in the United Kingdom; and November 22 in IMAX, in the United States. The film set records for the biggest November opening weekend and biggest three- and five-day Thanksgiving box-office totals, surpassing the first film's box office grosses. It ranks as the 14th highest-grossing film at the domestic box office[5] and the highest-grossing film at the domestic box office of 2013, becoming the first 2-D film since The Dark Knight (2008) to top the yearly box office, as well as having a lead female top the box office since The Exorcist (1973). The film has grossed over $865 million worldwide and is the highest-grossing entry in The Hunger Games series. The film was followed by The Hunger Games: Mockingjay, a two-part sequel and finale of the franchise: Part 1 was released on November 21, 2014, in the United States, and Part 2 on November 20, 2015.", "The Hunger Games (film). The film was released on March 21, 2012, in some European countries[6] and in the US on March 23, 2012,[7] in both conventional theaters and digital IMAX theaters.[8] Japan received it last, on September 28. When the film released, it set records for opening day ($67.3 million) and opening weekend for a non-sequel.[9] At the time of its release, the film's opening weekend gross ($152.5 million) was the third-largest of any movie in North America.[10] It is the first film since Avatar to remain in first place at the North American box office for four consecutive weekends.[11] The film was a massive box-office success by grossing over $694 million worldwide against its budget of $78 million, making it the third-highest-grossing film in the United States and ninth highest-grossing film of 2012.[4] It was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on August 18, 2012.[12] With 7,434,058 units sold, the DVD was the best-selling DVD of 2012.[13] A sequel, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, was released on November 22, 2013, in the United States.", "The Hunger Games (novel). The novel is the first in The Hunger Games trilogy; it is followed by sequels Catching Fire (2009) and Mockingjay (2010). In March 2012, during the time of The Hunger Games film's release, Scholastic reported 26 million Hunger Games trilogy books in print, including movie tie-in books.[22] The Hunger Games (and its sequels) have sold exceptionally well in ebook format. Suzanne Collins is the first children's or young adult author to sell over one million Amazon Kindle ebooks, making her the sixth author to join the \"Kindle Million Club\".[23] In March 2012, Amazon announced that Collins had become the best-selling Kindle ebook author of all time.[24]", "The Hunger Games (film series). Following the release of Suzanne Collins' novel The Hunger Games, on September 14, 2008, Hollywood film studios began looking to adapt the book into film. In March 2009, Color Force, an independent studio founded by producer Nina Jacobson, bought the film rights to the book.[1]:12 Jacobson then sought out production company Lionsgate to help her produce the film.[2] Collins was also attached to adapt the novel; she began the first draft after completing the third novel in the series, Mockingjay (2010). The search for a director began in 2010 with three directors in the running; David Slade, Sam Mendes, and Gary Ross.[3] Ross was ultimately chosen to direct.[4] By the time Collins had finished the script, Ross decided to go through the script with Collins and screenwriter Billy Ray.", "The Hunger Games (film). Development of The Hunger Games began in March 2009 when Lions Gate Entertainment entered into a co-production agreement with Color Force, which had acquired the rights a few weeks earlier. Collins collaborated with Ray and Ross to write the screenplay. The screenplay expanded the character of Seneca Crane to allow several developments to be shown directly to the audience and Ross added several scenes between Crane and Coriolanus Snow. The main characters were cast between March and May 2011. Principal photography began in May 2011 and ended in September 2011, with filming taking place in North Carolina. The Hunger Games was shot entirely on film as opposed to digital.", "The Hunger Games (film series). The first three films set records at the box office. The Hunger Games (2012) set records for the opening day and the biggest opening weekend for a non-sequel film. The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013) set the record for biggest opening weekend in the month of November. The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) had the largest opening day and weekend of 2014. The films, including The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015), received a positive reception from critics, with praise aimed at its themes and messages, as well as Jennifer Lawrence's portrayal of the main protagonist, Katniss Everdeen.", "The Hunger Games (novel). After writing the novel, Collins signed a six-figure deal for three books with Scholastic. First published as a hardcover in the United States on September 14, 2008, The Hunger Games had a first printing of 50,000 copies, which was bumped up twice to 200,000 copies.[2] By February 2010, the book had sold 800,000 copies,[16] and rights to the novel had been sold in 38 territories worldwide.[16] A few months later, in July, the book was released in paperback.[17] The Hunger Games entered the New York Times Best Seller list in November 2008,[18] where it would feature for over 100 consecutive weeks.[19] By the time the film adaptation of The Hunger Games was released in March 2012, the book had been on USA Today's best-sellers list for 135 consecutive weeks and has sold over 17.5 million copies.[20][21]", "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1. The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 was released on November 19, 2014, in 9 territories including France, Greece, Scandinavia and Brazil, and then expanded to a further 59 on November 20, 2014, including the UK, Germany, Australia, Italy, Mexico and South Korea. With 17 more released on November 21, 2014 including the United States, the total launch was in 85 markets, making it the biggest release of the year and Lionsgate's widest release ever.[78] This was surpassed by its sequel across 87 markets in 2015.[79] The film was released in China on February 8, 2015 in 2D and 3D, making it the first film in the franchise to be released in 3D in any territory and debuted in more than 4,000 screens.[80][81] Director Francis Lawrence stated: \"we recently saw the 3-D version of Mockingjay – Part 1 before its release in China, and the new level of immersion was really fantastic.\"[82]", "The Hunger Games (film). In July 2012, release dates were confirmed for two films based on the last book Mockingjay. The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 was released November 21, 2014, and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 was released November 20, 2015.[196] Lawrence, Hutcherson, Hemsworth, and Harrelson were all signed on to the whole franchise.[3][197]", "The Hunger Games (film). On August 8, 2011, while still shooting the film, Lionsgate announced that a film adaptation of the second novel in The Hunger Games trilogy, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, was scheduled to be released on November 22, 2013.[185] In November 2011, Lionsgate entered negotiations with screenwriter Simon Beaufoy to adapt the novel for screen, since the post-production schedule for The Hunger Games was too crowded for Ross and Collins to adapt the next film as originally planned.[186] The Hunger Games: Catching Fire began production in the summer of 2012.[187] Gary Ross did not return for Catching Fire, and instead Francis Lawrence directed the film.[188][189][190][191] On May 6, 2012, it was reported that Michael Arndt was in talks to re-write the script for Catching Fire.[192] Arndt officially signed on as the new script writer on May 24, 2012.[193] The Hunger Games: Catching Fire began filming September 10, 2012, and concluded December 21, 2012;[194] it premiered in London on November 11, 2013,[195] before premiering on November 22, 2013 in the US as was originally scheduled.", "The Hunger Games (film series). Principal photography for The Hunger Games began on May 24, 2011 and concluded on September 15, 2011. The entirety of filming for the first movie took place in North Carolina including the following cities; Asheville, Barnardsville, Black Mountain, Cedar Mountain, Charlotte, Concord, Hildebran and Shelby.[32] All of the Games scenes were filmed on location. All of the Capitol scenes were filmed in a studio in Shelby and Charlotte, North Carolina.", "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1. Mockingjay – Part 1 was released on November 21, 2014 in the United States. Like its predecessors, the film was a commercial success grossing $55 million on its opening day, making it the largest opening day of 2014 and the sixth-largest in November. The film went to the No. 1 spot during its opening weekend with a $273.8 million worldwide gross, becoming the biggest opening of 2014 and marking The Hunger Games film series as the only franchise to have three films earn over $100 million in a weekend. The film earned over $755 million worldwide, making it the fifth highest-grossing film of 2014 and the second-highest-grossing entry in The Hunger Games series.", "The Hunger Games. Catching Fire is the second installment in the series, released on September 1, 2009.", "The Hunger Games (film). The Hunger Games is a 2012 American science fiction-adventure film directed by Gary Ross and based on the 2008 novel of the same name by Suzanne Collins. It is the first installment in The Hunger Games film series and was produced by Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik, with a screenplay by Ross, Collins, and Billy Ray. The film stars Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson, Liam Hemsworth, Woody Harrelson, Elizabeth Banks, Lenny Kravitz, Stanley Tucci, and Donald Sutherland.[5] The story takes place in a dystopian post-apocalyptic future in the nation of Panem, which is divided into 12 districts, where a boy and a girl from each district, between the ages of 12 and 18 must take part in The Hunger Games, a televised annual event in which the \"tributes\" of each district are required to fight to the death until there is only one survivor. Katniss Everdeen (Jennifer Lawrence) volunteers to take her younger sister's place. With her district's male tribute, Peeta Mellark (Josh Hutcherson), Katniss travels to the Capitol to train for the Hunger Games under the guidance of former victor Haymitch Abernathy (Woody Harrelson).", "The Hunger Games (film series). Suzanne Collins began adapting the first book to film after she finished writing Mockingjay. Collins had experience in writing screenplays after writing Clifford's Puppy Days and other children's television shows. When Gary Ross was announced as director for the film in 2010, he began to work with Collins and veteran writer Billy Ray to bring the novel to life. The script was large and resulted in a two-hour and 20 minute film.", "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire. In July 2012, Lionsgate announced that two films based on the final book in The Hunger Games trilogy, Mockingjay, were scheduled to be released. The first film, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1, was released on November 21, 2014 while the second film, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, was released on November 20, 2015.[119] Principal photography on the two-part film began on September 23, 2013, in Atlanta and concluded on June 20, 2014, in Berlin, Germany.[120][121]", "The Hunger Games (novel). In March 2009, Lions Gate Entertainment entered into a co-production agreement for The Hunger Games with Nina Jacobson's production company Color Force, which had acquired worldwide distribution rights to the novel a few weeks earlier.[52][53] The studio, which had not made a profit for five years, raided the budgets of other productions and sold assets to secure a budget of $88,000,000 – one of its largest ever[54] – for the film.[55][56] Collins' agent Jason Dravis remarked that \"they [Lionsgate] had everyone but the valet call us\" to help secure the franchise.[56] Intending the film to have a PG-13 rating,[57] Collins adapted the novel for film herself,[52] in collaboration with screenwriter Billy Ray and director Gary Ross.[58][59] The screenplay remains extremely faithful to the original novel,[60] with Ross saying he \"felt the only way to make the film really successful was to be totally subjective\" in its presentation of events, echoing Collins' use of first person present in the novel.[61]", "The Hunger Games (film series). Filming for the franchise began on May 23, 2011 and finished on June 20, 2014.[1]:138", "The Hunger Games (novel). Twenty-year-old actress Jennifer Lawrence was chosen to play Katniss Everdeen.[62] Though Lawrence was four years older than the character when filming began,[63] Collins felt the role demanded \"a certain maturity and power\" and said she would rather the actress be older than younger.[64] She added that Lawrence was the \"only one who truly captured the character I wrote in the book\" and that she had \"every essential quality necessary to play Katniss.\"[65] Lawrence, a fan of the books, took three days to accept the role, initially intimidated by the size of the production.[66][67] Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth were later added to the cast, in the roles of Peeta and Gale, respectively.[68][69] Production began in late spring 2011[70] and the film was released on March 23, 2012.[71] The film's opening weekend brought in a non-sequel record $152.5 million (USD) in North America.[72] The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, based on the second novel in the series, was released the following year on November 22, 2013.[73]", "The Hunger Games. Lionsgate Entertainment acquired worldwide distribution rights to a film adaptation of The Hunger Games, produced by Nina Jacobson's Color Force production company.[23] Collins adapted the novel for film herself,[23] along with director Gary Ross.[24] The cast included Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss, Josh Hutcherson as Peeta, and Liam Hemsworth as Gale.[25][26][27] The first film began production in Spring 2011,[28] and was released in March 2012.[29][30] For Catching Fire, Ross was replaced as director by Francis Lawrence;[31][32][33] the film was released in November 2013. Lawrence then directed Mockingjay, parts 1 and 2,[34] released in November 2014 and November 2015.", "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1. The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 is a 2014 American dystopian science fiction adventure film directed by Francis Lawrence with a screenplay by Peter Craig and Danny Strong. It is the first of two films based on Suzanne Collins' novel Mockingjay, the final book in The Hunger Games trilogy, and the third installment in The Hunger Games film series, produced by Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik and distributed by Lionsgate. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson, Liam Hemsworth, Woody Harrelson, Elizabeth Banks, Julianne Moore, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Jeffrey Wright, Stanley Tucci, and Donald Sutherland. Principal photography for both parts of the film began on September 23, 2013, in Atlanta, before moving to Paris for two weeks of filming and officially concluding on June 20, 2014, in Berlin.[6]", "The Hunger Games (film). The film was released in North America and the Netherlands on DVD and Blu-ray Disc August 18, 2012,[178] and in the rest of Europe on September 3, 2012. Extras include 'The World is Watching: The Making of The Hunger Games', numerous featurettes, the propaganda video in its entire form, a talk with the director Gary Ross and also Elvis Mitchell and a marketing archive.[179]", "Mockingjay. The Hunger Games trilogy was adapted into a series of films, with the stars of the 2012 film The Hunger Games signed on for all four films.[27] Mockingjay was split into two parts; Part 1 was released on November 21, 2014, and Part 2 was released on November 20, 2015.[28] Francis Lawrence, director of The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, returned to direct the two final films in the series.[29] Julianne Moore played President Coin.[30]", "The Hunger Games (novel). The Hunger Games is a 2008 dystopian novel by the American writer Suzanne Collins. It is written in the voice of 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen, who lives in the future, post-apocalyptic nation of Panem in North America. The Capitol, a highly advanced metropolis, exercises political control over the rest of the nation. The Hunger Games is an annual event in which one boy and one girl aged 12–18 from each of the twelve districts surrounding the Capitol are selected by lottery to compete in a televised battle to the death.", "The Hunger Games (film series). Gary Ross directed the first film (The Hunger Games), and despite initially stating otherwise on April 10, 2012, Lionsgate announced that Ross would not return to direct the sequel.[11] On April 19, 2012, it was confirmed that Francis Lawrence would direct the sequel instead, and on November 1, 2012, it was confirmed that he would return and direct the final two films in the series, based on the novel Mockingjay.[12][13]", "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire. Lionsgate announced that a film adaptation of Catching Fire would be released as The Hunger Games: Catching Fire on November 22, 2013,[6] as a sequel to the film adaptation of The Hunger Games, with principal photography to take place in September 2012. Simon Beaufoy was hired to write the script for the film and wrote two drafts[7] before leaving after Gary Ross, director of The Hunger Games decided not to direct the sequel. The shooting timeframe was co-ordinated between Lionsgate and 20th Century Fox, in order to allow time for Jennifer Lawrence to shoot X-Men: Days of Future Past, the sequel to Fox's X-Men: First Class, in January 2013.[8]", "The Hunger Games (film series). In October 2010, scripts were sent to the actors, and casting occurred between March and May 2011. The first role cast was of the protagonist, Katniss Everdeen. As many as 30 actresses were in talks to play the part, with Jennifer Lawrence, Hailee Steinfeld, Abigail Breslin, and Chloë Grace Moretz being mentioned most.[5] The role was given to Lawrence.[6]", "The Hunger Games. Mockingjay, the third and final book in The Hunger Games series, was released on August 24, 2010.", "The Hunger Games (film). Screening of The Hunger Games was delayed indefinitely in Vietnam.[176] The film was to be released on March 30, 2012, but, according to a member of the Vietnamese National Film Board, the Board considers the film to be too violent and unanimously voted for the indefinite delay. It was later banned.[177]", "The Hunger Games (film series). The Hunger Games is the 18th highest-grossing film franchise of all time, having grossed over US$2.9 billion worldwide." ]

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[ "Santa Fe High School shooting. A school shooting occurred at Santa Fe High School in Santa Fe, Texas, United States, in the Houston metropolitan area, on May 18, 2018. Ten people – eight students and two teachers – were fatally shot and thirteen others were wounded.[1][2] The suspected shooter was taken into custody and later identified by police as Dimitrios Pagourtzis, a 17-year-old student at the school.[3][4]", "Santa Fe, Texas. On the morning of May 18, 2018, at Santa Fe High School, there were reports of an active shooting. Students and faculty evacuated the building when a fire alarm was activated. According to CBS News, there are at least ten fatalities and one suspect in custody as of May 18 at 10:42 A.M. local time.[10]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. The shooter began firing a weapon into an art class at the school at around 7:40 a.m. CDT.[5] The incident occurred in the school's art complex which consists of four rooms connected to one another with interior hallways, and other rooms.[6] Witnesses said the two targeted classrooms are connected by a ceramics room the shooter accessed by damaging a door window.[7]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. Students organized a candlelight vigil on May 18.[58] Ten white crosses have been placed in front of the school to memorialize the deceased.[41]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. Texas Governor Greg Abbott said in a press briefing that the attack was \"one of the most heinous attacks that we've ever seen in the history of Texas schools.\"[50] He also called for all Texans to hold a moment of silence on May 21 at 10:00 AM CDT in honor of the victims, their families and first responders.[51]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. Ten people were killed and thirteen people were injured. The eight students and two teachers killed were:[20][21]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. On May 26, 2018, multiple fundraisers were held to raise money. One local business sponsored a fundraiser which brought in $257,000 for the victims.[63]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. The shooting is the second-deadliest school shooting in the United States in 2018, after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in February resulted in 17 deaths and 17 injuries.", "Santa Fe High School shooting. The organizers of the March for Our Lives, from the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting three months earlier, tweeted \"Though this is the 22nd school shooting this year, we urge those reading this not to sweep it under the rug and forget.\"[54]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. The suspected shooter was identified by police as Dimitrios Pagourtzis (born October 12, 2000)[28][14] He is charged with capital murder of multiple persons and aggravated assault against public servant; and held in custody without bail.[29] If convicted, he faces a maximum sentence of 40 years to life.[30]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. U.S. President Donald Trump expressed his condolences in a press conference shortly following the shootings, and said his \"administration is determined to do everything in [its] power to protect our students\".[46] On May 31, Trump met with victims, families, and others affected, to discuss the event and trying to find prevention methods.[47]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. President Trump ordered all U.S. flags flown at half-staff from May 18 until sunset on May 22.[59]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. The Santa Fe Independent School District has an active shooter plan, and two armed police officers that interacted with students in the school. In the year prior to the shooting, the school district leadership made plans to arm teachers and staff through the Texas School Marshal Program. After the shooting, the president of the school district's Board of Trustees said the district's policies and procedures worked, and that it was not the failure of the procedures that accounted for the incident, adding someone intent on entering the school to create havoc would be able to do so in any event.[56]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. The shooter told police he meant to kill the classmates he shot and wanted to spare the students he liked, so he could \"have his story told.\"[8][14] The shooting lasted about 25 minutes until he was arrested.[15]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. According to the probable cause affidavit and complaint filed by law enforcement, the shooter used a pump-action Remington Model 870 shotgun and a .38-caliber revolver.[16] Both firearms appear to have been legally owned by his father.[17] Various types of explosive devices were found at the school and off campus, as well as a Molotov cocktail,[4][18] and residents in the surrounding area were warned to be aware of all suspicious objects.[19]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. Two other people were detained by police as persons of interest. One was detained at the scene due to \"suspicious reactions\" after the shooting, and another was described as being interviewed.[12]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. The parents of victim Chris Stone filed a lawsuit against Pagourtzis's parents, claiming his father did not properly secure his weapons and the parents were negligent in entrusting their son with the firearms.[43] Under Texas law guns cannot be made accessible to minors outside hunting or under parental supervision, and if broken the penalty can be up to a year in jail and a $4,000 fine if the weapon causes serious injury or death.[44] The parents of a second victim Aaron McLeod, joined the lawsuit with additional allegations against the parents of Pagourtzis. Both families are alleging in addition to the above, the failure to obtain mental health counseling and support, and failure to warn the public of their sons \"dangerous propensities\".[45]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. The following Monday there were five arrests in the Greater Houston area for bringing weapons to school or making threats in the Friendswood, Huffman, Cleveland, Clear Creek, and Texas City Independent School Districts.[64]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. In a published statement, Pagourtzis' family extended their prayers and condolences to the victims and thanked first responders for their assistance. According to the statement, they were as shocked by the event as everyone else. The family stated they were cooperating with authorities and requested the media and others to respect their privacy and that of the victims.[40]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos said, \"", "Santa Fe High School shooting. Parents were kept off school grounds during the response to the shooting, with parents being directed to the Alamo gym by 8 AM. Students were then evacuated to the gym and reunited with their parents.[10]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. Police officers stationed at the school engaged with the shooter, with one officer being wounded and admitted in critical condition to a local hospital.[11] After shooting into the ceramics room, he was engaged by a Santa Fe school police officer and a Texas State Trooper who attempted to have him surrender peacefully.[12] He reportedly threatened to shoot the officers and repeatedly fired rounds while arguing with the police.[7] He surrendered to the officers after being injured during the shooting.[13] The Galveston County Sheriff said officers engaged him within four minutes, and allowed for the safe evacuation of other students and faculty.[6]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. As a result of the mass shooting, the district plans to renovate the northwest area of the campus, including sealing off the art rooms in which the shooting occurred as well as the adjacent hallway. A new hallway and counselor's office will be installed.[57]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. One wounded victim told reporters the shooter walked into the classroom and pointed at another person, saying \"I'm going to kill you.\"[8] According to a witness, students barricaded themselves in the art classroom storage closet, and the shooter shot through the door with a shotgun. He left the art room briefly, causing students to leave the closet and attempt to barricade the art room door, but he pushed the door open. Upon spotting a student he knew, he said \"Surprise!\" and shot the student in the chest.[9] Students are credited with giving victims medical attention in an effort to provide aid.[10]", "Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. Twenty-eight years later in 1909, near Las Cruces, New Mexico, Garrett is riding with some associates when he is ambushed and killed by men working for the Santa Fe Ring.", "Santa Fe High School shooting. Blood drives were set up to support the local hospitals.[60]", "Santa Fe, New Mexico. When the Republic of Texas seceded from Mexico in 1836, it claimed Santa Fe as part of the western portion of Texas along the Rio Grande. In 1841, a small military and trading expedition set out from Austin, intending to take control of the Santa Fe Trail. Known as the Texan Santa Fe Expedition, the force was poorly prepared and was easily captured by the Mexican army. In 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico. Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny led the main body of his Army of the West of some 1,700 soldiers into Santa Fe to claim it and the whole New Mexico Territory for the United States. By 1848 the U.S. officially gained New Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.", "Santa Fe High School shooting. Pagourtzis was booked into the Galveston County Jail on ten capital murder charges, along with multiple counts of aggravated assault. He was ordered held without bond.[14] Pagourtzis is represented by attorneys hired by his parents.[42]", "2015 San Bernardino attack. On December 3, 2015, the FBI took over as the leading federal law enforcement agency on the case,[83] treating the probe as a counter-terrorism investigation.[1][70] The FBI is conducting a \"massive\" investigation, and by December 7, 2015, had already conducted about 400 interviews and collected about 320 pieces of evidence.[84][85] On January 5, 2016, the FBI began investigating what the perpetrators' activities were during an 18-minute period from 12:59 p.m. to 1:17 p.m. on the day of the shooting, and they appealed to the public for assistance.[86][87] Investigators believe that the two were driving around the city in an apparent attempt to remotely detonate the explosive device they left behind at the scene of the attack.[35]", "Santa Fe, New Mexico. The Santa Fe site was used next to hold German and Italian nationals, who were considered enemy aliens after the outbreak of war.[21] In February 1943, these civilian detainees were transferred to DOJ custody.", "Santa Fe High School shooting. According to at least one witness, Pagourtzis was the victim of bullying by multiple students and coaches.[31][32] The school refuted the allegations of bullying by faculty.[33] One of his former teachers described him as \"quiet, but he wasn't quiet in a creepy way.\"[34] and had never seen him draw or write anything in his class journal that she found suspicious or unusual.[34] Pagourtzis was on the honor roll, and he played on the school football team.[35]", "Santa Fe High School shooting. Democratic Leader and U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi expressed her condolences and thanked the first responders. She also called for Congress to act and vote now to prevent gun violence.[49]" ]

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[ "Unsaturated fat. Although both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats can replace saturated fat in the diet, trans unsaturated fats should not. Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats helps lower levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the blood.[1] Trans unsaturated fats are an exception because the double bond stereochemistry predisposes the carbon chains to assume a linear conformation, which conforms to rigid packing as in plaque formation. The geometry of the cis double bond induces a bend in the molecule, thereby precluding rigid formations (see Trans fat § Chemistry links above for drawings that illustrate this). Natural sources of fatty acids (see above) are rich in the cis isomer[citation needed].", "Unsaturated fat. An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain. A fatty acid chain is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond.", "Saturated fat. A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all or predominantly single bonds. A fat is made of two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Fats are made of long chains of carbon (C) atoms. Some carbon atoms are linked by single bonds (-C-C-) and others are linked by double bonds (-C=C-).[1] Double bonds can react with hydrogen to form single bonds. They are called saturated, because the second bond is broken up and each half of the bond is attached to (saturated with) a hydrogen atom. Most animal fats are saturated. The fats of plants and fish are generally unsaturated.[1] Saturated fats tend to have higher melting points than their corresponding unsaturated fats, leading to the popular understanding that saturated fats tend to be solids at room temperatures, while unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature with varying degrees of viscosity (meaning both saturated and unsaturated fats are found to be liquid at body temperature).", "Saturated fat. While many studies have found that including polyunsaturated fats in the diet in place of saturated fats produces more beneficial CVD outcomes,[5] the effects of substituting monounsaturated fats or carbohydrates are unclear.[48][49]", "Vegetable oil. Unsaturated vegetable oils can be transformed through partial or complete \"hydrogenation\" into oils of higher melting point. The hydrogenation process involves \"sparging\" the oil at high temperature and pressure with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, typically a powdered nickel compound. As each carbon–carbon double-bond is chemically reduced to a single bond, two hydrogen atoms each form single bonds with the two carbon atoms. The elimination of double bonds by adding hydrogen atoms is called saturation; as the degree of saturation increases, the oil progresses toward being fully hydrogenated. An oil may be hydrogenated to increase resistance to rancidity (oxidation) or to change its physical characteristics. As the degree of saturation increases, the oil's viscosity and melting point increase.", "Coconut oil. In the process of hydrogenation, unsaturated fats (monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids) are combined with hydrogen in a catalytic process to make them more saturated. Coconut oil contains only 6% monounsaturated and 2% polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the partial hydrogenation process, some of these are transformed into trans fatty acids.[10]", "Fat. Fats and oils are categorized according to the number and bonding of the carbon atoms in the aliphatic chain. Fats that are saturated fats have no double bonds between the carbons in the chain. Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonded carbons in the chain. The nomenclature is based on the non-acid (non-carbonyl) end of the chain. This end is called the omega end or the n-end. Thus alpha-linolenic acid is called an omega-3 fatty acid because the 3rd carbon from that end is the first double bonded carbon in the chain counting from that end. Some oils and fats have multiple double bonds and are therefore called polyunsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats can be further divided into cis fats, which are the most common in nature, and trans fats, which are rare in nature. Unsaturated fats can be altered by reaction with hydrogen effected by a catalyst. This action, called hydrogenation, tends to break all the double bonds and makes a fully saturated fat. To make vegetable shortening, then, liquid cis-unsaturated fats such as vegetable oils are hydrogenated to produce saturated fats, which have more desirable physical properties e.g., they melt at a desirable temperature (30–40 °C), and store well, whereas polyunsaturated oils go rancid when they react with oxygen in the air. However, trans fats are generated during hydrogenation as contaminants created by an unwanted side reaction on the catalyst during partial hydrogenation.", "Trans fat. Fats contain long hydrocarbon chains, which can either be unsaturated, i.e., have double bonds, or saturated, i.e., have no double bonds. In nature, unsaturated fatty acids generally have cis as opposed to trans configurations.[4] In food production, liquid cis-unsaturated fats such as vegetable oils are hydrogenated to produce saturated fats, which have more desirable physical properties, e.g. they melt at a desirable temperature (30–40 °C). Partial hydrogenation of the unsaturated fat converts some of the cis double bonds into trans double bonds by an isomerization reaction with the catalyst used for the hydrogenation, which yields a trans fat.[1][2]", "Trans fat. Hydrogenation of an unsaturated fatty acid refers to the addition of hydrogen atoms to the acid, causing double bonds to become single ones, as carbon atoms acquire new hydrogen partners (to maintain four bonds per carbon atom). Full hydrogenation results in a molecule containing the maximum amount of hydrogen (in other words, the conversion of an unsaturated fatty acid into a saturated one). Partial hydrogenation results in the addition of hydrogen atoms at some of the empty positions, with a corresponding reduction in the number of double bonds. Typical commercial hydrogenation is partial in order to obtain a malleable mixture of fats that is solid at room temperature, but melts upon baking (or consumption).", "Margarine. There are two types of unsaturated oils: mono- and poly-unsaturated fats both of which are recognized as beneficial to health in contrast to saturated fats. Some widely grown vegetable oils, such as rapeseed (and its variant canola), sunflower, safflower, and olive oils contain high amounts of unsaturated fats.[35] During the manufacture of margarine, makers may convert some unsaturated fat into hydrogenated fats or trans fats to give them a higher melting point so they stay solid at room temperatures.", "Animal nutrition. A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms! in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or polyunsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with trans-isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) hydrogenation.", "Unsaturated fat. Double bonds may be in either a cis or a trans isomer, depending on the geometry of the double bond. In the cis isomer, hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond; whereas in the trans isomer, they are on opposite sides of the double bond (see trans fat). Saturated fats are useful in processed foods because saturated fats are less vulnerable to rancidity and usually more solid at room temperature than unsaturated fats. Unsaturated chains have a lower melting point, hence these molecules increase the fluidity of cell membranes.", "Human nutrition. A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved.[citation needed] Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or polyunsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with trans-isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) hydrogenation.[citation needed]", "Saturated fat. In a 2017 comprehensive review of the literature and clinical trials, the American Heart Association published a recommendation that saturated fat intake be reduced or replaced by products containing monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, a dietary adjustment that could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by 30%.[5]", "Unsaturated fat. Where double bonds are formed, hydrogen atoms are subtracted from the carbon chain. Thus, a saturated fat has no double bonds, has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons, and therefore is \"saturated\" with hydrogen atoms. In cellular metabolism, unsaturated fat molecules contain somewhat less energy (i.e., fewer calories) than an equivalent amount of saturated fat. The greater the degree of unsaturation in a fatty acid (i.e., the more double bonds in the fatty acid) the more vulnerable it is to lipid peroxidation (rancidity). Antioxidants can protect unsaturated fat from lipid peroxidation.", "Cooking oil. While consumption of small amounts of saturated fats is common in diets,[3] meta-analyses found a significant correlation between high consumption of saturated fats and blood LDL concentration,[4] a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.[5] Other meta-analyses based on cohort studies and on controlled, randomized trials found a positive,[6] or neutral,[7] effect from consuming polyunsaturated fats instead of saturated fats (a 10% lower risk for 5% replacement).[7]", "Trans fat. In other countries, there are legal limits to trans fat content. Trans fats levels can be reduced or eliminated using saturated fats such as lard, palm oil or fully hydrogenated fats, or by using interesterified fat. Other alternative formulations can also allow unsaturated fats to be used to replace saturated or partially hydrogenated fats. Hydrogenated oil is not a synonym for trans fat: complete hydrogenation removes all unsaturated fats.", "Saturated fat. A 2017 systematic review by the American Heart Association of randomized controlled clinical trials showed that reducing intake of dietary saturated fat and replacing it with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats could reduce cardiovascular disease by about 30%, similar to the reduction achieved by statin treatment for maintaining blood cholesterol within normal limits.[5]", "Trans fat. Only unsaturated fats can be trans or cis fat, since only a double bond can be locked to these orientations. Saturated fatty acids are never called trans fats because they have no double bonds. Therefore, all their bonds are freely rotatable. Other types of fatty acids, such as crepenynic acid, which contains a triple bond, are rare and of no nutritional significance.[citation needed]", "Trans fat. Catalytic partial hydrogenation necessarily produces trans-fats, because of the reaction mechanism. In the first reaction step, one hydrogen is added, with the other, coordinatively unsaturated, carbon being attached to the catalyst. The second step is the addition of hydrogen to the remaining carbon, producing a saturated fatty acid. The first step is reversible, such that the hydrogen is readsorbed on the catalyst and the double bond is re-formed. The intermediate with only one hydrogen added contains no double bond and can freely rotate. Thus, the double bond can re-form as either cis or trans, of which trans is favored, regardless the starting material. Complete hydrogenation also hydrogenates any produced trans fats to give saturated fats.", "Animal nutrition. Many studies have shown that unsaturated fats, particularly monounsaturated fats, are best in the human diet. Saturated fats, typically from animal sources, are next, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flaxseed oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, but have properties useful in the food processing industry, such as rancid resistance.[citation needed]", "Nutrition. A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or polyunsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with trans-isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) hydrogenation. There are nine kilocalories in each gram of fat. Fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid, catalpic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid, in addition to providing energy, represent potent immune modulatory molecules.", "Unsaturated fat. Although unsaturated fats are conventionally regarded as 'healthier' than saturated fats,[4] the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendation stated that the amount of unsaturated fat consumed should not exceed 30% of one's daily caloric intake.[citation needed] Most foods contain both unsaturated and saturated fats. Marketers advertise only one or the other, depending on which one makes up the majority. Thus, various unsaturated fat vegetable oils, such as olive oils, also contain saturated fat.[5]", "Margarine. Saturated fatty acids have not been conclusively linked to elevated blood cholesterol levels. Replacing saturated and trans unsaturated fats with unhydrogenated monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats is more effective in preventing coronary heart disease in women than reducing overall fat intake.[31][32][33][34] See saturated fat and cardiovascular disease.", "Cooking oil. A guideline for the appropriate amount of fat—a component of daily food consumption—is established by regulatory agencies like the Food and Drug Administration. The recommendation is that 10% or fewer of daily calories should be from saturated fat, and 20-35% of total daily calories should come from polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats.[2]", "Canada's Food Guide. \"Include a small amount - 30 to 45 mL (2 to 3 Tbsp) - of unsaturated fat each day to get the fat you need\".[9]", "Trans fat. A fatty acid is characterized as either saturated or unsaturated based on the presence of double bonds in its structure. If the molecule contains no double bonds, it is said to be saturated; otherwise, it is unsaturated to some degree.[41][42]", "Trans fat. A University of Guelph research group has found a way to mix oils (such as olive, soybean, and canola), water, monoglycerides, and fatty acids to form a \"cooking fat\" that acts the same way as trans and saturated fats.[36][37]", "Saturated fat. Many health authorities such as the American Dietetic Association,[26] the British Dietetic Association,[27] American Heart Association,[5] the World Heart Federation,[28] the British National Health Service,[29] among others,[30][31] advise that saturated fat is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The World Health Organization in May 2015 recommends switching from saturated to unsaturated fats.[32]", "Nutrition. Saturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flaxseed oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, and have been shown to be highly detrimental to human health, but have properties useful in the food processing industry, such as rancidity resistance.[59]", "Saturated fat. Since the 1950s, it has been demonstrated that consumption of foods containing high amounts of saturated fatty acids (including meat fats, milk fat, butter, lard, coconut oil, palm oil, and palm kernel oil) is potentially less healthy than consuming fats with a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids. Sources of lower saturated fat but higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acids include olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, avocados, corn, sunflower, soy, and cottonseed oils.[22][23]", "Unsaturated fat. Incidence of Insulin resistance is lowered with diets higher in monounsaturated fats (especially oleic acid), while the opposite is true for diets high in polyunsaturated fats (especially large amounts of arachidonic acid) as well as saturated fats (such as arachidic acid). These ratios can be indexed in the phospholipids of human skeletal muscle and in other tissues as well. This relationship between dietary fats and insulin resistance is presumed secondary to the relationship between insulin resistance and inflammation, which is partially modulated by dietary fat ratios (Omega-3/6/9) with both omega 3 and 9 thought to be anti-inflammatory, and omega 6 pro-inflammatory (as well as by numerous other dietary components, particularly polyphenols and exercise, with both of these anti-inflammatory). Although both pro- and anti-inflammatory types of fat are biologically necessary, fat dietary ratios in most US diets are skewed towards Omega 6, with subsequent disinhibition of inflammation and potentiation of insulin resistance.[5] But this is contrary to the suggestion of more recent studies, in which polyunsaturated fats are shown as protective against insulin resistance." ]

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[ "List of Test cricket hat-tricks. A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward.[4] Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut: English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930, New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976, and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994.[3] Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat-trick, taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career.[3] During the match in which he took his hat-trick, Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match.[5] Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday,[6] and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat-trick in the same Test match.[7]", "List of Test cricket hat-tricks. Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat-trick where the wickets fell over three overs. He took a wicket with the final ball of an over. With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings. He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings.[8]", "Hat-trick. Nuwan Zoysa of Sri Lanka is the only bowler to achieve a hat-trick off his first three balls in a Test, dismissing Murray Goodwin, Neil Johnson and Trevor Gripper of Zimbabwe.[15] In 2006 Irfan Pathan of India achieved a hat-trick in the first over of the test match, off the last three balls, when dismissing Salman Butt, Younis Khan and Mohammad Yousuf of Pakistan. Chaminda Vaas is the only one to achieve a hat-trick of the very first deliveries in one day internationals, against Bangladesh in the tenth match of 2003 ICC World Cup at City Oval, Pietermaritzburg. He got Hannan Sarkar, Mohammad Ashraful and Ehsanul Haque out in the first three balls and took his fourth wicket in the fifth ball of the same over, just missing the double-hat-trick.", "Hat-trick. Some hat-tricks are particularly extraordinary. On 2 December 1988, Merv Hughes, playing for Australia, dismissed Curtly Ambrose with the last ball of his penultimate over and Patrick Patterson with the first ball of his next over, wrapping up the West Indies first innings. When Hughes returned to bowl in the West Indies second innings, he trapped Gordon Greenidge lbw with his first ball, completing a hat-trick over two different innings and becoming the only player in Test cricket history to achieve the three wickets of a hat-trick in three different overs.", "Hat-trick. Albert Trott and Joginder Rao are the only two bowlers credited with two hat-tricks in the same innings in first-class cricket. One of Trott's two hat-tricks, for Middlesex against Somerset at Lords in 1907, was a four in four.", "Hat-trick. Hat-tricks are rare, and as such are treasured by bowlers. In Test cricket history there have been just 43 hat-tricks, the first achieved by Fred Spofforth for Australia against England in 1879. In 1912, Australian Jimmy Matthews achieved the feat twice in one game against South Africa. The only other players to achieve two hat-tricks are Australia's Hugh Trumble, against England in 1902 and 1904, Pakistan's Wasim Akram, in separate games against Sri Lanka in 1999, and England's Stuart Broad.", "Anil Kumble. Kumble is one of the 4 bowlers, alongside Richard Hadlee, Shane Warne and Muttiah Muralitharan, and the only Indian bowler ever, to have taken 5 wickets in a Test innings more than 30 times.[81] He also holds the world record for the largest number of caught-and-bowled dismissals in tests, 35 – which forms 5.65% of his total wickets.[82] He is also one of 4 Indian bowlers to have conceded over 250 runs in a Test match, although he took 12 wickets in that match.[83] He is known for bowling tirelessly, having bowled 72 overs in a Test innings once.[84] He is also remembered for his tenacity in bowling even when injured, especially after an incident in a match against West Indies where, despite having his broken jaw being heavily taped, he came back and took the wicket of Brian Lara.[85]", "List of Test cricket hat-tricks. In the sport of cricket, a hat-trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries. As of 31 July 2017, this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches,[2] the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days' duration. The first Test hat-trick was recorded on 2 January 1879, in only the third Test match to take place, by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth, nicknamed \"The Demon Bowler\", who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017. At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat-trick.[3]", "Anil Kumble. On 6 October 2004, Kumble became only the third spinner in the history of Test cricket after Shane Warne and Muttiah Muralitharan and the second Indian bowler after Kapil Dev to capture 400 Test wickets.[51] Reaching the mark took him 30 fewer Test matches than it took Kapil Dev, and 7 fewer than Warne. In the India-West Indies series of 2006, Kumble took 6–78 in the second innings of the final Test in Sabina Park, Jamaica, and bowled India to a historic series win; it had been 35 years since a similar series victory. During the first innings of the match, Kumble scored 45 and became the second player in the history of the game after Shane Warne to score 2000 runs and take over 500 Test wickets. Kumble also holds the world record for trapping most batsmen leg before wicket.[52] On 10 December 2004, Kumble became India's highest wicket taker when he trapped Mohammad Rafique of Bangladesh to surpass Kapil Dev's haul of 434 wickets.", "List of first-class cricket records. In 1907, Albert Trott of Middlesex took four wickets in four balls, and another hat-trick, in the same Somerset innings.[116] In 1963–64, Joginder Rao playing for Services took two hat-tricks in the same Northern Punjab innings during his second first-class match, after having also taken a hat-trick in his début match.[117] Other instances of two hat-tricks in a match have been achieved by Alfred Shaw (in 1884), Jimmy Matthews (1912 in a Test match), Charlie Parker (1924), Roly Jenkins (1949), Amin Lakhani (1978–79), and Mitchell Starc (2017-18).[118]", "List of Test cricket hat-tricks. In the five-match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970, a hat-trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match, at Headingley (the last three of four wickets in five balls).[9] These matches were considered to be Tests at the time, but that status was later removed.[10]", "Anil Kumble. Kumble is one of only two bowlers ever (the only other being Jim Laker of England in 1956) to have taken all ten wickets in a Test innings, taking 10 for 74. Kumble achieved this against Pakistan in the second Test played in Delhi in February 1999.[46] Although by failing to dismiss Pakistan's Waqar Younis in either innings, he missed out on the achievement of dismissing all eleven batsmen in a Test match. It has been said that once he had got nine wickets his friend and teammate Javagal Srinath started bowling wide outside the off stump, so that Kumble could take the 10th.[47] The performance was rated by Wisden as the second best \"Bowling performance of all time\".[48] The achievement was commemorated by naming a traffic circle in Bengaluru after him,[49] and gifting him a car with the customized license plate: KA-10-N-10.[50] In 1999 he was the third highest wicket taker with 88 wickets at the average of 30.03 behind Glenn Mcgrath and Shane Warne.[34]", "Ishant Sharma. During the 2008 Test series against Australia in India, Ishant was the leading wicket-taker, with 16, and was named man-of-the-series as India won 2–0. He thereby became the first Indian paceman to win such an award in a Test series on Indian soil after Kapil Dev who won the award in 1983. He was noted for achieving reverse swing on balls sometimes as young as eight overs, and along with senior opening bowler Zaheer Khan, troubled the touring Australians.[19] He took Australian captain Ricky Ponting's wicket three times during the series, and six times in as many Tests, making the Indian press label Ponting as Ishant's bunny.[20]", "List of Pakistan Test cricket records. There has been two occasions in Test cricket where a bowler has taken all ten wickets in a single innings – Jim Laker of England took 10/53 against Australia in 1956 and India's Anil Kumble in 1999 returned figures of 10/74 against Pakistan. Abdul Qadir is one of 15 bowlers who has taken nine wickets in a Test match innings.[89]", "Hat-trick. A hat-trick occurs in cricket when a bowler dismisses three batsmen with consecutive deliveries. The deliveries may be interrupted by an over bowled by another bowler from the other end of the pitch or the other team's innings, but must be three consecutive deliveries by the individual bowler in the same match. Only wickets attributed to the bowler count towards a hat-trick; run outs do not count.", "Ishant Sharma. In the 2014 tour of England, Sharma secured his career best figures of 7/74 at the Lord's, with an aggressive spell in England's second innings, bowling India to a 95-run win.[41] During the first test of the series, Sharma suffered the slight ignominy of becoming Alastair Cook's sole Test wicket when caught down the leg side.[42] India finished the series losing 3–1. He finished the 2015 three-match Test series in Sri Lanka with 13 wickets, including a 5-wicket haul in the third Test at SSC. At the end of the match, he was handed a one match ban by the International Cricket Council (ICC), following an altercation with Dhammika Prasad in the course of the match.[43] The series also saw him pick his 200th wicket in Tests.[44] India won the series 2–1.", "India national cricket team. India has also had some very strong bowling figures, with spin bowler Anil Kumble being a member of the elite group of 3 bowlers who have taken 600 Test wickets. In 1999, Anil Kumble emulated Jim Laker to become the second bowler to take all ten wickets in a Test match innings when he took 10 wickets for 74 runs against Pakistan at the Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi.", "Virender Sehwag. During the 2006 West Indies tour, Sehwag narrowly missed out on scoring a century in the opening session of the Second Test in St Lucia, ending with 99 at the interval.[88] He went on to compile 180 in just 190 balls, and also collected four wickets for the match to be named man of the match.[89] Although Sehwag had collected more than 50 wickets in ODIs, he was substantially used as a Test bowler for the first time on the West Indies tour, taking nine wickets in the first two Test matches when he was used in the absence of off-spinner Harbhajan Singh as India opted to only use one specialist spinner.[90] He had previously only three wickets at Test level [7]. He was also fined in the First Test for excessive appealing.[91]", "Sachin Tendulkar. England returned for a two-match Test series in December 2008, and the first Test, which was originally planned to be held in Mumbai, was shifted to Chennai following the terror attacks.[170][171] Chasing 387 for victory in that match, Tendulkar scored 103 not out and shared a 163-run unbroken fifth wicket partnership with Yuvraj Singh.[172] This was his third century in the fourth innings of a Test match, and the first which resulted in a win.[173] He dedicated this century to the victims of the Mumbai terror attacks.[174] Tendulkar scored poorly in the second Test at Mohali, which ended in a draw. India won the series 1–0.[175]", "List of Cricket World Cup records. Chetan Sharma was the first bowler to take a hat-trick in a Cricket World Cup. Lasith Malinga was the first bowler to take 2 hat-tricks during the Cricket World Cup.", "List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks. The only bowler to have taken three career hat-tricks is Lasith Malinga of Sri Lanka, while three other bowlers (Wasim Akram, Saqlain Mushtaq and Chaminda Vaas) have taken two hat-tricks. Hat-tricks are dominated by fast bowlers with Pakistan's Saqlain Mushtaq, Bangladesh's Abdur Razzak and Taijul Islam, Zimbabwe's Prosper Utseya, South Africa's JP Duminy, Sri Lanka's Wanidu Hasaranga and India's Kuldeep Yadav, the only seven spinners to have taken an ODI hat-trick.[1] Vaas of Sri Lanka became the only bowler to claim a hat-trick in the first three balls of any form of international cricket when he took the first three wickets off the opening three balls of their match against Bangladesh during the 2003 World Cup. Lasith Malinga is also the only player to claim 4 consecutive wickets in 4 balls, a feat he achieved against South Africa. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their ODI debut: Taijul Islam from Bangladesh in a match against Zimbabwe,[2] Kagiso Rabada from South Africa against Bangladesh,[3] and Wanidu Hasaranga from Sri Lanka against Zimbabwe.[4] Eight hat-tricks have occurred in World Cup matches.", "List of Test cricket records. In the Manchester Test of 1956, England spin bowler Jim Laker took 19 wickets for 90 runs (19–90) which set not only the Test record for best match figures but also the first-class one.[16] In taking 10–53 in the second innings he became the first bowler to capture all ten wickets in a Test match innings, and his analysis remains the best innings figures. Indian Leg-spinner Anil Kumble is the only other bowler to have taken 10 wickets in an innings, claiming 10–74 against Pakistan in 1999.[17] West Indies batsman Brian Lara has the highest individual score in Test cricket: he scored 400 not out against England in 2004 to surpass the innings of 380 by Matthew Hayden six months earlier. Lara had held the record before Hayden, with a score of 375 against England 10 years earlier.[18] Pakistan's Misbah-ul-Haq holds the record of the fastest test half century scoring 50 runs from 21 balls. The record for the fastest test century is held by New Zealand's Brendon McCullum who scored 100 runs from 54 balls in his final test match.", "Hat-trick. Lasith Malinga of Sri Lanka is the only bowler to take three hat-tricks in any form of international cricket with his three in ODI. Three players have taken at least two ODI hat-tricks in their careers: Wasim Akram and Saqlain Mushtaq of Pakistan and Chaminda Vaas of Sri Lanka. (Akram therefore has four international hat-tricks in total).", "Border–Gavaskar Trophy. The Second Test at Eden Gardens in Kolkata on 11 March-15 March is regarded by many as one of the most exciting games of cricket ever played. It began with Australia electing to bat and scoring 445, captain Steve Waugh contributing 110. Harbhajan Singh took 7–123, including a hat-trick, which was the first Test hat-trick by an Indian bowler in 69 years of Indian cricketing history. India's woes continued, being dismissed for only 171, with McGrath taking 4–18 in a brilliant bowling performance. Australia enforced the follow-on, and at the end of day 3 India were 254/4, still 20 runs behind forcing Australia to bat again. For many spectators, commentators, and even players, the match and the series were as good as lost for India.", "List of England Test cricket records. There have been two occasions in Test cricket where a bowler has taken all ten wickets in a single innings – Jim Laker of England took 10/53 against Australia in 1956 and India's Anil Kumble in 1999 returned figures of 10/74 against Pakistan. George Lohmann, one of fifteen bowlers who have taken nine wickets in a Test match innings, sits third on the list taking figures of 9/28 against South Africa in 1896.[110]", "List of bowlers who have taken a wicket with their first ball in a format of international cricket. Fifty-nine bowlers have taken a wicket with the very first ball they bowled in one of the three formats of international cricket. Twenty bowlers have performed this feat in Test cricket. The first was Australian Tom Horan, who dismissed Walter Read with his first ball on 26 January 1883, and the most recent is South African bowler Hardus Viljoen who dismissed the England captain Alastair Cook on 15 January 2016. Seven of these twenty bowlers have been English cricketers.[1] However, this accomplishment has not always led to a long and illustrious career.[2] Only Maurice Tate, Intikhab Alam and Nathan Lyon went on to play in more than ten Tests.[3][4][5] Arthur Coningham, Matt Henderson, Dennis Smith, and Tyrell Johnson were One-Test wonders, and Smith's only Test wicket was the one he took with his first ball.[6][7][8][9]", "Ishant Sharma. Sharma was left out in the Boxing Day Test at Melbourne during the Border–Gavaskar Trophy as India retained their main fast bowlers, Zaheer Khan and RP Singh. However, in January 2008 Sharma was called to represent India once again to replace the injured Zaheer Khan in the second test at the SCG. Sharma started the first day of the match strongly and was involved in a controversial decision from Steve Bucknor when Andrew Symonds nicked the ball to keeper MS Dhoni off his bowling but was given not out. He bowled reasonably in the match, however without much luck.", "Ishant Sharma. Although he had little success, the management retained him for the third Test match at Perth. On the fourth day of the match he bowled an exceptional spell to Australian captain Ricky Ponting that resulted in his wicket and helped India claim victory.[15] He used the pace and bounce of the WACA wicket to trouble the batsmen. In the following test played in Adelaide he picked up two wickets and impressed everyone with his bowling. He finished the tour of Australia with figures of 6/358, an average of 59.66 and a strike rate of 101.0.[16]", "Hat-trick. The most involved hat-trick was perhaps when Melbourne club cricketer Stephen Hickman, playing for Power House in March 2002, achieved a hat-trick spread over three overs, two days, two innings, involving the same batsman twice, and observed by the same non-striker, with the hat-trick ball being bowled from the opposite end to the first two. In the Mercantile Cricket Association C Grade semi-final at Fawkner Park, South Yarra, Gunbower United Cricket Club were 8 for 109 when Hickman came on to bowl his off spin. He took a wicket with the last ball of his third over and then bowled number 11 batsman Richard Higgins with the first ball of his next over to complete the Gunbower innings, leaving Chris Taylor the not out batsman. Power House scored 361, putting the game out of reach of Gunbower. In the second innings opener Taylor was joined by Higgins at the fall of the fourth wicket as Hickman returned to the attack. With his first ball, observed by an incredulous Taylor at the non-striker's end, he clean bowled Higgins, leaving Higgins with a pair of golden ducks.[17]", "B. S. Chandrasekhar. In a Test against New Zealand in 1976, Chandrasekhar and Prasanna took 19 wickets and were crucial in setting up India's win. Attributed to him is a famous umpire-directed quote, made during a day of bad decisions in New Zealand after several of his lbw appeals were given not out: \"I know he is bowled, but is he out?\"[6][7] Chandrasekhar also played a major role in India's victory in Australia in 1977–78.[1]During that series he became the first bowler in test history to register the identical figures in a same test(6/52 in both innings).[8]", "Old Trafford Cricket Ground. In 1990 Sachin Tendulkar scored his first Test hundred at the age of 17 – becoming the second youngest centurion – to help India draw[24] In 1993 Shane Warne bowled the \"Ball of the Century\" to Mike Gatting at the ground.[25] In the same game, Graham Gooch was out handled the ball for 133 – only the sixth out of nine times this has ever happened.[26] and in 1995 – Dominic Cork took a hat trick for England vs West Indies. In 2000 both Mike Atherton and Alec Stewart played their hundredth Tests, against the West Indies.[27] In the third Test of the 2005 Ashes series the match ended in a nailbiting draw, with 10,000 fans shut out of the ground on the final day as tickets were sold out. England went on to win the series regaining the Ashes for the first time in over 20 years.[28]", "Jim Laker. Laker was the first player to take all 10 wickets in a Test match innings, ten for 53 in the Australians' 2nd innings of the 4th Ashes Test at Old Trafford in 1956 (the only other bowler to take all 10 wickets is Anil Kumble of India in 1999). Having also taken 9 for 37 in the first innings, Laker's match bowling figures were 19 for 90: no other bowler has taken more than seventeen wickets in a first-class match.[2] Laker was married to an Austrian who did not know much about cricket. On the day of his achievement when he arrived home, his wife asked him, \"Jim, did you do something good today?\" after she had taken hundreds of congratulatory telephone calls.[3] Remarkably, Laker had also taken all 10 wickets in an innings for Surrey against the same Australians earlier in the season, the first time a bowler had taken all ten against the Australians since Ted Barratt did so in 1878.[4]" ]

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[ "Lars Eller. After six seasons, Eller's tenure with the Canadiens came to an end at the 2016 NHL Entry Draft, as he was traded to the Washington Capitals in exchange for two second-round picks in 2017 and 2018 on 24 June 2016.[14] On 10 February 2018, Eller signed a five-year, $17.5 million contract extension with the Capitals.[15]", "Lars Eller. On 17 June 2010, Eller was traded by the Blues to the Montreal Canadiens, along with Ian Schultz, in exchange for goaltender Jaroslav Halák.[8][9] On 24 November 2010, Eller scored his first goal with the Canadiens, wristing one past Los Angeles Kings goaltender Jonathan Bernier.[10]", "Lars Eller. On 4 January 2012, Eller scored 4 goals and an assist in a 7–3 victory against the Winnipeg Jets, his first career hat trick. He was the first Montreal Canadien to score 4 goals in one game since Jan Bulis in 2006.[11] During the 2012–13 NHL lockout, Eller signed a temporary contract with Finnish top-flight club, JYP Jyväskylä.[12] He recorded 5 goals and 10 assists in 15 games.", "Lars Eller. On 2 May 2013, an open ice check from Ottawa Senators' defenseman Eric Gryba knocked Eller unconscious during a playoff game at Centre Bell. He was later diagnosed with a concussion, along with dental and facial fractures.[13] On 24 July 2014, Eller signed a four-year, $13 million contract extension with the Canadiens.[3]", "Lars Eller. Lars Fosgaard Eller (born 8 May 1989), nicknamed \"The Tiger\", is a Danish professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the St. Louis Blues in the first round, 13th overall in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. He later joined the Montreal Canadiens before being traded to the Capitals in 2016. He became the first person born in Denmark to win the Stanley Cup when the Capitals won in 2018, notably scoring the Stanley Cup-winning goal.[1][2]", "Lars Eller. Eller moved to North America for the 2009–10 season. His preseason was spoiled by mononucleosis and, as a result, he started the season playing for the Peoria Rivermen in the American Hockey League (AHL). He was called up by the St. Louis and made his NHL debut on 5 November 2009 in a game against the Calgary Flames in which the Blues lost 2–1. He scored the Blues' lone goal, beating Miikka Kiprusoff off of a deflection and had three shots on goal in 9:42 minutes of ice time. Eller appeared in five NHL games before returning to Peoria, finishing the season with seven games for the Blues.[5]", "Lars Eller. With the Rivermen, Eller was named AHL Rookie of the Month for March 2010 and was also selected for the 2009–10 AHL All-Rookie Team.[6][7]", "Lars Eller. On 7 June 2018 Eller won his first Stanley Cup when the Capitals defeated the first-year Vegas Golden Knights in five games. Eller scored the Cup-clinching goal, and finished the playoffs with seven goals and 18 points in 24 games.[16]\nHe became the first NHL player born in Denmark to win a Stanley Cup.[1]", "Lars Eller. Eller spent part of the 2007–08 season with Borås in the HockeyAllsvenskan, on loan from Frölunda.[4]", "Lars Eller. During the 2007 NHL Entry Draft, Eller was selected thirteenth overall by the St. Louis Blues,[3] the highest ranking for a Danish born and trained player in NHL history until friend and former teammate Mikkel Bødker was selected number eight overall by the Arizona Coyotes in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. (Danish-born Jan Popiel was drafted tenth overall in the 1964 NHL Amateur Draft but grew up in and became a citizen of Canada before making his pro debut.)", "Edmonton Oilers. The final star players from the Oilers left before the 1991–92 season. Grant Fuhr and Glenn Anderson were traded to Toronto,[60] Steve Smith was traded to Chicago,[61] and Jari Kurri was traded to Philadelphia.[62] Charlie Huddy was claimed by Minnesota in the expansion draft,[63] and Mark Messier was traded to the New York Rangers a day after the season began.[64] The Oilers even lost their head coach, as John Muckler left to become head coach and general manager of the Buffalo Sabres.[54] Ted Green replaced Muckler as head coach,[65] and Kevin Lowe succeeded Messier as captain.[66]", "Lars Eller. Lars Eller grew up in Rødovre, Denmark. His father, Olaf Eller, is a former Danish international ice hockey player and former coach of several teams in the Superisligaen, as well as Troja/Ljungby in Sweden. Olaf Eller is also a color commentator for Danish TV 2 Sport for the IIHF World Championships and occasionally for games in the AL-Bank Ligaen. He is also head coach of Esbjerg IK.[17] His younger brother Mads (born 25 June 1995) played one season for the Adirondack Thunder of the ECHL, and had also played junior hockey for Frölunda HC and represented Denmark at the 2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.[18] Their half brother Michael Smidt has also represented the Danish national team and played all his career in Denmark - including 17 seasons for the Rødovre Mighty Bulls where he also was captain for six seasons before he retired in 2014.[19] Eller and his wife, Julie, have one daughter.[20]", "New York Islanders. Maloney had avoided making many personnel changes his first year, but on the eve of the 1993 Expansion Draft he traded backup goaltender Mark Fitzpatrick to the Quebec Nordiques for Ron Hextall. The clubs also exchanged first-round picks in the deal. Able to protect only one netminder in the Expansion Draft, the Islanders left Healy exposed. He was claimed by the Anaheim Mighty Ducks, then was claimed by the Tampa Bay Lightning in Phase II of the draft the next day, and finally had his rights traded to the Rangers, where he was the backup.", "Legion of Doom (ice hockey). The line was formed in the lockout-shortened 1994–95 season when the Montreal Canadiens traded John LeClair, Eric Desjardins, and Gilbert Dionne to the Flyers in exchange for Mark Recchi. Renberg was moved from Rod Brind'Amour's left wing and placed on Lindros' right wing. Murray then placed LeClair as the left wing to form the trio. LeClair was expected to use his physical prowess to make room for Lindros, and went on to exceed all expectations as LeClair's scoring totals jumped dramatically compared with his time with the Canadiens.", "Philadelphia Flyers. In June 1992, the Flyers persuaded Clarke to return to the team as senior vice president after Jay Snider won the hard fought arbitration battle for 1991 first overall pick Eric Lindros against the Rangers. It was determined that Quebec had made a deal with the Flyers before making a deal with the Rangers. In order to acquire Lindros' rights, the Flyers parted with six players, trading Steve Duchesne, Peter Forsberg, Ron Hextall, Kerry Huffman, Mike Ricci, Chris Simon, a 1993 first-round draft pick (Jocelyn Thibault), a 1994 first-round draft pick (Nolan Baumgartner) and $15 million to Quebec. While Lindros became a preeminent star in Philadelphia, the trade proved heavily lopsided in favor of the Nordiques – soon to become the Colorado Avalanche – providing the core of their two Stanley Cup teams and an unprecedented eight-straight division championships, with Forsberg becoming a franchise player.", "Calgary Flames. Fletcher's efforts to match the Oilers led him to draw talent from areas previously neglected by the NHL. The Flames were among the earliest teams to sign large numbers of US college players, including Joel Otto, Gary Suter, and Colin Patterson.[17] Fletcher also stepped up the search for European hockey talent, acquiring Hakan Loob and other key players. He was among the first to draft players from the Soviet Union, including HC CSKA Moscow star Sergei Makarov in 1983, but Soviet players were not released to Western teams until 1989.[18] Still, the team was sufficiently improved to challenge the Oilers, who required the maximum seven games to defeat the Flames en route to their 1984 Stanley Cup Championship.[19]", "Montreal Canadiens. The Canadiens were founded by J. Ambrose O'Brien on December 4, 1909, as a charter member of the National Hockey Association,[10][11] the forerunner to the National Hockey League. It was to be the team of the francophone community in Montreal, composed of francophone players, and under francophone ownership as soon as possible.[12] The team's first season was not a success, as they placed last. After the first year, ownership was transferred to George Kennedy of Montreal and the team's fortunes improved over the next seasons.[13] The team won its first Stanley Cup championship in the 1915–16 season.[14] In 1917, with four other NHA teams, the Canadiens formed the NHL,[15] and they won their first NHL Stanley Cup during the 1923–24 season, led by Howie Morenz.[16] The team moved from the Mount Royal Arena to the Montreal Forum for the 1926–27 season.[17]", "Edmonton Oilers. The Oilers struggled with their small-market status for several years, but after the wiped-out 2004–05 season, they were aided by a Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) between the NHL owners and players. This included a league-wide salary cap that essentially forced all teams to conform to a budget, as the Oilers had been doing for years.[71] A more reasonable conversion rate of Canadian dollar revenues to US dollar payroll in the new millennium also helped the Oilers to return to profitability.[69] Because of this, Edmonton was able to acquire Chris Pronger (former winner of the Hart and Norris Trophies)[72] and Michael Peca (two-time Frank J. Selke Trophy winner)[73] before the 2005–06 season.[74][75]", "Edmonton Oilers. During the 2006 off-season, many Oilers left the team. Four days after their loss to the Hurricanes, Chris Pronger surprisingly issued a trade request for personal reasons. Pronger was subsequently traded to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for Joffrey Lupul, Ladislav Smid and three draft picks.[86] Several Oilers left via free agency and during the season, long-time Oiler Ryan Smyth was traded to the New York Islanders for Ryan O'Marra, Robert Nilsson and a first-round pick in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft (Alex Plante).[87] Not everyone left the team, however; the Oilers were able to re-sign Dwayne Roloson and Fernando Pisani. Having lost so many players, the Oilers posted a 32–43–7 record in 2006–07, their worst record since the 1995–96 season, and eventually finished in 11th place in the Western Conference. Throughout the season, the Oilers lost various players to injury and illness; at one point, they had 11 players out of the line-up and had to rely on emergency call-ups to fill their roster.[88]", "Jaromír Jágr. On 3 July 2012, Jágr signed a one-year deal, reportedly worth $4.5 million, with the Dallas Stars. The signing marked Jágr's first time playing for a club in the Western Conference. Jágr said during a conference call two days later that the Montreal Canadiens had been his first choice as a free agent. \"I always wanted to play in Canada and I wanted to go to Montreal if I had a chance, but Montreal wasn't interested,\" Jágr said. \"All of a sudden I got a phone call from Stars' general manager Joe Nieuwendyk that Dallas was interested.\"[20]", "Colorado Avalanche. After making the postseason for seven consecutive years, from 1981 to 1987, the Nordiques became one of the worst teams in the league. From 1987–88 to 1991–92, the team finished last in their division every season, and three of those times they finished last in the league. This included a dreadful 12-win season in 1989–90 that is still the worst in franchise history.[8] As a result, the team earned three consecutive first overall draft picks, used to select Mats Sundin (1989), Owen Nolan (1990) and Eric Lindros (1991).[9][10] Lindros made it clear he did not wish to play for the Nordiques,[11] to the extent he did not wear the team's jersey for the press photographs, only holding it when it was presented to him.[12] On advice from his mother, he refused to sign a contract and began a holdout that lasted over a year. On June 30, 1992, he was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for five players, the rights to Swedish prospect Peter Forsberg, two first-round draft picks and US$15 million.[13] The Eric Lindros trade turned the moribund Nordiques into a Stanley Cup contender almost overnight, and in hindsight is seen as one of the most one-sided deals in sports history.[14] In the first season after the trade, 1992–93, the Nordiques reached the playoffs for the first time in six years. Two years later, they won the Northeast Division and had the second best regular-season record during the lockout-shortened season.", "Colorado Avalanche. The Quebec Nordiques were one of the World Hockey Association (WHA)'s original teams when the league began play in 1972. Though first awarded to a group in San Francisco, the team quickly moved to Quebec City when the California deal soured because of financial and arena problems.[5] During their seven WHA seasons, the Nordiques won the Avco World Trophy once, in 1977 and lost the finals once, in 1975.[6] In 1979, the franchise entered the NHL, along with the WHA's Edmonton Oilers, Hartford Whalers and Winnipeg Jets.[7]", "Plus-minus. The NHL's Montreal Canadiens were the first team to track the plus−minus of its players, starting sometime in the 1950s. Other teams followed in the early 1960s, and the NHL started officially compiling the statistic for the 1967–68 season. While Emile Francis is often credited with devising the system, he only popularized and adapted the system in use by the Canadiens.", "Edmonton Oilers. The 2010–11 season would bring a new look to the Edmonton Oilers line-up, when Shawn Horcoff was selected to succeed Ethan Moreau as team captain. Horcoff had become the Oilers longest-serving player by this point.[101][102] Taylor Hall, Jordan Eberle and Magnus Paajarvi would all make their NHL debuts for the team. Despite the influx of their young talent, Edmonton would still find themselves at the bottom of the standings. In an attempt to gain valuable prospects and draft picks, Dustin Penner was traded from the Oilers to Los Angeles on February 28, 2011, in exchange for Colten Teubert, a first-round draft pick in 2011 (Oscar Klefbom) and a conditional third-round pick in 2012.[103] At the end of the season, the Oilers were at the bottom of the standings and received the right to choose first overall in the upcoming 2011 NHL Entry Draft. The Oilers selected Ryan Nugent-Hopkins with the first overall selection in the Draft, along with several other \"blue chip\" prospects. During the 2011 off-season, the team again made several moves to bolster the offence and defence, re-acquiring fan favourite Ryan Smyth from Los Angeles in exchange for Colin Fraser and a seventh-round draft pick.[104] The team also traded with the Anaheim Ducks to acquire Andy Sutton for Kurtis Foster. Sheldon Souray, who had played the entire 2010–11 season in the American Hockey League (AHL) with the Hershey Bears, was bought out of the last year of his contract.[105] These moves, coupled with the signings of Eric Belanger, Cam Barker, Ben Eager and Darcy Hordichuk, changed the complexion of the team, to add \"grit and toughness.\" The Oilers, however, were again unable to qualify for the playoffs for the sixth-straight season, as they finished 14th in the Western Conference.", "History of the National Hockey League (1967–92). While European-born players were a part of the NHL since its founding, it was still rare to see them in the league until 1980.[89] The WHA turned to the previously overlooked European market in search for talent, signing players from Finland and Sweden. Anders Hedberg, Lars-Erik Sjoberg and Ulf Nilsson signed with the Jets in 1974 and thrived in North America, both in the WHA and later the NHL.[90] The Jets won three of the six remaining WHA championships after signing European players, and their success sparked similar signings league-wide.", "Winnipeg Jets (1972–96). The Jets were further noteworthy in hockey history for being the first North American club seriously to explore Europe as a source of hockey talent. Winnipeg's fortunes were bolstered by acquisitions such as Swedish forwards Anders Hedberg and Ulf Nilsson, who starred with Hull on the WHA's most famous and successful forward line (nicknamed \"the Hot Line\"), and defenceman Lars-Erik Sjoberg, who would serve as the team's captain and win accolades as the WHA's best defenceman. Behind these players and other European stars such as Willy Lindstrom, Kent Nilsson, Veli-Pekka Ketola, leavened by players such as Peter Sullivan, Norm Beaudin and goaltender Joe Daley, the Jets were the most successful team in the short-lived WHA. The team won the Avco World Trophy three times, including in the league's final season against Wayne Gretzky and the Edmonton Oilers. The Jets made the finals five of the WHA's seven seasons.", "Tampa Bay Lightning. In the off-season, the Lightning made a deal with the Montreal Canadiens to send Jonathan Drouin to their franchise in exchange for defensive prospect Mikhail Sergachev and a second-round pick in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft. They also signed defenseman Dan Girardi for two years and winger Chris Kunitz to a one year deal.", "History of the National Hockey League (1917–42). At the same time, the league reduced its salary cap to $62,500 per team, and $7,000 per player. Several well-paid star players were traded as teams attempted to fit under the cap.[84] The biggest name was Montreal's Howie Morenz, a three-time Hart Trophy winner, two-time scoring leader and the face of the Canadiens organization. Drawing only 2,000 fans per game in an arena that held 10,000, Canadiens owner Léo Dandurand sent his star to the Black Hawks.[85] The Montreal fans voiced their opinion of the deal by giving Morenz a standing ovation when he scored against the Canadiens on the last day of the 1935 season. Less than two seasons later, Morenz was traded back to Montreal after a brief time playing for the Rangers.[86]", "2004–05 NHL lockout. Several NHL players signed in the Italian league Serie A, including Eric Belanger to the Bolzano-Bozen Foxes, Craig Adams to the Milano Vipers, Matt Cullen to SG Cortina and Fernando Pisani to the SCL Tigers, among others. Calgary Flames players Steve Montador and Steven Reinprecht won the French Ligue Magnus with HC Mulhouse.", "2017 Stanley Cup Finals. During the offseason, Nashville traded defenceman and long-time team captain Shea Weber to Montreal for defenceman P. K. Subban, and during the regular season, traded for forwards Cody McLeod and Vernon Fiddler. The Predators also re-signed forward Filip Forsberg during the offseason.", "Philadelphia Flyers. Following his penchant for making big moves, Flyers General Manager Paul Holmgren pulled off perhaps the most stunning move of his tenure,[according to whom?] trading Mike Richards to the Los Angeles Kings for Brayden Schenn, Wayne Simmonds and a 2012 second-round draft pick; and Jeff Carter to Columbus for their 2011 first-round pick (with which the Flyers selected Sean Couturier), 2011 third-round pick (with which the Flyers selected Nick Cousins) and Jakub Voracek, all within the span of one hour on June 23. Later that same day, Holmgren addressed the Flyers' long-standing goaltending issues by signing the Phoenix Coyotes' Ilya Bryzgalov to a nine-year, $51 million contract. On July 1, the Flyers signed Jaromir Jagr to a one-year contract, Maxime Talbot to a five-year contract and Andreas Lilja to a two-year contract. Additionally, Chris Pronger was named Flyers captain; however, 13 games into the 2011–12 season, he was lost for the remainder of the regular season and playoffs with severe post-concussion syndrome. Bryzgalov's play ranged from spectacular to sub-par, including being benched in favor of Sergei Bobrovsky for the Flyers' 3–2 loss to the New York Rangers in the 2012 Winter Classic, but also being named NHL First Star for the month of March. Twelve rookies suited up for the Flyers during the season, with the play of Couturier, Schenn and Matt Read standing out impressively.[according to whom?]", "Edmonton Oilers. On June 29, Edmonton traded all-star winger Taylor Hall, to the New Jersey Devils, in exchange for defenceman Adam Larsson.[141]" ]

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[ "Battle of the Little Bighorn. The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass[10] and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of US forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory.[11]", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. On May 7, 1868, the valley of the Little Bighorn became a tract in the eastern part of the new Crow Indian Reservation in the center of the old Crow country.[18] The battlefield is known as \"Greasy Grass\" to the Lakota, Dakota, Cheyenne, and most other Plains Indians; however, in contemporary accounts by participants, it was referred to as the \"Valley of Chieftains\".[19]", "Cheyenne. The Northern Cheyenne fought in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, which took place on June 25, 1876. The Cheyenne, together with the Lakota, other Sioux warriors and a small band of Arapaho, killed General George Armstrong Custer and much of his 7th Cavalry contingent of soldiers. Historians have estimated that the population of the Cheyenne, Lakota and Arapaho encampment along the Little Bighorn River was approximately 10,000, making it one of the largest gatherings of Native Americans in North America in pre-reservation times. News of the event traveled across the United States and reached Washington, D.C., just as the nation was celebrating its Centennial. Public reaction arose in outrage against the Cheyenne.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. In 1805, fur trader Francois Antoine Larocque reported joining a Crow camp in the Yellowstone area. On the way, he noted that the Crow hunted buffalo on the \"Small Horn River\".[14] The United States built Fort Raymond in 1807 for trade with the Crow. It was located near the confluence of the Yellowstone and the Bighorn, around 40 miles north of the future battlefield.[15] The area is first noted in the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie.[16]", "Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The consequent military expedition to remove the Sioux from the Black Hills included an attack on a major encampment of several bands on the Little Bighorn River. Led by General Custer, the attack ended in his defeat; it was an overwhelming victory of chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse over the 7th Cavalry Regiment, a conflict often called Custer's Last Stand.[7][9] US forces were vastly outnumbered.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake). The U.S. 7th Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a force of 700 men led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, suffered a major defeat. Five of the 7th Cavalry's twelve companies were annihilated and Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew, and a brother-in-law. The total U.S. casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (six died later from their injuries),[12] including four Crow Indian scouts and two Pawnee Indian scouts.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. Reports of an attempted fording of the river at Medicine Tail Coulee might explain Custer's purpose for Reno's attack, that is, a coordinated \"hammer-and-anvil\" maneuver, with Reno's holding the Indians at bay at the southern end of the camp, while Custer drove them against Reno's line from the north. Other historians have noted that if Custer did attempt to cross the river near Medicine Tail Coulee, he may have believed it was the north end of the Indian camp, although it was only the middle. Some Indian accounts, however, place the Northern Cheyenne encampment and the north end of the overall village to the left (and south) of the opposite side of the crossing.[53]:10–20 The precise location of the north end of the village remains in dispute, however.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was the subject of an 1879 U.S. Army Court of Inquiry in Chicago, held at Reno's request, during which his conduct was scrutinized.[109] Some testimony by non-Army officers suggested that he was drunk and a coward. The court found Reno's conduct to be without fault. After the battle, Thomas Rosser, James O'Kelly, and others continued to question the conduct of Reno due to his hastily ordered retreat.[110] Defenders of Reno at the trial noted that, while the retreat was disorganized, Reno did not withdraw from his position until it became apparent that he was outnumbered and outflanked by the Indians. Contemporary accounts also point to the fact that Reno's scout, Bloody Knife, was shot in the head, spraying him with blood, possibly increasing his own panic and distress.[36]", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. The scattered Sioux and Cheyenne feasted and celebrated during July with no threat from soldiers. After their celebrations, many of the Indians slipped back to the reservation. Soon the number of warriors who still remained at large and hostile amounted to only about 600.[92] Both Crook and Terry remained immobile for seven weeks after the battle, awaiting reinforcements and unwilling to venture out against the Indians until they had at least 2,000 men. Crook and Terry finally took the field against the Indians in August. General Nelson A. Miles took command of the effort in October 1876. In May 1877, Sitting Bull escaped to Canada. Within days, Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson, Nebraska. The Great Sioux War ended on May 7 with Miles' defeat of a remaining band of Miniconjou Sioux.[89]", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. While the gunfire heard on the bluffs by Reno and Benteen's men was probably from Custer's fight, the soldiers on Reno Hill were unaware of what had happened to Custer until General Terry's arrival on June 27. They were reportedly stunned by the news. When the army examined the Custer battle site, soldiers could not determine fully what had transpired. Custer's force of roughly 210 men had been engaged by the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the north of Reno and Benteen's defensive position. Evidence of organized resistance included apparent breastworks made of dead horses on Custer Hill.[53] By the time troops came to recover the bodies, the Lakota and Cheyenne had already removed most of their dead from the field. The troops found most of Custer's dead stripped of their clothing, ritually mutilated, and in an advanced state of decomposition, making identification of many impossible.[57] The soldiers identified the 7th Cavalry's dead as best as possible and hastily buried them where they fell.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. The Army's coordination and planning began to go awry on June 17, 1876, when Crook's column retreated after the Battle of the Rosebud, just 30 miles to the southeast of the eventual Little Bighorn battlefield. Surprised and according to some accounts astonished by the unusually large numbers of Native Americans, Crook held the field at the end of the battle but felt compelled by his losses to pull back, regroup, and wait for reinforcements. Unaware of Crook's battle, Gibbon and Terry proceeded, joining forces in early June near the mouth of Rosebud Creek. They reviewed Terry's plan calling for Custer's regiment to proceed south along the Rosebud while Terry and Gibbon's united forces would move in a westerly direction toward the Bighorn and Little Bighorn rivers. As this was the likely location of native encampments, all army elements had been instructed to converge there around June 26 or 27 in an attempt to engulf the Native Americans. On June 22, Terry ordered the 7th Cavalry, composed of 31 officers and 566 enlisted men under Custer, to begin a reconnaissance in force and pursuit along the Rosebud, with the prerogative to \"depart\" from orders if Custer saw \"sufficient reason\". Custer had been offered the use of Gatling guns but declined, believing they would slow his command.[22]", "Sitting Bull. Custer's 7th Cavalry advance party attacked Cheyenne and Lakota tribes at their camp on the Little Big Horn River (known as the Greasy Grass River to the Lakota) on June 25, 1876. The U.S. Army did not realize how large the camp was. More than 2,000 Native American warriors had left their reservations to follow Sitting Bull. Inspired by a vision of Sitting Bull's, in which he saw U.S. soldiers being killed as they entered the tribe's camp, the Cheyenne and Lakota fought back. Custer's badly outnumbered troops lost ground quickly and were forced to retreat. The tribes led a counter-attack against the soldiers on a nearby ridge, ultimately annihilating them.[29]", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. Among the Plains Tribes, the long-standing ceremonial tradition known as the Sun Dance was the most important religious event of the year. It is a time for prayer and personal sacrifice on behalf of the community, as well as making personal vows. Towards the end of spring in 1876, the Lakota and the Cheyenne held a Sun Dance that was also attended by a number of \"Agency Indians\" who had slipped away from their reservations.[20] During a Sun Dance around June 5, 1876, on Rosebud Creek in Montana, Sitting Bull, the spiritual leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota, reportedly had a vision of \"soldiers falling into his camp like grasshoppers from the sky.\"[21] At the same time, U.S. military officials were conducting a summer campaign to force the Lakota and the Cheyenne back to their reservations, using infantry and cavalry in a so-called \"three-pronged approach\".[citation needed]", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. Evidence from the 1920s supports the theory that at least one of the companies made a feint attack southeast from Nye-Cartwright Ridge straight down the center of the \"V\" formed by the intersection at the crossing of Medicine Tail Coulee on the right and Calhoun Coulee on the left. The intent may have been to relieve pressure on Reno's detachment (according to the Crow scout Curley, possibly viewed by both Mitch Bouyer and Custer) by withdrawing the skirmish line into the timber on the edge of the Little Bighorn River. Had the U.S. troops come straight down Medicine Tail Coulee, their approach to the Minneconjou Crossing and the northern area of the village would have been masked by the high ridges running on the northwest side of the Little Bighorn River.", "Flight (novel). Next Zits is transported back to the day of the Battle of Little Big Horn. This historical battle marked one of the last of the Indian wars, and the one in which Native Americans inflicted the highest rate of casualties against United States forces. The armed engagement lasted from June 25–26 of 1876 and was an overwhelming victory for Lakota and Northern Cheyenne fighters led by Sitting Bull; General Custer led his men to utter defeat.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. The first group to attack was Major Reno's second detachment (Companies A, G and M) after receiving orders from Custer written out by Lt. William W. Cooke, as Custer's Crow scouts reported Sioux tribe members were alerting the village. Ordered to charge, Reno began that phase of the battle. The orders, made without accurate knowledge of the village's size, location, or the warriors' propensity to stand and fight, had been to pursue the Native Americans and \"bring them to battle.\" Reno's force crossed the Little Bighorn at the mouth of what is today Reno Creek around 3:00 pm on June 25. They immediately realized that the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne were present \"in force and not running away.\"", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. The Sioux and Cheyenne fighters were acutely aware of the danger posed by the military engagement of noncombatants and that \"even a semblance of an attack on the women and children\" would draw the warriors back to the village, according to historian John S. Gray.[42] Such was their concern that a \"feint\" by Capt. Yates' E and F Companies at the mouth of Medicine Tail Coulee (Minneconjou Ford) caused hundreds of warriors to disengage from the Reno valley fight and return to deal with the threat to the village.[42]", "Great Sioux War of 1876. Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer and the Seventh Cavalry were ordered out from the main Dakota Column to scout the Rosebud and Big Horn river valleys. On June 25, 1876, they encountered a large village on the west bank of the Little Bighorn. The US troops were seriously beaten in the Battle of the Little Bighorn and nearly 270 men were killed, including Custer. Custer split his forces just prior to the battle and his immediate command of five cavalry companies was annihilated without any survivors. Two days later, a combined force consisting of Colonel Gibbon's column, along with Terry's headquarters staff and the Dakota Column infantry, reached the area and rescued the US survivors of the Reno-Benteen fight. Gibbon then headed his forces to the east, chasing trails but unable to engage the Sioux and Cheyenne warriors in battle.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. Some authors and historians, based on archaeological evidence and reviews of native testimony, speculate that Custer attempted to cross the river at a point they refer to as Ford D. According to Richard A. Fox, James Donovan, and others, Custer proceeded with a wing of his battalion (Yates' Troops E and F) north and opposite the Cheyenne circle at that crossing,[36]:176–77 which provided \"access to the [women and children] fugitives.\"[36]:306 Yates's force \"posed an immediate threat to fugitive Indian families…\" gathering at the north end of the huge encampment;[36]:299 he then persisted in his efforts to \"seize women and children\" even as hundreds of warriors were massing around Keogh's wing on the bluffs.[43] Yates' wing, descending to the Little Bighorn River at Ford D, encountered \"light resistance\",[36]:297 undetected by the Indian forces ascending the bluffs east of the village.[36]:298 Custer was almost within \"striking distance of the refugees\" before being repulsed by Indian defenders and forced back to Custer Ridge.[44]", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. The site of the battle was first preserved as a United States national cemetery in 1879 to protect the graves of the 7th Cavalry troopers. In 1946, it was re-designated as the Custer Battlefield National Monument, reflecting its association with Custer. In 1967, Major Marcus Reno was re-interred in the cemetery with honors, including an eleven-gun salute. Beginning in the early 1970s, there was concern within the National Park Service over the name Custer Battlefield National Monument failing to adequately reflect the larger history of the battle between two cultures. Hearings on the name change were held in Billings on June 10, 1991, and during the following months Congress renamed the site the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. Archaeological evidence and reassessment of Indian testimony has led to a new interpretation of the battle. In the 1920s, battlefield investigators discovered hundreds of .45–55 shell cases along the ridge line known today as Nye-Cartwright Ridge, between South Medicine Tail Coulee and the next drainage at North Medicine Tail (also known as Deep Coulee). Some historians believe Custer divided his detachment into two (and possibly three) battalions, retaining personal command of one while presumably delegating Captain George W. Yates to command the second.", "Burying the hatchet. Exactly 50 years after the Battle of Little Bighorn, White Bull, a Sioux Indian Chief, and General Edward Settle Godfrey buried the hatchet in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Garryowen, Montana. It was near this site that Custer divided his forces and began his attack against the Sioux, Arapahoe and Cheyenne that were camped within the Valley of the Little Bighorn.[2]", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. United States Army, Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer, 7th United States Cavalry Regiment, Commanding.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. Beginning in July, the 7th Cavalry was assigned new officers[105][note 5] and recruiting efforts began to fill the depleted ranks. The regiment, reorganized into eight companies, remained in the field as part of the Terry Expedition, now based on the Yellowstone River at the mouth of the Bighorn and reinforced by Gibbon's column. On August 8, 1876, after Terry was further reinforced with the 5th Infantry, the expedition moved up Rosebud Creek in pursuit of the Lakota. It met with Crook's command, similarly reinforced, and the combined force, almost 4,000 strong, followed the Lakota trail northeast toward the Little Missouri River. Persistent rain and lack of supplies forced the column to dissolve and return to its varying starting points. The 7th Cavalry returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reconstitute.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. Two hundred or more Lakota and Cheyenne combatants are known to have been armed with Henry, Winchester, or similar lever-action repeating rifles at the battle.[162][172] Virtually every trooper in the 7th Cavalry fought with the single-shot, breech-loading Springfield carbine and the Colt revolver.[173]", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. Having isolated Reno's force and driven them away from the encampment, the bulk of the native warriors were free to pursue Custer. The route taken by Custer to his \"Last Stand\" remains a subject of debate. One possibility is that after ordering Reno to charge, Custer continued down Reno Creek to within about a half mile (800 m) of the Little Bighorn, but then turned north and climbed up the bluffs, reaching the same spot to which Reno would soon retreat. From this point on the other side of the river, he could see Reno charging the village. Riding north along the bluffs, Custer could have descended into Medicine Tail Coulee. Some historians believe that part of Custer's force descended the coulee, going west to the river and attempting unsuccessfully to cross into the village. According to some accounts, a small contingent of Indian sharpshooters opposed this crossing.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. The Battle of the Little Bighorn had far-reaching consequences for the Indians. It was the beginning of the end of the Indian Wars and has even been referred to as \"the Indians' last stand\"[88] in the area. Within 48 hours of the battle, the large encampment on the Little Bighorn broke up into smaller groups because there was not enough game and grass to sustain a large congregation of people and horses.[89]", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. The 7th Cavalry had been created just after the American Civil War. Many men were veterans of the war, including most of the leading officers. A significant portion of the regiment had previously served four-and-a-half years at Fort Riley, Kansas, during which time it fought one major engagement and numerous skirmishes, experiencing casualties of 36 killed and 27 wounded. Six other troopers had died of drowning and 51 from cholera epidemics. In November 1868, while stationed in Kansas, the 7th Cavalry under Custer had successfully routed Black Kettle's Southern Cheyenne camp on the Washita River in the Battle of Washita River, an attack which was at the time labeled a \"massacre of innocent Indians\" by the Indian Bureau. (Need citation)", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. Reno advanced rapidly across the open field towards the northwest, his movements masked by the thick bramble of trees that ran along the southern banks of the Little Bighorn River. The same trees on his front right shielded his movements across the wide field over which his men rapidly rode, first with two approximately forty-man companies abreast and eventually with all three charging abreast. The trees also obscured Reno's view of the Native American village until his force had passed that bend on his right front and was suddenly within arrow-shot of the village. The tepees in that area were occupied by the Hunkpapa Sioux. Neither Custer nor Reno had much idea of the length, depth and size of the encampment they were attacking, as the village was hidden by the trees.[citation needed] When Reno came into the open in front of the south end of the village, he sent his Arikara/Ree and Crow Indian scouts forward on his exposed left flank.[48] Realizing the full extent of the village's width, Reno quickly suspected what he would later call \"a trap\" and stopped a few hundred yards short of the encampment.", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. By the time of the Little Bighorn, half of the 7th Cavalry's companies had just returned from 18 months of constabulary duty in the Deep South, having been recalled to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reassemble the regiment for the campaign. About 20 percent of the troopers had been enlisted in the prior seven months (139 of an enlisted roll of 718), were only marginally trained, and had no combat or frontier experience. A sizable number of these recruits were immigrants from Ireland, England and Germany, just as many of the veteran troopers had been before their enlistments. Archaeological evidence suggests that many of these troopers were malnourished and in poor physical condition, despite being the best-equipped and supplied regiment in the Army.[24][25]", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. In the latter half of the 19th century, tensions increased between the Native inhabitants of the Great Plains of the United States and encroaching settlers. This resulted in a series of conflicts known as the Sioux Wars, which took place between 1854 and 1890. While some of the Indigenous peoples eventually agreed to relocate to ever-shrinking reservations, a number of them resisted, at times fiercely.[17]", "Battle of the Little Bighorn. A Brulé Sioux warrior stated: \"In fact, Hollow Horn Bear believed that the troops were in good order at the start of the fight, and kept their organization even while moving from point to point.\"[72] Red Horse, an Oglala Sioux warrior, commented: \"Here [Last Stand Hill] the soldiers made a desperate fight.\"[73] One Hunkpapa Sioux warrior, Moving Robe, noted that \"It was a hotly contested battle\",[74] while another, Iron Hawk, stated: \"The Indians pressed and crowded right in around Custer Hill. But the soldiers weren't ready to die. We stood there a long time.\"[75] In a letter from February 21, 1910, Private William Taylor, Company M, 7th Cavalry, wrote: \"Reno proved incompetent and Benteen showed his indifference – I will not use the uglier words that have often been in my mind. Both failed Custer and he had to fight it out alone.\"[76]" ]

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[ "Debra Jo Rupp. She appeared in several episodes of Friends as Alice Knight, a home economics teacher who fell in love with and married Phoebe Buffay's (Lisa Kudrow) much younger half-brother, Frank Jr. (Giovanni Ribisi). (Rupp had previously appeared with Kudrow in the 1997 independent film Clockwatchers.)[1]", "Phoebe Buffay. In the pilot episode, Phoebe is introduced as one of the five original friends, including neighbors Joey (Matt LeBlanc) and Chandler (Matthew Perry), former roommate Monica (Courteney Cox), and Monica's brother, Ross (David Schwimmer). She is a musician at their typical meeting place, Central Perk, where she plays guitar and sings self-written songs. During the first season, she has a myriad of boyfriends, including Tony,[1] a physicist named David, played by Hank Azaria,[2] and a psychologist named Roger, played by Fisher Stevens.[3] Phoebe's twin sister, Ursula Buffay, a character originally created for and appearing in the American sitcom Mad About You as a waitress, is also introduced in the first season, in \"The One With Two Parts\". Ursula is also portrayed by Kudrow. Phoebe works as a temporary secretary for Chandler for a brief period of time in \"The One With The Ick Factor\". It is revealed that Phoebe's believed mother, Lily Buffay, committed suicide when Phoebe was about 14, by means of carbon monoxide poisoning.", "Monica Geller. A hardworking [3][4] Monica is introduced in the pilot as one of five close-knit friends who live in New York City, including her older brother Ross (David Schwimmer), neighbors Joey (Matt Leblanc) and Chandler (Matthew Perry), and former roommate Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow).[5] When her privileged, inexperienced childhood best friend Rachel (Jennifer Aniston), with whom she had long lost contact, suddenly arrives in her neighborhood unannounced as a runaway bride after abandoning her own wedding, Monica allows her to move in with her while she attempts to reorganize her life, and the two reconnect.", "Phoebe Buffay. Phoebe Buffay-Hannigan is a fictional character, portrayed by Lisa Kudrow, one of the six main characters from the American sitcom Friends, created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman. She appeared in each of the show's 236 episodes, from its premiere on September 24, 1994 to its finale on May 6, 2004. A masseuse and musician, notable for her offbeat and sometimes ditzy behavior. She was Monica's roommate before Rachel. She plays guitar and sings at Central Perk. During the show's ninth season, Phoebe is introduced to Mike Hannigan, played by actor Paul Rudd, by Joey, and the two begin a romantic relationship. The two later get engaged, then married. She is the daughter of Frank Buffay and Lily Buffay and her birth-mother's name was Phoebe Abbott. She has a twin sister named Ursula Buffay. She can speak several languages, including French and Italian.", "List of Friends characters. Phoebe Buffay-Hannigan (Lisa Kudrow) is an odd, ditzy albeit sweet-natured masseuse who grew up homeless, sometimes telling her friends outlandish tales of life on the street. She is an aspiring musician who plays the guitar and sings songs with somewhat unusual lyrics at the coffee shop. She has an identical twin sister, Ursula (also played by Kudrow), who is just as odd as Phoebe and appeared as a recurring character on Mad About You. After a series of dates and relationships with a number of men, Phoebe meets Mike Hannigan (Paul Rudd) in season nine, whom she eventually marries in season ten. She also became a surrogate mother for her half-brother Frank Jr. (Giovanni Ribisi), giving birth to his triplets in the fifth season.", "Phoebe Buffay. Very in tune with her emotions and those of others, Phoebe sometimes serves as a rock to her friends. She especially shows a great deal of maternal instinct towards her younger brother Frank, despite the latter's lack of intelligence.", "List of Friends characters. Frank Buffay Jr. (Giovanni Ribisi): Phoebe's half-brother by their father. In \"The One with the Bullies\",[e 73] Phoebe meets him after finding the courage to knock on her father's suburban door, but learns from Frank Jr.'s mother (played by Laraine Newman) that her father walked out several years ago. Despite not finding her father, she connects with Frank Jr. who later visits the city[e 74] where he hits on Jasmine, one of Phoebe's coworkers, and mistakes her massage parlor for a whorehouse. He eventually falls in love with and becomes engaged to Alice Knight (Debra Jo Rupp), his old home economics teacher who is 26 years his senior.[e 75] In \"The One With Phoebe's Uterus\",[e 76] Frank and Alice ask Phoebe to be a surrogate mother for their child, and she later gives birth to their triplets, whom she then says goodbye to in an emotional scene in \"The One Hundredth\". [e 77] Frank makes a final appearance in \"The One Where Ross is Fine\",[e 78] when he and the triplets meet Phoebe at Central Perk. In the episode, he claims he \"hasn't slept in four years\" and is so exhausted with raising the triplets he even proposed that Phoebe take one for her own. However, he soon realizes he loves his children too much to give any of them up, after which Phoebe proposes to start babysitting them, so that Frank and Alice can enjoy some more time off.", "Bailee Madison. Madison is seen in a featured supporting role in the 2009 film Brothers as Isabelle Cahill, the older daughter of Captain Sam Cahill (Tobey Maguire) and Grace Cahill (Natalie Portman). For her portrayal in the movie, she was nominated for both a Saturn Award and a BFCA Critics' Choice Award. In 2010, Madison was in the movie Letters to God, where she portrayed Samantha Perryfield, best friend of the lead character who is fighting cancer.[citation needed]", "Phoebe Forrester. After being played by a range of child actors, Brynne McNabb began portraying Phoebe in January 2002, and departed in August 2003. Chandler Mella took over from January to March 2004, followed by Keaton Tyndall from April to December 2004. Addison Hoover played the role from April to September 2005. Phoebe has been aged multiple times; first in January 2002, when she was aged to 6. In 2004, she was aged to pre-teen, and by 2006 was nearly 20 years old.[2] Mauzy relocated to Los Angeles to be on The Bold and the Beautiful.[3] In May 2008, Steffy, who had been out of town since December 2006 was re-cast with Jacqueline MacInnes Wood; the character was re-written as fraternal twins.[4] On July 3, 2008, it was announced that Mauzy was now on a recurring status, as the actress had been cast in the Broadway production of A Tale of Two Cities.[5][6]", "Phoebe Buffay. Kathy Griffin, Jane Lynch, and Megan Mullally all auditioned for the role of Phoebe. Lisa Kudrow won the role because the producers liked her recurring role as Ursula, the waitress in Mad About You.[8][9] The characters were connected to make them twin sisters. The producers said they liked the elements of Lisa in Ursula, but they needed Phoebe to be a lot more humorous.", "Phoebe Forrester. Phoebe Forrester is a fictional character from the CBS Daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful. The first actress to play the character on a contract basis was Addison Hoover, who joined the show in April 2005 and left just months later. From July 11, 2006 to 2008, Phoebe was played by MacKenzie Mauzy. The character was killed off in 2008.\nPhoebe Forrester and her twin sister, Steffy (Jacqueline MacInnes Wood), were born in September 1999 to Ridge Forrester (Ronn Moss) and Taylor Hayes (Hunter Tylo). As a result of constant SORASing, Phoebe was seventeen by 2006.", "Phoebe Halliwell. Phoebe was originally portrayed as the \"free-spirited\", \"carefree\", and most rebellious sister. However, Phoebe's progression as a witch helps her become more responsible and grow as a person. She later becomes the middle sister after Prue dies and the series introduces their younger half-sister Paige Matthews (Rose McGowan). This results in Phoebe often playing mediator between Piper and Paige, much like Piper used to be for her and Prue. Phoebe's various romantic relationships have been central to most of her storylines. Her longest on-screen relationship is with half-demon Cole Turner (Julian McMahon); they have a turbulent marriage in the fourth season, and in the fifth, following their divorce, she is compelled to vanquish him. In subsequent seasons, Phoebe has romantic relationships with her boss Jason Dean (Eric Dane), fellow employee Leslie St. Claire (Nick Lachey), and artist Dex Lawson (Jason Lewis). In the eighth and final season, she marries a cupid named Coop (Victor Webster).", "Phoebe Forrester. Phoebe and her twin, Steffy, were born onscreen on September 21, 1999, to Ridge Forrester (Ron Moss) and Dr. Taylor Forrester (Hunter Tylo). Taylor nearly died giving birth to them after suffering from tuberculosis. Steffy was named after her grandmother, Stephanie Forrester (Susan Flannery). In February 2001, Ridge and Taylor took the twins and Thomas to Saint Thomas, where they renewed their wedding vows. The family, along with the babysitter Catherine, then took a boat trip, and two-year-old Steffy fell overboard during stormy weather and was presumed eaten by sharks. However, Steffy turned up weeks later at Morgan DeWitt's house. Morgan, an old flame of Ridge's who desperately wanted to have his child, had kidnapped her and was holding her captive. Taylor grew suspicious of Morgan and was shocked to discover Steffy in her house. As Taylor was about to take her daughter home, Morgan returned and held them both captive. Ridge eventually saved his wife and child by driving his car through Morgan's house as she was about to shoot Taylor. Morgan was eventually committed to a psychiatric institution. Family problems continued to spiral when Taylor was presumed dead after being shot by Sheila Carter (Kimberlin Brown), Steffy and her siblings wanted Bridget Forrester to live with them and raise them. Instead, Ridge married Brooke Logan a woman he had been involved with and engaged to prior to meeting Taylor. A new addition, R.J Forrester was added to their family when Brooke and Ridge had their first child together before Ridge and Brooke married. Years later, Taylor was revealed to be alive and Ridge and Taylor renewed vows. The following year, they split up due to Taylor revealing the truth about her sleeping with a man named James in 1993. Phoebe believed that her older brother Thomas' (Drew Tyler Bell) relationship with illegal immigrant Gaby Moreno (Shanelle Workman) was what divided Ridge and Taylor, and informed Taylor that the two had sex, knowing that this would cause Taylor to have Gaby deported. Taylor did call the immigration department, but was unsuccessful in convincing them to deport Gaby. After Taylor's second death from a gunshot wound, Brooke and Ridge married and she moved in with the family. Later Phoebe and Steffy chose to go to boarding school to gain more of their own independence.", "Joey Tribbiani. Phoebe also sets up Joey with many of her friends. On a double date, Joey sets her up with a stranger, Mike (Paul Rudd), whom she eventually marries.", "Monica Geller. Cox was 30 years old at the time she was cast, making her the show's second oldest main cast member,[2] and was 39 by the beginning of Friends' final season.[64] Additionally, this distinction makes Cox older than her on-screen brother, actor David Schwimmer, who portrays her older brother Ross,[22] who is one year her senior.[65] The actress would deliver Monica's lines emphatically.[66] Although each character is depicted as an avid coffee drinker, spending much of their free time in a coffee house, Cox herself does not drink coffee, and was only pretending to drink it out of mugs on the show.[67] Kauffman believes that Cox's own cleanliness closely resembles her character's; at times the actress would clean her co-stars' dressing rooms.[59] Cox also shares the character's motherly nature.[68] The actress enjoyed portraying Monica she was able to \"bring more of my own personality to her, and I've never really been able to do that before.\"[59] Starpulse.com observed that \"As Monica, Cox never quite enjoyed the sort of watercooler storylines that co-star ... Jennifer Aniston had with David Schwimmer as the on-again, off-again Rachel and Ross.\"[69] At one point, Cox had begun to regret her decision to accept the role of Monica over Rachel due to the character's lack of strong storylines; she eventually relented once Monica and Chandler became romantically involved, thus her character's storylines gradually began to improve.[54]", "Anita Barone. Barone appeared in the fourth-season Seinfeld episode \"The Shoes\" as Gail Cunningham, a chef who wanted Elaine Benes' shoes. In the early 1990s, she was a regular cast member of Carol & Company with actress Carol Burnett. Barone also played Carol Willick, Ross Geller's ex-wife, in the character's first appearance in Friends. She left the show as she wanted to pursue a more full-time role; she was replaced by Jane Sibbett. She starred on The Jeff Foxworthy Show for the first season (1995–1996) and in The War at Home[3] from 2005 to 2007. In 2000, Barone also co-starred in the sitcom Daddio.[4]", "The One with All the Thanksgivings. \"The One with All the Thanksgivings\" (also known as \"The One with the Thanksgiving Flashbacks\"[2]) is the eighth episode of the fifth season of Friends. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on November 19, 1998. In the episode, the main characters spend Thanksgiving at Monica's (Courteney Cox) apartment and begin telling stories about their worst Thanksgivings: Chandler (Matthew Perry) learning of his parents' divorce, Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) losing arms in past lives and Joey (Matt LeBlanc) having his head stuck in a turkey. Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) reveals Monica's worst Thanksgiving—accidentally cutting off Chandler's toe after he called her \"fat\" in their first encounter. When Monica begs Chandler to forgive her, he accidentally reveals that he loves her.", "Chandler Bing. Chandler's best friend is Ross Geller (David Schwimmer), who was his college roommate. He and Ross were in a band named Way/No Way during college. He met Ross's sister, Monica Geller (Courteney Cox), and her friend, Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston), while celebrating Thanksgiving at Ross's House. Chandler was the first person to know about Ross's love for Rachel. He moved to New York City and lives across the hall from Monica and, through her, meets Phoebe Buffay (Lisa Kudrow). At some point during this time, Joey Tribbiani (Matt LeBlanc) moves in with him and they become best friends. Chandler has a very good sense of humor, and is notoriously sarcastic. He is the highest earning member of his friends circle on account of responsible income management, having learned the value of money from a young age. He suffers from commitment issues, but later marries Monica.", "Phoebe Forrester. On July 11, 2006, Phoebe returned to Los Angeles to see her family, and explained that Steffy had opted to stay in London, where they were on vacation. As she was driving home one night she got a flat tire. Her aunt, Darla (Schae Harrison), arrived to help her fix it. While strenuously pulling, Darla was jolted back onto the road and run down by a drunken Taylor who was coming to Phoebe's rescue. This resulted in Darla's death. Phoebe, Hector Ramirez (Lorenzo Lamas), and Phoebe's grandmother Stephanie (Susan Flannery) all conspired to keep Taylor's part in Darla's death a secret. Phoebe being the emotional twin, feared losing her mother again and begged for her mother to remain silent which Taylor gladly went along with. Phoebe had taken a liking to gardener Shane McGrath (Dax Griffin), who was a witness to Darla's accident. However, there has been a growing attraction between Phoebe and Rick (Kyle Lowder) since his return from Europe. It has been explained that Phoebe and Rick are technically not related, as Phoebe's father Ridge is the son of Massimo Marone not Eric Forrester while Rick's father is Eric Forrester. The Forresters are strongly opposed to the growing relationship between Rick and Phoebe.", "Phoebe Buffay. During the second season, it is revealed that Phoebe was married to a Canadian ice dancer, Duncan Sullivan, who was posing as gay, in order to allow him to get a green card, for six years. The two agree to get a divorce after he comes to the realization that he is, in fact, heterosexual, and wants to get married to another woman, in \"The One With Phoebe's Husband\". Phoebe is also temporarily replaced as the primary singer for Central Perk by a professional singer named Stephanie Schiffer, played by singer Chrissie Hynde.[4] Phoebe's song \"Smelly Cat\" is introduced in the same episode. \"Smelly Cat\" is discovered by a record company, and Phoebe stars in a fictional music video for the track, in which her voice is dubbed over by another singer.[5]", "List of Friends characters. Ursula Pamela Buffay (Lisa Kudrow): Phoebe's identical twin. Kudrow originated the role of Ursula in the sitcom Mad About You, playing her as an inept waitress at Riff's who frequently forgets orders.[m 1] Ursula is every bit as odd as Phoebe is, but, unlike her sister, Ursula is a selfish, amoral, abrasive, brazen and hedonistic individual who is so self-absorbed and self-centered that she often forgets things, usually treats Phoebe with disdain and is not liked by anyone who truly knows her. Phoebe refers to Ursula as her \"evil twin.\" She first appears in Friends in \"The One with Two Parts\":[e 31] Chandler and Joey are eating at Riff's and mistake Ursula for Phoebe. Joey becomes attracted to Ursula and they start dating. Ursula tells Phoebe that she is bored with Joey and sarcastically claims that he is smart enough to figure this out on his own without her having to actually tell him (implying his stupidity irritated her, hence her naturally nasty reaction), so Phoebe pretends to be her sister to let Joey down gently. In the same episode, Helen Hunt and Leila Kenzle cameo as their Mad About You characters Jamie Buchman and Fran Devanow, in a scene where they mistake Phoebe for Ursula in Central Perk. Ursula next appears briefly in \"The One with the Jam\",[e 47] where she is being stalked by a man (David Arquette) who mistakes Phoebe for her. Phoebe naively begins a relationship with the man in question, but ends it with him when he cannot get over his obsession with Ursula. In \"The One with the Jellyfish\"[e 48] Phoebe tells Ursula that she has met their birth mother (Teri Garr), but Ursula already knows about her. In \"The One Where Chandler Can't Cry\",[e 49] Phoebe starts getting unwanted attention from men, and discovers that Ursula is starring in pornographic films using Phoebe's name, including a film called \"Buffay The Vampire Layer\". Phoebe gets revenge by claiming Ursula's cheques and embarrassing her many male fans. Flashbacks in \"The One Where They All Turn Thirty\"[e 50] reveal that Ursula sold Phoebe's birth certificate to a Swedish runaway, and that both sisters are 31, not 30. In \"The One with the Halloween Party\",[e 51] Ursula introduces Phoebe to Eric (Sean Penn), her fiancé. Phoebe is horrified that Ursula has told Eric that she is a teacher, a member of the Peace Corps, a non-smoker, and attends a church group (all lies). The series finale of Mad About You, set 22 years into the future, reveals that after a successful porn career, Ursula becomes Governor of New York.[m 2]", "List of Friends characters. Monica E. Geller-Bing (Courteney Cox) is the mother hen of the group,[18] who is known for her obsessive-compulsive and competitive nature.[19][20] Monica is often jokingly teased by the others, especially her brother Ross, for having been extremely overweight as a child.", "The One with the Embryos. \"The One with the Embryos\" is the twelfth episode of Friends' fourth season. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on January 15, 1998. In the episode, Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) agrees to be the surrogate mother for her brother Frank Jr. (Giovanni Ribisi) and his older wife Alice Knight (Debra Jo Rupp). Meanwhile, a display by Chandler (Matthew Perry) and Joey (Matt LeBlanc) of how well they know Monica (Courteney Cox) and Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) by guessing the items in their shopping bag leads to a large-scale bet on a quiz, for which Ross (David Schwimmer) acts as the gamemaster.", "Phoebe Forrester. Phoebe had a major romance with Rick Forrester (Kyle Lowder), her legal uncle, although they are not blood related. At the time of the storyline, Mauzy was just 18 years old. Lowder stated that she was \"so mature for her age\", and that off-screen the actors did not feel \"awkward\" as they formed a bond which translated well on-screen.[7] Prior to Rick, Phoebe had a brief attraction to Shane McGrath (Dax Griffin). Mauzy observed that the writers initially had Phoebe \"so creeped out by him, but now, she's turning around and falling in love with him\", a switch she called \"fun\" and \"a challenge to figure out\" as an actor.[8]", "Virginia Patton. While a student the University of Southern California, Patton began to audition for acting parts. She collaborated in plays with screenwriter William C. deMille while in college.[6] She had several insignificant film appearances before being cast in Capra's It's a Wonderful Life (1946) as Ruth Dakin Bailey, the wife of George Bailey's younger brother Harry.", "Nick Tilsley. Nick is the first-born child of Brian (Christopher Quinten) and Gail Tilsley (Helen Worth). He is the older brother of Sarah (Tina O'Brien) and older half brother of David Platt (Jack P. Shepherd) as well as the uncle of Bethany (Lucy Fallon), and Lily Platt (Brooke Malonie) and the grandson of Audrey Roberts (Sue Nicholls) and Ivy Tilsley (Lynne Perrie).", "Phoebe Halliwell. Phoebe Halliwell is a fictional character from the American television series Charmed, played by Alyssa Milano from October 7, 1998 until May 21, 2006. The character was originally played by Lori Rom in the unaired pilot episode. However, Rom quit the series, and a new pilot was filmed with Milano in the role of Phoebe. The character was created by Constance M. Burge and is based on Burge herself. Phoebe is introduced into Charmed as the youngest sister to Prue (Shannen Doherty) and Piper Halliwell (Holly Marie Combs). She is one of the original featured leads and, more specifically, a Charmed One – one of the most powerful witches of all time. Phoebe initially possesses the power of premonition, which enables her to see into the future and the past. To make up for initially only having a passive power, Phoebe develops martial arts skills in order to better assist her sisters when they fight evil beings. As the series progresses, she also gains the active powers of levitation and empathy.", "Phoebe Halliwell. Phoebe enters the series as the youngest Halliwell sister. She was first portrayed by Lori Rom in the unaired pilot, which the role was later given and portrayed by Alyssa Milano in all of the show's aired 178 episodes. At the start of season one (1998–99), six months have passed since the death of her Grams, Penny Halliwell (Jennifer Rhodes). A jobless Phoebe returns from New York City and moves back into her family's Victorian Manor with her two sisters Prue (Shannen Doherty) and Piper (Holly Marie Combs).[4] On the night of Phoebe's return, she finds a book called the Book of Shadows within the Manor's attic.[4] After Phoebe unknowingly recites aloud what turns out to be an incantation from the book, the three sisters each receive a magical power and discover their destiny as The Charmed Ones – the most powerful good witches the world has ever known.[4] Phoebe obtains the power to \"see the future\" which contrasts with her known reckless persona. Because of her free-spirited nature, Phoebe often brings conflict into the Halliwell Manor, more often with Prue during the first season — this is especially in regards to their witchcraft. Initially drawn apart due to Prue's speculation of Phoebe being the cause of her failed engagement to Roger (Matthew Ashford),[4] the two sisters mend their relationship over the course of the season.", "List of Friends characters. Phoebe Abbott (Teri Garr): Phoebe's birth mother. Phoebe tracks her down in \"The One at the Beach\", believing her to be a friend of Lily's. She reveals her parentage at the end of the episode and makes amends with Phoebe in \"The One with the Jellyfish\". Later, when Phoebe wants to be a surrogate mother for Frank and Alice's child,[e 76] she lends Phoebe her puppy to demonstrate how difficult it is to give up children after carrying them.", "Mad About You. Friends (owned by Warner Bros. Television): Lisa Kudrow played the recurring role of Ursula, a flaky waitress at Riff's Bar, a local restaurant that Paul and Jamie frequented. Kudrow went on to star in the NBC sitcom Friends, playing the also somewhat flaky character of Phoebe Buffay, and for a time both series shared the same Thursday night line-up. While not originally intended, the characters of Ursula and Phoebe were later found to be identical twin sisters. In a Friends episode (\"The One With The Two Parts\", 1st Season), as part of a night of NBC sitcom crossovers, Jamie and Fran walk into Central Perk and mistake Phoebe for Ursula. Hunt and Kenzle were not identified on screen as Jamie and Fran. In the season three episode \"Pandora's Box\", Jamie causes a citywide power blackout in New York City, and the effects of the blackout are seen in the Friends episode, \"The One with the Blackout\", and there was also a blackout in the episode \"Birthday in the Big House\" of the short-lived NBC sitcom Madman of the People, which leaves open the possibility that the characters from this program may also exist in the same universe as the characters of Mad About You. All three episodes originally aired during the evening of November 3, 1994, alongside a Seinfeld episode which did not incorporate the blackout premise.", "Phoebe Buffay. Phoebe occasionally uses the alter ego Regina Phalange. The first reference to Regina Phalange is during season 5 following Ross saying \"Rachel\" instead of \"Emily\" at his wedding. She pretends to be \"Doctor Phalange\", Ross' brain doctor, claiming that names are interchangeable in his mind. When the friends go to Vegas, Phoebe introduces herself to the blackjack dealer as Regina Phalange. When Phoebe, Rachel, and Melissa go out to lunch (The One with Rachel's Big Kiss), and Melissa asks if she was in a sorority, she pretends to be a member of \"Thigh Mega Tampon\", a fictional sorority that was allegedly shut down when Regina Phalange died of alcohol poisoning. She also used her fake name to show Chandler and Monica how easily people lie about their names and to help Chandler with his interviewing skills in season 8 episode 4, when Joey says, \"Hi, I'm Ken Adams\" she replies, \"Regina Phalange\". In the season 10 episode \"The One Where Joey Speaks French\", Phoebe attempts to spare Joey from humiliation by introducing herself as \"Régine Philangè\" and stating that Joey is speaking an obscure regional dialect from her \"hometown\" of \"Estée Lauder\". She immediately switches to French and claims that Joey is her younger brother who is \"un peu retardé\" (a little retarded), and requesting that the casting director humor Joey's French-speaking abilities. The last reference is in the series finale when Phoebe successfully stalls Rachel's plane to Paris by saying there is a problem with the \"left phalange\", causing everyone on the plane to evacuate. The passengers are eventually convinced to return to the plane. When a woman skeptically asks an airport employee if \"the phalange\" was fixed, he replies, \"Yes, the phalange is fixed! As a matter of fact, we put a whole lot of extra phalanges onboard, just in case!\"", "Charmed. Former Beverly Hills, 90210 actress Shannen Doherty was cast as the eldest sister Prue Halliwell, while her best friend and former Picket Fences actress Holly Marie Combs played the role of the middle sister Piper Halliwell.[13] Lori Rom was originally cast as the youngest sister Phoebe Halliwell in the 28-minute unaired pilot episode.[13] However, Rom quit the series, and a new pilot was filmed with former Who's the Boss actress Alyssa Milano in the role of Phoebe.[13] Doherty departed Charmed at the end of the third season and was replaced in the fourth season by film actress Rose McGowan, who played the long-lost younger half-sister Paige Matthews.[14]" ]

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[ "Natalie Buchanan. When Natalie arrives in Llanview she reveals that she is the biological daughter of Victoria \"Viki\" Lord (Erika Slezak).[4] Natalie's bad behavior on-screen transformed her into a \"love-to-hate\" character with viewers.[5] But some viewers told Archer that they wanted Natalie's boyfriend Seth Anderson (Brandon Routh) to leave her and form a relationship with her sister, Jessica.[5]", "Alysia Reiner. Alysia Reiner (born July 21, 1970) is an American actress and producer.[1] Reiner is best known for playing Natalie \"Fig\" Figueroa in the Netflix comedy drama series, Orange Is the New Black (2013–present) for which she won a Screen Actors Guild Award for her role as part of the ensemble cast.", "Alysia Reiner. On television, Reiner has appeared on over 50 different show as series regular, guest star or in recurring roles, including Natalie Figueroa in the Netflix comedy drama series, Orange Is the New Black.[3][4][5] In 2014 she joined the cast of ABC legal drama series, How to Get Away with Murder produced by Shonda Rhimes, in a recurring role of D.A. Wendy Parks, a prosecutor who goes up against Viola Davis' character.[6]", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters. Natalie \"Fig\" Figueroa (played by Alysia Reiner) – The former corrupt executive assistant to the warden. Figueroa claims to be a women's advocate for the prisoners, but is generally unconcerned with them and refuses to get involved in their problems. Arrogant and condescending, she puts on a tough facade to disguise her own insecurities and somewhat fragile personality. Sometimes, she shows odd displays of humanity and sensitivity, usually when the rest of the prison staff are being insufferable. Figueroa tries to avoid any scandals or media attention about goings-on at the prison, and her desire to cover up incidents allows Mendez to get away with his schemes, although it later works in favor of the inmates. She is revealed to have been embezzling funds from the prison's budget for her husband's state senate campaign, a secret which is in danger of being exposed due to the publicity the prison is getting from Larry's articles and radio interview. She spends the second season a step ahead of Larry and a reporter's hunt, focusing on her husband's campaign to become state senator and on getting pregnant. She is shown to be particularly uncaring during the second season, brought on by the stress of keeping the embezzlement under wraps, and her marriage is generally loveless and lacking physical affection. She is devastated and heartbroken when she sees her husband kissing his male campaign manager, and she is taken completely by surprise that her husband is a closet homosexual. Shortly after, Caputo confronts her with evidence of her embezzlement. She performs oral sex on him in an attempt to buy his silence, only to find out afterward that Caputo has already given copies of the evidence to the warden. Figueroa manages to avoid being fired or charged, resigning with a commendation for her services by the warden because he didn't want a scandal from the embezzlement and didn't want to make a political enemy of her husband. During the third season, she helps Caputo by giving him information on a private contractor that would take over the prison when it is being threatened with being closed down. She also begins an affair with him. Near the end of the fourth season, she speaks to Caputo, and ends up letting him know that MCC is planning to put even more inmates into the prison after building a new facility to house them. Fig also appears at length as a negotiator for MCC during the riot at Litchfield, where she often is out-matched on facts by Taystee and has a frosty reunion with Caputo. While she is receptive to most of the prisoners' demands, she ends any possibility of making a deal when she hears that CO Humphrey is dead (ironically, Humps wasn't actually dead at this point, but he died not long afterwards as a result of an inmate-caused stroke).", "Natalie Hall. In 2013, she was cast as Taylor in the CW series Star-Crossed.[9] Hall described her character as the \"Queen Bee with a big heart\" and a risk-taker in love.[10] Hall played Britney in the series revival of Lifetime comedy-drama Drop Dead Diva originally for two episodes however came back for another episode.[11] Hall joined the cast of HBO's True Blood for its final season, appearing as resident villain Sarah Newlin's (Anna Camp) newly turned vampire sister, Amber Mills, for three episodes.[12] She appeared on the cover of the Canadian fashion magazine Fave.[12]", "Natalie Buchanan. Natalie is encouraged by Max Holden to enter the Vegas Pool Tournament circuit. After agreeing, she meets the man who will change her life forever.", "Natalie Buchanan. Archer originally auditioned for the role of Jennifer Rappaport, which Jessica Morris went on to secure. Archer then auditioned for the role of Natalie. On the day of her audition, Archer over-slept and turned up late. The casting department failed to notice this due to the amount of people auditioning.[1] In 2005, it was reported that Archer had quit the role, but ABC announced that she had signed a new contract with the show.[2]", "Orange Is the New Black. Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series.[2] Abigail Savage, who plays Gina, and Alysia Reiner, who plays Fig, had auditioned for role of Alex Vause.[9][15] Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman,[16] however Kohan felt she would not worry about her [in prison], noting a \"toughness and a presence to her that wasn’t right for the character.\" Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex.[9] Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols, but she was not considered \"tough enough\" for the character;[17] she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead.[18] Likability was important for Morello, whom casting director Jen Euston deemed \"a very helpful, nice, sweet Italian girl.\"[18] Laverne Cox, a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women-in-prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role.[19] Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex, but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols; \"[Kohan knew] she could do Nicky with her eyes closed. She was perfect,\" said Euston.[18] Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren.[18][20] Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany \"Pennsatucky\" Doggett.[18] This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host, but he declined. The role instead went to Robert Stanton, who plays the fictional host Maury Kind.[21]", "Natalie Martinez. Martinez is perhaps best known for her role as Michelle Miller on MyNetworkTV telenovela, Fashion House. She was cast as a major character in Chuck, and appears in first-season promotional pictures of the cast. However, her character was cut before the series aired.[4] She starred in the 2008 film Death Race. From 2010 to 2011, Martinez also starred in the television crime drama Detroit 1-8-7 as Detective Ariana Sanchez, which was canceled after one season. From 2012 to 2013, she starred in the American television crime drama CSI: NY as Detective Jamie Lovato.", "Natalie Alyn Lind. Natalie Alyn Lind (born 1999/2000) is an American actress. She is known for her television series appearances, such as her recurring roles as Dana Caldwell in The Goldbergs and Silver St. Cloud in Gotham,[2] and for her starring role as Lauren Strucker in Fox's The Gifted.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by Stephanie Nogueras, Natalie is a deaf student at Carlton who dislikes the idea of the pilot program due to the amount of funding having been cut from multiple programs at Carlton to fund the pilot program. As such, Natalie and some of her friends torment the hearing students, particularly Bay. When Bay and Natalie's rivalry appears to get out of hand, Melody hosts a mandatory retreat in the woods in order to bring the hearing and deaf students closer and dispel any animosity. At the end of the retreat, Bay and Natalie declare a truce. It is later revealed that Natalie is a lesbian.", "Natalie Buchanan. In January 2013, Jolie Lash from Access Hollywood reported that Archer had agreed to reprise the role for the online continuation of the show.[7] Archer told Lash that Natalie is now a single mother trying to make it on her own. She does have the love and support of her family but she is \"very determined\" to be independent. Archer said, \"I think she's trying to look for a revamp for herself because of all that she's gone through in the past 10 years and then on top of [that], the recent things that have happened.\"[8] Eve Sullivan of The Advocate revealed that Archer was filming scenes with her on-screen son and that Natalie would still manage to maintain her social life.[9]", "Natalie Martinez. Natalie Martinez (born July 12, 1984 in Miami, Florida) is an American actress and model. She is known as the spokesmodel for J.Lo by Jennifer Lopez, and for her role in the 2008 feature film Death Race.[1] She also starred in a music video titled \"Rain Over Me\" by Pitbull, also featuring Marc Anthony. She has appeared in several music videos and telenovelas. From 2010 to 2011, Martinez starred in the crime drama series Detroit 1-8-7 as Detective Ariana Sanchez. From 2012 to 2014, she starred in the crime drama CSI: NY as Detective Jamie Lovato and Deputy Linda Esquivel in the sci-fi drama series Under the Dome. She recently starred as Detective Theresa Murphy in the Fox police drama APB, which was canceled on May 11, 2017 after one season. She also starred as Reece, a time travelling refugee with superhuman abilities in ABC's science fiction drama The Crossing which was also canceled after one season on May 11, 2018.", "List of Chicago Med characters. Natalie was widowed when her husband, Jeff, a soldier, was killed in Afghanistan and gave birth to their son, Owen. She is revealed to be skilled violinist, as seen in season 1 episode \"Fallback\" and season 2 episode \"Brother's Keeper\".", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1). Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling, the first to be cast, in the lead role as Piper Chapman,[7] followed by Jason Biggs as Piper's fiancé Larry Bloom.[8] Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series.[9] Abigail Savage, who plays Gina, and Alysia Reiner, who plays Fig, had auditioned for role of Alex Vause.[4][10] Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman,[11] however Kohan felt she would not worry about her [in prison], noting a \"toughness and a presence to her that wasn’t right for the character.\" Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex.[4] Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols, but she was not considered \"tough enough\" for the character;[12] she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead.[13] Likability was important for Morello, whom casting director Jen Euston deemed \"a very helpful, nice, sweet Italian girl.\"[13] Laverne Cox, a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women-in-prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role.[14] Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex, but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols; \"[Kohan knew] she could do Nicky with her eyes closed. She was perfect,\" said Euston.[13] Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren.[13][15] Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany \"Pennsatucky\" Doggett.[13] This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host, but he declined. The role instead went to Robert Stanton, who plays the fictional host Maury Kind.[16]", "Natalie Buchanan. In 2003, Archer won \"Outstanding Newcomer\" at the Soap Opera Digest Awards.[11] She was later awarded \"Favorite Triangle\" storyline at the 2005 ceremony.[1] In April 2010, a reporter for Soapnet praised Archer's portrayal of Natalie. They said she made a \"brilliant scene\" in which Natalie launches into a tirade of abuse aimed at Marty Saybrooke (Susan Haskell), following her interference with her romantic relationship with John McBain (Michael Easton). The reporter empathised with Natalie because people often say \"awful\" things they will regret; but in their opinion, \"Melissa brought it home\".[12] Katherine Thurston from About.com opined, \"Natalie has come from a life of lies and heartache, but since moving to Llanview has become a strong and independent women. She fights for everything she wants, especially when it comes to her family.\"[13] Randee Dawn from Soap Opera Digest branded Natalie as \"terminally-insecure [and] often-nasty\".[5] Chris Silk of the Naples Daily News said, \"It didn't take long for Natalie to shake up one of Llanview's most prominent families.\"[14]", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters. Nicky Nichols (played by Natasha Lyonne) – A former drug addict, now Red's most trusted assistant, Nicky is witty and acerbic, with a loud mouth. She swiftly befriends both Piper and Alex, expressing curiosity about what happened between the two of them outside of prison. She is estranged from her mother, a wealthy but extraordinarily selfish socialite who now lives in Brazil. When she was a child, Nicky was raised by a nanny and lived in a separate house from her mother. This estrangement was what initially led to Nicky's drug addiction. Upon arriving in prison, Red had helped her through her worst bouts of cold turkey. For this reason, Nicky has disowned her mother, and now looks up to Red as a mother figure, to the point where she openly calls her \"mom\" in the presence of other inmates, and Red in turn openly treats her as if she were her daughter. Nicky was involved in a friends-with-benefits relationship with Lorna until Lorna broke it off, which Nicky is bitter about for some time, but she later develops a brief interest in Alex. Nevertheless, Nicky continues to make numerous attempts to get back together with Lorna throughout the series, suggesting that her feelings for her may be romantic. Nicky has a scar on her chest from having heart surgery as a complication of a bacterial infection in her heart, which came from using a dirty needle. Having been clean for two years, Nicky uses sex with the other inmates as a coping mechanism, becoming something of a nymphomaniac in the process. During the second season, Nicky stages a sex-based point scoring competition with Big Boo, during which Nicky even makes advances on Officer Fischer. She gets revenge on Vee for Red's slocking by stealing her stash of heroin, causing her to again face her addiction. In the third season, she attempts to get the stolen heroin out of the prison. She decides to work with Luschek so he could sell it on the outside and split the profits with her. During a surprise inspection, drugs are discovered under Luschek's desk and he blames her for it, causing her to get sent to max. On her way out, she exchanges brief goodbyes with Lorna and Red, and as the prison van pulls up at the facility, Nicky expresses her satisfaction to Tiffany that she will never be able to hurt them or anyone she cares about again, lamenting that, even after kicking her drug addiction, she may never lose her self-destructive tendencies. In Season 4, Nicky is surviving in Max, and celebrates three years sobriety. She is initially shown ending a fling with Stella Carlin after discovering that she is using drugs again, but shortly after, falls off the wagon and starts using them herself. She has also been sending Luschek hate mail, and angrily castigates him when he comes to visit her, attempting to apologise. Eventually, with the help of Judy King, Luschek secures her return to the regular prison, and she has an emotional reunion with Red and Lorna. However, as a result of her relapse, she begins to steal from Red to purchase drugs from the various dealers across the prison, and at the same time makes numerous failed attempts to convince Lorna to restart their relationship. When Red confronts her and breaks down in tears at watching her adoptive daughter destroy herself, as happened with Tricia, Nicky reluctantly agrees to clean herself up again. Unbeknownst to her, Red uses her influence to get all of the prison drug dealers to cut Nicky off, while Pennsatucky provides her with emotional support. She concludes the season clean, however admits to Lorna that she is unhappy and a 'junkie addict liar'.", "Natalie Buchanan. Natalie Balsom appears in Llanview on July 16, 2001,[10] immediately befriending Jessica Buchanan and becomes close to Clint Buchanan and Viki. She later claims to be Clint and Viki's daughter. They take a DNA test which reveals she is their daughter. The family come to the conclusion that in 1986, Allison Perkins kidnapped Natalie and replaced her with Jessica. Natalie wants to find her place in the family and instructs Seth to romance Jessica. Natalie then uses him to help her become accepted into the family. But Seth falls in love with Jessica. Natalie and Jessica form a sisterly-friendship, but when Natalie discovers that Jessica is in a relationship with Seth their feud resurfaces. A DNA test on Jessica later proves she is also Viki's daughter. Viki's enemy Mitch Laurence had raped a drugged Viki when she was pregnant with Natalie. Viki was unknowingly pregnant with fraternal twins. Dr. Walter Balsom, who had been one of religious leader Mitch's cult, had stolen Jessica during delivery. Viki thought she had one child. Mitch sent Allison to kidnap Clint's child and swap them.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters. Tasha \"Taystee\" Jefferson (played by Danielle Brooks) – Taystee is the black representative on the WAC. She works in the prison library. With coaching from Poussey and a makeover from Sophia, Taystee is paroled from the prison. However, as she has been in institutions most of her life and finds it hard to adapt to the rough life she finds outside the prison walls, she re-offends in violation of her parole and is subsequently sent back to prison. Following her return, she is assigned to the recently vacated bunk of Miss Claudette as Piper's roommate.", "Natalie Buchanan. After settling in town, Natalie meets Jessica's ex-boyfriend Cristian. Viki's alternate personality, Niki Smith, returns in 2002 and pushes Viki's husband, Ben Davidson, out of a window. He is left in a coma. Niki makes sure Natalie takes the blame. Cristian is the only person to believe Natalie's protestations of innocence. He takes it upon himself to find the real culprit. Cristian discovers Niki has returned. When Natalie is cleared, they begin a relationship and Natalie experiences true love for the first time; and she and Cristian become engaged.", "Nicky Nichols. Nicole \"Nicky\" Nichols is a fictional character played by Natasha Lyonne on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black. She is a recurring character in season one and a main character from season two onwards. Lyonne received an Emmy nomination in 2014 for the role.", "List of The Facts of Life characters. Natasha Letisha Sage \"Natalie\" Green was played by Mindy Cohn. Natalie's best friend on the show was Tootie, as they were close in age. Natalie's age was 12 at the series' beginning.", "Judith Chapman. Judith Chapman (born Judith Shepard on November 15, 1951) is an American actress, best known for soap opera roles, particularly as Natalie Bannon Hughes in As the World Turns, Charlotte Greer on Ryan's Hope, Ginny Blake Webber on General Hospital, Sandra Montaigne on One Life to Live, Anjelica Deveraux Curtis on Days of Our Lives, and as Gloria Abbott Bardwell on The Young and the Restless.[1]", "Natalie Buchanan. Natalie meets the love of her life, FBI Agent John McBain. John is currently undercover on an FBI sting involving the tournaments and he and Natalie have an instant connection and attraction. This fact does not escape Cristian's notice who is quick to distrust John.", "List of The Facts of Life characters. Natalie also appears in two episodes of Diff'rent Strokes: \"The Slumber Party\" and \"The Older Men\".", "Natalie Buchanan. Natalie blames John for Cristian's death who vows to make up for what he did. John stays in Llanview for the MBK case and eventually Natalie forgives John and they become close friends but are still attracted to one another. John reveals that his first love, Caitlin Fitzgerald was killed and later learns the MBK killed her under a different pseudonym. Blaming himself, John withdraws and although he has feelings for Natalie, he refuses to get involved with her. Natalie is distraught by this and the loss of Cristian and gets into a self-destructive relationship with Paul Cramer. John, mistakenly believing that Paul has slept with Natalie, indulges in flirtations with Evangeline Williamson and they began a physical relationship with no strings. This shakes Natalie to her senses and she ends things with Paul but John tells her that he and Evangeline are no longer casual and they can be friends. Natalie accepts this but is heartbroken. Paul stalks Natalie and tries to rape her and eventually is murdered. Evangeline is Natalie's lawyer but John breaks the law to make sure Natalie is cleared of the crime. He and Natalie become close again but Cristian returns home. Cristian returns in 2004 with no memories and is believed to be an impostor. He kills mobster Tico Santi and confesses but later learns he was brainwashed. His memories return. He makes John swear not to reveal his true identity to spare his family from watching him go to prison. In 2005, attorney Evangeline Williamson appeals his conviction, proving he had been fooled into killing Tico. Cristian is released. He reveals himself to his mother, Carlotta Vega. Furious over the deception, Natalie ends her relationship with John and asks Cristian for a divorce. John and Natalie later reunite after a tornado hits Llanview.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters. Claudette \"Miss Claudette\" Pelage (played by Michelle Hurst) – Miss Claudette is a very strict and feared inmate at the prison, she is often grumpy and holds her bunk-mates to very high standards. Her mysterious origins and fearsome reputation bred numerous legends, with some inmates humorously noting they never see her in the bathrooms. When Piper is assigned to share a cubicle with her, she reacts rudely due to her obsession with cleanliness and dislike of the messy situations Piper brings with her, but softens to her over time. It is later shown that Miss Claudette was inducted into forced child labor and sent to the United States from an unknown French-speaking country (possibly Haiti) to pay off a familial debt. She was brought to America by a boy called Jean Baptiste whom she develops a close friendship and later falls in love. Years later she ran her own illegal cleaning service using similar child labor. She kills a customer who beat and abused one of her cleaning girls, which is the basis for the rumor amongst the prisoners that she is in prison for murder. It is not clear if she was convicted for her business, the killing, or both. She also becomes heartbroken after Baptiste marries another woman.", "Sonequa Martin-Green. Sonequa Martin-Green (born March 21, 1985)[1] is an American actress and producer. She is best known for her television role as Sasha Williams on The Walking Dead,[2] a role she played from 2012 to 2017. Before that, she had starred in several independent films before gaining her first recurring role as Courtney Wells on The Good Wife. Later, she had recurring roles as Tamara in Once Upon a Time[3][4][5][6] and Rhonda in New Girl. She currently plays the lead role as Michael Burnham in the television series Star Trek: Discovery.", "Nicky Nichols. Sarah Karlan of BuzzFeed praised the character's \"impossibly quick wit\" and \"perfectly deadpan delivery\".[18] Rebekah Allen of SheWired had praise for both Lyonne and her character, \"Natasha Lyonne is wonderful. Nicky is one of the best characters on Orange Is the New Black\".[17] MTV's Crystal Bell called Nichols a \"fan-favorite\" and \"our beloved smart mouth\" and expressed disappointment at the character's departure from the series.[19]", "Natalie Buchanan. Natalie and Cristian marry in 2003 and fly to Vegas so that Natalie can compete in the tournament. Antonio Vega, Cristian's brother, and Jessica go to Vegas to support them The sting goes awry Natalie is kidnapped and held for ransom by Walker Flynn, the brother of Mitch Lawrence. John, Antonio and Cristian go to retrieve Natalie but Cristian runs ahead and is caught by Flynn. Cristian takes Natalie's place and Flynn takes Cristian hostage. He is later presumed dead.", "Annie Golden. In 2013, she began playing the role of the nearly mute Norma Romano in the Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black, for which she won a 2015 Screen Actors Guild Award (along with the rest of the ensemble cast).[2][6]", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters. Gina Murphy (played by Abigail Savage) – A member of Red's crew in the prison kitchen, it is implied that she was incarcerated for murder and embezzlement. She is often seen with Norma Romano. When Red's scheme to sabotage Gloria backfires, Gina's arm is set on fire when an oven which Red had sabotaged explodes in flame. During the second season, she is seen with shorter hair, several severe burn marks on the side of her neck, and a more sullen demeanor. She angrily rebuffs several of Red's attempts to win back her friendship, but eventually forgives her when Red finally realizes that she hasn't given her the one thing she was looking for, an apology. Later, she notices Nichols contemplating taking a hit of heroin that she got from Vee's gang, and harasses her about it for days, eventually pressuring her to take the heroin to Red." ]

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[ "Thanos. The character appears in various Marvel Cinematic Universe films, including The Avengers (2012), portrayed by Damion Poitier, and Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and its untitled sequel (2019), portrayed by Josh Brolin through voice and motion capture. The character has appeared in various comic adaptations, including animated television series, arcade, and video games.", "Josh Brolin. Brolin stars as the villain Thanos in the Marvel Cinematic Universe through motion capture and voice acting. His first appearance as Thanos in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), then in a mid-credits cameo at the end of Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and later became the leading antagonist in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), where his performance was critically acclaimed. In April 2017, Brolin was cast as Cable as a part of a four-film contract in the X-Men film series, first appearing in 2018's Deadpool 2.[3]", "Josh Brolin. Brolin was one of the actors who was considered for the role of Bruce Wayne / Batman in the DC Extended Universe, a deal which would have begun with Zack Snyder's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, but Ben Affleck was chosen for the role instead.[21] The following year, it was announced that Brolin would play Thanos within the Marvel Cinematic Universe. He portrays the character through motion capture performance, as well as voice acting. He cameoed as the character in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and then reprised Thanos in a starring role in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and the upcoming Untitled Avengers film (2019), which were filmed back-to-back.[22]", "The Avengers (2012 film). Avengers: Infinity War was directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, from a script by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely,[274][275][276] and was released on April 27, 2018.[277] Much of the cast from the first two films return, with additional cast and characters joining from other MCU films, and Josh Brolin appearing as Thanos.[278]", "Guardians of the Galaxy (film). By the end of May, Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos,[64][65] with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character.[66] Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film, though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula.[136] In June 2014, Feige added that Thanos and his followers are \"the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future.\"[143] On casting Brolin, Feige said,", "Production of Avengers: Infinity War and the untitled Avengers sequel. In June 2013, Robert Downey, Jr. signed on to return as Tony Stark / Iron Man for a third Avengers film,[74] and Josh Brolin signed a multi-film deal the following May, to play Thanos.[75] In July 2014, Feige stated that actors from previous MCU films were under contract to return to for a third Avengers film,[14] with Jeremy Renner stating that September he was signed on to reprise the role of Clint Barton / Hawkeye.[76]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films. Gwyneth Paltrow, who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2, was included in the film at Downey's insistence. Prior to this, Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes' individual films, commenting, \"You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team.\"[100] Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider-Man into the climax of The Avengers,[101] but Feige said that \"the deal was never close to happening.\"[102] The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene, portrayed by Damion Poitier.[103]", "Live-action animated film. 2014's Guardians of the Galaxy had Josh Brolin undertake motion capture for Thanos, but he was uncredited in the film. It is believed that he undertook motion capture again to appear as Thanos in Avengers: Age of Ultron in a post-credits scene, released in 2015.", "Thanos. Thanos (UK: /ˈθænɒs/, US: /-oʊs/) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer-artist Jim Starlin, the character first appeared in The Invincible Iron Man #55 (cover dated February 1973).", "The Avengers (2012 film). Gwyneth Paltrow and Maximiliano Hernández reprise their roles from previous films as Pepper Potts and Jasper Sitwell, respectively. Paul Bettany returns to voice J.A.R.V.I.S. Frequent Whedon collaborator Alexis Denisof portrays the Other, and Damion Poitier portrays his master, Thanos (unnamed in the film), in a post-credit scene.[46] Powers Boothe and Jenny Agutter appear as members of the World Security Council.[47][48] Avengers co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo appearance in a news report. Harry Dean Stanton cameos as a security guard, and Polish film director Jerzy Skolimowski appears as Georgi Luchkov, Romanoff's interrogator.[49] Enver Gjokaj, who later went on to play Agent Daniel Sousa in the series Agent Carter, appears as a police officer.[50]", "Avengers: Infinity War. Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's The Avengers and 2015's Avengers: Age of Ultron, and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, and features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Benedict Cumberbatch, Don Cheadle, Tom Holland, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Anthony Mackie, Sebastian Stan, Danai Gurira, Letitia Wright, Dave Bautista, Zoe Saldana, Josh Brolin, and Chris Pratt. In the film, the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to stop Thanos from amassing the all-powerful Infinity Stones.", "Peter Dinklage. Peter Hayden Dinklage (/ˈdɪŋklɪdʒ/; born June 11, 1969) is an American actor and film producer. Dinklage studied acting at Bennington College, starring in a number of amateur stage productions. His film debut was in Living in Oblivion (1995) and his breakthrough came with the comedy-drama The Station Agent (2003). He has since appeared in Elf (2003), Find Me Guilty (2006), Underdog (2007), The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008), X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014), Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017), which earned him his first Screen Actors Guild Award, and Avengers: Infinity War (2018).", "Thanos. At the same time Starlin was writing these graphic novels and tie-ins, the character also appeared in New Avengers #23–24 (Oct–Nov 2014),[11] Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3, #18–20 (Oct–Dec 2014), Legendary Star-Lord #4 (Dec 2014), a six-issue miniseries titled Thanos: A God Up There Listening (Dec 2014), Avengers vol. 5, #40–41 (Mar–Apr 2015), and Deadpool vol. 3, #45 (\"#250\") (Jun 2015). Thanos also played a major role in the five-issue miniseries The Infinity Gauntlet vol. 2, (July 2015 – Jan 2016), a tie-in of the cross-over Secret Wars (2015).", "Production of Avengers: Infinity War and the untitled Avengers sequel. In early January 2017, Peter Dinklage was in negotiations to appear in the films,[96] and was eventually cast in the role of Eitri.[97] At D23 Expo 2017, Marvel announced the inclusion of the \"Children of Thanos\", Thanos' henchmen in the film. Known collectively in the comics as the Black Order,[98][99] the actors playing the characters were soon revealed to be Tom Vaughan-Lawlor as Ebony Maw,[100][101] Terry Notary as Cull Obsidian, Carrie Coon as Proxima Midnight,[102] and Michael James Shaw as Corvus Glaive.[103] Joe Russo explained that the Black Order was included in the film so that there were characters that the heroes \"have to go through to get to\" Thanos rather than have them challenge him \"every step of the way\". He added that Supergiant, a member of the comics version of the Black Order, was not included because \"consolidation seemed like a smart thing ... they were starting to overlap each other\". The Black Order in the film have altered powers which the Russos \"felt were in better service of our storytelling\".[104] Ross Marquand appears as Red Skull, the \"Stonekeeper\" guarding the Soul Stone. Marquand replaces Hugo Weaving, who had expressed reluctance to reprise the character from Captain America: The First Avenger.[97][105] Marquand, who is known for his celebrity impressions, said that Marvel was looking to \"come as close to the iconic role that Hugo Weaving portrayed seven years ago and pay homage to it while also giving it a new flavor\", and after Marquand attempted to \"do a straight voice match to Hugo's performance\", the Russo noted that the character would \"sound a little different\" from the last time he was seen, recommending Marquand add \"this kind of ethereal almost ghost-like quality to his voice\". Taking this direction, it took Marquand around 10 days to perfect the voice, which he felt melded Weaving's \"iconic performance in The Matrix with the German accent he\" used for the Red Skull.[106]", "Avengers: Infinity War. In May 2017, Robert Downey Jr. and his philanthropic organization Random Act Funding partnered with Omaze to initiate a contest to benefit the organization. A randomly chosen winner from those that donated would receive an Infinity War set visit.[139] A life-sized statue of Thanos, created by Legacy Effects, was on display at D23 Expo 2017,[140] alongside statues of the Black Order / \"Children of Thanos\": Corvus Glaive, Proxima Midnight, Ebony Maw, and Cull Obsidian.[78] Additionally, Feige, Joe Russo, Downey, Brolin, Bettany, Olsen, Klementieff, Gillan, Bautista, Cheadle, Mackie, Cumberbatch, Stan, Holland, Boseman, Ruffalo and Hemsworth appeared at D23 Expo to present a clip highlighting the 10 years of MCU films, along with footage from Infinity War.[32] The footage, which was screened exclusively for the panel,[141] received strong audience reaction, with fans \"literally on their feet and jumping as the footage played\".[141][142] Julia Alexander of Polygon commented, \"to say that there was quite a bit happening in the trailer would be one hell of an understatement, but that's not what got me excited about the promises Infinity War may deliver upon. Seeing Spider-Man in the same movie as Iron Man, Thor, Star-Lord and the Scarlet Witch finally feels like Marvel has made the movie it always wanted to—and the one we've always wanted to see. For nearly ten years we dreamt of this reality and to see it play across a massive screen... it was impossible to not feel emotional.\"[142] CinemaBlend's Eric Eisenberg said the footage left him \"literally shaking\", with the film looking \"like it could be one of the most epic blockbusters ever created\", concluding \"the hype [for the film] most definitely feels very, very real\".[143] Haleigh Foutch for Collider said, \"It looks dark and dramatic, and utterly epic. It's clear Marvel is trying to do something different here... to pay off a decade's worth of narrative and world-building. While it's impossible to tell from two minutes work of footage, it certainly looks like that gamble paid off.\"[144] The D23 footage was also shown at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con International.[145] Due to the two convention presentations, Avengers: Infinity War generated over 90,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23, the third-most during that time period behind Thor: Ragnarok and Justice League, according to comScore and its PreAct service.[146] Infinity War stayed in third the following week, with over 41,000 new social media conversations, behind Ragnarok and It.[147] By the week of October 16, Infinity War had generated over 679,000 total social media conversations.[148]", "The Infinity Gauntlet. Since Thanos made a cameo appearance in the 2012 film The Avengers, there has been renewed interest in The Infinity Gauntlet among fans and reporters. It was heightened in October 2014 when the title of the third and fourth Avengers films were revealed to be Infinity War - Part I and Infinity War - Part II.[71] As the 2018 film Avengers: Infinity War neared release, several comic news websites produced articles explaining the storyline and speculating on which elements would be included in the adaptation.[72] These articles often describe the story with adjectives such as \"epic\",[73] \"classic\",[35] and \"iconic\".[74]", "Thanos. Thanos is a mutant member of the race of superhumans known as the Titanian Eternals. The character possesses abilities common to the Eternals, but amplified to a higher degree through a combination of his mutant–Eternal heritage, bionic amplification, mysticism, and power bestowed by the abstract entity, Death. Demonstrating enormous superhuman strength, speed, stamina, immortality and invulnerability among other qualities, Thanos can absorb and project vast quantities of cosmic energy, and is capable of telekinesis and telepathy. He can manipulate matter and live indefinitely without food, air or water, cannot die of old age, is immune to all terrestrial diseases, and has high resistance to psychic assaults. Thanos is also an accomplished hand-to-hand combatant, having been trained in the art of war on Titan.", "The Avengers (2012 film). In a May 2012 interview, Whedon said that it was his decision to include Thanos in a post-credits scene, although the character is not identified in the film. \"He for me is the most powerful and fascinating Marvel villain. He's the great grand daddy of the badasses and he's in love with Death and I just think that's so cute. For me, the greatest Avengers [comic book] was Avengers Annual #7 (1977) that Jim Starlin did followed by Marvel Two-in-One Annual #2 (1977) that contained the death of Adam Warlock. Those were some of the most important texts and I think underrated milestones in Marvel history and Thanos is all over that, so somebody had to be in control and had to be behind Loki's work and I was like 'It's got to be Thanos.' And they said 'Okay' and I'm like 'Oh my God!'\"[116] An additional coda involving the Avengers eating shawarma was shot on April 12, 2012, a day after the world premiere. Evans wore a prosthetic jaw while filming the scene to cover the beard he had grown.[117] Shawarma sales in Los Angeles, St. Louis, and Boston reportedly skyrocketed in the days following the film's release.[118][119][120] Whedon stated the inspiration for the shawarma scene came from the events surrounding the filming of the scene where Fred dies in Wesley's arms in the Angel episode, \"A Hole in the World\". After filming the scene, Whedon and actors Amy Acker and Denisof, who portrayed Fred and Wesley, respectively, \"went out for drinks and ended up just sitting around quietly, exhausted from the day's events,\" which Whedon then mimicked in the scene for the film.[121]", "Thanos. As his journey of the core being commenced, Thanos's trial began with him as leader of earth and the universes greatest champions, the Avengers. But he's unable to escape the nagging feeling he's forgotten something, till the quarry itself wearing the guise of Falcon reminds him of who he used to be; tempting him to live as a hero and a man at peace for the first time in his immortal life. But Thanos laughs maniacally as he coldly rebukes such a path, ruthlessly killing his would be friends and allies while choosing to remain whom he always was. His cosmic might returned to him, Thanos is freed from the God Quarry, wherein he immediately accosts his brother Eros and threatens the coven to release him from their domain so that he might do away with Thane once and for all.[71]", "Thanos. The character returned in Avengers Assemble #1 (March 2012).[4] A mini-series titled Thanos: Son of Titan by Joe Keatinge was planned for publication in August 2012, but was cancelled.[5]", "Production of Avengers: Infinity War and the untitled Avengers sequel. Since their early films, Marvel Studios had been planting the seeds for an Avengers film that adapted Jim Starlin's 1991 Infinity Gauntlet comic arc,[5] by introducing the powerful Infinity Stones as MacGuffins: the Space Stone as the Tesseract in Captain America: The First Avenger; the Mind Stone inside Loki's Scepter in Marvel's The Avengers; the Reality Stone as the Aether in Thor: The Dark World; the Power Stone as the Orb in Guardians of the Galaxy; and the Time Stone within the Eye of Agamotto in Doctor Strange.[6] Additionally, the Infinity Gauntlet, a glove designed to house the stones, was introduced in Thor.[7] A different Infinity Gauntlet is briefly seen in Avengers: Age of Ultron, in the possession of the villain Thanos, who covets the stones in the comics.[8] The first gauntlet was subsequently revealed to be a fake in Thor: Ragnarok.[7] Many fans expected Thanos to be the antagonist of the second Avengers film after making a brief appearance at the end of the first,[9] but Joss Whedon, the writer and director of the first two Avengers films, explained that \"Thanos is more powerful. He is so powerful, he is not someone you can just try to out punch. Like in the comics, you want him to be threading through the universe and to save the big finale for the big finale.\"[10] While all non-Avengers films in the MCU were considered set-up for this storyline, laying \"much of the groundwork\", producer and president of Marvel Studios Kevin Feige said that Black Panther in particular would be \"a very important\" link to the Avengers sequels in Phase Three of the MCU,[11][12] as was Thor: Ragnarok.[13]", "Production of Avengers: Infinity War and the untitled Avengers sequel. Additional actors reprising their roles in Infinity War from the various MCU franchises include Benedict Cumberbatch as Stephen Strange from Doctor Strange, with Benedict Wong as Wong;[82] Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider-Man from Spider-Man: Homecoming, with Jacob Batalon as Ned,[83] Isabella Amara as Sally,[84] Tiffany Espensen as Cindy,[85] and Ethan Dizon as Tiny;[86] and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther from Black Panther,[77] with Danai Gurira as Okoye, Letitia Wright as Shuri,[77] Winston Duke as M'Baku, and Florence Kasumba as Ayo;[87] as well as Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier from the Captain America films;[88] Tom Hiddleston as Loki and Idris Elba as Heimdall from Thor and Avengers films;[77][89] Iron Man supporting actress Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts,;[90] Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector from Guardians of the Galaxy;[91] William Hurt as Thaddeus Ross, who first appeared in The Incredible Hulk;[92] and Kerry Condon as the voice of Iron Man's A.I. assistant F.R.I.D.A.Y.[93] Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders make uncredited cameos in the post-credits scene as Nick Fury and Maria Hill, who they respectively portrayed in several previous films.[94] Jon Favreau was to reprise his role as Harold \"Happy\" Hogan, but his scene did not make the theatrical cut of the film.[95]", "Avengers: Infinity War. Thanos' henchmen, known collectively in the comics as the Black Order and in the film as the \"Children of Thanos\",[78] include Terry Notary as Cull Obsidian,[79][80] Tom Vaughan-Lawlor as Ebony Maw,[81][82] Carrie Coon as Proxima Midnight,[80] and Michael James Shaw as Corvus Glaive.[83] The foursome provided voices and motion-capture performances on set for their characters.[84][83] As Coon was pregnant during filming, she mainly did facial capture for Proxima Midnight with some motion-capture,[85] with stuntwoman Monique Ganderton standing-in and providing the rest on set.[86] Ebony Maw's look was inspired by the Marvel Comics character Mephisto, who appeared in the Infinity Gauntlet storyline.[87]", "Production of Avengers: Infinity War and the untitled Avengers sequel. After the announcement of Infinity War and its sequel, many established MCU actors were confirmed to be joining Downey and Brolin, including previous members of the Avengers Chris Hemsworth as Thor, Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk, Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America, Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow, Don Cheadle as James \"Rhodey\" Rhodes / War Machine, Paul Bettany as Vision, Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch, and Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon.[77] Infinity War also sees the Avengers unite with the Guardians of the Galaxy, including Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star-Lord,[77] Pom Klementieff as Mantis,[78] Karen Gillan as Nebula,[79] Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer, Zoe Saldana as Gamora, Vin Diesel as the voice of Groot,[77] and Bradley Cooper as the voice of Rocket.[77] Sean Gunn served as the on-set stand-in actor for Rocket on both films.[80][81]", "Chris Hemsworth. Hemsworth also reprised his role as Thor in Thor: Ragnarok, released on November 3, 2017 in the United States,[28] and will reprise his role in the two upcoming films Avengers: Infinity War and its untitled sequel, scheduled for release in 2018 and 2019.[29] He will also reprise his role as George Kirk in the fourth film of the rebooted Star Trek film series.[30]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films. The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 2.[227] In April 2015, it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May, that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay.[221][222] In July 2016, Marvel revealed the title would be changed, being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film.[325] Brolin reprises his role as Thanos,[326][327] and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films. Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta,[476] and ended in January 2018.[477] The film is scheduled to be released on May 3, 2019.[227]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films. The film confirms that the gem in Loki's scepter is an Infinity Stone, specifically the Mind Stone, and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet.[188] It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda, both connections to Black Panther, introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther's solo film. Additionally, Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film, traditionally a Black Panther antagonist.[189]", "Tom Hiddleston. He came to wider public attention when cast as Loki in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), Thor: The Dark World (2013), Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018). In 2011, he won the Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer and was nominated for the BAFTA Rising Star Award. Hiddleston has also appeared in Steven Spielberg's War Horse (2011), The Deep Blue Sea (2011), Woody Allen's romantic comedy Midnight in Paris (2011), the 2012 BBC series Henry IV and Henry V, and the romantic vampire film Only Lovers Left Alive (2013).", "Thanos. Thanos' first appearance was in The Invincible Iron Man #55 (February 1973), featuring a story by Jim Starlin that was co-scripted by Mike Friedrich. The storyline from that issue continued through Captain Marvel #25–33 (bi-monthly: March 1973 – Jan. 1974), Marvel Feature #12 (Nov. 1973), Daredevil #107 (Jan. 1974), and Avengers #125 (July 1974). He returned in an extended storyline that spanned Strange Tales #178–181 (Feb.–Aug. 1975), Warlock #9-11 (Oct. 1975 – Jan. 1976), Marvel Team Up #55 (March 1977), and the 1977 Annuals for Avengers and Marvel Two-in-One (Thanos does not actually appear until the end of Warlock #9). He was also featured in a short backup story in Logan's Run #6 (June 1977) and had a small role in the Death of Captain Marvel graphic novel (April 1982).", "Thanos. Thanos was born on Saturn's moon Titan as the son of Eternals Mentor and Sui-San, and his brother is Eros of Titan, also known as Starfox. Thanos carries the Deviants gene, and as such, shares the physical appearance of the Eternals' cousin race. At birth, his mother was shocked by his appearance and attempted to kill him, due to believing that her son would annihilate all life in the universe, but was stopped by A'Lars, Thanos' father. During his school years, Thanos was a pacifist[12] and would only play with his brother Eros (Starfox) and pets. By adolescence, Thanos had become fascinated with nihilism and death, worshipping and eventually falling in love with the physical embodiment of death, Mistress Death.[13] As an adult, Thanos augmented his physical strength and powers through his superior scientific knowledge. He also attempted to create a new life for himself by siring many children as well as becoming a pirate. He finds no fulfillment in either until he is visited again by Mistress Death, for whom he murders his offspring and his pirate captain.[14]", "Thanos. The character's origin was expanded in the five-issue Thanos Rising miniseries by Jason Aaron and Simone Bianchi which was published monthly beginning in April 2013.[6] Later that same year, Thanos played a central role in the Infinity miniseries written by Jonathan Hickman and drawn by Jim Cheung, Jerome Opeña, and Dustin Weaver.", "Thanos. Presently locked within a maximum security cosmic Alcatraz, Thanos sits alone within a cell as his sickness ravages his body. All while being mocked by its prison warden whom he lured into a false sense of security in order to escape; ripping off his arm for escape access and murdering half his personal staff in a bid for freedom.[66] Having narrowly escaped his imprisonment before its self-destruction, Thanos retreats to a hidden outpost where a roving mercenary colony loyal only to him was once stationed. Only to find it decimated at the hand of the new lover of Mistress Death; who reveals that she'd stricken her former avatar with his fatal sickness, being his son Thane, now boasting the power of the Phoenix Force. Whom under her coaxing, had banished the mad titan back to the decimated Moon of Titan now entirely stripped of his godlike powers.[67]" ]

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[ "Constable. From 1673 to 1831, a special constable was a citizen who were appointed to act as constable on special occasions, such as to quell a riot. In 1831 this evolved to a permanent volunteer police force. Special constables generally had powers within a designated area. However, legislation changed to give them identical powers as constables that are no longer regional but are enforceable across England and Wales.", "Special constable. Many police departments are complemented by a Special Constabulary which are referred to as special constables or informally as \"specials\". Special constables hold full police powers and hold the office of constable. Historically, and in different contexts, special constables have been paid or volunteer members of an ad hoc reserve force or a permanent auxiliary, and have ranged from unarmed patrols to armed paramilitaries.", "Special constable. Special Constables for Federal Agencies are typically investigators for the Competition Bureau and Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Special Constable appointment is not a replacement for a police officer. The appointment confers limited authority and the jurisdictional police will still have overall law enforcement authority and responsibility regardless of the Special Constable. For example, on a university campus or a transit system, Special Constables may deal with crimes, however the local police will have the overall responsibility for Criminal Code enforcement.", "Special constable. A special constable or special police constable (SC or SPC) is generally an auxiliary or part-time law enforcement officer.", "Special constable. The role of Special Constables was redefined into its present incarnation during the First World War when a large force was recruited to both compensate for the loss of regular members who joined the war effort and to add an extra layer of protection during wartime. Special Constables were also an important component of the state’s response to the British police strikes in 1918 and 1919 and the UK General Strike of 1926.", "Special constable. The term 'Special Constable' used to refer to any constable not sworn into a territorial police force as a regular constable.", "Special constable. In the province of British Columbia, for example members of the Conservation Officer Service are designated Special Constables under that province's Police Act, and are responsible for enforcing specific provincial and federal laws, including certain Criminal Code offences. Other BC Special Provincial Constables for approximately 25 other Provincial Agencies and Crown Corporations duties vary from Criminal Investigations (Fraud, Forgery, False Pretences, Identity Theft/Fraud) to Regulatory Investigations, Intelligence Gathering and Protective Services. Typical roles are Fraud Investigators (Benefits/Claims Fraud and Identity Fraud for ICBC, WorkSafeBC, Income Assistance, Childcare and Healthcare); Compliance and Enforcement Investigations regarding, Consumer Protection, Film Classification, Financial Institutions, Securities/Markets, Gaming Enforcement, Liquor, Tobacco Tax, General Revenue, Natural Resource Officer Operations, Intersection Safety Cameras, Security Programs, and SPCA; Protection and Risk Services for the Legislature, Government and Courts. The Independent Investigations Office of British Columbia has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with all of the agencies which use Special Constables across British Columbia.[4]", "Police ranks of the United Kingdom. Special constables are volunteer police officers who have exactly the same powers as a regular officer, and (with minor exceptions) wear the same uniform and are issued the same equipment. The roles of \"specials\" can vary greatly from force to force, though normally include working with local regular officers to provide an additional and heightened police presence on the streets and in the local community. They may also be requested to police particular events such as football matches and community events.", "Special constable. Today, in Canada, the term 'Special Constable' does not signify a police volunteer. Instead, they are sworn-in and employed by Police Services, law enforcement agencies or the provincial ministry responsible for law enforcement to undertake specific duties many of which require the powers of a police officer, such as explosive disposal technicians, court security, campus security or executive protection for diplomats. Depending on the department some are members of a Special Constable Service as University, Housing, and Transit Constables.", "Special constable. Special Constables in Ontario employed by Police Services, such as court security officers, prisoner transport officers, cell block officers and snowmobile trail patrol officers, are sworn-in pursuant to section 53 of the Police Services Act which confers peace officer status. Special Constables have the powers of a police officer to enforce Federal Statutes and various Provincial Statutes while in the execution of their specifically appointed duties throughout Ontario. Special Constables are also utilized at many Ontario universities to provide a hybrid police-security service to their respective communities.", "Special police. Special police (also see auxiliary police) usually describes a police force or unit within a police force whose duties and responsibilities are significantly different from other forces in the same country or from other police in the same force, although there is no consistent international definition. A special constable, in most cases, is not a member of a special police force; in countries in the Commonwealth of Nations and often elsewhere, a special constable is a voluntary or part-time member of a national or local police force or a person involved in law enforcement who is not a police officer but has some of the powers of a police officer.", "Special constable. In the Australian state of New South Wales, Special Constables may be appointed by a Magistrate or two Justices of the Peace where \"tumult, riot, or serious indictable offence has taken place, or may be reasonably apprehended\" and the Magistrate or Justices believe that \"the ordinary Constables or officers appointed for preserving the peace are not sufficient for the preservation of the peace, and for the protection of the inhabitants and the security of their property, or for the apprehension of offenders\".[1] Special Constables, as appointed under the Police (Special Provisions) Act 1901, have the same powers as Constables of the New South Wales Police Force. Similar provisions apply in other Australian states.", "Special constable. Special Constables have all the legal powers of their regular counterparts when on and off duty and, as of 1 April 2007, can use their powers throughout England and Wales. Prior to this date, Special Constables' powers were restricted to within their force areas and neighbouring forces only.", "Special constable. Special Constables are awarded the Queen's Medal for Long Service on the completion of nine years' service with a minimum of fifty tours of duty each year. A bar is added to the medal for each subsequent ten years of service.", "Special constable. Inspectors of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals are generally appointed as Special Constables.[2]", "Special constable. Special Constables may already be employees of a police force as support staff. This is generally encouraged as it brings a mutual benefit to both roles. In some forces, civilian staff that are also Specials are entitled to Special Leave, which allows for a day off per month to undertake a special duty.", "Special constable. Special Constables in Scotland can be deployed in a wide range of police duties over and above standard \"beat duties\". These include Roads Policing, Public Order, Specialist Response, Wildlife Crime and Community Support. Their primary focus, however, remains to provide a highly visible police presence, and a link with local communities across Scotland.", "Special constable. Special Constables are also employed by various local government agencies in New South Wales including the RSPCA (Australia Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals), local councils, RailCorp and NSW Health to enforce such laws such as cruelty to animals, parking, enforce railway laws and prevent disorder in certain circumstances. The NSW Police Force employs Special Constables as an armed internal security force. This special internal unit provides protective services to government departments such as the Premier's Office, the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC), the Governor of New South Wales and the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP). They also protect covert police locations and have a mobile rapid deployment team (MIST – Major Incident Security Team) with advanced firearms and defensive tactics training, for special assignments.[citation needed]", "Special constable. Most Scottish Special Constables work alongside regular Constables, and their uniform is identical other than that their 4-digit shoulder number begins with \"7XXX\". Special Constables do not have a separate administrative/rank/grade structure. Daily supervision is carried out in line with regular team sergeants/inspectors and strategic management and training is provided by the Divisional Training Department and a dedicated National Liaison Officer (Inspector).", "Special constable. Special Constables are generally unpaid, but may receive reimbursement for mileage and other expenses incurred. However, some forces have implemented a bounty or allowance in order to attract and retain Special Constables.", "Special constable. In Ontario, Special Constables are generally not armed with firearms, the exception being police services and Niagara Parks Police. At times, provinces may need to swear in a visiting police service to allow peace officer status. This is frequent with RCMP in Ontario as well as Sûreté du Québec in Quebec. Cross jurisdictional issues can be alleviated with special constable appointments. The government may also appoint Special Constables, who only need the authority to serve summons and subpoenas, etc.", "Special constable. Special Constables in Scotland were defined as \"Members of a Police Force\" under terms of the Police (Scotland) Act 1967[9] and in the subsequent Police & Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2012. [10] They have identical powers to regular (full-time) constables.[11] By default, they are non-contributing members of the Scottish Police Federation,[12] which is the staff association established by statute for police officers in Scotland from the rank of Constable up to, and including, that of Chief Inspector, because police officers are forbidden by law to be members of a trade union. Special Constables can elect to pay a monthly membership subscription to the Federation in order to provide them with the same membership rights and protections as regular officers.", "Special constable. Special Constables were used extensively in Canada prior to the Second World War to quell labour unrest. After the war, industrial relations became far less militant and many of the larger urban police forces created permanent auxiliary units.", "Special constable. There have been examples in history of paid Special Constables who were not volunteer police officers. The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Constabulary were sworn in as special constables under the Special Constables Act 1923. However, the passage of the Energy Act 2004 created a new police force – the Civil Nuclear Constabulary – with specifically defined powers and the officers lost their status as Special Constables. The Yeomen Warders of the Tower of London were first sworn in as Special Constables in the 1960s, but this stopped in 1991.[6]", "Special constable. English Special Constables have manifested as various legal entities since 1673, but the modern-day Special Constabulary traces its roots to the 1831 “Act for amending the laws relative to the appointment of special constables, and for the better preservation of the Police,” which was passed as a response to industrial violence.", "Special constable. Since 1975, National service conscripts in Singapore have been used as Special Constables as part of the Singapore Police Force in addition to their role in the Singapore Armed Forces and Singapore Civil Defence Force. These Special Constables undergo training at the Home Team Academy where they study police protocol and the penal code.", "Special constable. In Northern Ireland, the Royal Ulster Constabulary GC (RUC) employed both full-time and part-time Reserve Constables, the difference being that in addition to carrying out the same duties as the regular force, a number of full-time Reserve officers were deployed to carry out static security duty at the homes of VIPs and at vulnerable buildings and police stations. Part-time Reserve Constables carried out similar duties to their Special Constabulary counterparts elsewhere in the UK; however, like the full-time Reserve, many part-timers also carried out a more security-based role.", "Special constable. Volunteers with provincial and municipal police departments in Canada are called Reserve or Auxiliary Constables.", "Special constable. Members of police bands are also appointed as Special Constables.[3]", "Special constable. State police stationed near their state borders are sometimes assigned the status of Special Constable in the neighbouring state to allow hot pursuit of offenders across state borders and lawful arrest on the other side.", "Special constable. Special Constables are not currently permitted to be members of the Police Federation of England and Wales. Special Constables above the rank of Inspector are supported by the Association of Special Constabulary Chief Officers. In 2017, The Institute for Public Safety and Criminal Justice conducted a representation survey on behalf of the Home Office. Results from this survey are currently under review.", "Special constable. After training, they are posted to various specialised police departments, where they may undergo further training. Civilians who contribute to the force on a voluntary basis belong to an organisation known as the Volunteer Special Constabulary, which is a department in the Singapore Police Force.[5]" ]

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[ "Carrie Fisher. Carrie Frances Fisher (October 21, 1956 – December 27, 2016) was an American actress, writer, and humorist.[2] Fisher was known for playing Princess Leia in the Star Wars films; a role for which she was nominated for three Saturn Awards. Her other film roles included Shampoo (1975), The Blues Brothers (1980), Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), The 'Burbs (1989), When Harry Met Sally... (1989), Soapdish (1991) and The Women (2008 film).[3] She was nominated twice for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her performances on the television series 30 Rock and Catastrophe. She was posthumously made a Disney Legend in 2017.[4]", "Princess Leia. Fisher was 19 when she was cast as Princess Leia,[7] with actresses including Amy Irving, Cindy Williams and Jodie Foster also up for the role.[8][9] In 2014, InkTank reported that the extended list of \"more than two dozen actresses\" who had auditioned for Leia included Glenn Close, Farrah Fawcett, Jessica Lange, Sissy Spacek, Sigourney Weaver, Cybill Shepherd, Jane Seymour, Anjelica Huston, Kim Basinger, Kathleen Turner, Geena Davis and Meryl Streep.[10][11][12] Asked about Streep in 2015, Fisher said, \"I've never heard that one. But Jodie Foster was up for it... that one I knew the most. Amy Irving and Jodie. And I got it.\"[13]", "Princess Leia. Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan (also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher. Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977, Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance. She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire's cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In Return of the Jedi (1983), Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vader's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005) establishes that the twins' mother is Senator (and former queen) Padmé Amidala of Naboo, who dies after childbirth. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan. In The Force Awakens (2015) and The Last Jedi (2017), Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order. She and Han have a son named Ben, who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force.", "Carrie Fisher. In March 2013 interview following the announcement that a new trilogy of films would be produced, Fisher confirmed that she would reprise her role as Princess Leia in Episode VII of the Star Wars series. Fisher claimed that Leia was \"Elderly. She's in an intergalactic old folks' home [laughs]. I just think she would be just like she was before, only slower and less inclined to be up for the big battle.\"[70] After other media outlets reported this on March 6, 2013, her representative said the same day that Fisher was joking and that nothing was announced.[71]", "Solo family. Leia first appears in Star Wars: A New Hope, played by Carrie Fisher. She is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and also an agent for the Rebel Alliance. She is later revealed to be the daughter of Darth Vader and twin sister of Luke Skywalker. Over the course of the franchise, Leia becomes a leader among the Alliance and later of the New Republic. She falls in love with and marries Han Solo, with whom she has a son named Ben, known as Kylo Ren when he turned to the dark side.", "Carrie Fisher. In 1983, Fisher returned to the role of Princess Leia in Return of the Jedi, and posed in the character's metal bikini on the cover of the Summer 1983 issue of Rolling Stone to promote the film.[34][35] The costume later achieved a following of its own.[36] In 1986 she starred along with Barbara Hershey and Mia Farrow in Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters.", "Princess Leia. Leia appears in the animated series Star Wars: Forces of Destiny, voiced by Shelby Young.[57]", "Carrie Fisher. Fisher made her film debut at age 18 as the precociously seductive character Lorna Karpf in the Columbia Pictures comedy Shampoo (1975). Lee Grant and Jack Warden play the role of her parents in the film. Warren Beatty, Julie Christie and Goldie Hawn also star in the film.[3] In 1977, Fisher starred as Princess Leia in George Lucas' science-fiction film Star Wars (later retitled Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope) opposite Mark Hamill and Harrison Ford.[24] At the time, she believed the script for Star Wars was fantastic, but did not expect many people to agree with her. Though her fellow actors were not close at the time, they bonded after the commercial success of the film.[25]", "Princess Leia. In March 2013, Fisher confirmed that she would reprise her role as Leia in Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[22] Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, The Force Awakens reintroduces a Leia who is \"a little more battle weary, a little more broken hearted\".[16] In November 2015, director J.J. Abrams said of Leia, \"She’s referred to as General but ... there's a moment in the movie where a character sort of slips and calls her 'Princess.'\"[23] Commenting on the story he added, \"The stakes are pretty high in the story for her, so there’s not much goofing around where Leia’s concerned.\"[23] Asked how Leia is handling things in the film, Fisher said, \"Not easily ... [she is] solitary. Under a lot of pressure. Committed as ever to her cause, but I would imagine feeling somewhat defeated, tired, and pissed.\"[23]", "Princess Leia. Leia is the lead character in the five-part comic limited series Star Wars: Princess Leia (2015), set between Episode IV: A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back. She is featured prominently in the four-part comic limited series Star Wars: Shattered Empire (2015), set immediately after Return of the Jedi.[48] In Princess Leia #2 and Shattered Empire, Leia is seen using her Force sensitivities to sense the past,[49][50] and in Star Wars #12, she uses a lightsaber as a weapon for the first time canonically.[51] Princess Leia reveals Leia to have had royal training in martial arts and explores her reaction to the destruction of Alderaan, while Shattered Empire also portrays her as a skilled pilot who undertakes a dangerous mission alongside Poe Dameron's mother.[49][50]", "Princess Leia. Fisher was nominated for a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal.[26]", "Princess Leia. Leia makes a brief appearance in the final scene of the 2016 film Rogue One, receiving the plans for the Death Star as a lead-up to the beginning of A New Hope. Since this movie takes place prior to the original Star Wars trilogy, a very young Leia was required.[37] To achieve that effect, a computer-generated image of a young Carrie Fisher was superimposed over Norwegian actress Ingvild Deila's face; archival audio of Fisher saying \"Hope\" was used to voice the character.[37][38][39]", "Princess Leia. In December 2015, producer Kathleen Kennedy confirmed that Fisher would reprise the role of Leia in the next installment, then known as Star Wars: Episode VIII,[27] but later named Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[28] Fisher died on December 27, 2016, after going into cardiac arrest. It was confirmed that she had completed filming her role in the film shortly before her death.[29]", "Princess Leia. Following Fisher's death, Variety reported that she was slated to appear in Star Wars: Episode IX and speculated that Lucasfilm would need to find a way to address her death and what would become of her character. Filming is expected to begin in 2018.[30][31][32] Lucasfilm announced in January 2017 that they had \"no plans to digitally recreate Carrie Fisher's performance as Princess or General Leia Organa\".[33] In April 2017, Fisher's family granted Disney and Lucasfilm the rights to use recent footage of the late actress in Episode IX.[34] However, Kennedy subsequently said that Fisher would not appear in the film.[35][36]", "Princess Leia. Introduced in the original 1977 film Star Wars, Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan is a member of the Imperial Senate. She is captured by Darth Vader on board the ship Tantive IV, where she is acting as a spy for the Rebel Alliance. Leia has secretly hidden the plans for the Death Star, the Empire's moon-sized battle station, inside the astromech droid R2-D2 and has sent it to find one of the last remaining Jedi, Obi-Wan Kenobi, on the nearby planet of Tatooine. Vader arrests Leia and has her tortured, but she resists revealing anything. Death Star commander Grand Moff Tarkin threatens to destroy her home planet Alderaan with the Death Star unless she reveals the location of the hidden Rebel base. She provides the location of an old, abandoned base, but Tarkin orders Alderaan to be destroyed anyway. Leia is rescued by Obi-Wan, Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, the Wookiee Chewbacca and the two droids R2-D2 and C-3PO, and they escape aboard Han's ship, the Millennium Falcon. After analyzing the Death Star's plans, the Rebels find a tiny weakness in the battle station, which Luke uses to destroy it in his X-wing fighter. The battle won, Leia bestows medals on its heroes at the hidden Rebel base on Yavin 4.", "Princess Leia. A teenage version of Princess Leia, voiced by Julie Dolan, appears in a 2016 episode of the animated series Star Wars Rebels, which is set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope.[56] In the episode, Leia is sent on a secret mission to assist the titular rebels.[56] Executive producer Dave Filoni said of the appearance:", "Princess Leia. Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post writes of Leia in the film:", "Princess Leia. Leia appears briefly in the 1978 Star Wars Holiday Special TV film as a leader and administrator of the new Rebel Alliance base. She and C-3PO contact Chewbacca's wife Mallatobuck for assistance in finding Chewbacca and Han. Leia also appears in the cartoon segment at a different Rebel Base, located in an asteroid field, and at the Life Day ceremony at the end of the film.[52] Fisher also appeared in and hosted the November 18, 1978 episode of Saturday Night Live that aired one day after the holiday special.[53] The Summer 1983 issue of Rolling Stone magazine poked fun at this appearance.[54][55]", "Carrie Fisher. In April 1978, Fisher appeared as the love interest in Ringo Starr's 1978 TV special Ringo.[26] The next month, she starred alongside John Ritter (who had also appeared in Ringo) in the ABC-TV film Leave Yesterday Behind.[27] At this time, Fisher appeared with Laurence Olivier and Joanne Woodward in the anthology series Laurence Olivier Presents in a television version of the William Inge play Come Back, Little Sheba.[28] That November, she played Princess Leia in the 1978 TV production Star Wars Holiday Special, and sang in the last scene.[29]", "Princess Leia. Leia makes her first literary appearance in Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker, the novelization of the original 1977 film Star Wars, which was released six months before the film in November 1976. Credited to Lucas but ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster, the novel was based on Lucas' screenplay.[40] Leia later appeared in the novelizations The Empire Strikes Back (1980) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi (1983) by James Kahn. She is also a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Foster.[41]", "Princess Leia. In their 2012 essay \"Lightsabers, Political Arenas, and Marriages\", Ray Merlock and Kathy Merlock Jackson cite Leia as the successor of earlier science fiction heroines Wilma Deering of Buck Rogers and Dale Arden of Flash Gordon, and the embodiment of \"a new stage in the ongoing presentation of the fairy-tale princess in jeopardy\". Writing that \"after Leia, no longer would princesses be passive and salvaged simply with a kiss,\" they note the reflection of the character in later Disney Princess animated films and in woman warriors such as Ellen Ripley from the Alien franchise and Xena of the adventure TV series Xena: Warrior Princess.[101] A. O. Scott of The New York Times described Leia as \"a foremother of Hermione Granger and Katniss Everdeen and of countless latter-day Disney princesses. She also foretold the recent, somewhat belated feminist turn in the Star Wars cycle itself\".[121]", "Princess Leia. One of the more popular Star Wars characters, Leia has been called a 1980s icon, a feminist hero and model for other adventure heroines. She has appeared in many derivative works and merchandising, and has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films. Her \"cinnamon buns\" hairstyle from Star Wars (1977) and metal bikini from Return of the Jedi have become cultural icons.", "Princess Leia. Leia has been the subject of feminist analysis. Mark Edlitz wrote for The Huffington Post in 2010 that \"Leia is an exemplary personification of female empowerment.\"[17] David Bushman, television curator at the Paley Center for Media, said in 2012, \"From the male perspective ... Princess Leia was a very creditable character for her time—not perfect, but certainly defiant, assertive, and strong.\"[75] Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post wrote in 2015, \"Leia wasn't just the first great heroine of science fiction and fantasy to capture my imagination. She was one of the first characters I encountered whose power came from her political conviction and acumen.\"[18] In her 2007 article \"Feminism and the Force: Empowerment and Disillusionment in a Galaxy Far, Far Away\", Diana Dominguez cited Leia as a welcome change from the previous portrayals of women in film and TV.[101] She wrote:", "Carrie Fisher. In Rogue One (2016), which predates the original trilogy, a young version of Leia and the character Grand Moff Tarkin appear, both through computer animation.[75][76] Fisher had completed filming her role as Leia in Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) shortly before her death.[77] Variety reported following her death that Fisher was slated to appear in Episode IX and that now Lucasfilm, Disney, and others involved with the film will need to find a way to address her death and what will become of her character.[78][79][80] At the time of her death, Fisher had been preparing a sequel to her one-woman play Wishful Drinking.[81]", "Princess Leia. Princess Leia has been called a 1980s icon,[75] a feminist hero[76] and \"an exemplary personification of female empowerment\".[17] In 2008, Leia was selected by Empire magazine as the 89th greatest film character of all time,[77] and IGN listed her as their 8th top Star Wars hero.[78] UGO Networks listed Leia as one of their best heroes of all time in 2010.[79]", "Natalie Portman. Natalie Portman (born Neta-Lee Hershlag;[a] Hebrew: נטע-לי הרשלג‎; June 9, 1981) is an actress, film producer and director with dual Israeli and American citizenship. Portman is best known for her roles as Padmé Amidala in the Star Wars prequel trilogy and Nina Sayers in Black Swan (2010); she won an Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award, among other accolades, for her performance in the latter.", "Princess Leia. The character has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films,[80] and celebrated in cosplay.[81] Fisher appeared in the Leia metal bikini on the cover of the Summer 1983 issue of Rolling Stone,[54][55] and a painting of Leia and other characters surrounding Lucas appeared on the cover of the May 25, 1983 issue of Time announcing Return of the Jedi.[82][83] In 2013, cartoonist Jeffrey Brown published the bestselling Star Wars: Vader's Little Princess, a comic strip-style book featuring Darth Vader and a young Leia in humorous father-daughter situations.[84][85][86] Princess Leia appears on a 2007 US postage stamp[87][88] and a 2015 UK stamp.[89][90][91]", "Princess Leia. Anthony Breznican of Entertainment Weekly describes Leia as a \"diplomat, spy, warrior, undercover agent\".[16] Mark Edlitz calls her \"a smart, feisty, brave diplomat and warrior\" in The Huffington Post.[17] Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1983:", "Princess Leia. Leia also appears in the Journey to Star Wars: The Force Awakens line of novels and comic books, introduced in conjunction with The Force Awakens to connect the film with previous installments.[43] She is the lead character in the young adult novel Moving Target: A Princess Leia Adventure (2015) by Cecil Castellucci and Jason Fry, which is set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi,[44][45] and Claudia Gray's novels Star Wars: Bloodline (2016)[46][47] and Leia: Princess of Alderaan (2017). The former is set six years before The Force Awakens, while the latter features a 16-year-old Leia before the events of A New Hope.", "Lisa Jakub. She played Sandra in Matinee, appeared in A Pig's Tale and Independence Day, The Beautician and the Beast, and played the \"inspiration\" for Princess Leia in the short film George Lucas in Love. She starred in Picture Perfect (1995), and portrayed a bordello worker in the American Old West in Painted Angels (1997).", "Princess Leia's bikini. Princess Leia's bikini (also known as Princess Leia's metal bikini) is an iconic costume worn by actress Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia in the 1983 Star Wars film Return of the Jedi.", "Princess Leia. Science fiction filmmaker Letia Clouston concurs, saying \"Sci-fi has had a long history of strong female characters. Yes, Princess Leia was in a gold bikini, but she was also the one who single-handedly killed Jabba. When you take into account movies and TV shows like Terminator, Aliens, Battlestar Galactica, and even video games like Metroid, you can see sci-fi has consistently promoted the strength of women more than any other genre.\"[75]" ]

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[ "United States House of Representatives. As a check on the regional, popular, and rapidly changing politics of the House, the Senate has several distinct powers. For example, the \"advice and consent\" powers (such as the power to approve treaties) are a sole Senate privilege.[23] The House, however, has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue, to impeach officials, and to choose the President in the event that a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes.[24] The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented: the Senate has longer terms of six years, fewer members (currently one hundred, two for each state), and (in all but seven delegations) larger constituencies per member. The Senate is informally referred to as the \"upper\" house, and the House of Representatives as the \"lower\" house.", "United States House of Representatives. The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they compose the legislature of the United States.", "United States Senate. The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—composes the legislature of the United States.", "United States House of Representatives. Representatives use the prefix \"The Honorable\" before their names. A member of the House is referred to as a representative, congressman, or congresswoman. While senators are members of Congress, the terms congressman and congresswoman are not generally used by them.", "Government of Alabama. While the House of Representatives has exclusive power to originate revenue bills, such legislation can be amended and/or substituted by the Senate. Moreover, because the Senate is historically considered to be the \"deliberative body\", its rules concerning length of debate are more relaxed than those of the House of Representatives. The Senate also has a history of filibusters that the rules of the lower house do not as easily tolerate.", "Federalist No. 52. The Congress is divided into two houses, the House of Representative and the Senate, and the qualification for them are slightly different. Members of the Senate are required to be aged 30 years or older, and to have been a citizen for at least 9 years. The reason for this is because Senators represent an entire state, whereas members of the House represent only their congressional district.[7]", "Senate. The terms Senate and Senator, however, do not necessarily refer to a second chamber of a legislature:", "Federalist No. 52. The Senate has far more power than the House of Representatives such as the \"advice and consent\" powers (for example: to approve treaties) are a sole Senate privilege. But certain things still have to be passed by the House of Representative first before it can reach the Senate.[6]", "United States House of Representatives. The House is referred to as the lower house, with the Senate being the upper house, although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology. Both houses' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation. The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states.[6]", "Senate. A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature or parliament. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: senex meaning \"the elder\" or \"old man\") and therefore allegedly wiser and more experienced members of the society or ruling class. Thus, the literal meaning of the word \"senate\" is Assembly of Elders.", "United States Senate. As the upper house, the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it; these include the ratification of treaties and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, other federal executive officials, flag officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and other federal uniformed officers. In addition to these, in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President, the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House. The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative[2] and more prestigious[3][4][5] body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere.[6]", "United States House of Representatives. The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by a conference committee, which includes members of both bodies. For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate, see Act of Congress.", "Member of Congress. In referring to a lawmaker in their capacity of serving in Congress the term Member of Congress is used less often than other terms in the United States. This is because in the United States the word Congress is used as a descriptive term for the collective body of legislators, from both houses of its bicameral federal legislature: the Senate and the House of Representatives. For this reason, and in order to distinguish who is a member of which house, a member of the Senate is typically referred to as Senator (followed by \"name\" from \"state\"), and a member of the House of Representatives is usually referred to as Congressman or Congresswoman (followed by \"name\" from the \"number\" district of \"state\"), or Representative (\"name\" from the \"number\" district of \"state\"). Although Senators are members of Congress, they are not normally referred to and addressed as \"Congressmen\" or \"Congresswomen\" or \"Congresspeople\".", "History of the United States Congress. The Constitution defines the Senate as having two senators for each state in the Union. The size of the House of Representatives is based on the number of states and their populations. The numerical size of the House is set by law, not by the Constitution. The House grew in size as states were admitted throughout the 19th century, and as the nation grew in population. Since the Constitution allows for one representative for as few as 30,000 citizens, Congress passed new, higher limits for the House, which grew in size until a law passed in 1911, based on the National Census of 1910, established the present upper limit of 435 members of the House.[1] Since the House's size was fixed but the population kept growing, instead of a congressperson representing only 30,000 citizens (as the Constitution had previously established), a congressperson represents 600,000 and more persons.[2]", "United States House of Representatives. The Constitution provides that the Senate's \"advice and consent\" is necessary for the President to make appointments and to ratify treaties. Thus, with its potential to frustrate Presidential appointments, the Senate is more powerful than the House.", "Australian constitutional law. Representation in the House of Representatives is based on population and ‘original states’ have equal numbers in the Senate. The two houses are equal in power except for certain restrictions in financial matters. For example, the Senate may not amend a supply Bill, although as the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 demonstrates, it may defer or refuse to pass such a Bill altogether; Bills to impose taxation or appropriate revenue may not originate in the Senate; and the Senate may not amend a Bill so as to increase taxation.", "Senate. Modern democratic states with bicameral parliamentary systems are sometimes equipped with a senate, often distinguished from an ordinary parallel lower house, known variously as the “House of Representatives”, “House of Commons”, “Chamber of Deputies”, “National Assembly”, “Legislative Assembly”, or \"House of Assembly\", by electoral rules. This may include minimum age required for voters and candidates, proportional or majoritarian or plurality system, and an electoral basis or collegium. Typically, the senate is referred to as the upper house and has a smaller membership than the lower house. In some federal states senates also exist at the subnational level. In the United States all states with the exception of Nebraska (whose legislature is a unicameral body called the “Legislature” but whose members refer to themselves as “senators”) have a state senate. There is also the US Senate at the federal level. Similarly in Argentina, in addition to the Senate at federal level, eight of the country's provinces, Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis (since 1987) and Santa Fe, have bicameral legislatures with a Senate. Córdoba and Tucumán changed to unicameral systems in 2001 and 2003 respectively.", "United States Senate. Senators are regarded as more prominent political figures than members of the House of Representatives because there are fewer of them, and because they serve for longer terms, usually represent larger constituencies (the exception being House at-large districts, which similarly cover entire states), sit on more committees, and have more staffers. Far more senators have been nominees for the presidency than representatives. Furthermore, three senators (Warren Harding, John F. Kennedy, and Barack Obama) have been elected president while serving in the Senate, while only one Representative (James Garfield) has been elected president while serving in the House, though Garfield was also a Senator-designate at the time of his election to the Presidency, having been chosen by the Ohio Legislature to fill a Senate vacancy.", "History of the United States Senate. The United States Senate, named after the ancient Roman Senate, was designed as a more deliberative body than the House of Representatives. Edmund Randolph called for its members to be \"less than the House of Commons ... to restrain, if possible, the fury of democracy.\" According to James Madison, \"The use of the Senate is to consist in proceeding with more coolness, with more system, and with more wisdom, than the popular branch.\" Instead of two-year terms as in the House, senators serve six-year terms, giving them more authority to ignore mass sentiment in favor of the country's broad interests. The smaller number of members and staggered terms also give the Senate a greater sense of community.", "Florida House of Representatives. Members of the Senate are referred to as Senators. Because this shadows the terminology used to describe member of U.S. Senate, constituents and the news media, using The Associated Press Stylebook, often refer to State Senators as State Senators to avoid confusion with their Federal counterparts.", "Bill (law). In the United States, all bills originating in the House of Representatives begin with \"H.R.\" and all bills originating from the Senate begin with an \"S.\". Every two years, at the start of odd-numbered years, the United States Congress recommences numbering from 1, though for bills the House has an order reserving the first 20 bill numbers and the Senate has similar measures for the first 10 bills. Joint resolutions also have the same effect as bills, and are titled as \"H. J. Res.\" or \"S. J. Res.\" depending on whether they originated in the House or Senate, respectively. This means that two different bills can have the same number. Each two-year span is called a congress, tracking the terms of Representatives elected in the nationwide biennial House of Representatives elections, and each congress is divided into year-long periods called sessions.[6]", "United States Senate. The Senate uses Standing Rules for operation. Like the House of Representatives, the Senate meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a dais from which the presiding officer presides. The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials. Sessions of the Senate are opened with a special prayer or invocation and typically convene on weekdays. Sessions of the Senate are generally open to the public and are broadcast live on television, usually by C-SPAN 2.", "United States Congress. Article One of the United States Constitution states, \"All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.\" The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. However, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills. The House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases.[1] A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be forcibly removed from office.[1]", "United States Senate. Although the Constitution gave the House the power to initiate revenue bills, in practice the Senate is equal to the House in the respect of spending. As Woodrow Wilson wrote:", "United States Congress. The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives.", "History of the United States House of Representatives. The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States Senate—the upper chamber—comprises the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. Like its counterpart, the House was established by the United States Constitution and convened for its first meeting on March 4, 1789 at Federal Hall in New York City. The history of this institution begins several years prior to that date, at the dawn of the American Revolutionary War.", "Australian House of Representatives. The Australian House of Representatives is one of the two Houses (chambers) of the Parliament of Australia. It is referred to as the lower house, with the Senate being referred to as the upper house. The term of members of the House of Representatives is a maximum of three years from the date of the first sitting of the House, but on only one occasion since Federation has the maximum term been reached. The House is almost always dissolved earlier, usually alone but sometimes in a double dissolution of both Houses. Elections for members of the House of Representatives are often held in conjunction with those for the Senate. A member of the House may be referred to as a \"Member of Parliament\" (\"MP\" or \"Member\"), while a member of the Senate is usually referred to as a \"Senator\". The government of the day and by extension the Prime Minister must achieve and maintain the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power.", "United States Senate. The writers of the Constitution created a bicameral Congress primarily as a compromise between those who felt that each state, since it was sovereign, should be equally represented, and those who felt the Legislature must directly represent the people, as the House of Commons did in the United Kingdom. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise. There was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a \"People's House\" directly elected by the people, and with short terms obliging the representatives to remain close to their constituents. The other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally. The Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation.[7]", "Senate of Canada. The Senate is the upper house of Parliament and the House of Commons is the lower house. This does not, however, imply that the Senate is more powerful than the House of Commons, merely that its members and officers outrank the members and officers of the Commons in the order of precedence for the purposes of protocol. As a matter of practice and custom, the Commons is the dominant chamber. The approval of both chambers is necessary for legislation and, thus, the Senate can reject bills passed by the Commons. Between 1867 and 1987, the Senate rejected fewer than two bills per year, but this has increased in more recent years.[2] Moreover, members of the Cabinet are responsible solely to the House of Commons. While the prime minister and the rest of Cabinet remain in office only while they retain the confidence of the Commons, senators are not beholden to such control. Although legislation can normally be introduced in either chamber, the majority of government bills originate in the House of Commons, with the Senate acting as the chamber of \"sober second thought\" (as it was called by Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada's first prime minister).[3]", "United States Congress. The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a \"district\". Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators. Currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term, with terms staggered, so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election.", "Member of Congress. Members of Congress in both houses are elected by direct popular vote. Senators are elected via a statewide vote and representatives by voters in each congressional district. Congressional districts are apportioned to the states, once every ten years, based on population figures from the most recent nationwide census. Each of the 435 members of the House of Representatives is elected to serve a two-year term representing the people of their district. Each state, regardless of its size, has at least one congressman or congresswoman. Each of the 100 members of the Senate is elected to serve a six-year term representing the people of their state. Each state, regardless of its size, has two senators. Senatorial terms are staggered, so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each staggered group of one-third of the senators is called a 'class'. No state has both its senators in the same class.[1]", "Elections in the United States. Congress has two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives." ]

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[ "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away. \"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away\" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was written and sung by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney) and released on the album Help! in August 1965.", "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away. The song lyrics are ambiguous. They may tell of an unrequited love and hidden feelings. John could also have been referring to the fact that as a Beatle he was expected to keep the fact he was married a secret. He could also have been writing about his inability to express his true 'loving' self in public and his feelings of isolation and paranoia related to fame.[3] Some, such as singer Tom Robinson, have suggested that it was written for their manager Brian Epstein, who had to hide his homosexuality from the public.[4][5] Lennon himself however never discussed the inspiration for the lyrics. When the song was first written, Lennon used \"two-foot tall\" to rhyme with the \"wall\" in the first verse, but mistakenly said \"two-foot small\" when he sang the line to McCartney, and decided to keep it this way. Pete Shotton, Lennon's former bandmate from The Quarrymen, was present when the song was being composed, and he suggested adding \"Hey\" to the start of the line in refrain.[3]", "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away. The basic rhythm track was recorded first, followed by George Harrison's guitar and some extra percussion. John Scott recorded a tenor flute in the spaces in Lennon's vocal track and an additional alto flute part, an octave higher than the first, on the last available track of the four-track machine.[6]", "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away. Lennon said of the song, \"That's me in my Dylan period again. I am like a chameleon, influenced by whatever is going on. If Elvis can do it, I can do it. If the Everly Brothers can do it, me and Paul can. Same with Dylan.\" The song is an early example of John self-reflecting in his writing, which had begun with songs such as \"I'm a Loser\" in the summer of 1964. Lennon wrote the song at home during what he called his \"Dylan period,\" wanting another song for the film Help!.[1] The song \"is just basically John doing Dylan,\" Paul McCartney confirmed.[2] The song is similar to a folkish strophic form and uses a Dylanesque acoustic guitar figure in compound time, chiefly acoustic accompaniment, no backing voices and light percussion from brushed snare, tambourine and maraca. A flute, however, replaces the harmonica that Dylan typically used.[3]", "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away. In a montage the first two takes (both broken down) are followed by a completed alternative version (Take 5), included on Anthology 2. Lennon counts off the song then stops to readjust his guitar pickup (\"I'm just going to raise this so that it's nearer to the bass strings than the top string\"). This is followed by the sound of a glass shattering on the floor, prompting John to teasingly sing: \"Paul's broken a glass, broken a glass. Paul's broken a glass. A glass, a glass he's broke today\". (In the background, Ringo plays the snare drum with wire brush drumsticks, keeping time with John's cadence). John also addresses Paul as \"Macca,\" a nickname in England for someone who is of Irish descent or has \"Mc\" in their last name. \"Oh, you ready, Macca?\"", "Your Love (The Outfield song). \"Your Love\" is a song by the English rock band the Outfield, taken from their debut album Play Deep (1985). The song was penned by the band's guitarist John Spinks.", "Help! (album). The album includes Paul McCartney's \"Yesterday\", arranged for guitar and string quartet and recorded without the other group members. John Lennon's \"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away\" indicates the influence of Bob Dylan and includes flutes. McCartney's \"I've Just Seen a Face\" had a country flavour.[7]", "Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes. \"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes\" is an off meter ballad concerning a man away from home worried that his paramour may unwittingly stray from their relationship. The song was recorded in many different styles by many artists. It was written by Winston L. Moore (whose stage name was Slim Willet) and was published in 1952.[1]", "The Kentucky Headhunters. The Orr-led lineup also recorded That'll Work, a collaborative album with Chuck Berry's pianist, Johnnie Johnson.[17] It was released later in 1993 via Nonesuch Records, and it comprised twelve songs which Johnson and the band wrote over the course of four days.[34] The album featured Johnson on piano, as well as lead vocals on the title track and one other song; Jimmy Hall of Wet Willie also played harmonica and saxophone, and sang backing vocals.[35] Thom Owens of Allmusic wrote of this album that \"They certainly can work a heavy, bluesy groove with dexterity, but they lack the gonzo charm they had on their debut, Pickin' on Nashville — there simply isn't the sense of careening fun, nor is there the reckless fusions that resulted in such an invigorating listen.\"[36] One year later, Mercury released a greatest hits package, The Best of The Kentucky Headhunters: Still Pickin'. It reprised singles and other songs from the band's first three albums, as well as \"Let's Work Together\" and a cover of The Beatles' \"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away,\" which The Kentucky Headhunters had previously recorded on the 1994 tribute album Shared Vision: The Songs of the Beatles.[37] After Still Pickin', The Kentucky Headhunters left Mercury.[17]", "Tami Lynn. Lynn was discovered by Jerry Wexler in 1965 after hearing her sing at a talent show.[3] Wexler had her record the Bert Berns penned and produced[4] song, \"I'm Gonna Run Away From You\", for Atco Records, but the song was not released at the time, although it was released in the UK on Atlantic, AT.4071. She then sang backup for musicians such as The Rolling Stones (backing vocalist on Exile on Main St.), Dr. John, Wilson Pickett, and Sonny & Cher.[3] In 1971, \"I'm Gonna Run Away From You\" was released as a single, with \"The Boy Next Door\" as the b-side, on Mojo and Atlantic, where it became a hit in the UK among devotees of Northern soul. The tune hit number 4 in the UK Singles Chart in 1971.[2] A full-length album, Love Is Here and Now You're Gone, followed in 1972, produced by John Abbey. \"I'm Gonna Run Away From You\" returned to the UK chart in 1975 after being reissued, hitting number 36 the second time around.[2]", "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away. In the film Help!, at the opening of the song, the head of the cult, Clang (Leo McKern), appears from underneath a manhole cover in the middle of Ailsa Avenue, London, where parts of the film were shot. He stays there for the whole song, which the Beatles play in Lennon's quarters of the Beatles' shared flat. The flute part of the song is performed by George's in-house gardener (who also trims his grass carpet with chattery teeth). They are watched by Ahme (Eleanor Bron), and at the end of the song, Harrison passes out after Ahme produces a giant needle for Starr, who is wearing the ring the cult is seeking.", "Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey. \"Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey\" was written about Lennon's future wife, Yoko Ono.[2][3] Lennon said of the song:", "Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey. \"Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey\" is a song by the English rock group the Beatles from their 1968 album The Beatles (also known as \"the White Album\"). The song was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. Its title is the longest of any song released by the group.", "When I'm Away from You. \"When I'm Away from You\" is a song written and recorded by Frankie Miller in 1979. It was also recorded by Kim Carnes and included on her 1981 album Mistaken Identity. The best-known version of the song was recorded by The Bellamy Brothers. It was released in January 1983 as the second single from the album Strong Weakness. \"When I'm Away from You\" was The Bellamy Brothers' seventh number one on the country chart. The single stayed at number one for one week and spent twelve weeks on the country chart.[1]", "Ready or Not Here I Come (Can't Hide from Love). \"Ready or Not Here I Come (Can't Hide from Love)\" is a single from American R&B vocal group The Delfonics. The song was produced by Thom Bell and released on October 22, 1968 by Philly Groove Records. The song peaked at number 35 on the U.S. pop chart, number 14 U.S. R&B chart. Overseas, the song peaked at number 41 in the UK.", "You Take My Breath Away (Rex Smith song). \"You Take My Breath Away\" is the 1979 debut single by singer-actor Rex Smith and the first release from his third studio album Sooner or Later which is also featured in the 1979 made-for-television film of the same title starring Smith and Denise Miller. It was produced by Charles Calello and Stephen Lawrence, and written by Lawrence and Bruce Hart.", "In the Closet. The song, written and composed by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley, is about keeping a relationship secret between lovers. \"In the closet\" is an English idiom used when one is not open about an aspect of their life, particularly in regard to sexual orientation. Despite the song's suggestive name its lyrics do not allude to hidden sexual orientation but rather a concealed relationship; \"Don't hide our love / Woman to man.\" The New York Times stated, \"Only Jackson would use that title for a heterosexual love song...\"[5] The song's female vocal was originally labeled \"Mystery Girl\" but was later revealed to be Princess Stéphanie of Monaco.[6]", "Run Away with You. Michael Ray, with whom Rich co-wrote the song, also recorded it for his self-titled debut album.[4]", "Love, Love, Love (Glee). Eight of the Beatles songs appear on this episode: \"Yesterday\", sung by Michele;[14][15] \"Drive My Car\", sung by McHale and Tobin; \"Got to Get You into My Life\", performed by Criss and Colfer;[15][16] \"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away\", also performed by Tobin and McHale; \"Help!\", sung by Criss and Overstreet; \"A Hard Day's Night\", performed by Michele and Rivera; \"I Saw Her Standing There\", performed by Criss, Overstreet, Artist and Jenner;[14] and \"All You Need Is Love\", performed by Criss. The songs from this episode and the next one have been released on the album Glee Sings the Beatles, which contains fourteen songs by the Glee cast originally written and performed by the Beatles. The album was made available for pre-order on iTunes on September 10, 2013, and was released on September 24, 2013, two days before the season premiere.[17]", "Bonnie Tyler. Tyler released one more album with Columbia Records in 1988. It was released under the name Hide Your Heart in Europe, and Notes From America in the United States. Prolific songwriters for the album included Michael Bolton, Albert Hammond and Desmond Child, who also produced the album. The album enjoyed some success in continental Europe, but only peaked at No. 78 in the UK and failed to chart in the United States. The singles from Hide Your Heart were minor hits for Tyler, but went on to be major hits for other artists, including Kiss (with \"Hide Your Heart\"), Robin Beck, Cher and Freda Payne (with \"Save Up All Your Tears\") and Tina Turner with \"The Best\". When looking back over this era, Desmond Child said:", "Hall & Oates. The other well-known song from Voices is the emotive ballad \"Everytime You Go Away\", with powerful lead vocals by Hall, who wrote it. British singer Paul Young had a Billboard Number 1 hit with a cover of the song in 1985. Though the Hall and Oates original (recorded in a Memphis-soul style) was never released as a single, it remains a fan favorite on the duo's greatest hits albums and was featured on their Apollo Theater album in 1985, and is frequently featured in their live set to this day.", "Everytime You Go Away. \"Everytime You Go Away\" is a song written and composed by Daryl Hall. It was first recorded in 1980 by the American duo Hall & Oates but was not released as a single. The song became an international hit when covered by English singer Paul Young in 1985.[1] There have also been several other versions of this song.", "(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away. \"(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away\" is a song penned by Barry Gibb and Blue Weaver and recorded by the Bee Gees in 1977 on the Saturday Night Fever sessions but was not released until Bee Gees Greatest (1979). It was released as a single by Andy Gibb on his version from his second studio album Shadow Dancing.", "Blue Mink. The members continued with their session work despite the success of the band.[1] In March 1970, Cook, Bell, Parker and Morgan appeared on Elton John's eponymous first solo album; Elton John covered \"Good Morning Freedom\" (written by Albert Hammond) anonymously on the Deacon Records budget compilation album Pick of the Pops.[1] In April, Cook and Greenaway played briefly in Currant Kraze, and together they continued to write songs such as \"You've Got Your Troubles\", \"I've Got You on My Mind\" and \"I'd Like To Teach the World To Sing\".[1] Other side projects included: involvement with Parker's band The Congregation; Herbie Flowers' contributions to Lou Reed's Transformer album;[1] and the involvement of Flowers, Morgan and Parker in sessions with Pete Atkin in March 1971, that later appeared on his Driving Through Mythical America album.", "Ratt. The band's second full-length album Invasion of Your Privacy was released July 1985.\nIt peaked at No. 7 (which is the same position that Out of the Cellar peaked). The album met mostly positive reactions from fans and critics. Allmusic.com has called it \"another batch of solid pop-metal tunes\".[8] It contained the favorites \"You're in Love\" and \"Lay It Down\" (which made No. 40 on the Hot 100) that assured the band a presence on radio and MTV. Footage from the band's performances at Hirsch Memorial Coliseum in Shreveport, Louisiana and the Mississippi Coast Coliseum in Biloxi, Mississippi were featured in the video to \"You're In Love\".", "Creative Source. Creative Source was formed in 1972 by several veterans of the West Coast recording studios. They were managed by Ron Townson, who was a member of The Fifth Dimension.[1] Their first chart success was 1973's \"You Can't Hide Love\", but their biggest hit came the following year, a cover of the Bill Withers tune \"Who Is He (And What Is He to You)?\". Four albums were issued by the band in three years, but their later singles were less successful, and by 1977, after having lost their recording contract, the group disbanded.", "Rita Ora. Ora began performing at open mic sessions around London and, occasionally, in her father's pub.[18] In 2007, Ora had her first music release when she appeared on Craig David's track titled \"Awkward\", and then again in 2008 on \"Where's Your Love\", featuring Tinchy Stryder. On both tracks she was not officially credited.[7] She featured on two songs of James Morrison's album, Songs for You, Truths for Me, as backing vocalist.[19]", "Stevie Ray Vaughan. Vaughan opened with a medley arrangement of Freddie King's song \"Hide Away\" and his own fast instrumental composition, \"Rude Mood\". Double Trouble went on to perform renditions of Larry Davis' \"Texas Flood\", Hound Dog Taylor's \"Give Me Back My Wig\", and Albert Collins' \"Collins Shuffle\", as well as three original compositions: \"Pride and Joy\", \"Love Struck Baby\", and \"Dirty Pool\". The set ended with boos from the audience.[70] People's James McBride wrote:", "Don't Let Him Waste Your Time. \"Don't Let Him Waste Your Time\" is a song by English singer and songwriter Jarvis Cocker. Before recording the song for his debut solo album Jarvis in November 2006, the song appeared on Nancy Sinatra's self-titled 2004 album (Nancy Sinatra) (along with \"Baby's Coming Back to Me\", which also made it onto Jarvis). The song was released as a single on 8 January 2007,[1] reaching number 36 in the UK Singles Chart[2] and number 1 on the UK indie chart.[3]", "Don't Pull Your Love. \"Don't Pull Your Love\" is a classic song written by Brian Potter and Dennis Lambert. The song was originally released in 1971 by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds.", "Ronn Moss. The Australian edition of his 2002 solo CD “I’m Your Man” includes a fresh duet of the original hit \"Baby Come Back\" & two bonus tracks, \"That's When I'll Be Gone\" & \"Mountain\". Moss along with his band toured Australia between August and September 2006. In 2007, he released his 2nd solo album, Uncovered.", "Stuart Hamblen. In his early career as a singing cowboy he composed his song Texas Plains. It was this song that Patsy Montana reworked into her million seller hit I Want to Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart (1935). Hamblen wrote the popular songs \"This Ole House\" (1954) (popularized by Rosemary Clooney, among others) and \"Open Up Your Heart (And Let the Sunshine In)\" (not to be confused with the song from the Broadway musical Hair). Other songs include \"Hell Train\", \"It Is No Secret (What God Can Do)\" (not the contemporary Christian song of a similar name in the 1980s) and \"Blood on Your Hands\". Some of his post-conversion songs depict a rather wrathful version of the Gospel, sung with such good-natured high spirits that they have an ironic appeal to the non-religious." ]

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[ "Thou shalt not covet. In whatever way such things happen, we must know that God does not wish that you deprive your neighbor of anything that belongs to him so that he suffer the loss and you gratify your avarice with it, even if you could keep it honorably before the world; for it is a secret and insidious imposition practised under the hat, as we say, that it may not be observed. For although you go your way as if you had done no one any wrong, you have nevertheless injured your neighbor; and if it is not called stealing and cheating, yet it is called coveting your neighbor's property, that is, aiming at possession of it, enticing it away from him without his will, and being unwilling to see him enjoy what God has granted him.", "Ten Commandments. Louis Ginzberg argued that the tenth commandment (Covet not thy neighbor's wife) is directed against a sin which may lead to a trespassing of all Ten Commandments.[106]", "Thou shalt not covet. You shall not covet your neighbor's house. You shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or his male or female servant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor.", "Thou shalt not covet. Luther further explains that the tenth commandment is not intended for the rogues of the world, but for the pious, who wish to be praised and considered as honest and upright people, because they have not broken any of the outward commandments. Luther sees covetousness in the quarreling and wrangling in court over inheritances and real estate. He sees covetousness in financiering practiced in a manner to obtain houses, castles, and land through foreclosure. Likewise, Luther sees the tenth commandment as forbidding contrivances to take another man's wife as one's own and uses the example of King Herod taking his brother's wife while his brother was still living.[59]", "Thou shalt not covet. Matthew Henry sees the tenth commandment striking at the root of many sins by forbidding all desire that may yield injury to one's neighbor. The language of discontent and envy are forbidden in the heart and mind. The appetites and desires of the corrupt nature are proscribed, and all are enjoined to see our face in the reflection of this law and to submit our hearts under the government of it.[62]", "Thou shalt not covet. The Catechism of the Catholic Church connects the command against coveting with the command to \"love your neighbor as yourself.\"[9] Ibn Ezra on the question of \"how can a person not covet a beautiful thing in his heart?\" wrote that the main purpose of all the commandments is to straighten the heart.[10]", "Thou shalt not covet. John Calvin views the tenth commandment as a demand for purity of the heart, above and beyond the outward actions. Calvin distinguishes between making an explicit design to obtain what belongs to our neighbor and a covetous desire in the heart. For Calvin, design is a deliberate consent of the will, after passion has taken possession of the mind. Covetousness may exist without such a deliberate design, when the mind is stimulated and tickled by objects on which we set our affection.[60]", "Thou shalt not covet. Other Jewish views portray the prohibition of coveting as having its own fundamental and independent significance apart from the other nine commandments. For example, the Bava Batra teach that a person can even harm his neighbor with his eyes. It asserts that damage caused by looking is also regarded as damage that is prohibited.[19] Even if the covetous desire is concealed in the heart, the covetous desire in itself is regarded by the Torah as damaging to the neighbor.[20]", "Thou shalt not covet. When he knows that God has forbidden his neighbor's wife to him, then she is more elevated in his eyes than the princess in the eyes of the peasant. And so he is satisfied with his portion and does not allow his heart to covet and desire something that is not his, for he knows that God does not wish to give it to him; he cannot take it by force or by his thoughts or schemes. He has faith in his Creator, that He will provide for him and do what is good in His eyes.", "Thou shalt not covet. The foregoing commands implicitly forbid all desire of doing that which will be an injury to our neighbour; this forbids all inordinate desire of having that which will be a gratification to ourselves. \"O that such a man's house were mine! Such a man's wife mine! Such a man's estate mine! This is certainly the language of discontent at our own lot, and envy at our neighbour's; and these are the sins principally forbidden here. St. Paul, when the grace of God caused the scales to fall from his eyes, perceived that this law, Thou shalt not covet, forbade all those irregular appetites and desires which are the first-born of the corrupt nature, the first risings of the sin that dwelleth in us, and the beginnings of all the sin that is committed by us: this is that lust which, he says, he had not known the evil of, if this commandment, when it came to his conscience in the power of it, had not shown it to him, Rom. 7:7.", "Thou shalt not covet. Covetous desires create disorder because they move beyond satisfying basic human needs and \"exceed the limits of reason and drive us to covet unjustly what is not ours and belongs to another or is owed to him.\"[44] Greed and the desire to amass earthy goods without limit are forbidden as are avarice and the passion for riches and power. \"You shall not covet\" means that we should banish our desires for whatever does not belong to us. Never having enough money is regarded as a symptom of the love of money.[45] Obedience to the tenth commandment requires that envy be banished from the human heart. Envy is a capital sin that includes sadness at the sight of another's goods and the immoderate desire to acquire them for oneself. The baptized person should resist envy by practicing good will and rejoicing and praising God for material blessings granted to neighbor and brother.[46] God warns man away from what seems \"good for food . . . a delight to the eyes . . . to be desired to make one wise,\"[47] and law and grace turn men's hearts away from avarice and envy and toward the Holy Spirit who satisfies man's heart.[48]", "Thou shalt not covet. Maimonides (the Rambam) viewed the prohibition of coveting as a fence or boundary intended to keep adherents a safe distance away from the very serious sins of theft, adultery, and murder.", "Thou shalt not covet. Catholic teaching on the prohibition of greed and envy center around Christ's admonishments to desire and store up treasure in Heaven rather than on Earth, \"For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.\"[42] The tenth commandment is regarded as completing and unfolding the ninth. The tenth commandment forbids coveting the goods of another, as the root of the stealing and fraud forbidden by the commandment, \"You shall not steal.\" \"Lust of the eyes\" leads to the violence and injustice forbidden by the commandment, \"You shall not murder.\" Covetousness, like sexual immorality, originates in the idolatry prohibited by the first three commandments. Along with the ninth commandment, the tenth summarizes the entire Ten Commandments, by focusing on the intentions and desires of the heart.[43]", "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. \"Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour\" is one (either the eighth or ninth, the designation varies between religions[1]) of the Ten Commandments,[2] which are widely understood as moral imperatives by Jewish scholars, Catholic scholars, and Post-Reformation scholars.[3][4][5]", "Thou shalt not covet. Desire leads to coveting, and coveting leads to stealing. For if the owner (of the coveted object) does not wish to sell, even though he is offered a good price and is entreated to accept, the person (who covets the object) will come to steal it, as it is written (Mikha 2:2) [Micah 2:2], 'They covet fields and (then) steal them.' And if the owner approaches him with a view to reclaiming his money or preventing the theft, then he will come to murder. Go and learn from the example of Achav [Ahab] and Navot [Naboth].[16]", "Thou shalt not covet. For we are so inclined by nature that no one desires to see another have as much as himself, and each one acquires as much as he can; the other may fare as best he can. And yet we pretend to be godly, know how to adorn ourselves most finely and conceal our rascality, resort to and invent adroit devices and deceitful artifices (such as now are daily most ingeniously contrived) as though they were derived from the law codes; yea, we even dare impertinently to refer to it, and boast of it, and will not have it called rascality, but shrewdness and caution. In this lawyers and jurists assist, who twist and stretch the law to suit it to their cause, stress words and use them for a subterfuge, irrespective of equity or their neighbor's necessity. And, in short, whoever is the most expert and cunning in these affairs finds most help in law, as they themselves say: Vigilantibus iura subveniunt [that is, The laws favor the watchful].", "Thou shalt not covet. The Book of Proverbs warns against coveting, \"Above all else, guard your heart, for it is the wellspring of life.\"[13] The prophet Micah condemns the coveting of houses and fields as a warning against lusting after physical possessions.[14] The Hebrew word for \"covet\" can also be translated as \"lust\", and the book of Proverbs warns against coveting in the form of sexual lust.", "Thou shalt not covet. This commandment is directed against the sin of envy. Man is given the gift of human intelligence in order to be able to sift out the good from the bad, even in his/her own thoughts.[15]", "Thou shalt not covet. You covet and cannot obtain, so you fight and quarrel. You do not have, because you do not ask. You ask and do not receive, because you ask wrongly, to spend it on your passions. You adulterous people! Do you not know that friendship with the world is enmity with God? Therefore whoever wishes to be a friend of the world makes himself an enemy of God.", "Thou shalt not covet. Adherence to the ninth commandment's requirement of purity requires modesty, which \"protects the intimate center of the person\". Modesty refuses to uncover \"what should remain hidden\". Modesty is a servant of chastity and guides how one looks at others and behaves toward them in protective conformity with the dignity of the human person. Modesty encourages patience and moderation in loving relationships, requiring that the conditions for the definitive giving and commitment of man and woman be fulfilled to one another. It is a decency that inspires one's clothing. Modesty is discreet and avoids harmful curiosity.[39]", "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. The witness who hid what he had seen or what he knew bore his iniquity; if he realized his guilt, he had to confess his sin, brought to the Lord a female lamb or goat from the flock (or two turtledoves or two pigeons, or a tenth of an ephah of fine flour) for a sin offering as his compensation for the sin he committed.", "Thou shalt not covet. Martin Luther views sinful human nature such that no person naturally desires to see others with as much as oneself, each acquiring as much as he can while pretending to be pious. The human heart, Luther says, is deceitful, knowing how to adorn oneself finely while concealing one's rascality.", "Matthew 5:45. Matthew 5:45 is the forty-fifth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This is the third verse of the final antithesis, that on the commandment: \"Love thy neighbour as thyself\". Jesus here explains why one must love one's enemies.", "Thou shalt not covet. The Catholic Church considers the prohibition on coveting in Deuteronomy 5:21 and Exodus 20:17 to include two commandments, which are numbered the ninth and tenth. In the Catholic view, the ninth commandment is a prohibition on carnal concupiscence (or lust), and the tenth commandment prohibits greed and the setting of one's heart on material possessions.", "Thou shalt not covet. The Hebrew word translated \"covet\" is chamad (חמד) which is commonly translated into English as \"covet\", \"lust\", and \"strong desire.\"[11] The Hebrew Bible contains a number of warnings and examples of negative consequences for lusting or coveting. For example, when God was instructing Israel regarding the false religion of the Canaanites, he warned them not to covet the silver or gold on their idols, because this can lead to bringing detestable things into the home.", "Negligence. The Scottish judge, Lord MacMillan, considered the case to fall within a new category of delict (the Scots law nearest equivalent of tort). The case proceeded to the House of Lords, where Lord Atkin interpreted the biblical ordinance to 'love thy neighbour' as a legal requirement to 'not harm thy neighbour.' He then went on to define neighbour as \"persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question.\"", "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. Martin Luther explained that this commandment is given “first of all that every one shall help his neighbor to secure his rights, and not allow them to be hindered or twisted, but shall promote and strictly maintain them, no matter whether he be judge or witness.” Luther also asserted that this command extends to the spiritual jurisdiction and prohibited slander against preachers and Christians by calling them heretics, apostates, seditious, wicked, etc. Thirdly, he described the commandment against false witness to prohibit the public judgment and reproof of his neighbor. One can indeed see and hear the neighbor sin, but one has no command to report it to others. If one judges and passes sentence, one falls into a sin which is greater than his (except for judges, parents, and preachers.)[59]", "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. John Calvin taught that the commandment against false witness prohibits all calumnies (gossip and slander) and false accusations which might injure our neighbor’s good name, and any falsehood which might impair his fortune. Christians must assert only the truth with pure motives for the maintenance of our neighbor’s good name and estate.", "Thou shalt not covet. In explaining the prohibition on covetousness, Calvin views the mind as either being filled with charitable thoughts toward one's brother and neighbor, or being inclined toward covetous desires and designs. The mind wholly imbued with charity has no room for carnal desires. Calvin recognizes that all sorts of fancies rise up in the mind, and he exhorts the individual to exercise choice and discipline to shifting one's thoughts away from fleshly desires and passions. Calvin asserts that God's intention in the command is to prohibit every kind of perverse desire.[61]", "Thou shalt not covet. Maimonides' admonition to learn from the example of Ahab and Naboth refers to the narrative in 1 Kings 21 in which King Ahab of Israel tried to convince Naboth the Jezreelite to sell him the vineyard Naboth owned adjacent to the king's palace. Ahab wanted the land to use as a vegetable garden, but Naboth refused to sell or trade the property to Ahab saying, \"The LORD forbid that I should give up to you what I have inherited from my fathers!\"[17] Ahab's wife Jezebel then conspired to obtain the vineyard by writing letters in Ahab's name to the elders and nobles in Naboth's town instructing them to have two scoundrels bear false witness claiming that Naboth has cursed both God and the king. After Naboth was subsequently stoned to death, Ahab seized possession of Naboth's vineyard. The text describes the LORD as very angry with Ahab, and the prophet Elijah pronounces judgment on both Ahab and Jezebel.[18]", "Seven deadly sins. Malicious envy is similar to jealousy in that they both feel discontent towards someone's traits, status, abilities, or rewards. A difference is that the envious also desire the entity and covet it. Envy can be directly related to the Ten Commandments, specifically, \"Neither shall you covet... anything that belongs to your neighbour\" - a statement that may also be related to greed. Dante defined envy as \"a desire to deprive other men of theirs\". In Dante's Purgatory, the punishment for the envious is to have their eyes sewn shut with wire because they gained sinful pleasure from seeing others brought low. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, the struggle aroused by envy has three stages: during the first stage, the envious person attempts to lower another's reputation; in the middle stage, the envious person receives either \"joy at another's misfortune\" (if he succeeds in defaming the other person) or \"grief at another's prosperity\" (if he fails); the third stage is hatred because \"sorrow causes hatred\" .[36]", "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. Respect for the reputation of persons forbids every attitude and word likely to cause unjust injury. One is guilty of rash judgment who assumes the moral fault of a neighbor without sufficient foundation. One is guilty of detraction who discloses another's faults and failings to persons who did not know them without objectively valid reason. One is guilty of calumny (a misrepresentation intended to harm another’s reputation) who harms the reputation of others and gives occasion for false judgments concerning them by remarks contrary to the truth. These sins violate both the commandment against false witness, as well as the command to love one’s neighbor as oneself.[54]" ]

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[ "Richard Avedon. While In the American West is one of the Avedon’s most notable works, it has often been criticized for falsifying the West through voyeuristic themes and for exploiting his subjects. Critics question why a photographer from the East who traditionally focuses on models or public figures would go out West to capture the working class members who represent hardship and suffering. They argue that Avedon's intentions are to influence and evoke condescending emotions from the viewer such as pity.[17]", "Richard Avedon. One of the things Avedon is distinguished by as a photographer is his large prints, sometimes measuring over three feet in height. His large-format portrait work of drifters, miners, cowboys and others from the western United States became a best-selling book and traveling exhibit entitled In the American West, and is regarded as an important hallmark in 20th century portrait photography, and by some as Avedon's magnum opus.[citation needed]", "Visual art of the United States. Paintings of the Great West, many of which emphasized the sheer size of the land and the cultures of the native people living on it, became a distinct genre as well. George Catlin depicted the West and its people as honestly as possible. George Caleb Bingham, and later Frederick Remington, Charles M. Russell, the photographer Edward S. Curtis, and others recorded the American Western heritage and the Old American West through their art.", "Taos art colony. Ansel Easton Adams (1902–1984) was a photographer, best known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West. In 1930, Taos Pueblo, Adams's second portfolio, was published. In New Mexico, he was introduced to notables from Alfred Stieglitz's circle, including painter Georgia O'Keeffe, artist John Marin, and photographer Paul Strand, all of whom created famous works during their stays in the Southwest.[23]", "Edward Weston. Edward Henry Weston (March 24, 1886 – January 1, 1958) was a 20th-century American photographer. He has been called \"one of the most innovative and influential American photographers…\"[1] and \"one of the masters of 20th century photography.\"[2] Over the course of his 40-year career Weston photographed an increasingly expansive set of subjects, including landscapes, still lives, nudes, portraits, genre scenes and even whimsical parodies. It is said that he developed a \"quintessentially American, and specially Californian, approach to modern photography\"[3] because of his focus on the people and places of the American West. In 1937 Weston was the first photographer to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship, and over the next two years he produced nearly 1,400 negatives using his 8 × 10 view camera. Some of his most famous photographs were taken of the trees and rocks at Point Lobos, California, near where he lived for many years.", "Straight photography. Artists of The West Coast Photographic Movement embraced and developed Straight photography in the 1930s. They created sharp-focus photographs of natural American Western objects and scenery, skillfully composing with subtleties of tone, light and texture. This approach was entirely radical. Well known photographers, including Ansel Adams, Edward Weston, his son Brett Weston, Imogen Cunningham, Dody Weston Thompson and Berenice Abbott are considered innovators and practitioners of this style.", "Edward Weston. He and Chandler returned to San Francisco at the end of 1924, and the next month he set up a studio with Hagemeyer. Weston seemed to be struggling with his past and his future during this period. He burned all of his pre-Mexico journals, as though trying to erase the past, and started a new series of nudes with Lerner and with his son Neil. He wrote that these images were \"the start of a new period in my approach and attitude towards photography.\"[25]", "Group f/64. The late 1920s and early 1930s were a time of substantial social and economic unrest in the United States.[2] The United States was suffering through the Great Depression, and people were seeking some respite from their everyday hardships. The American West was seen as the base for future economic recovery because of massive public works projects like the Hoover Dam.[3] The public sought out news and images of the West because it represented a land of hope in an otherwise bleak time. They were increasingly attracted to the work of such photographers as Ansel Adams, whose strikingly detailed photographs of the American West were seen as \"pictorial testimony…of inspiration and redemptive power.\"[1]", "Edward Weston. In May, 1928, Weston and Brett made a brief but important trip to the Mojave Desert. It was there that he first explored and photographed landscapes as an art form.[32] He found the stark rock forms and empty spaces to be a visual revelation, and over a long weekend he took twenty-seven photographs.[33] In his journal he declared \"these negatives are the most important I have ever done.\"[34]", "Edward Weston. At that time New York City was the cultural center for photography as an art form in America, and Alfred Stieglitz was the most influential figure in photography.[17] Weston badly wanted to go to New York to meet with him, but he did not have enough money to make the trip. His brother-in-law gave him enough money to continue on from Middletown to New York City, and he spent most of October and early November there. While there he met artist Charles Sheeler, photographers Clarence H. White, Gertrude Kasebier and finally, Stieglitz. Weston wrote that Stieglitz told him, \"Your work and attitude reassures me. You have shown me at least several prints which have given me a great deal of joy. And I can seldom say that of photographs.\"[18]", "Edward Weston. Buoyed by the success of their first book, in 1940 they published California and the West. The first edition, featuring 96 of Weston's photos with text by Wilson, sold for $3.95. Over the summer, Weston taught photography at the first Ansel Adams Workshop at Yosemite National Park.", "Edward Weston. They arrived in Mexico City on August 11 and rented a large hacienda outside of the city. Within a month he had arranged for an exhibition of his work at the Aztec Land Gallery, and on October 17 the show opened to glowing press reviews. He was particularly proud of a review by Marius de Zayas that said \"Photography is beginning to be photography, for until now it has only been art.\"[23]", "American modernism. At the beginning of American modernism, photography still struggled to be recognized as a form of art. The photographer Alfred Stieglitz described it as: \"Artists who saw my earlier photographs began to tell me that they envied me; that they felt my photographs were superior to their paintings, but that, unfortunately, photography was not an art. I could not understand why the artists should envy me for my work, yet, in the same breath, decry it because it was machine-made.\" (Stieglitz:8). In 1902, Stieglitz founded the Photo-Secession group with members such as Edward Steichen, Gertrude Käsebier and Clarence Hudson White, which had the objective of raising the standard and increasing the awareness of art photography. At that point, their main style was pictorialist, which was known for modifying photos through soft focus, special filters or exotic printing processes, to imitate the style of paintings and etchings of that time. For means of publication, Stieglitz, as the driving force of the movement, started the magazine Camera Work, in which he published artists he felt represented the movement. He also ran three galleries one after another, namely \"291\" (1905–1917), \"The Intimate Gallery\" (1925–1929) and \"An American Place\" (1929–1947). Especially 291 served as a meeting point for artists and writers and was the first to exhibit the early modernist art works of European artists, such as Henri Matisse, Auguste Rodin, Henri Rousseau, Paul Cézanne, and Pablo Picasso, in the United States. A further link to the European avant-garde was established by Man Ray. Born in America and inspired by the work he saw in Stieglitz’ galleries, Ray emigrated to Paris in 1921 and together with artists of the European Dada and Surrealist movements created new photographic techniques such as rayographs (placing objects directly on photosensitive paper).", "Edward Weston. His critical eye paid off as he quickly gained more recognition for his work. He won prizes in national competitions, published several more photographs and wrote articles for magazines such as Photo-Era and American Photography, championing the pictorial style.", "Edward Weston. Among Weston's most important early writings are those that provide insights into his development of the concept of previsualization. He first spoke and wrote about the concept in 1922, at least a decade before Ansel Adams began utilizing the term, and he continued to expand upon this idea both in writing and in his teachings. Historian Beaumont Newhall noted the significance of Weston's innovation in his book The History of Photography, saying \"The most important part of Edward Weston's approach was his insistence that the photographer should previsualize the final print before making the exposure.\"[74]", "Edward Weston. Weston continued to photograph the people and things around him, and his reputation in Mexico increased the longer he stayed. He had a second exhibition at the Aztec Land Galley in 1924, and he had a steady stream of local socialites asking him to take their portraits. At the same time, Weston began to miss his other sons back in the U.S. As with many of his actions, though, it was a woman who motivated him most. He had recently corresponded with a woman he had known for several years named Miriam Lerner, and as her letters became more passionate he longed to see her again.[25]", "Romanticism. Some American paintings (such as Albert Bierstadt’s The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak) promote the literary idea of the “noble savage” by portraying idealized Native Americans living in harmony with the natural world. Thomas Cole's paintings tend towards allegory, explicit in The Voyage of Life series painted in the early 1840s, showing the stages of life set amidst an awesome and immense nature.", "Straight photography. This was a close knit community of friends and colleagues. Most were pioneers of realistic photography but there were contemporary artists who also admired and championed this movement. Notable artists and photographers included: Dody Weston Thompson, Ansel Adams, Minor White, Charis Wilson (second wife of Edward Weston and the famous model of his nude photographic work), Paul Strand, Dorothea Lange, Wynn Bullock, Don Ross, William Garnett, Ruth Bernhard, Willard Van Dyke, Nata Piaskowski, Beaumont Newhall and Nancy Newhall, and artists Georgia O'Keeffe, Morris Graves and Jean Charlot and his wife Zohmah Charlot. Many other photographic artists of the time considered themselves practitioners of this West Coast counterculture and even formed a group known as Group f/64 to highlight their efforts[1] and set themselves apart from the East Coast pictorialism movement.", "Edward Weston. He started making regular trips to nearby Point Lobos, where he would continue to photograph until the end of his career. It was there that he learned to fine-tune his photographic vision to match the visual space of his view camera, and the images he took there, of kelp, rocks and wind-blown trees, are among his finest. Looking at his work from this period, one biographer wrote:", "Richard Avedon. Serious heart inflammations hindered Avedon’s health in 1974.[11] The troubling time inspired him to create a compelling collection from a new perspective. In 1979, he was commissioned by Mitchell A. Wilder (1913–1979), the director of the Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, to complete the “Western Project.”[15] Wilder envisioned the project to portray Avedon’s take on the American West. It became a turning point in Avedon’s career when he focused on everyday working class subjects such as miners soiled in their work clothes, housewives, farmers and drifters on larger-than-life prints, instead of the more traditional options of focusing upon noted public figures or the openness and grandeur of the West.[16] The project lasted five years concluding with an exhibition and a catalogue. It allowed Avedon and his crew to photograph 762 people and expose approximately 17,000 sheets of 8×10 Kodak Tri-X Pan film.[16][17] The collection identified a story within his subjects of their innermost self, a connection Avedon admits would not have happened if his new sense of mortality through severe heart conditions and aging hadn’t occurred.[11] Avedon visited and traveled through state fair rodeos, carnivals, coal mines, oil fields, slaughter houses and prisons to find subjects.[16] In 1994, Avedon revisited his subjects who would later speak about In the American West aftermath and its direct effects. Billy Mudd, a trucker, went long periods of time on his own away from his family. He was a depressed, disconnected and lonely man before Avedon offered him the chance to be photographed. When he saw his portrait for the first time, Mudd saw that Avedon was able to reveal something about Mudd that allowed him to recognize the need for change in his life. The portrait transformed Mudd, and led him to quit his job and return to his family.", "American frontier. Elite Eastern writers and artists of the late 19th century promoted and celebrated western lore.[42] Theodore Roosevelt, wearing his hats as historian, explorer, hunter, rancher and naturalist, was especially productive.[315] Their work appeared in upscale national magazines such as Harper's Weekly featured illustrations by artists Frederic Remington, Charles M. Russell, and others. Readers bought action-filled stories by writers like Owen Wister, conveying vivid images of the Old West.[316] Remington lamented the passing of an era he helped to chronicle when he wrote:", "Edward Weston. In his Daybooks he provided an unusually detailed record of his evolution as an artist. Although he initially denied that his images reflect his own interpretations of the subject matter, by 1932 his writings revealed that he had come to accept the importance of artistic impression in his work.[75] When combined with his photographs, his writings provide an extraordinarily vivid series of insights into his development as an artist and his impact of future generations of photographers.", "Edward Weston. In 1904 May and her family moved to California, leaving Weston further isolated in Chicago. He earned a living by taking a job at a local department store, but he continued to spend most of his free time taking photos, Within two years he felt confident enough of his photography that he submitted his work to the magazine Camera and Darkroom, and in the April 1906 issue they published a full-page reproduction of his picture Spring, Chicago. This is the first known publication of any of his photographs.", "291 (art gallery). In late 1900 he met Edward Steichen, who had been trained as a painter but who had also taken up photography. Steichen shared the enthusiasm and passion of Stieglitz, and soon the two were planning how to change the course of photography in America. By the following year they had conceived of a great exhibition of photography, the first to be judged by photographers themselves, and had found a venue at the National Arts Club in New York. In March 1902, an exhibition of \"American Pictorial Photography, arranged by The Photo-Secession\" opened to critical acclaim. Moreover, Stieglitz had met his goal of having a show judged by photographers since, in spite of the title of the show, by all accounts he was the sole person responsible for selecting the exhibitors.", "Edward Weston. In 1939, Seeing California with Edward Weston was published, with photographs by Weston and writing by Wilson. Finally relieved from the financial stresses of the past and inordinately happy with his work and his relationship, Weston married Wilson in a small ceremony on April 24.", "Richard Avedon. Helen Whitney’s 1996 American Masters documentary episode, Avedon: Darkness and Light, depicts an aging Avedon identifying In the American West as his best body of work.[11] The project was embedded with Avedon’s goal to discover new dimensions within himself, from a Jewish photographer from the East who celebrated the lives of noted public figures, to an aging man at one of the last chapters of his life, to discovering the inner-worlds, and untold stories of his Western rural subjects.", "Edward Weston. As a present for his 16th birthday Weston's father gave him his first camera, a Kodak Bull's-Eye #2, which was a simple box camera. He took it on vacation in the Midwest, and by the time he returned home his interest in photography was enough to lead him to purchase a used 5 × 7 inch view camera. He began photographing in Chicago parks and a farm owned by his aunt, and developed his own film and prints. Later he would remember that even at that early age his work showed strong artistic merit. He said, \"I feel that my earliest work of 1903 ‒ though immature ‒ is related more closely, both with technique and composition, to my latest work than are several of my photographs dating from 1913–1920, a period in which I was trying to be artistic.\"[5]", "American frontier. Others who contributed to enhancing the romantic image of the American cowboy include Charles Siringo (1855–1928)[326] and Andy Adams (1859–1935). Cowboy, Pinkerton detective, and western author, Siringo was the first authentic cowboy autobiographer. Adams spent the 1880s in the cattle industry in Texas and 1890s mining in the Rockies. When an 1898 play's portrayal of Texans outraged Adams, he started writing plays, short stories, and novels drawn from his own experiences. His The Log of a Cowboy (1903) became a classic novel about the cattle business, especially the cattle drive.[327] It described a fictional drive of the Circle Dot herd from Texas to Montana in 1882, and became a leading source on cowboy life; historians retraced its path in the 1960s, confirming its basic accuracy. His writings are acclaimed and criticized for realistic fidelity to detail on the one hand and thin literary qualities on the other.[328] Many regard Red River (1948), directed by Howard Hawks, and starring John Wayne and Montgomery Clift, as an authentic cattle drive depiction.[329]", "Photojournalism. In March 1886, when General George Crook received word that the Apache leader Geronimo would negotiate surrender terms, photographer C. S. Fly took his equipment and attached himself to the military column. During the three days of negotiations, Fly took about 15 exposures on 8 by 10 inches (200 by 250 mm) glass negatives.[10] His photos of Geronimo and the other free Apaches, taken on March 25 and 26, are the only known photographs taken of American Indians while still at war with the United States.[11] Fly coolly posed his subjects, asking them to move and turn their heads and faces, to improve his composition. The popular publication Harper's Weekly published six of his images in their April 24, 1886 issue.[10][10]", "Alfred Stieglitz. In the October 1906 issue of Camera Work, his friend Joseph Keiley said: \"Today in America the real battle for which the Photo-Secession was established has been accomplished – the serious recognition of photography as an additional medium of pictorial expression.\"[16]", "Straight photography. Pure photography or straight photography refers to photography that attempts to depict a scene or subject in sharp focus and detail, in accordance with the qualities that distinguish photography from other visual media, particularly painting. Originating as early as 1904, the term was used by critic Sadakichi Hartmann in the magazine Camera Work, and later promoted by its editor, Alfred Stieglitz, as a more pure form of photography than Pictorialism. Once popularized by Stieglitz and other notable photographers, such as Paul Strand, it later became a hallmark of Western photographers, such as Edward Weston, Ansel Adams and others.", "Edward Weston. During this time he worked with Cole, Brett, and Dody Thompson (Brett's wife by 1952), to select and have them print a master set of what he considered his best work. They spent many long hours together in the darkroom, and by 1956 they had produced what Weston called \"The Project Prints\", eight sets of 8\" × 10\" prints from 830 of his negatives. The only complete set today is housed at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Later that same year the Smithsonian Institution displayed nearly 100 of these prints at a major exhibit, \"The World of Edward Weston\", paying tribute to his accomplishments in American photography." ]

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[ "Absolute monarchy. In Ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh wielded absolute power over the country and was considered a living god by his people. In ancient Mesopotamia, many rulers of Assyria, Babylonia and Sumer were absolute monarchs as well. In ancient and medieval India, rulers of the Maurya, Satahavana, Gupta and Chalukya Empires, as well as other major and minor empires, were considered absolute monarchs. In the Khmer Empire, the kings were called \"Devaraja\" and \"Chakravartin\" (King of the world), and exercised absolute power over the empire and people.", "Monarchy. Different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority (Salic law). While most monarchs have been male, many female monarchs also have reigned in history; the term queen regnant refers to a ruling monarch, while a queen consort refers to the wife of a reigning king. Rule may be hereditary in practice without being considered a monarchy, such as that of family dictatorships[4] or political families in many democracies.[5]", "Monarchy. Most states only have a single person acting as monarch at any given time, although two monarchs have ruled simultaneously in some countries, a situation known as diarchy. Historically this was the case in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta or 17th-century Russia, and there are examples of joint sovereignty of spouses or relatives (such as William III and Mary II in the Kingdoms of England and Scotland). Other examples of joint sovereignty include Tsars Peter I and Ivan V of Russia, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and Joanna of Castile of the Crown of Castile.", "Monarch. Monarchs, as such, bear a variety of titles – king or queen, prince or princess (e.g., Sovereign Prince of Monaco), emperor or empress (e.g., Emperor of China, Emperor of Ethiopia, Emperor of Japan, Emperor of India), archduke, duke or grand duke (e.g., Grand Duke of Luxembourg), or sultan (e.g., Sultan of Oman). Prince is sometimes used as a generic term to refer to any monarch regardless of title, especially in older texts.[3]", "List of forms of government. Countries with monarchy attributes are those where a family or group of families (rarely another type of group), called the royalty, represents national identity, with power traditionally assigned to one of its individuals, called the monarch, who mostly rule kingdoms. The actual role of the monarch and other members of royalty varies from purely symbolical (crowned republic) to partial and restricted (constitutional monarchy) to completely despotic (absolute monarchy). Traditionally and in most cases, the post of the monarch is inherited, but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected.", "Forms of government. Countries with monarchy attributes are those where a family or group of families (rarely another type of group), called the royalty, represents national identity, with power traditionally assigned to one of its individuals, called the monarch, who mostly rule kingdoms. The actual role of the monarch and other members of royalty varies from purely symbolical (crowned republic) to partial and restricted (constitutional monarchy) to completely despotic (absolute monarchy). Traditionally and in most cases, the post of the monarch is inherited, but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected.", "Monarchy. Monarchs can have various titles. Common European titles of monarchs are emperor or empress (from Latin: imperator or imperatrix), king or queen, grand duke or grand duchess, prince or princess, duke or duchess (in that hierarchical order of nobility).[6] Some early modern European titles (especially in German states) included elector (German: Kurfürst, literally \"prince-elector\"), margrave (German: Markgraf, equivalent to the French title marquis), and burgrave (German: Burggraf, literally \"count of the castle\"). Lesser titles include count, princely count, or imam (Use in Oman). Slavic titles include knyaz and tsar (ц︢рь) or tsaritsa (царица), a word derived from the Roman imperial title Caesar.", "List of current sovereign monarchs. A monarch is the head of a monarchy, a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth.[1] Monarchs may be autocrats (as in all absolute monarchies)[2] or may be ceremonial figureheads, exercising only limited or no reserve powers at all, with actual authority vested in a legislature and/or executive cabinet (as in many constitutional monarchies).[3] In many cases, a monarch will also be linked with a state religion.[4] Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling.[5] Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known as coregencies.[6]", "Silla. The king (or queen) theoretically was an absolute monarch, but royal powers were somewhat constrained by a strong aristocracy.", "Monarch. If a young child is crowned the monarch, a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule. Monarchs' actual powers vary from one monarchy to another and in different eras; on one extreme, they may be autocrats (absolute monarchy) wielding genuine sovereignty; on the other they may be ceremonial heads of state who exercise little or no direct power or only reserve powers, with actual authority vested in a parliament or other body (constitutional monarchy).", "Monarchy. A monarchy is a form of government in which a group, generally a family representing a dynasty (aristocracy), embodies the country's national identity and its head, the monarch, exercises the role of sovereignty. The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic (crowned republic), to partial and restricted (constitutional monarchy), to completely autocratic (absolute monarchy). Traditionally the monarch's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication. In contrast, elective monarchies require the monarch to be elected.[1] Both types have further variations as there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy. For example, in some[which?] elected monarchies only pedigrees are taken into account for eligibility of the next ruler, whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental capacity, etc. Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election. There have been cases where the term of a monarch's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved: an invasion being repulsed, for instance.", "List of queens regnant. This is a list of Queens who have ruled as Queen in many countries (Separate queens for separate countries). Included also are Pharaohs and Empresses. If the Queen ruled as a regent this is indicated by \"(regent)\" following the name. Where a queen had no powers but only the title \"(titular)\" is added.", "Latin Kings (gang). While originally the Latin Kings are thought to be a male organization, it eventually began to absorb women and give them an equal share.[citation needed] The Latin Queens constituted the female Queen Anubis and Queen Maat of the ALKQN.[27]", "Monarchy. Monarchic rule was the most common form of government until the 19th century. It is now usually a constitutional monarchy, in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role, but exercises limited or no official political power: under the written or unwritten constitution, others have governing authority. Currently, 45 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state, 16 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state. Most modern European monarchies are constitutional and hereditary with a largely ceremonial role, with the exception of the Vatican which is an elective theocracy and the Principalities of Liechtenstein and Monaco where the monarchs exercise unrestricted authority. The monarchies of Cambodia and Malaysia are constitutional with a largely ceremonial role, despite possessing significantly more social and legal clout than their European counterparts. The monarchs of Brunei, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Swaziland have more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations, either by tradition or a constitutional mandate.", "Monarch. Monarchy is political or sociocultural in nature, and is generally (but not always) associated with hereditary rule. Most monarchs, both historically and in the present day, have been born and brought up within a royal family (whose rule over a period of time is referred to as a dynasty) and trained for future duties. Different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood (male preference or absolute), primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, etc. While traditionally most monarchs have been male, female monarchs have also ruled, and the term queen regnant refers to a ruling monarch, as distinct from a queen consort, the wife of a reigning king.", "Queen consort. In general, the consorts of monarchs have no power per se, even when their position is constitutionally or statutorily recognized. However, often the queen consort of a deceased king (the dowager queen or queen mother) has served as regent if her child, the successor to the throne, was still a minor—for example:", "Monarchy. The form of societal hierarchy known as chiefdom or tribal kingship is prehistoric. \nThe Greek term monarchia is classical, used by Herodotus (3.82). The monarch in classical antiquity is often identified as \"king\" or \"ruler\" (translating archon, basileus, rex, tyrannos etc.) or as \"queen\" (translating basilinna).\nFrom earliest historical times, with the Egyptian and Mesopotamian monarchs, as well as in reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion, the king holds sacral function directly connected to sacrifice, or is considered by their people to have divine ancestry.", "Government. A monarchy is where a family or group of families (rarely another type of group), called the royalty, represents national identity, with power traditionally assigned to one of its individuals, called the monarch, who mostly rule kingdoms. The actual role of the monarch and other members of royalty varies from purely symbolical (crowned republic) to partial and restricted (constitutional monarchy) to completely despotic (absolute monarchy). Traditionally and in most cases, the post of the monarch is inherited, but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected.[citation needed]", "Absolute monarchy. Absolute monarchy, or despotic monarchy,[1][2] is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.[3] These are often, but not always, hereditary monarchies. In contrast, in constitutional monarchies, the head of state's authority derives from and is legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or legislature.[4]", "Monarchy. In the Muslim world, titles of monarchs include caliph (successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim community), padishah (emperor), sultan or sultana, shâhanshâh (emperor), shah, malik (king) or malikah (queen), emir (commander, prince) or emira (princess), sheikh or sheikha. East Asian titles of monarchs include huángdì (emperor or empress regnant), tiānzǐ (son of heaven), tennō (emperor) or josei tennō (empress regnant), wang (king) or yeowang (queen regnant), hwangje (emperor) or yeohwang (empress regnant). South Asian and South East Asian titles included mahārāja (emperor) or maharani (empress), raja (king) and rana (king) or rani (queen) and ratu (South East Asian queen). Historically, Mongolic or Turkic monarchs have used the title khan and khagan (emperor) or khatun and khanum and Ancient Egypt monarchs have used the title pharaoh for men and women.", "Politics. Kings, emperors and other types of monarchs in many countries including China and Japan, were considered divine. Of the institutions that ruled states, that of kingship stood at the forefront until the American Revolution put an end to the \"divine right of kings\". Nevertheless, the monarchy is among the longest-lasting political institutions, dating as early as 2100 BC in Sumeria[9] to the 21st century AD British Monarchy. Kingship becomes an institution through the institution of Hereditary monarchy.", "Divine right of kings. The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth, for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself they are called gods. There be three principal [comparisons] that illustrate the state of monarchy: one taken out of the word of God, and the two other out of the grounds of policy and philosophy. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the Divine power. Kings are also compared to fathers of families; for a king is truly parens patriae [parent of the country], the politic father of his people. And lastly, kings are compared to the head of this microcosm of the body of man.[4]", "Hereditary monarchy. Historically, there have been differences in systems of succession, mainly revolving around the question of whether succession is limited to males, or whether females are also eligible (historically, the crown often devolved on the eldest male child, as ability to lead an army in battle was a requisite of kingship). Agnatic succession refers to systems where females are neither allowed to succeed nor to transmit succession rights to their male descendants (see Salic Law). An agnate is a kinsman with whom one has a common ancestor by descent in an unbroken male line. Cognatic succession once referred to any succession which allowed both males and females to be heirs, although in modern usage it specifically refers to succession by seniority regardless of sex[citation needed] (absolute primogeniture as in Sweden since 1980). Another factor which may be taken into account is the religious affiliation of the candidate or the candidate's spouse, specifically where the monarch also has a religious title or role; for example the British monarch has the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England and may not profess Roman Catholicism.", "Datu. This much-broader popular conception of monarchy, built on Filipino experiences of \"great men\" being socially separate from ordinary people[16] rather than the hierarchical technicalities of monarchies in the political sense, persists today. Common Filipino experience does not usually draw distinctions between aristocracy and nobility vis a vis sovereignty and monarchy. Datus, Lakans, Rajahs, Sultans, etc., are thus referred to as Kings or Monarchs in this non-technical sense, particularly in 20th century Philippine textbooks.[4]", "Monarch. A monarch is a sovereign head of state in a monarchy.[1][2] A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, or others may wield that power on behalf of the monarch. Typically a monarch either personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state's sovereign rights (often referred to as the throne or the crown) or is selected by an established process from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation's monarch. Alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication.", "Monarch. Monarchies take a wide variety of forms, such as the two co-princes of Andorra, positions held simultaneously by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgel (Spain) and the elected President of France (although strictly Andorra is a diarchy). Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is considered a monarch despite only holding the position for five years at a time.", "Head of state. Niccolò Machiavelli used Prince (Italian: Principe) as a generic term for the ruler, similar to contemporary usage of head of state, in his classical treatise The Prince, originally published in 1532: in fact that particular literary genre it belongs to is known as Mirrors for princes. Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan (1651) used the term Sovereign. In Europe the role of a monarchs has gradually transitioned from that of a sovereign ruler—in the sense of Divine Right of Kings as articulated by Jean Bodin, Absolutism and the \"L'etat c'est moi\"—to that of a constitutional monarch; parallel with the conceptual evolution of sovereignty from merely the personal rule of a single person, to Westphalian sovereignty (Peace of Westphalia ending both the Thirty Years' War & Eighty Years' War) and popular sovereignty as in consent of the governed; as shown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England & Scotland, the French Revolution in 1789, and the German Revolution of 1918–1919. The monarchies who survived through this era were the ones who were willing to subject themselves to constitutional limitations. Titles commonly used by monarchs are King/Queen or Emperor/Empress, but also many other; e.g., Grand Duke, Prince, Emir and Sultan.", "Queen mother. These mothers of monarchs, and others, albeit not always officially so titled have also been considered equal to queen mothers:", "Monarchy. Monarchy, especially absolute monarchy, sometimes is linked to religious aspects; many monarchs once claimed the right to rule by the will of a deity (Divine Right of Kings, Mandate of Heaven), a special connection to a deity (sacred king) or even purported to be divine kings, or incarnations of deities themselves (imperial cult). Many European monarchs have been styled Fidei defensor (Defender of the Faith); some hold official positions relating to the state religion or established church.", "List of current sovereign monarchs. Monarchs are distinguished by their titles and styles, which in most cases are defined by tradition, and guaranteed under the state's constitution. A variety of titles are applied in English; for example, \"king\" and \"queen\", \"prince\" and \"princess\", \"emperor\" and \"empress\". Although they will be addressed differently in their local languages, the names and titles in the list below have been styled using the common English equivalent. Roman numerals, used to distinguish related rulers with the same name,[7] have been applied where typical.", "Monarch. Oman is led by Monarch Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said. The Kingdom of Jordan is one of the Middle East's more modern monarchies is also ruled by a Malik. In Arab and arabized countries, Malik (absolute King) is absolute word to render a monarch and is superior to all other titles. Nepal abolished their monarchy in 2008. Sri Lanka had a complex system of monarchies from 543BC to 1815. Between 47BC-42BC Anula of Sri Lanka became the country's first female head of state as well as Asia's first head of state.[dubious – discuss]", "Head of state. A head of state may seize power by force or revolution. This is not the same as the use of force to maintain power, as is practiced by authoritarian or totalitarian rulers. Dictators often use democratic titles, though some proclaim themselves monarchs. Examples of the latter include Emperor Napoleon III of France and King Zog of Albania. In Spain, general Francisco Franco adopted the formal title Jefe del Estado, or Chief of State, and established himself as regent for a vacant monarchy. Uganda's Idi Amin was one of several who named themselves President for Life." ]

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[ "FIFA Women's World Cup. The seven FIFA Women's World Cup tournaments have been won by four national teams. The current champion is the United States, after winning their third title in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "2017 ITTF Women's World Cup. In the final, China's Zhu Yuling defeated fellow Chinese player Liu Shiwen, 4–3, to win her first World Cup title.[2]", "2018 Women's Hockey World Cup. Defending champions the Netherlands won the tournament for a record eighth time after defeating Ireland 6–0 in the final, who claimed their first ever World Cup medal.[2][3]\nSpain won the third place match by defeating Australia 3–1 to claim their first ever World Cup medal as well.[4]", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament.[62]", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Final. The United States entered the 2015 final as two-time World champions, having won the first and third installments of the Women's World Cup. The United States were the first crowned champions at the inaugural 1991 edition of the Women's World Cup, held in China. They beat Norway 2–1 in the final, with two goals from Michelle Akers. In the 1999 final, host nation United States and China played to a scoreless draw. After extra time, the United States won the match with a 5–4 penalties victory.[5]", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Kadeisha Buchanan\n Wendie Renard\n Julie Johnston\n Ali Krieger", "2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final. England were playing in the Women's World Cup Final for the fifth time,[a] a mark surpassed only by Australia. However, in the preceding five tournaments (1997–2013), England had made the final just once, defeating New Zealand in the 2009 final to claim their third World Cup title. India on the other hand was playing in the World Cup Final, only for the second time in their history. The first had been a loss to Australia in 2005.[5]", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. The winning team, United States, received $2 million,[67] representing 5.7% of the amount received by Germany for winning the 2014 Men's World Cup ($35 million).[68]", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Kadeisha Buchanan\n Lucy Bronze\n Steph Houghton\n Wendie Renard\n Saori Ariyoshi\n Julie Johnston\n Meghan Klingenberg", "2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final. England's captain Heather Knight won the toss and elected to bat. Their openers, Lauren Winfield (24 runs) and Tammy Beaumont (23), made steady progress, putting on 47 runs before Winfield was bowled by Rajeshwari Gayakwad. Beaumont was out three overs later, caught in the deep off the bowling of Poonam Yadav. This brought Heather Knight (1) to the crease, but she lasted just seven balls before also being dismissed by Yadav, leg before wicket (lbw; via DRS). Sarah Taylor (45) and Natalie Sciver (51) steadied the ship somewhat, putting on 83 runs for the fourth wicket whilst light rain fell. With the score at 146, Taylor was caught behind from the bowling of Jhulan Goswami. Goswami then had Fran Wilson out next ball, for a golden duck. Sciver also fell to Goswami a few overs later, unsuccessfully challenging an lbw decision. Katherine Brunt (34) and Jenny Gunn (25 not out) put on 32 runs for the seventh wicket before Brunt was run out by Goswami with a direct hit. Gunn continued on with Laura Marsh (14 not out) for the last four overs, with England finishing on 228/7 from their 50 overs. Jhulan Goswami was the pick of the Indian bowlers, finished with 3/23.[17][18][16]", "2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final. The 2017 ICC Women's World Cup Final was a one-day international cricket match played between England and India to decide the winner of the 2017 Women's World Cup. England won the game by nine runs to secure their fourth World Cup title, with Anya Shrubsole named player of the match. It was one of the closest finals in tournament history, with only the 2000 final being decided by a narrower margin.", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. In the next stage the four third-placed teams were matched with the winners of groups A, B, C and D according to a table published in Section 28 of the tournament regulations.[42]", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Lisa De Vanna\n Élodie Thomis\n Anja Mittag\n Célia Šašić\n Ramona Bachmann", "2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final. The group stage of the 2017 World Cup consisted of a simple round-robin, with each of the eight teams playing each other once and the top four teams progressing to the semi-finals. In the opening match of the tournament, India unexpectedly defeated England by 35 runs.[6][7] However, England went on to win all six of their remaining group-stage games, finishing top of the table – with the same number of points as Australia but a superior net run rate. India finished third in the group stage, after losses to South Africa (by 115 runs) and Australia (by eight wickets).[8]", "Perfect season. Of the other two teams to win the Women's World Cup without a loss or draw in the finals:", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. 1 own goal", "Perfect season. Three Women's World Cup champions also went through their qualifying stage without a loss or draw:", "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. The four best third-placed teams from the six groups advance to the knockout stage along with the six group winners and six runners-up.", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Final. Because of the expanded competition format, it was the first time the finalists had played a seventh game in the tournament. The United States had previously reached the final game three times, winning twice (in 1991 and 1999) and placing as runners up in 2011. This was Japan's second successive final appearance and was their attempt to be the first country to successfully defend a title since Germany in the 2007 World Cup. Both teams were undefeated throughout the tournament, with the United States only conceding one goal in the six matches leading up to the final and Japan winning all of their matches in regular time.", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. 2 own goals", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Final. It also marked the first time since 1999 the United States held two major trophies in women's football (the Olympics medal and the World Cup). The United States also overtook Germany as the highest-scoring team in women’s World Cup history.[34]", "FIFA Women's World Cup. One past award is no longer presented:", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. England\n Netherlands\n Norway\n Spain\n Sweden\n  Switzerland", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. The 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup was the seventh FIFA Women's World Cup, the quadrennial international women's football world championship tournament. In March 2011, Canada won the right to host the event, the first time the country would host the tournament and the third time it has been held in North America. Matches were played in six cities across Canada in five time zones. The tournament began on 6 June 2015, and finished with the finals on 5 July 2015[1] with a United States victory over Japan.", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Megan Rapinoe\n Célia Šašić", "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. On 19 March 2015, France officially won the bid to host the Women's World Cup and the U-20 Women's World Cup. The decision came after a vote by the FIFA Executive Committee.[17] Upon the selection, France became the fourth country to host both men's and women's World Cup, having hosted the men's twice in 1938 and 1998.", "2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final. In the first semi-final, played on 18 July at Bristol County Ground, England defeated South Africa by two wickets. South Africa batted first, posting a score of 218/6 from their 50 overs. Towards the end of their innings, England required three runs from the final over to win, with Anya Shrubsole hitting the winning runs off Shabnim Ismail with just two balls to spare.[9]", "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. The following teams have qualified for the final tournament.", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Final. As prize money for their victory, the US team was awarded $2 million. This paled in comparison to the 2014 men's champion, Germany, who received $35 million.[37]", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. OFC (1)", "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification. Knockout stage (winner qualifies for World Cup)", "2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Saori Ariyoshi\n Lucy Bronze\n Julie Johnston" ]

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[ "glob (programming). Standard SQL uses a glob-like syntax for simple string matching in its LIKE operator. The percent sign (%) matches zero or more characters, and the underscore matches exactly one character. The term \"glob\" is not generally used in the SQL community, however. Many implementations of SQL have extended the LIKE operator to allow a richer pattern-matching language incorporating elements of regular expressions.", "glob (programming). Globs attempt to match the entire string (for example, S*.DOC matches S.DOC and SA.DOC, but not POST.DOC or SURREY.DOCKS), whereas regular expressions match a substring unless the expression is enclosed with ^ and $ (so the equivalent of S*.DOC is ^S.*\\.DOC$[8]).", "glob (programming). Globs do not include syntax for the Kleene star which allows multiple repetitions of the preceding part of the expression; thus they are not considered regular expressions, which can describe the full set of regular languages over any given finite alphabet.[citation needed]", "glob (programming). In computer programming, glob patterns specify sets of filenames with wildcard characters. For example, the Unix command mv *.txt textfiles/ moves (mv) all files with names ending in .txt from the current directory to the directory textfiles. Here, * is a wildcard standing for \"any string of characters\" and *.txt is a glob pattern. The other common wildcard is the question mark (?), which stands for one character.", "glob (programming). Some proprietary extensions such as Transact-SQL provide the […] functionality, e.g., [characters] and [^characters].[7]", "glob (programming). The SQL LIKE operator has an equivalent of ? and *. There is no equivalent of […].", "glob (programming). The most common wildcards are *, ?, and […].", "glob (programming). In all cases the path separator character (/ on Unix or \\ on Windows) will never be matched.", "glob (programming). The term \"glob\" is also used to refer more generally to limited pattern-matching facilities of this kind, in other contexts:", "glob (programming). On Linux and POSIX systems *, ? is defined as above while […] has two additional meanings:[3][4]", "glob (programming). Unix shells such as Bash, tcsh, and zsh provide globbing on filenames at the command line and in shell scripts.[9]", "glob (programming). The Bash shell also supports Extended Globbing which allows other pattern matching operators to be used to match multiple occurrences of a pattern enclosed in parentheses. It can be enabled by setting the extglob shell option.[5]", "glob (programming). Some shells (such as the C shell and Bash) support additional syntax known as alternation or brace expansion.", "ASCII. In C library and Unix conventions, the null character is used to terminate text strings; such null-terminated strings can be known in abbreviation as ASCIZ or ASCIIZ, where here Z stands for \"zero\".", "glob (programming). The command interpreters of the early versions of Unix (1st through 6th Editions, 1969–75) relied on a separate program to expand wildcard characters in unquoted arguments to a command: /etc/glob.[1] That program performed the expansion and supplied the expanded list of file paths to the command for execution. Its name is an abbreviation for \"global command\".[2] Later, this functionality was provided as a library function, glob(), used by programs such as the shell.", "Regular expression. The usual context of wildcard characters is in globbing similar names in a list of files, whereas regexes are usually employed in applications that pattern-match text strings in general. For example, the regex ^[ \\t]+|[ \\t]+$ matches excess whitespace at the beginning or end of a line. An advanced regex used to match any numeral is [+-]?(\\d+(\\.\\d+)?|\\.\\d+)([eE][+-]?\\d+)?. See the Examples section for more examples.", "Natural number. To be unambiguous about whether 0 is included or not, sometimes an index (or superscript) \"0\" is added in the former case, and a superscript \"*\" or subscript \">0\" is added in the latter case:[1]", "Zero-width non-joiner. In Bengali, the characters র (consonant) and the অ্যা (vowel) combine to form র্য, a typographic ligature of র and য, because অ্যা isn't a single character but a sequence of 3 letters (অ্,য,া). To fix the problem ZWNJ is used. Examples: The words র‌্যাব, র‍্যান্ডম etc. (loanwords from English) are fixed by inserting ZWNJ. Without ZWNJ they are shown as র্যাব, র্যান্ডম. Words like উদ্‌ঘাটন (code: উদ্‌ঘাটন) and ইক্‌রা also require ZWNJ to be displayed properly.", "glob (programming). COMMAND.COM and cmd.exe have most of the common syntax with some limitations: There is no […] and for COMMAND.COM the * may only appear at the end of the pattern, not at the beginning.", "Regular expression. The following conventions are used in the examples.[37]", "SHA-1. The hash of the zero-length string is:", "Zero-width non-joiner. In certain languages, the ZWNJ is necessary for unambiguously specifying the correct typographic form of a character sequence.", "z/OS. (0) is the most recent version", "2. for a not equal to zero", "0. 0 (zero; /ˈzɪəroʊ/) is both a number[1] and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. The number 0 fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and many other algebraic structures. As a digit, 0 is used as a placeholder in place value systems. Names for the number 0 in English include zero, nought (UK), naught (US) (/nɔːt/), nil, or—in contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter \"O\"—oh or o (/oʊ/). Informal or slang terms for zero include zilch and zip.[2] Ought and aught (/ɔːt/),[3] as well as cipher,[4] have also been used historically.[5]", "Zero-width non-joiner. In Kannada, the characters ನ್ and ನ combine to form ನ್ನ, but when a ZWNJ is inserted between them, ನ್‌ನ is displayed. That style is typically used to write non-Kannada words in Kannada script: \"Facebook\" is written as ಫೇಸ್‌ಬುಕ್, though it can be written as ಫೇಸ್ಬುಕ್. ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ and ರಾಮ್‌ಗೊಪಾಲ್ are examples of other proper nouns that need ZWNJ.", "Code 39. When represented as a digit, the number \"10\" is used to encode the number zero. Because there are only six letters in the Letters(+30) group (letters 30–35, or U–Z), the other four positions in this group (36–39) are used to represent three symbols (dash, period, space) as well as the start/stop character.", "Zero-width non-joiner. The ZWNJ is encoded in Unicode as U+200C ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER (HTML ‌ · ‌).", "Null-terminated string. The length of a C string is found by searching for the (first) NUL byte. This can be slow as it takes O(n) (linear time) with respect to the string length. It also means that a NUL cannot be inside the string, as the only NUL is the one marking the end.", "glob (programming). The Windows command interpreter cmd.exe relies on a runtime function in applications to perform globbing.[10][11] Windows PowerShell Cmdlets support globbing.[12]", "glob (programming). Windows PowerShell has all the common syntax defined as stated above without any additions.[6]", "Null-terminated string. In computer programming, a null-terminated string is a character string stored as an array containing the characters and terminated with a null character ('\\0', called NUL in ASCII). Alternative names are C string, which refers to the C programming language and ASCIIZ (note that C strings do not imply the use of ASCII)." ]

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[ "Buffalo Soldier. Sources disagree on how the nickname \"Buffalo Soldiers\" began. According to the Buffalo Soldiers National Museum, the name originated with the Cheyenne warriors in the winter of 1877, the actual Cheyenne translation being \"Wild Buffalo.\" However, writer Walter Hill documented the account of Colonel Benjamin Grierson, who founded the 10th Cavalry regiment, recalling an 1871 campaign against Comanches. Hill attributed the origin of the name to the Comanche due to Grierson's assertions. The Apache used the same term (\"We called them 'buffalo soldiers,' because they had curly, kinky hair ... like bisons\") a claim supported by other sources.[3][4] Some sources assert that the nickname was given out of respect for the fierce fighting ability of the 10th Cavalry.[5] Still other sources point to a combination of both legends.[6] The term Buffalo Soldiers became a generic term for all black soldiers. It is now used for U.S. Army units that trace their direct lineage back to the 9th and 10th Cavalry units, whose service earned them an honored place in U.S. history. According to activist Russell Means, they were called Buffalo Soldiers because the U.S. military created special regiments specifically used to exterminate herds of buffalo. The U.S. military, as part of their campaign in enacting genocidal strategies against American Indians throughout the plains of the continent, removed buffalo in order to cut off American Indian food supply and force them into reservations.[7]", "Buffalo Soldier (song). The origin of the term \"Buffalo Soldier\" is theorized as given to black troops by Native Americans, who thought African Americans' hair felt and looked like a buffalo's pelt.[3][4] The name was embraced by the troops, who were well acquainted with \"the buffalo's fierce bravery and fighting spirit\".[3] The Buffalo Soldier's duties were settling railroad disputes, building telegraph lines, repairing and building forts, helping settlers find a place to live, and protecting the settlers from attacks by Native Americans.[3]", "Buffalo Soldier. Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army, formed on September 21, 1866, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. This nickname was given to the Negro Cavalry by Native American tribes who fought in the Indian Wars. The term eventually became synonymous with all of the African American regiments formed in 1866:", "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States). The following story is one of many how the Buffalo Soldiers got their name.", "United States Colored Troops. In the decades that followed, USCT soldiers fought in the Indian Wars in the American West, where they became known as the Buffalo Soldiers. They were nicknamed by Native Americans who compared their hair to the curly fur of bison.[27]", "Buffalo Soldier. This list is of the officers and men who received the Medal of Honor due to service with the original units called \"Buffalo Soldiers.\"", "Fort Leavenworth. Fort Leavenworth was also the base of African-American soldiers of the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army, formed on 21 September 1866 at Fort Leavenworth. They became known as Buffalo Soldiers, nicknamed by the Native American tribes whom they fought. The term eventually was applied to all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866.", "Buffalo Soldier. In the last decade, the employment of the Buffalo Soldiers by the United States Army in the Indian Wars has led some to call for the critical reappraisal of the African American regiments. In this viewpoint[41] the Buffalo Soldiers were used as mere shock troops or accessories to the forcefully expansionist goals of the U.S. government at the expense of the Native Americans and other minorities.[41][42]", "Buffalo Soldier. Before World War II, the black 25th Infantry Regiment was based at Ft Huachuca. During the war, Ft Huachuca served as the home base of the Black 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions. The 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments were mostly disbanded, and the soldiers were moved into service-oriented units, along with the entire 2nd Cavalry Division. The 92nd Infantry Division, the \"Buffalo Division,\" served in combat during the Italian campaign. The 93rd Infantry Division—including the 25th Infantry Regiment—served in the Pacific theater.[38] Separately, independent Black artillery, tank, and tank destroyer battalions, as well as quartermaster and support battalions served in World War II. All of these units to a degree carried out the traditions of the Buffalo Soldiers.", "Buffalo Soldier. From 1866 to the early 1890s, these regiments served at a variety of posts in the Southwestern United States and the Great Plains regions. They participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from these four regiments earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars. In addition to the military campaigns, the Buffalo Soldiers served a variety of roles along the frontier, from building roads to escorting the U.S. mail. On April 17, 1875, regimental headquarters for the 9th and 10th Cavalries were transferred to Fort Concho, Texas. Companies actually arrived at Fort Concho in May 1873. At various times from 1873 through 1885, Fort Concho housed 9th Cavalry companies A–F, K, and M, 10th Cavalry companies A, D–G, I, L, and M, 24th Infantry companies D–G, and K, and 25th Infantry companies G and K.[8]", "Buffalo Soldier. The Buffalo Soldiers were often confronted with racial prejudice from other members of the U.S. Army. Civilians in the areas where the soldiers were stationed occasionally reacted to them with violence. Buffalo Soldiers were attacked during racial disturbances in Rio Grande City, Texas, in 1899,[25] Brownsville, Texas, in 1906,[26] and Houston, Texas, in 1917.[27][28]", "Buffalo Soldier. The Buffalo Soldiers regiments also took part in the Philippine–American War from 1899 to 1903 and the 1916 Mexican Expedition.[12][13] In 1918, the 10th Cavalry fought at the Battle of Ambos Nogales during the First World War, where they assisted in forcing the surrender of the federal Mexican and Mexican militia forces.[12][13][19]", "Buffalo Soldier. Another little-known contribution of the Buffalo Soldiers involved eight troops of the 9th Cavalry Regiment and one company of the 24th Infantry Regiment who served in California's Sierra Nevada as some of the first national park rangers. In 1899, Buffalo Soldiers from Company H, 24th Infantry Regiment briefly served in Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park, and General Grant (Kings Canyon) National Parks.[20]", "Buffalo Soldier. In the Sierra Nevada, the Buffalo Soldiers regularly endured long days in the saddle, slim rations, racism, and separation from family and friends. As military stewards, the African American cavalry and infantry regiments protected the national parks from illegal grazing, poaching, timber thieves, and forest fires. Yosemite Park Ranger Shelton Johnson researched and interpreted the history in an attempt to recover and celebrate the contributions of the Buffalo Soldiers of the Sierra Nevada.[23]", "Buffalo Soldier (song). \"Buffalo Soldier\" is a reggae song written by Bob Marley and Noel \"King Sporty\" Williams, and recorded by Bob Marley and the Wailers. It did not appear on record until the 1983 posthumous release of Confrontation, when it became one of Marley's best-known songs. The title and lyrics refer to the black U.S. cavalry regiments, known as \"Buffalo Soldiers\", that fought in the Indian Wars after 1866. Marley likened their fight to a fight for survival, and recasts it as a symbol of black resistance.[1]", "American frontier. African Americans moved West as soldiers, as well as cowboys, farm hands, saloon workers, cooks, and outlaws. The Buffalo Soldiers were soldiers in the all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry regiments, and 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments of the U.S. Army. They had white officers and served in numerous western forts.[214]", "Buffalo Soldier. General of the Armies John J. Pershing is a controversial figure regarding the Buffalo Soldiers. He served with the 10th Cavalry Regiment from October 1895 to May 1897. He served again with them for under six months in Cuba. Because he saw them as real soldiers, he was looked down upon and called \"Nigger Jack\" by white cadets and officers at West Point. Only later during the Spanish–American War did the press change that insulting term to \"Black Jack.\"[29] During World War I, he bowed to the racial policies of President Woodrow Wilson, Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, and the southern Democratic Party with its \"separate but equal\" philosophy. For the first time in American history, Pershing allowed American soldiers (African-Americans) to be under the command of a foreign power.", "Buffalo Soldier. Although several African American regiments were raised during the Civil War as part of the Union Army (including the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and the many United States Colored Troops Regiments), the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" were established by Congress as the first peacetime all-black regiments in the regular U.S. Army.[1] On September 6, 2005, Mark Matthews, the last surviving Buffalo Soldier, died at the age of 111. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.[2]", "Buffalo Soldier. A lasting legacy of the soldiers as park rangers is the Ranger hat (popularly known as the Smokey Bear hat). Although not officially adopted by the Army until 1911, the distinctive hat crease, called a Montana peak, (or pinch) can be seen being worn by several of the Buffalo Soldiers in park photographs dating back to 1899. Soldiers serving in the Spanish–American War began to recrease the Stetson hat with a Montana \"pinch\" to better shed water from the torrential tropical rains. Many retained that distinctive crease upon their return to the U.S. The park photographs, in all likelihood, show Buffalo Soldiers who were veterans from that 1898 war.", "Buffalo Soldier. The men of the Buffalo Soldiers were the only African Americans that fought in Cuba during the war.[14] Additionally, the Sixth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment had a company of African-American soldiers, company L, that saw action in Puerto Rico.[15] Up to 5,000 \"Black men\" enlisted in volunteer regiments in the Spanish–American War in Alabama, Illinois, Kansas, North Carolina, Ohio and Virginia, and some had all black officers.[16] Several other African-American regiments of United States Volunteer Infantry (USVI) were formed and nicknamed \"Immune Regiments\", as they were mistakenly believed to be resistant to tropical diseases, but only the Ninth Immunes served overseas in the war.[17][18]", "American frontier. After the Civil War, as the volunteer armies disbanded, the regular army cavalry regiments increased in number from six to ten, among them Custer's U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment of Little Bighorn fame, and the African-American U.S. 9th Cavalry Regiment and U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment. The black units, along with others (both cavalry and infantry), collectively became known as the Buffalo Soldiers. According to Robert M. Utley:", "Buffalo Soldier. This was softened (or sanitized) to the more euphonic \"Black Jack\" by reporters covering Pershing during World War I.[31] At the start of the Spanish–American War, First Lieutenant Pershing was offered a brevet rank and commissioned a major of volunteers on August 26, 1898. He fought with the 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) on Kettle and San Juan Hills in Cuba and was cited for gallantry.[30]", "Buffalo Soldier. After most of the Indian Wars ended in the 1890s, the regiments continued to serve and participated in the 1898 Spanish–American War (including the Battle of San Juan Hill) in Cuba, where five more Medals of Honor were earned.[12][13]", "Buffalo Soldier. The outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 against the long-time rule of President Porfirio Díaz initiated a decade-long period of high-intensity military conflict along the U.S.–Mexico border as different political/military factions in Mexico fought for power. The access to arms and customs duties from Mexican communities along the U.S.–Mexico boundary made border towns like Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Ojinaga, Chihuahua, and Nogales, Sonora, important strategic assets. As the various belligerents in Mexico vied for power, the U.S. Army, including the Buffalo Soldier units, was dispatched to the border to maintain security. The Buffalo Soldiers played a key role in U.S.–Mexico relations as the maelstrom that followed the ouster of Díaz and the assassination of his successor Francisco Madero intensified.[citation needed]", "Buffalo Soldier. This list is of other notable African Americans who served in the original units as \"Buffalo Soldiers\" from 1866 to 1918.", "Buffalo Soldier. United States Army\n9th Cavalry Regiment\n10th Cavalry Regiment\n24th Infantry Regiment", "Pea Island Life-Saving Station. At the War's close, Etheridge, now a Regimental Commissary Sergeant, and the black troops of the Army of the James were regrouped into the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry and sent to Texas. These units would become known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Instances of abuse against blacks soldiers were rife in the period immediately following the fighting between the States. The men were due ten months back-pay, had had their rations cut in half, and were unruly over the continued reports of mistreatment that were coming from their families back home.[8]", "Buffalo Soldier. The Buffalo Soldiers responded within about two weeks from Nebraska, and moved the men to the rail town of Suggs, Wyoming, creating \"Camp Bettens\" despite a hostile local population. One soldier was killed and two wounded in gun battles with locals. Nevertheless, the 9th Cavalry remained in Wyoming for nearly a year to quell tensions in the area.[10][11]", "Francis E. Warren Air Force Base. In 1866, Congress formed four black regiments: the 9th and 10th Cavalry and 24th and 25th Infantry. The 25th Infantry was the only unit that didn't serve at Fort D. A. Russell. Black soldiers were called \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" a title originating from Native Americans who likened the soldiers to the spiritual buffalo.", "Buffalo Soldier. Buffalo soldiers fought in the last engagement of the Indian Wars, the small Battle of Bear Valley in southern Arizona which occurred in 1918 between U.S. cavalry and Yaqui natives.[12][13]", "Buffalo Soldier. In total, 23 Buffalo Soldiers received the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars.[9]", "Buffalo Soldier. U.S. Army regiments had been serving in these national parks since 1891, but until 1899, the soldiers serving were white. Beginning in 1899, and continuing in 1903 and 1904, African American regiments served during the summer in the second- and third-oldest national parks in the United States (Sequoia and Yosemite). Because these soldiers served before the National Park Service was created (1916), they were \"park rangers\" before the term was coined." ]

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[ "Action Center. Action Center is a notification center included with Windows Phone 8.1, Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile. It was first introduced with Windows Phone 8.1 in July 2014, and was introduced to the desktop with the launch of Windows 10 on July 29, 2015.[1]", "Action Center. Action Center allows for four quick settings, and in Windows 10 users can expand the view to show all of the quick settings. Notifications are sorted into categories by app, and users can swipe right to clear notifications. Action Center also supports actionable notifications starting with Windows 10. In the mobile version, the user can swipe from the top to the bottom to invoke Action Center,[5] and further features introduced in Windows Phone 8.1 include the ability to change simple settings such as volume controls. The new notifications area's design allows the user to for example change wireless networks, turn Bluetooth and Airplane Mode on or off, and access \"Driving Mode\" from four customisable boxes at the top of the screen, while beneath these four horizontally placed boxes include recent text messages and social integration.[6][7][8] On the desktop version, the user can invoke Action Center by clicking on its icon on the taskbar (at the lower right corner of the screen), or by swiping from the right.", "Action Center. The Action Center replaces the charms in Windows 10.[2][3][4]", "Action Center. Microsoft announced at Microsoft Build 2016 that Cortana would be able to mirror notifications between the Actions Centers of Windows 10 Mobile and Windows 10,[9][10] and Cortana would also be able to synchronize notifications from Android devices to the Windows 10 Action Center.[11][12]", "Windows 10 version history. The second public preview build of Windows 10 introduces Action Center, which debuted in Windows Phone 8.1.[22]", "Features new to Windows 7. Action Center, formerly Windows Security Center, now encompasses both security and maintenance. (It was called Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds[citation needed]).", "Windows 10. Charms have been removed; their functionality in Windows Store apps is accessed from an App commands menu on their title bar.[40][55] In its place is Action Center, which displays notifications and settings toggles. It is accessed by clicking an icon in the notification area, or dragging from the right of the screen. Notifications can be synced between multiple devices.[56][64] The Settings app (formerly PC Settings) was refreshed and now includes more options that were previously exclusive to the desktop Control Panel.[65][66]", "Windows shell. Windows 10 removed the charms and moved the commands associated with them into the system menu of each application.[9] For users with touch screens, swiping from the right of the touch screen now shows Action Center.[10]", "Windows 10 version history. Other changes include changes to the general user experience, including the ability to expand notifications, actionable notifications,[460] Action Center with additional settings toggles and same design across Windows 10 devices. The keyboard has been updated to contains virtual pointing stick for text selection and a voice input button.[458] With this build, notifications can be synchronized between other Windows 10 devices. Furthermore, pressing and holding on any toggle in Action Center takes the user to respective settings of that option[461] When shutting down the device the OS displays a reminder of coming calendar events on screen[457][459][462]", "Windows Phone 8.1. A new notifications center known as \"Action Center\" has been added, and allows for the ability to change simple settings such as volume controls. The new notifications area's design allows the user to for example change wireless networks, turn Bluetooth and Airplane Mode on or off, and access \"Driving Mode\" from four customisable boxes at the top of the screen, while beneath these four horizontally placed boxes include recent text messages and social integration.[38][39][40]", "Ease of Access. Ease of Access Center, formerly Utility Manager, is a component of Windows NT family of operating systems that enables use of assistive technologies. Utility Manager is included with Windows 2000 and Windows XP. In Windows Vista, Utility Manager was replaced with the Ease of Access Center control panel applet, which is still included in Windows 10, Microsoft's latest operating system. The keyboard shortcut for invoking Utility Manager or the Ease of Access Center is Windows+U. The command-line shortcut (used in Windows Command Prompt or Run command) is utilman.", "Windows 10 version history. There are other user interface changes with this build, including restyled window frames and support for new languages. The Settings app is updated with new layout[37] The Taskbar is restyled with new opaque appearance, smaller application icons, and underlines to denote active applications. The Action Center is redesigned and includes with quick action buttons.[38] The search button on the Taskbar is changed to a search box by default. Option to pick default folder when opening File Explorer is added with this build. Early version of DirectX 12 is also included.", "Task Manager (Windows). Prior to Windows 10, what is shown in the summary mode was shown in tab named \"Applications\".", "Windows 10 version history. This build brings updated icons and visuals (including visual controls). Flashlight toggle is added as a quick action in the Action Center.[477] Quiet hours now has to be enabled from Cortana's notebook. Option for hiding notification panes on the lockscreen has been added. Finally, download limit on 3G networks removed.", "Windows Mobility Center. Windows Mobility Center is a component of Microsoft Windows, introduced in Windows Vista, that centralizes information and settings most relevant to mobile computing.", "Task Manager (Windows). In summary mode, Task Manager shows a list of currently running programs that have a main window. It has a \"more details\" hyperlink that activates a full-fledged Task Manager with several tabs.", "Windows Mobility Center. Windows Mobility Center is located in the Windows Control Panel and also be launched by pressing the ⊞ Win+X keys. By default, WMC is inaccessible on desktop computers, but this limitation can be bypassed if one modifies the Windows Registry.[5]", "Control Panel (Windows). This item allows for configuration of how folders and files are presented in Windows Explorer. More specifically it allows the user to specify general settings like whether folders open in a new window or the existing window and whether the common tasks pane is shown, as well as more advanced tasks such as whether windows should hide critical system files and whether to show file extensions. It is also used to modify file type associations in Windows; i.e., which program opens which type of file and other settings like actions for each file type and the file extension.", "Task Manager (Windows). Task Manager, previously known as Windows Task Manager, is a task manager, system monitor, and startup manager included with Microsoft Windows systems. It provides information about computer performance and running software, including name of running processes, CPU load, commit charge, I/O details, logged-in users, and Windows services. Task Manager can also be used to set process priorities, processor affinity, start and stop services, and forcibly terminate processes.", "Windows 10 version history. This build also brings several UI changes. There is now a new black system theme across the Start menu, Taskbar and Action Center. There is now transparency in the Start menu, the Taskbar, the Action Center, and preview windows, with options to enable or disable it. The Start menu is now resizable. Visuals have been refined for desktop icons, close buttons, and thumbnails", "File Explorer. While \"Windows Explorer\" or \"File Explorer\" is a term most commonly used to describe the file management aspect of the operating system, the Explorer process also houses the operating system’s search functionality and File Type associations (based on filename extensions), and is responsible for displaying the desktop icons, the Start Menu, the Taskbar, and the Control Panel. Collectively, these features are known as the Windows shell.", "Windows Mobility Center. The Windows Mobility Center user interface consists of square tiles that each contain information and settings related to a component, such as audio settings, battery life and power schemes, display brightness, and wireless network strength and status. The tiles that appear within the interface depend on the hardware of the system and device drivers.[3][4]", "Windows 10. Windows 10 is designed to adapt its user interface based on the type of device being used and available input methods. It offers two separate user interface modes: a user interface optimized for mouse and keyboard, and a \"Tablet mode\" designed for touchscreens. Users can toggle between these two modes at any time, and Windows can prompt or automatically switch when certain events occur, such as disabling Tablet mode on a tablet if a keyboard or mouse is plugged in, or when a 2-in-1 PC is switched to its laptop state. In Tablet mode, programs default to a maximized view, and the taskbar contains a back button and hides buttons for opened or pinned programs; Task View is used instead to switch between programs. The full screen Start menu is used in this mode, similarly to Windows 8, but scrolls vertically instead of horizontally.[41][67][68][69]", "Microsoft Surface. When running in tablet mode, the start menu and all the apps run in full screen. All running apps are hidden from the taskbar and a back button appears. Swiping from the top closes the app while swiping from the left evokes the Task View and swiping from the right evokes the Action Center.", "Start menu. The Start menu is a user interface element used in Microsoft Windows since Windows 95 and in some other operating systems. It provides a central launching point for computer programs and performing other tasks. It has different names in different operating systems and window managers, such as Kickoff Application Launcher in KDE, Dash in GNOME and Unity, and Start screen in Windows 8.", "Task Manager (Windows). The Details tab is a crude version of the Processes tab, and acts similar to the Processes tab in Windows 7 and earlier. Right-clicking a process in the list allows changing the priority the process has, setting processor affinity (setting which CPU(s) the process can execute on), and allows the process to be ended. Choosing to End Process causes Windows to immediately kill the process. Choosing to \"End Process Tree\" causes Windows to immediately kill the process, as well as all processes directly or indirectly started by that process. Unlike choosing End Task from the Applications tab, when choosing to End Process the program is not given warning nor a chance to clean up before ending. However, when a process that is running under a security context different from the one of the process which issued the call to TerminateProcess, the use of the KILL command line utility is required.[3]]", "Windows 10. A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop, with a list of places and other options on the left side, and tiles representing applications on the right. The menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in Tablet mode.[40][55][64] A new virtual desktop system was added. A feature known as Task View displays all open windows and allows users to switch between them, or switch between multiple workspaces.[40][55] Windows Store apps, which previously could be used only in full screen mode, can now be used in self-contained windows similarly to other programs.[40][55] Program windows can now be snapped to quadrants of the screen by dragging them to the corner. When a window is snapped to one side of the screen, Task View appears and the user is prompted to choose a second window to fill the unused side of the screen (called \"Snap Assist\").[55] Windows' system icons were also changed.[64]", "Windows Mobility Center. A mobility center that displayed device settings pertinent to mobile devices was first shown during the Windows Hardware Engineering Conference of 2004. It was based on the Activity Center user interface design that originated with Microsoft's abandoned Windows \"Neptune\" project, and was slated for inclusion in Windows Vista, then known by its codename Longhorn.[1][2]", "Task Manager (Windows). A Close Program dialog box comes up when Ctrl+Alt+Delete is pressed in Windows 9x.[1] Also, in Windows 9x, there is a program called Tasks (TASKMAN.EXE) located in the Windows directory. TASKMAN.EXE is rudimentary and has fewer features. The System Monitor utility in Windows 9x contains process and network monitoring functionality similar to that of the Windows Task Manager. (Also, Tasks program is called by clicking twice on desktop if Explorer process is down.)", "Windows shell. File Explorer is a Windows component that can browse the shell namespace. In other words, it can browse disks, files and folder as a file manager would, but can also access Control Panel, dial-up network objects, and other elements introduced above. In addition, the explorer.exe executable, which is responsible for launching File Explorer, is also responsible for launching the taskbar, the Start menu and part of the desktop. However, the task switcher, the charms, or Autoplay operate even when all instances of the explorer.exe process are closed, and other computer programs can still access the shell namespace without it.", "Windows key. On Windows 8 tablet computers, hardware certification requirements initially mandated that the Windows key be centered on the bezel below the screen, except on a convertible laptop, where the button is allowed to be off-center in a tablet configuration. This requirement was relaxed in Windows 8.1, allowing the Windows key to be placed on any bezel or edge of the unit, though a centered location along the bottom bezel is still preferred.[3]", "Windows Defender. Starting with Windows 10, Microsoft began to transfer the control of Windows Defender out of its native client. Initially, its \"Settings\" dialog box was replaced by dedicated page in the Settings app. In Windows 10 Creators Update, Windows Defender is renamed Windows Defender Antivirus to distinguish it from Windows Defender Security Center. The latter has become the default avenue to interface with Windows Defender.[18] While there is no shortcut on the Start menu for Windows Defender's native client, it can still run.[19][20]" ]

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[ "I Could Fall in Love. \"I Could Fall in Love\" is a song recorded by American Tejano singer Selena for her fifth studio album, Dreaming of You (1995), released posthumously by EMI Latin on June 26, 1995. \"I Could Fall in Love\" and \"Tú Sólo Tú\" were the album's lead promotional recordings, showcasing her musical transition from Spanish- to English-language songs. The lyrics explore feelings of heartbreak and despair and express the singer's fear of rejection by a man she finds herself falling in love with. Composed by Keith Thomas, \"I Could Fall in Love\" is a pop ballad with R&B, soul and soft rock influences.", "I Could Fall in Love. \"I Could Fall in Love\" received a generally positive response from music critics, who commented on its similarities to songs recorded by other artists. Ed Morales of Vibe magazine felt that, because of its syncopated drums, \"I Could Fall in Love\" had a \"Jon Secada-like feel\",[36] and it reminded Tarradell of songs recorded by American singer Brandy Norwood and by the trio TLC.[25] An editor from the Star-News thought the song had \"a whiff of\" Celine Dion.[37] James Hunter, also from Vibe, praised Selena's astute interpretation, calling it a \"masterpiece\" and commenting that Selena's death made the track more difficult to listen to.[38] Larry Flick of Billboard described \"I Could Fall in Love\" as an \"optimistic love song\" that left \"melancholy thoughts of what might have been\" in the mind of the listener.[39] John Lannert, also from Billboard, conceived \"I Could Fall in Love\" as a \"sensuous narrative\" recording[40] and a \"seductive romantic confessional\".[41] Tarradell, writing in The Beaver County Times, called it a \"crossover staple\".[42]", "I Could Fall in Love. Season three American Idol contestant Lisa Leuschner included the song in her album Reality.[111] In Kumbia Kings' third compilation album Duetos (2005), Selena's brother A.B. Quintanilla III recorded \"I Could Fall in Love\" as a Spanglish duet with Selena.[112] For the album Familia RMM Recordando a Selena, recorded by various artists in 1996, Los Jovenes Del Barrio performed a cover of the song.[113] Season 10 American Idol contestant Karen Rodriguez performed \"I Could Fall in Love\" during the \"top 13\" episode, receiving unfavorable reviews from critics who considered the song too powerful for her.[114][115] However, The Washington Post contributor Derrik Lang called Rodriguez' cover a \"breathy redemption\".[116] American Idol alumna Katie Stevens wrote to The Hollywood Reporter, claiming that the judges on the show had judged Rodriguez too harshly and calling Rodriguez the \"new Selena\".[117] Rodriguez recorded a studio version of \"I Could Fall in Love\" in 2011 for her debut album, which was produced by Jim Jonsin.[118]", "I Could Fall in Love. \"I Could Fall in Love\" is a mid-tempo[22] pop ballad[23] and R&B[22] song with soul[9] and soft rock influences.[24] Mario Tarradell, an editorial writer for The Dallas Morning News, called the song a \"mundane ballad\".[25] It is set in common time and employs an electronic piano, drum machine, a violin, and a flute in the background.[23][26] The instrumentation includes bass drum, keyboard, flamenco guitar,[22] Spanish guitar, and synthesizers.[17] \"I Could Fall in Love\" is written in the key of E major, to be played in a moderate groove at 78 half notes per minute. The vocal range of the melody extends from the note F♯3 to A4.[26] Sandy Masuo of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch wrote, \"These songs [\"I Could Fall in Love\", \"I'm Getting Used to You\" and \"Captive Heart\"] were to be her armaments in the crossover war and, sure enough, they're catchy, state-of-the-art pop/R&B – but, despite the sublime melody of \"I Could Fall in Love\", strikingly anonymous.\"[27] An editor from the Contra Costa Times called the song a \"jazzy ballad\".[28] Donny Brusca's book BPM List 2006: Main Edition classified it as \"light-adult contemporary\".[29] Andrew Griffin of The Town Talk called it a \"Tex-Mex (Texas-Mexico) pop\" song.[30]", "I Could Fall in Love. \"Dreaming of You\" and \"I Could Fall in Love\" were EMI Records' top selling digital downloads from 1 April 2004 to 31 March 2005.[95] \"I Could Fall in Love\" became one of Selena's most widely recognized recordings.[23][49] It rapidly became popular as a wedding song,[96] causing it to become one of Selena's most famous songs. Her English-speaking audience increased substantially as a result of its widespread popularity.[89][97][98] Amanda Edwards of Voxxi.com called it \"one of the most popular Latin love songs of all time\", adding that, \"from her sweet voice to the genuine sentiment of the song (with a hint of sexiness if you're listening carefully), we're sold on this track being a solid standby any time of year but especially for someone hoping for romance on Valentine's Day\".[99] A ten-second instrumental of the recording was featured on the 4 February 1998 episode of Dexter's Laboratory.[100]", "I Could Fall in Love. \"I Could Fall in Love\" was released as a maxi single on June 26, 1995 in Australia[18] and Mexico[19] and on 10 August 1995 in Germany.[20] A maxi single featuring \"Dreaming of You\" and \"Sukiyaki\" was released in Japan. \"Tú Sólo Tú\" was released primarily to Spanish-speaking countries.[17] Fred Bronson of Billboard commented that if EMI Latin had released \"I Could Fall in Love\" as a single and it had debuted in the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, then it would have been the first posthumous debut single to do so since \"Pledging My Love\" by Johnny Ace in 1955.[21]", "I Could Fall in Love. \"I Could Fall in Love\" was nominated for \"Song of the Year\" at the 1996 Tejano Music Awards, and won the Tejano Crossover Songs of the Year.[51] The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) recognized it as one of the most performed songs of 1995 at the 4th ASCAP Pop Music Awards.[52] Marco Torres of OC Weekly, called the song \"so sweet, so loving, so absolutely, amazingly, and astonishingly adorable!\" and placed it at number seven on his \"Top 10 Selena songs of All time\" list.[53] Brian Galindo of BuzzFeed believed the \"melancholy ballad is another great example of Selena's ability bring an emotional vulnerability to her songs.\" and placed \"I Could Fall in Love\" at number five on his list of \"The 15 Greatest Selena Songs of All Time\".[54] Latina magazine placed \"I Could Fall in Love\" at number three on their \"Remembering Selena: Her Top Ten Songs\" list.[55] Ashley Velez of Neon Tommy commented that \"Selena lends her vulnerability to this slow ballad\" and that it \"displays Selena's talented vocals and helped introduce the singer to the American mainstream.\" Velez then ranked the recording number two on her list of the \"Top 5 Selena Songs\".[35]", "I Could Fall in Love. A number of singers have adapted the song in a variety of genres. Puerto Rican-American singer and actress Jennifer Lopez lip-synced the track for her portrayal of the title role in the 1997 biographical film Selena,[102] which was praised by critics. Reviewing the film's opening, a Wichita Eagle writer described the song as \"hauntingly lovely\" and said that it expressed the feelings of Selena's fans.[103] Lopez included \"I Could Fall in Love\" in the set list for her Lets Get Loud Tour in 2001 at the Roberto Clemente Coliseum in San Juan, Puerto Rico,[104] and on 11 February 2003 she included the song in her live video album Jennifer Lopez: Let's Get Loud.[101] Cuban singer Gloria Estefan performed a cover version during the Selena ¡VIVE! concert in 2005;[105][106] Tarradell commented in The Dallas Morning News that it had been a \"lovely rendition\".[107] Puerto Rican singer Ana recorded the song for her album Amor Latino.[108] The Korean singer Im Tae Kyung performed a slower pop ballad version that incorporates a guitar as its musical foundation.[109] A reggae-inspired version of the song appeared on Fiona's Best of Sweet Love.[110]", "I Could Fall in Love. Mary Talbot of the New York Daily News, praised Selena's \"soft, velvety voice\".[31] A San Jose Mercury News reporter wrote that \"I Could Fall in Love\" and \"Dreaming of You\" helped Selena to become \"the new Gloria Estefan\".[43] Richard Torres of Newsday considered both these songs to be romantic anthems.[44] Enrique Fernandez of the Sun Sentinel described \"I Could Fall in Love\" as \"beautiful\",[45] while an editor from The Sacramento Bee called the song a \"Latin-influenced R&B lite\".[22] Because of its \"overly simplistic and repetitive lyrics\", Ramiro Burr of the San Antonio Express-News assessed \"I Could Fall in Love\" as the \"weakest track\" of Dreaming of You.[46]", "I Could Fall in Love. The first verse of \"I Could Fall in Love\" implores the object of the singer's desire to walk away, because her emotions are too overpowering and she feels love of unprecedented intensity. She fears that by allowing him to stay attached, she may \"lose control\". Selena believes that her infatuation can lead to romantic love. She then sings \"I could fall in love (in love) with you\" before wondering how she would feel if she were to touch him for the first time. The fear of being rejected and unloved leads her to keep her feelings to herself,[35] and she begins to believe that her love is \"not right\". She continues, \"and I guess I should try / to do what I should do / but I could fall in love / fall in love with you\". During the midpoint break, Selena sings in Spanish that she is always dreaming about him, imagining that he loves her. She sings the chorus twice before the song comes to an end without her ever having come to terms with her loved one.[26]", "I Could Fall in Love. \"I Could Fall in Love\" peaked at number 17 on the Adult Top 40 chart[73] and number three on the Hot 100 Recurrent Airplay chart on 23 December 1995.[74] The performance entered the Hot Adult Contemporary Recurrent chart on 27 January 1996 at number six[75] and achieved the same on the Rhythmic Top 40. Number 15 was its highest position on the Mainstream Top 40 chart.[73] In New Zealand, \"I Could Fall in Love\" debuted at number 36 on the New Zealand Top 40 chart on 10 October 1995 and peaked at number ten in the week ending 19 November 1995, its fifth week on the chart.[76] In Canada, \"I Could Fall in Love\" debuted at number 55 on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart of 24 July 1995.[77] By 6 November 1995 it was number one.[78] On 21 August 1995 it entered at number 94 on the RPM Top Singles chart,[79] and in October, after eleven weeks, it reached number ten for two consecutive weeks.[80][81]", "I Could Fall in Love. Solange Knowles included the song in the set list for her 2013 world tour, which has received praise from music critics.[119][120] Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle wrote that Knowles had \"put a lovely, downtempo twist on 'I Could Fall in Love'\".[121] Michael O'Connell of The Hollywood Reporter called Knowles' rendition a \"fangirl cover\".[122] Writing in the San Francisco Weekly, Erin Browner considered Knowles' cover the \"highlight of the night\" when she performed it at the start of her US tour. Browner commented that the \"combination of sexy Solange and Selena's epic love song was almost too much for the audience to handle\" and that \"people immediately whipped out their phones to record (yep, it's already on YouTube) and/or just plain cried the lyrics along with her\".[123] On 29 March 2015, Filipino singers Angeline Quinto, Yeng Constantino, and Juris Fernandez performed \"I Could Fall in Love\" for the variety show ASAP.[124] American singer Adrienne Bailon performed \"I Could Fall in Love\" after a six-year departure from the music business, during the March 31, 2015 episode of The Real; a talk show she currently hosts.[125][126]", "I Could Fall in Love. \"I Could Fall in Love\" is similar to \"Dreaming of You\" in its lyrics.[25] Many media outlets, including the Milwaukee Journal and Billboard magazine, called them \"confessional ballads\",[31] with an emotionally vulnerable narrator who wants true love but finds it unattainable.[32] Tarradell believed \"I Could Fall in Love\" was an indirect response to Selena's father and manager Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., who forced her and Perez to end their relationship just because Perez was a rocker. Tarradell asserted that the words \"I know it's not right but I guess I should try to do what I should do\" were directed at Abraham and reflected Selena's realization of her independence.[33] Ramiro Burr of the San Antonio Express-News believed that Selena's 1992 song \"Missing My Baby\" shared similarities with \"I Could Fall in Love\" in expressing uncontrollable \"adrenalin-fueled love\". Burr later wrote that the difference in \"I Could Fall in Love\" is that the lyrics are recorded with \"powerful agony\" which forces the narrator to \"fall into a phase of deep loneliness\" because her lover may or may not reciprocate her feelings.[34]", "I Could Fall in Love. Critics praised Selena's emotive enunciation and compared it to work by Celine Dion, Brandy Norwood and TLC. It received the Tejano Music Award for the Tejano Crossover Song of the Year, and the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) recognized it at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards as one of the most performed songs of 1995. Because of the recording's composition structure and the singer's vocalization, OC Weekly, BuzzFeed, Neon Tommy, and Latina magazine, believed \"I Could Fall in Love\" was one of the best songs recorded by Selena in her musical career.", "I Could Fall in Love. On the Regional Mexican Songs chart, the track reached number five for two consecutive weeks from 1 July 1995,[64][65] and it peaked at number one on the Latin Pop Airplay chart of 19 August 1995 for one week.[66] Entering at number 13 on the Latin Tropical/Salsa Airplay chart of 15 July 1995,[67] the song peaked at number four there five weeks later, on 26 August 1995.[68] \"I Could Fall in Love\" debuted at number 46 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart issue dated 8 July 1995[69] and peaked eight weeks later at number 8 on 2 September 1995.[70] By entering the Adult Contemporary Tracks chart at number 37 on 29 July 1995, the recording received a \"Hot Shot Debut\" as the highest debut of the week.[71] It ran at number 14 for three consecutive weeks starting on 21 October 1995.[72]", "I Wanna Fall in Love. \"I Wanna Fall in Love\" is a song written by Buddy Brock and Mark Spiro, and recorded by American country music artist Lila McCann. It was released in September 1997 as the second single from her debut album Lila. The song reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in February 1998[1] and number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.[2]", "I Could Fall in Love. The track was not released as a commercial single in the United States, where it was feared that it might sell more copies than the album itself. \"I Could Fall in Love\" peaked at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart, and at number one on the Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary and US Billboard Latin Pop Airplay charts. It reached the top ten on the singles charts of Canada and New Zealand. It became the most played song in Kansas City, Miami, and Boston and the second most played in Los Angeles.", "I Could Fall in Love. \"I Could Fall in Love\" dominated the Top 40 radio stations,[23][85][86] a fact that was well received by critics.[85][87] The song was given heavy rotation in the southern United States,[88] becoming the most played song in Kansas City, Miami, and Boston and the second most played in Los Angeles.[89] In Tucson, Arizona, it was played every 2½ hours,[90] and in San Antonio every hour.[91] The song was played 25 times its first day of availability on US radios on the Harrington, Texas radio station KBTQ.[92] It helped increase Selena's catalogue sales and simultaneously boosted media attention.[40] The song's release sparked a two-day \"on-air blitz\" on radios in South Texas.[93] In Riverside, California, program directors reported that \"I Could Fall in Love\" was one of the three hits they were playing most often on their radio stations.[94] A San Antonio disc jockey told The Victoria Advocate about the overwhelming response received from the English-speaking audience, who were constantly calling her radio station asking for \"I Could Fall in Love\".[13]", "I Could Fall in Love. The accompanying music video, directed by Hector Galan, featured a montage of pictures and videos of live performances of Selena, which had been collected by her family. It, too, was released posthumously, and it received a Music Video of the Year nomination at the 1996 Tejano Music Awards. \"I Could Fall in Love\" became one of Selena's most famous and recognizable recordings, and in the 1990s it became a popular wedding song. Cover versions include recordings by Adrienne Bailon, Jennifer Lopez, Gloria Estefan, Lisa Leuschner, Solange Knowles and Ali-Ollie Woodson.", "I Could Fall in Love. On March 31, 1995, Selena was murdered in Corpus Christi, Texas, by her friend and former employee Yolanda Saldívar.[11] Thomas later announced that he had been working on another track for Selena to record, telling Biography that the track remained unfinished.[12] \"I Could Fall in Love\" was released as the lead promotional recording for the 1995 album Dreaming of You on June 26, 1995,[13][14] at the same time as \"Tú Sólo Tú\", to demonstrate Selena's transition from Spanish- to English-language recordings.[9] \"I Could Fall in Love\" debuted on US radios on June 15, 1995 to contemporary hit radios, Top 40, urban AC and rhythmic contemporary airplay, while \"Tú Sólo Tú\" targeted Latin music radios such as Tejano, Latin pop, and regional Mexican airplay.[15][16] An editor from the Arizona Daily Star believed \"I Could Fall in Love\" was targeted more towards adult contemporary radios than R&B and top 40 radio formats that were successful for Gloria Estefan.[17]", "I Could Fall in Love. Davitt Sigerson, the president and CEO of EMI records, feared that \"I Could Fall in Love\" might sell more copies than the album itself, so he did not issue the single as a commercial release.[56] Therefore, it was not eligible for the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[57][58] \"I Could Fall in Love\" debuted at number four on the Hot Latin Tracks chart on 1 July 1995[59][60] and peaked at number two the following week, becoming the highest-ever English-language song on that chart. \"Tú Sólo Tú\" and \"I Could Fall in Love\" occupied the first and second positions respectively on Hot Latin Tracks for five consecutive weeks.[61] Selena thus became the first artist to place both a Spanish- and an English-language song in the top ten of the Hot Latin Tracks chart.[41] \"I Could Fall in Love\" became the fifth best-charting song from that chart in 1995[62] and remained the highest-charting English-language song for two years, until Celine Dion's 1998 single \"My Heart Will Go On\" surpassed it when it peaked at number one.[63]", "I Could Fall in Love. Elizabeth Rodriguez Kessler and Anne Perrin wrote in their 2007 book Chican@s in the Conversations that \"I Could Fall in Love\" was a \"clean pop offering\".[47] Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle commented in 2008 that it had \"made the Tejano goddess a posthumous crossover star\".[48] On 31 March 2010, Teresa Jusino of Popmatters expressed the view that English-speaking music fans no longer remember Selena's name, saying that on playing \"Dreaming of You\" or \"I Could Fall in Love\", many would say \"I remember that song!\" or \"I love that one!\".[49] Randi Bergman of Fashion magazine, called the number an \"epic ballad\".[50]", "I Could Fall in Love. Selena and her record-producer brother A.B. Quintanilla III[8] arrived in Nashville, Tennessee, intending to collaborate with producer-songwriter Keith Thomas.[9] Thomas had prepared the instrumental parts for \"I Could Fall in Love\" but had not had time to complete the vocal parts, so he sang it for them.[9] Selena and A.B. immediately liked it, and A.B. said that he wanted Selena to include it in her album. She recorded it in December 1994 at The Bennett House in Franklin, Tennessee, and Bill Whittington mixed it with assistance from Mike Corbett and Todd Moore.[9] Although Selena had to return later when Thomas was able to provide additional vocals, Selena's husband Chris Perez, who had overseen the recording sessions, said that the recording was completed on March 25, 1995.[9][10]", "I Wish I Could Fall in Love Today. \"I Wish I Could I Fall in Love Today\" is a song written by Harlan Howard and recorded by American country music artist Ray Price. It was released in 1960 as a single only. The song reached #5 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[1]", "I Could Fall in Love. Directed by Hector Galan, the song's accompanying music video featured a montage of pictures and videos of live performances by Selena that had been collected by her family. It was released posthumously and received a Music Video of the Year nomination at the 1995 Tejano Music Awards.[51][82][83] This promotional video reached number 11 on the Billboard Video Monitor VH1 Top Music Videos list, number 6 on The BOX Video List,[58] number 10 on the MOR Music list, and number 3 on the California Music Channel (CMC) list of most popular music videos.[84]", "If I Ever Fall in Love. \"If I Ever Fall in Love\" is a song by American R&B-soul quartet Shai. The song reached number 2 in the US in 1992, and peaked at number two on the US R&B chart.[2] Its eight weeks at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US, which was held off from the top slot due to the massive success of \"I Will Always Love You\" by Whitney Houston, meant that it held the record for the second-most weeks at number two in the chart's history at the time, behind Foreigner's \"Waiting for a Girl Like You\". The record has since been equalled and surpassed, and \"If I Ever Fall In Love\" is now in joint ninth place with a number of more recent songs.", "Fallin' in Love (Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds song). \"Fallin' in Love\" was covered in 1995 by the band La Bouche. It was the third single of their album Sweet Dreams and was released in June 1995, although the song did not gain popularity in the United States until the following year following the success of the first two singles, \"Be My Lover\" and \"Sweet Dreams\". Though it did well in several countries, it achieved a minor success in comparison with previous releases.", "I Wish I Could Fall in Love Today. The song was also recorded by American country music artist Barbara Mandrell, under the title \"I Wish That I Could Fall in Love Today\". It was released in August 1988 as the first single from the album I'll Be Your Jukebox Tonight. The song reached #5 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, becoming Mandrell's final Top 10 single.[3]", "I Could Fall in Love. Credits adapted from Dreaming of You album liner notes.[129]", "Could It Be I'm Falling in Love. The song has been covered many times over the years, including a duet by David Grant and Jaki Graham (which peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart in 1985) and versions by Regina Belle, El Barrio, Messenjah, Worlds Apart, Peter White, Larry Carlton, Jeff Kashiwa, Donny Osmond, Earl Klugh, Boyz II Men, and Houston Person.", "If I Ever Fall in Love. \"If I Ever Fall In Love\" was covered in 1996 as a duet by British boy band East 17 and singer Gabrielle (with a backing track), and renamed \"If You Ever\". It peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, behind \"Say You'll Be There\" by the Spice Girls, and also peaked within the top ten of the charts in Latvia. It was also one of only three songs by Gabrielle to reach the top 20 in Australia, peaking at number sixteen.", "If I Ever Fall in Love. UK CD 1 (LONCD 388)" ]

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[ "Dorothy Gale. In Baum's 1902 stage musical adaptation, Dorothy was played by Anna Laughlin. In 1908 L. Frank Baum adapted his early Oz novels as The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, with Romola Remus as Dorothy. This was followed by The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a motion picture short that Otis Turner, one of the directors of Fairylogue, made without Baum as part of a contract fulfillment. In this 1910 film, Dorothy was played by Bebe Daniels. It was followed by two sequels (the same year), Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz and The Land of Oz, both of which included Dorothy, but whether Daniels participated is unknown. Baum subsequently loosely adapted The Wonderful Wizard of Oz into a 1914 motion picture directed by J. Farrell MacDonald titled His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz with Violet MacMillan as Dorothy.", "Dorothy Gale. In the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy was played by Judy Garland, who received an Academy Juvenile Award for her performance. She was sixteen years old when the film was released, with a brace on her chest to make her look more youthful. Since fantasy films generally were unsuccessful at that time, MGM portrayed Oz as a head-trauma-induced delirium, instead of a real place. It is implied that Oz is merely Dorothy's dream since she awakens in bed at the end, though Dorothy is convinced that her journey was all in fact real.", "Marlee Matlin. Matlin made her stage debut at the age of seven, as Dorothy in an International Center on Deafness and the Arts (ICODA) children's theatre of The Wizard of Oz,[15] and continued to appear with the ICODA children's theatre group throughout her childhood.[16]", "Andrew Lloyd Webber. On 1 March 2011, The Wizard of Oz opened at The Palladium Theatre, starring Danielle Hope as Dorothy and Michael Crawford as the Wizard.", "Dorothy Gale. Dorothy Dwan portrayed Dorothy in the 1925 film Wizard of Oz. In this film, Aunt Em (Mary Carr) informs her on her eighteenth birthday that she was left on their doorstep and is really a princess of Oz destined to marry Prince Kynd (Bryant Washburn), who has currently lost the throne to Prime Minister Kruel (Josef Swickard), in a storyline similar to that of His Majesty the Scarecrow of Oz, only with Dorothy as the love interest. In the end, the story proves to be the dream of a little girl who has fallen asleep listening to the story of Kynd and Kruel, said to be the story of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The film also introduced the idea of the farmhands also being the Scarecrow, Tin Woodsman and Cowardly Lion, albeit as costumes they don in order to conceal themselves in Oz.", "Jerry Maguire. Patricia Arquette, Bridget Fonda, Winona Ryder and Marisa Tomei were all considered for the part of Dorothy.[6] Mira Sorvino was also considered for Dorothy but she demanded too much money.[6]", "Dorothy Gale. In the 2012 TV miniseries Dorothy and the Witches of Oz, Dorothy (played by Paulie Rojas) is shown as an adult writer and starts regaining suppressed memories of her actual adventures in the Land of Oz when the Wicked Witch of the West plans to conquer the Land of Oz and all of Earth.", "The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical). After previews in the West End from 7 February, the musical opened on 1 March 2011, directed by Jeremy Sams, and closed on 2 September 2012. The original cast included Danielle Hope as Dorothy Gale, Michael Crawford as the Wizard and Hannah Waddingham as the Wicked Witch of the West. Sophie Evans played Dorothy on Tuesday evenings and took over the role full-time in February 2012. The role of Dorothy was cast through the 2010 reality television show Over the Rainbow, in which Hope won and Evans was the runner-up. After a similar Canadian reality TV search show, a Toronto production began in December 2012 and closed in August 2013, and was followed by a North American tour. In April 2017 an Australian tour was announced including season at the Lyric Theatre, Queensland Performing Arts Centre,the Capitol Theatre in Sydney, and at the Adelaide Festival Theatre. The cast includes Anthony Warlow as the Wizard with Lucy Durack as Glinda the Good Witch and Jemma Rix as Wicked Witch of the West.[1][2][3]", "The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical). After previews beginning 7 February,[11] the musical opened in the West End, at the London Palladium, on 1 March 2011. The role of Dorothy was originated by Danielle Hope, who was selected through the reality television show Over the Rainbow,[12] and the title role of the Wizard was created by Michael Crawford.[13] Over the Rainbow runner-up Sophie Evans performed the role of Dorothy on Tuesday evenings and when Hope was ill or on holiday.[14] Hannah Waddingham originated the role of the Wicked Witch of the West[15] and was replaced in September 2011 by her understudy, Marianne Benedict.[16] Hope and Crawford left the production on 5 February 2012.[17] Evans replaced Hope in the role of Dorothy full-time in February 2012,[18] and Russell Grant took over soon afterwards as The Wizard, for 14 weeks.[19] Des O'Connor portrayed The Wizard from May 2012 until the production closed.[20]", "Judy Garland. Garland began performing in vaudeville as a child with her two older sisters, and was later signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. She made more than two dozen films with MGM and is often best remembered for her portrayal of Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz (1939). Garland was a frequent on-screen partner of both Mickey Rooney and Gene Kelly, and regularly collaborated with director and husband Vincente Minnelli. Other film appearances during this period include roles in Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), The Harvey Girls (1946), Easter Parade (1948), and Summer Stock (1950). Garland was released from MGM in 1950, after 15 years with the studio, amid a series of personal struggles and erratic behavior that prevented her from fulfilling the terms of her contract.", "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film). Actress Deanna Durbin, who was under contract to Universal Studios, was also considered for the part of Dorothy. Durbin, at the time, far exceeded Garland in film experience and fan base and both had co-starred in a 1936 two-reeler titled Every Sunday. The film was most notable for exhibiting Durbin's operatic style of singing against Garland's jazzier style. Durbin was possibly passed over once it was decided to bring on Jaynes, also an operatic singer, to rival Garland's jazz in the aforementioned discarded subplot of the film.", "The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical). An autumn 2012 reality TV show, Over the Rainbow, hosted by Daryn Jones, searched for a Canadian girl to play the role of Dorothy in a Toronto staging by Mirvish Productions.[24][25] On 5 November 2012, viewers of the show chose Danielle Wade, a 20-year-old University of Windsor acting major, to play the role, with Stephanie La Rochelle as 1st runner up.[26][27] The production premiered on 20 December 2012 at the Ed Mirvish Theatre with an official opening on 13 January 2013. Besides Wade, the all-Canadian cast also included Cedric Smith as Professor Marvel/the Wizard, Lisa Horner as Miss Gulch/The Wicked Witch of the West, Mike Jackson as the Tin Man, Lee MacDougall as the Cowardly Lion, Jamie McKnight as the Scarecrow and Robin Evan Willis as Glinda.[28] The production concluded its run on 18 August 2013, having been seen by over 500,000 people.[29]", "Fairuza Balk. Fairuza Balk (born May 21, 1974) is an American film actress. She made her theatrical film debut as Dorothy Gale in Disney's 1985 film Return to Oz. Balk also made appearances in Valmont, The Craft, The Island of Dr. Moreau, American History X, The Waterboy, Almost Famous, and Personal Velocity: Three Portraits.", "Dorothy Gale. Dorothy does not appear in The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914), although some film books claim that Mildred Harris, who had yet to sign her contract with The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, played the role. The character, is, in fact, eliminated from the film version, although she has a fairly large role in the novel.", "Dorothy Gale. Dorothy is a standard character, having at least a cameo role in thirteen of the fourteen Oz books written by L. Frank Baum (while she did not appear at all in The Marvelous Land of Oz, she is mentioned several times in that story, as it was her actions in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz that led to the events in the former) and is at least a frequent figure in the nineteen that followed by author Ruth Plumly Thompson, getting at least a cameo in all her books except Captain Salt in Oz (in which neither Oz nor any of its inhabitants appear, though they are mentioned). Major subsequent appearances by Dorothy in the \"Famous Forty\" are in The Lost Princess of Oz, Glinda of Oz, The Royal Book of Oz, Grampa in Oz, The Lost King of Oz, The Wishing Horse of Oz, Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz, and The Magical Mimics in Oz. Most of the other books focus on different child protagonists, some Ozite, some from other Nonestican realms, and some from the United States, and as such, her appearances in the main series become more and more limited. In Jack Snow's The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946), Ozma places Dorothy on the throne of Oz while she is away visiting Queen Lurline's fairy band.", "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film). LeRoy had always insisted that he wanted to cast Judy Garland to play Dorothy from the start; however, evidence suggests that negotiations occurred early in pre-production for Shirley Temple to be cast as Dorothy, on loan from 20th Century Fox. A persistent rumor also existed that Fox, in turn, was promised Clark Gable and Jean Harlow as a loan from MGM. The tale is almost certainly untrue, as Harlow died in 1937, before MGM had even purchased the rights to the story. Despite this, the story appears in many film biographies (including Temple's own autobiography). The documentary The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic states that Mervyn LeRoy was under pressure to cast Temple, then the most popular child star, but at an unofficial audition, MGM musical mainstay Roger Edens listened to her sing and felt that an actress with a different style was needed; a 50th anniversary documentary for the film suggested that Temple, then 10 years old, was slightly too young for the part. Newsreel footage is included in which Temple wisecracks, \"There's no place like home\", suggesting that she was being considered for the part at that time.[23] A possibility is that this consideration did indeed take place, but that Gable and Harlow were not part of the proposed deal.", "Dorothy and the Witches of Oz. Dorothy and the Witches of Oz is a 2012 film directed by Leigh Scott, based on the novels The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Ozma of Oz, The Road to Oz and The Magic of Oz by L. Frank Baum. The film stars Paulie Redding, Billy Boyd, Eliza Swenson, Mia Sara, Lance Henriksen, and Christopher Lloyd. A longer version of the film was originally released as a TV miniseries in 2011 called The Witches of Oz, distributed by MarVista Entertainment.[1] The miniseries was over an hour longer and had earlier versions of the special effects. The miniseries was originally released in 2011 in Europe, though its United Kingdom premiere wasn't until July 5, 2012 on the Sci-Fi Channel.", "Rachel Tucker. Tucker trained at the Royal Academy of Music.[1] She worked with Any Dream Will Do winner Lee Mead in the 2005 United Kingdom tour of the Rock musical, Tommy as Sally Simpson.[2] In December 2007, Tucker appeared as Dorothy Gale in the Royal Shakespeare Company adaptation of The Wizard of Oz at the Lyric Theatre in Belfast. The Stage described her performance as \"looking and sounding uncannily like the legendary Garland.\"[3] For her performance, she was nominated for an award in the 2008 TMA Awards.[4] Tucker recorded a version of the civil rights anthem \"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around\" which was used in a television advertisement for Libresse in 2005 entitled \"March\".[5]", "Judy Garland. In 1938, she was cast in her most memorable role, as the young Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz (1939), a film based on the 1900 children's book by L. Frank Baum. In this film, she sang the song with which she would be identified, \"Over the Rainbow\". Although producers Arthur Freed and Mervyn LeRoy had wanted her from the start, studio chief Mayer first tried to borrow Shirley Temple from 20th Century Fox, but they declined. Deanna Durbin was then asked, but was unavailable, resulting in Garland being cast.[35]", "Dorothy Gale. Dorothy appears in the third and fifth seasons of the TV series Once Upon a Time. In this show, Dorothy is from a fictional version Kansas and not from Earth (dubbed the Land Without Magic in the show). She is portrayed as an adult by Teri Reeves and as a child by Matreya Scarrwener. Dorothy, caught in her Kansas farmhouse during a raging cyclone, is swept away to Oz. Taken in by the protectors of Oz, the sisterhood of witches, she comes to view them as family. One night, she is confronted by Zelena the Witch of the West (Rebecca Mader), while getting water from a well. Zelena intends to get rid of Dorothy as she believes the girl is destined to usurp her seat in the sisterhood. In defense, Dorothy throws a bucket of water at Zelena; causing the witch to melt. Glinda the Witch of the South (Sunny Mabrey), then appears to offer her to take Zelena's place as the Witch of the West, but Dorothy declines; wishing only to return home. With Glinda's help, she is taken to see the Wizard and given a pair of silver slippers to travel to any world. Dorothy thanks the Wizard of Oz (Christopher Gorham) and proceeds to click the slippers' heels three times to send herself home. Only after the girl's departure, Glinda discovers too late that Zelena masqueraded as the Wizard in order to usher Dorothy out of Oz.", "Dorothy Gale. Dorothy has a forthright and take-charge character, exhibiting no fear when she slaps the Cowardly Lion, and organizing the Winkies' rescue mission of her friends who have been dismembered by the Winged monkeys. She is not afraid of angering the Wicked Witch of the West, as shown when the Witch stole one of Dorothy's slippers, and in retaliation, Dorothy hurled a bucket of water over her, not knowing water was fatal to the witch. She brazenly rebuffs Princess Langwidere's threat to take her head for her collection — \"Well, I b'lieve you won't.\" (Following Anna Laughlin's portrayal of the character in the popular 1903 Broadway version of The Wizard of Oz, Baum scripts Dorothy to speak in childlike contractions with Ozma of Oz, which she continues to do throughout the series). This aspect of her character was somewhat lessened by her companionship of Ozma, in whom Baum placed the greater level of wisdom and dignity. Yet even this is complicated by her associations with her cousin, Zeb of Hugson's Ranch, a rugged, manly boy who does not take well to Oz and cannot think of anything much more interesting than defeating the Munchkins' wrestling champion, which he proves unable to do.", "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film). Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice wrote a stage musical of the same name, which opened in 2011 at the West End's London Palladium. It features all of the songs from the film plus new songs written by Lloyd Webber and Rice. Lloyd Webber also found Danielle Hope to play Dorothy on the reality show, Over the Rainbow. Another production opened in December 2012 at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto.[94] A reality TV show, also titled Over the Rainbow, found a Canadian girl, Danielle Wade, to play Dorothy.[95][96] The Canadian production then began a North American tour in September 2013.[97] An Australian tour will begin at the Lyric Theatre, Queensland Performing Arts Centre in November 2017, followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre, Sydney beginning December 2017.[98]", "Margot Kidder. Kidder continued to work in film throughout the 1980s, appearing in Paul Mazursky's Willie & Phil and Some Kind of Hero. Her performance in 1981's Heartaches generated critical acclaim and Oscar buzz. As court stenographer-cum-private eye Mickey Raymond, the PG rating that 1983's Trenchcoat received led Disney to launch Touchstone Pictures. She appeared opposite James Garner in the controversial Hollywood crime drama The Glitter Dome (1984). In 1985, she toplined Little Treasure for Columbia Tri-Star with co-stars Ted Danson and Burt Lancaster, where she played a distraught stripper looking for her bank robber-father's buried fortune. In 1986 she was selected as the English narrator for the Japanese animated series The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.", "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film). The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history,[5] it is the best-known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.[6] It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming (who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production). It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale, alongside Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Frank Morgan, Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton, with Charley Grapewin, Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick, Terry (billed as Toto), and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins.[7]", "Dorothy Gale. Dorothy Gale is a fictional character created by L. Frank Baum as the main protagonist in many of his Oz novels. She first appears in Baum's classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) and reappears in most of its sequels. In addition, she is the main character in various adaptations, notably the classic 1939 film adaptation of the novel, The Wizard of Oz.", "Fairuza Balk. Balk's debut role was in a television film titled The Best Christmas Pageant Ever, produced in 1983. While in London, Balk was cast by Walt Disney Productions to star as Dorothy Gale in Return to Oz, the unofficial sequel to MGM's 1939 musical The Wizard of Oz.[7] This role led to other, minor roles, including that of Mildred Hubble in The Worst Witch, and in 1988, at age 14, she moved to Paris to work on Valmont with Miloš Forman. By 1989 she was back in Vancouver, where she attended high school. However, she soon decided to take correspondence courses instead and went back to Hollywood, where she gained increasing notice as an actress. In 1992 she was awarded an Independent Spirit Award as best actress for her performance in the Allison Anders film Gas Food Lodging.", "Ashleigh and Pudsey. They played the roles of Dorothy and Toto in the Easter pantomime of The Wizard of Oz at the Playhouse, Whitley Bay on 9 and 10 April 2015.[13]", "Margaret Hamilton (actress). Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 – May 16, 1985) was an American film character actress best known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's classic film The Wizard of Oz (1939).[1]", "Margaret Hamilton (actress). In 1939, Hamilton played the role of the Wicked Witch, opposite Judy Garland's Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz, creating not only her most famous role, but also one of the screen's most memorable villains. Hamilton was cast after Gale Sondergaard, who was first considered for the role, albeit as a more glamorous witch with a musical scene, declined the role when the decision was made that the witch should appear ugly.[4]", "Dorothy Gale. The 2007 Sci-Fi Channel miniseries Tin Man reworked her into DG, a descendant of Dorothy's, and is played by Zooey Deschanel. In this iteration, the trademark dress is actually a diner waitress uniform; the rest of the time she wears a leather jacket and jeans and rides a motorcycle. When she is taken into Oz, she learns that she is actually the princess of the kingdom of Oz, sent to another world and raised by androids to protect her after her sister was possessed by the spirit of an ancient witch that she unleashed by accident.", "Ruby slippers. The ruby slippers are the magic pair of shoes worn by Dorothy Gale as played by Judy Garland in the classic 1939 MGM musical movie The Wizard of Oz. Because of their iconic stature,[1] the ruby slippers are now considered among the most treasured and valuable items of film memorabilia.[2] As is customary for important props, a number of pairs were made for the film, though the exact number is unknown. Five pairs are known to have survived; one pair was stolen in August 2005[3] and has never been recovered.[4]", "The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical). The musical began touring Australia beginning 4 November 2017 at the Lyric Theatre, Queensland Performing Arts Centre in Brisbane, Queensland, followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre, Sydney in Sydney from 30 December 2017. The cast includes Anthony Warlow as the Wizard with Lucy Durack as Glinda the Good and Jemma Rix as Wicked Witch of the West.[1][2] Durack and Rix previously portrayed Glinda and Elphaba respectively in the Australian production of Wicked.[3]" ]

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[ "Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics. Cross-country skiing has been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since the first Winter Games in 1924 in Chamonix, France. The women's events were first contested at the 1952 Winter Olympics.", "Cross-country skiing (sport). The Winter Olympic Games are a major international sporting event that occurs once every four years. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, was held in Chamonix, France and included Nordic skiing (which includes cross-country skiing) among the five principal disciplines. Cross-country events have evolved in the Winter Olympics since 1924, as seen in the following timeline:[14]", "Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics. Updated after 2018 Winter Olympics.", "Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics. Whoever earned the most points from both competitions won the event. At the 1952 Winter Olympics, the ski jumping was held first, followed by 18 km cross-country skiing. The cross-country skiing portion was reduced to 15 km at the 1956 Winter Olympics. The ski jumping styles would change over the years as well, from the Kongsberger technique after World War I to the Daescher technique in the 1950s to the current V-style from 1985 onwards. The cross-country skiing technique would switch from classical to freestyle for all competitions beginning in 1985, but the biggest change would occur at the 1988 Winter Olympics in the scoring with the Gundersen method, meaning the 15 km cross country portion would go from an interval start race to a pursuit race, so that whoever crossed the finish line first won the event. The team event with a 3 x 10 km cross country relay started at the 1988 Winter Olympics, changing to the current 4 x 5 km cross-country relay at the 1998 Winter Olympics. The 7.5 km sprint event was added at the 2002 Winter Olympics. Nordic combined remains a men's only event as of the 2010 Winter Olympics. For the 2010 Winter Games, the 15 km Individual Gundersen which consisted of 2 jumps from the normal hill followed by 15 km cross country will be replaced by a 10 km individual normal hill event which will consist of one jump from the individual normal hill following by 10 km of cross country using the Gundersen system while the 7.5 km sprint will be replaced by the 10 km individual large hill event.", "Cross-country skiing (sport). In the 1800s racers used a single, wooden pole, which was longer and stronger than modern poles, and could be used for braking downhill, as well. In Norway, racing with two poles (\"Finland style\") met with resistance, starting in the 1880s, when some race rules forbade them; objections included issues of aesthetics—how they made skiers \"[waddle] like geese\". As the use of pairs of pole became the norm, materials favored lightness and strength, starting with bamboo, which gave way to fiberglass, used at the 1968 Winter Olympics, aluminum, used at the 1972 Winter Olympics, and ultimately carbon fiber, introduced in 1975.[8]", "Cross-country skiing (sport). Skate skiing was introduced to competition in the 20th Century. At the first German ski championship, held at the Feldberg in the Black Forest in 1900, the Norwegian Bjarne Nilssen won the 23 km cross-country race and was observed using a skating motion while skiing—a technique unknown to the spectators.[9] Johan Grøttumsbråten used the skating technique at the 1931 World Championship in Oberhof, one of the earliest recorded use of skating in competitive cross-country skiing.[6] This technique was later used in ski orienteering in the 1960s on roads and other firm surfaces. Finnish skier Pauli Siitonen developed a variant of the style for marathon or other endurance events in the 1970s by leaving one ski in the track while skating outwards to the side with the other ski (one-sided skating);[10] this became known as the \"marathon skate\".[11] Bill Koch (USA) further developed the marathon skate technique in the late 1970s.[7][12] Skate-skiing became widespread during the 1980s after Koch's success with it in the 1982 Cross-country Skiing Championships drew more attention to the technique.[10] Norwegian skier, Ove Aunli, started using the technique in 1984, when he found it to be much faster than classic style.[13] Skating is most effective on wide, smooth, groomed trails, using fiberglass skis that glide well; it also benefits a stronger athlete—which, according to Olav Bø, are the reasons that the technique made a breakthrough in the early 1980s.[6] Athletes widely adopted skating to both sides by the time of the 1985 world championship and it was formally adopted by the FIS in 1986[7]—despite initial opposition from Norway, the Soviet Union and Finland—while preserving events using only classic technique.[13]", "Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre classical. The race was started at 14:00.[3]", "Cross-country skiing (sport). The sport of cross-country skiing encompasses a variety of formats for cross-country skiing races over courses of varying lengths according to rules sanctioned by the International Ski Federation and by various national organizations, such as the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA)[1] and Cross Country Ski Canada.[2] International competitions include the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, the FIS Cross-Country World Cup, and at the Winter Olympic Games. Such races occur over homologated, groomed courses designed to support classic (in-track) and freestyle events, where the skiers may employ skate skiing. It also encompasses cross-country ski marathon events, sanctioned by the Worldloppet Ski Federation, and cross-country ski orienteering events, sanctioned by the International Orienteering Federation. Related forms of competition are biathlon, where competitors race on cross-country skis and stop to shoot at targets with rifles, and paralympic cross-country skiing that allows athletes with disabilities to compete at cross-country skiing with adaptive equipment.", "Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics. The Nordic combined events have been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since 1924. The first competition involved 18 km cross-country skiing, followed by ski jumping.", "Cross-country skiing (sport). In 1767 Danish-Norwegian general, Carl Schack Rantzau, codified four classes of military skiing contests and established prizes for each:[4][5]", "Cross-country skiing (sport). As with other sports, some competitors in cross-country skiing have chosen to enhance their performance through doping.[37] Anti-doping tests at the 2001 World Nordic skiing championships in Lahti, Finland revealed that Jari Isometsä, Janne Immonen and two other skiers from Finland's gold-medal relay team, Mika Myllylä and Harri Kirvesniemi, and two female skiers tested positive for hydroxyethyl starch (HES), a blood plasma expander usually used to cover up the use of erythropoietin (EPO). EPO boosts the oxygen-carrying capability of hemoglobin. In addition, the team head coach left needles and drip bags at a public location near the Helsinki airport.[38] At the Sochi Winter Olympic Games, Austrian cross-country skier Johannes Dürr was ejected from competition after testing positive for the blood booster EPO.[39] In 2007, The International Olympic Committee banned biathletes, Wolfgang Perner and Wolfgang Rottmann, and the cross-country skiers, Martin Tauber, Jürgen Pinter, Johannes Eder, Roland Diethart and Christian Hoffmann, from all future Olympic competition.[40]", "Cross-country skiing (sport). The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships have been held in various numbers and types of events since 1925 for men and since 1954 for women. From 1924 to 1939, the World Championships were held annually, including years with Winter Olympic Games. After World War II, the World Championships were held every four years from 1950 to 1982. Since 1985, the World Championships have been held in odd-numbered years.[15]", "Cross-country skiing (sport). Paralympic cross-country skiing is an adaptation of cross-country skiing for athletes with disabilities. Paralympic cross-country skiing is one of two Nordic skiing disciplines in the Winter Paralympic Games; the other is biathlon. Competition is governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Paralympic cross-country skiing includes standing events, sitting events (for wheelchair users), and events for visually impaired athletes under the rules of the International Paralympic Committee. These are divided into several categories for people who are missing limbs, have amputations, are blind, or have any other physical disability, to continue their sport. The classifications are for:[23]", "Ski cross. The International Ski Federation (FIS)'s FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup has added ski cross competitions to its calendar, since 2004 in addition to moguls and aerials. It was first in the olympics at the 2010 Winter Olympics where Michael Schmid won the men's event, and Ashleigh McIvor of Canada won the women's event. Ski cross was also in the 2014 Winter Olympics where the French Men swept the podium and in the women's event, Canadians Marielle Thompson and Kelsey Serwa finished first and second respectively. Swedish athlete Anna Holmlund took bronze.", "Cross country running. Cross country was contested as a team and individual event at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. Sweden took gold in 1912, and Finland, led by Paavo Nurmi, captured the gold in 1920 and 1924. During the 1924 race in the Paris heat wave, only 15 of the 38 competitors reached the finish.[11] Eight of those were taken away on stretchers.[11] One athlete began to run in tight circles after reaching the stadium and later knocked himself unconscious,[12] while another fainted 50 meters from the finish.[13] José Andía and Edvin Wide were reported dead,[14] and medics spent hours trying to find all the competitors who had blacked out along the course.[13] Although the reports of deaths were unfounded, spectators were shocked by the attrition rate and Olympic officials decided to ban cross country running from future Games.[14] Since 1928, cross country has been contested only as the fifth discipline of the modern pentathlon, and until 2016 it was the only discipline where the Olympic competition was only part of the modern pentathlon.[15] The sport will have a separate medal event at the 2018 Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires.", "Cross-country skiing (sport). Norwegian army units were skiing for sport (and prizes) in the 18th century. Starting in the latter part of the 20th century, technique evolved from the striding in-track classic technique to include skate-skiing, which occurs on courses that have been groomed with wide lanes for those using the technique. At the same time, equipment evolved from skis and poles that were made of wood and other natural materials to comprising such man-made materials as fiberglass, carbon fiber, and polyethylene plastics.[3]", "Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre classical. The men's 15 kilometre classical cross-country skiing competition at the 2014 Sochi Olympics took place on 14 February at Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex.[1] Dario Cologna from Switzerland was the defending champion from Vancouver and was successful in defending the title. Johan Olsson and Daniel Richardsson from Sweden took silver and bronze.", "Cross-country skiing (sport). An early record of a public ski competition was for an 1843 event in Tromsø. The announcement called the event a \"wagering race on skis\".[6] A distinct alpine technique emerged around 1900 from how skiing was practiced up until then when Mathias Zdarsky advocated the \"Lilienfelder Ski Method\" as an alternative to the Norwegian technique.[5] In Norwegian, langrenn refers to \"competitive skiing where the goal is to complete a specific distance in pre-set tracks in the shortest possible time\". Alpine skiing competitions (known as hill races) existed in Norway during the 18th and 19th centuries, but were discontinued when the main ski festival in Oslo focused on long races (competitive cross-country skiing) and ski jumping (now known as the Nordic disciplines). The alpine disciplines reemerged in Central Europe around 1920. Ski touring competitions (Norwegian: turrenn) are long-distance cross-country competitions open to the public, competition is usually within age categories.[7]", "Canada at the Winter Olympics. Canada's first medal in cross country skiing was the gold won by Beckie Scott in Salt Lake City (2002), the first time a North American woman won any Olympic medal in this sport. Chandra Crawford followed this up at the next games with a gold medal in the sprint event, and the team of Scott and Sara Renner also won a silver medal in Turin (2006).", "Winter Paralympic Games. Cross-country skiing: Cross-country skiing, also known as Nordic skiing is open to athletes with Cerebral Palsy, amputations, the need for a wheelchair, visual impairment and intellectual impairment. There are fifteen classifications, three for visually impaired athletes, nine for standing athletes and three for seated athletes. The divisions are determined in a similar fashion to alpine skiing with attention given to the athletes' level of function and need for assistive devices.[16]", "Cross-country skiing (sport). Cross-country ski competitors employ one of two techniques, according to the event: classic and skating (in freestyle races, where all techniques are allowed).[7] Skiathlon combines the two techniques in one race.[24]", "Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics. Canada qualified a total of 8 male and female athletes for cross-country skiing and receive three additional quota places based on the reallocation process. Seven male and four female competitors were announced on January 29.[31]", "1960 Winter Olympics. The Nordic combined competition was held on February 21 at the Squaw Valley normal hill and the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex. The athletes had three jumps on February 21 followed by a 15 kilometer cross-country race.[42] German skier Georg Thoma became the first non-Nordic athlete to win the event. He would win bronze medal in the Nordic combined in 1964.[43] Tormod Knutsen of Norway and Nikolay Gusakov of the Soviet Union placed second and third, respectively. Gusakov's wife, Maria Gusakova, competed in the cross-country events, winning a gold and silver.[42][44]", "Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre classical. An athlete with a maximum of 100 FIS distance points (the A standard) will be allowed to compete in both or one of the event (sprint/distance). An athlete with a maximum 120 FIS sprint points will be allowed to compete in the sprint event and 10 km for women or 15 km for men provided their distance points do not exceed 300 FIS points. NOC's who do not have any athlete meeting the A standard can enter one competitor of each sex (known as the basic quota) in only 10 km classical event for women or 15 km classical event for men. They must have a maximum of 300 FIS distance points at the end of qualifying on January 20, 2014. The qualification period began in July 2012.[2]", "Ski jumping. In 1964 in Zakopane, Poland, the large hill event was introduced at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. In the same year, the normal hill event was included on the Olympic programme at the 1964 Winter Olympics. The team event was added later, at the 1988 Winter Olympics.", "Cross-country skiing (sport). Ski Classics is a commercially sponsored international long-distance cross-country skiing cup competition, held in Europe. It originated in January 2011.[17] As of the winter of 2015–6, the tour consisted of eight long-distance events, preceded by a prologue of 15 km and La Sgambeda of 24 km:[18]", "Cross-country skiing (sport). Athletes train to achieve endurance, strength, speed, skill and flexibility at different levels of intensity. Offseason training often occurs on dry land, sometimes on roller skis. The organization of cross-country ski competitions aims to make those events accessible both to spectators and television audiences. As with other sports that require endurance, strength and speed, some athletes have chosen to use banned performance-enhancing drugs.", "Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics. Cross Country Ski Canada formally announced the athletes for Sochi on January 14.[21] Brittany Webster and Amanda Ammar were added to the team on January 24, 2014.[22]", "History of skiing. This buckled strap was later replaced by a metal cable.[50] The cable binding remained in use, and even increased in popularity, throughout this period as cross-country skiing developed into a major sport of its own. Change eventually came though the evolution of the Rottefella binding, first introduced in 1927. The original Rottefella eliminated the heel strap, which held the boot forward in the binding, by drilling small holes in the sole of the boot which fit into pins in the toe piece. This was standardized as the 3-pin system, which was widespread by the 1970s.[51] It has now generally been replaced by the NNN system.", "Ski cross. Ski cross had been in all Winter X Games until 2012, when ski cross, boardercross and mono ski cross were cut from the 2013 games due to the cost of building the cross course. Ski cross was in the first 15 Winter X Games.", "History of skiing. The introduction of ski lifts in 1908 led to an evolution of skiing as a sport. In the past, skiers would have to ski or walk up the hills they intended to ski down. With the lift, the skiers could leave their skis on, and would be skiing downhill all the time. The need to unclip the heel for cross-country use was eliminated, at least at resorts with lifts. As lifts became more common, especially with the introduction of the chairlift in 1936, the ski world split into cross-country and downhill, a split that remains to this day.", "1960 Winter Olympics. There were six cross-country skiing races at the 1960 Olympics, four for men and two for women, all held at the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex. Soviet women swept the 10 kilometer race, which was the first medal sweep for the Soviets at the Winter Olympics.[33][34] They were however upset by Sweden in the 3×5 kilometer relay.[33] Nordic countries dominated the men's competition. Swedish lumberjack Sixten Jernberg added a gold and silver to the four medals he won in 1956. He would add two golds and a bronze in 1964 to finish his Olympic career with nine medals, which made him the most decorated Winter Olympian.[35][36] Finnish skier Veikko Hakulinen added a gold, silver and bronze to the two golds and two silvers he had won in 1952 and 1956.[37][38]" ]

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[ "List of British monarchs. Due to his father Albert, Prince Consort, being of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Edward VII inaugurated a new royal house when he succeeded his mother Victoria, the last monarch of the House of Hanover, in 1901. George V changed the name of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to the House of Windsor on 17 July 1917,[9] during the First World War, because of wartime anti-German sentiment in the country.", "House of Windsor. The name was changed from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the English Windsor in 1917 because of anti-German sentiment in the British Empire during World War I.[1] During the reign of the Windsors, major changes took place in British society. The British Empire participated in the First and Second World Wars, ending up on the winning side both times, but subsequently lost its status as a superpower during decolonisation. Much of Ireland broke with the United Kingdom and the remnants of the Empire became the Commonwealth of Nations.", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom. Victoria's son, Edward VII, became the first monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1901. In 1917, the next monarch, George V, changed \"Saxe-Coburg and Gotha\" to \"Windsor\" in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the First World War. George V's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom, and the Irish Free State, an independent nation, in 1922.[63]", "Germany–United Kingdom relations. The British Royal family retained the German surname von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha until 1917, when, in response to anti-German feelings during World War I, it was legally changed to the more British name House of Windsor. In the same year, all members of the British Royal Family gave up their German titles, and all German relatives who were fighting against the British in the war were stripped of their British titles by the Titles Deprivation Act 1917.", "House of Windsor. The name had a long association with monarchy in Britain, through the town of Windsor, Berkshire, and Windsor Castle; the link is alluded to in the Round Tower of Windsor Castle being the basis of the badge of the House of Windsor. Upon hearing that his cousin had changed the name of the British royal house to Windsor and in reference to Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor, German Emperor Wilhelm II remarked jokingly that he planned to see \"The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha\".[3]", "George V. On 17 July 1917, George appeased British nationalist feelings by issuing a royal proclamation that changed the name of the British royal house from the German-sounding House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the House of Windsor.[69] He and all his British relatives relinquished their German titles and styles, and adopted British-sounding surnames. George compensated his male relatives by creating them British peers. His cousin, Prince Louis of Battenberg, who earlier in the war had been forced to resign as First Sea Lord through anti-German feeling, became Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, while Queen Mary's brothers became Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge, and Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone.[70]", "House of Windsor. The House of Windsor is the reigning royal house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The dynasty is of German paternal descent and was originally a branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, itself derived from the House of Wettin, and it succeeded the House of Hanover to the British monarchy following the death of Queen Victoria, wife of Albert, Prince Consort. The houses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Windsor have provided five British monarchs to date, including four kings and the present queen, Elizabeth II.[citation needed]", "The Merry Wives of Windsor. During the period of anti-German feelings in England during World War I, many German names and titles were changed and given more English-sounding names, including the royal family's from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor. Kaiser Wilhelm II countered this by jokingly saying that he was off to see a performance of 'The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.'[13]", "House of Windsor. Edward VII and, in turn, his son, George V, were members of the German ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha by virtue of their descent from Albert, Prince Consort, husband of Queen Victoria, the last British monarch from the House of Hanover. High anti-German sentiment amongst the people of the British Empire during World War I reached a peak in March 1917, when the Gotha G.IV, a heavy aircraft capable of crossing the English Channel, began bombing London directly and became a household name. In the same year, on 15 March, King George's first cousin, Nicholas II, the Emperor of Russia, was forced to abdicate, which raised the spectre of the eventual abolition of all the monarchies in Europe. The King and his family were finally convinced to abandon all titles held under the German Crown and to change German titles and house names to anglicised versions. Hence, on 17 July 1917, a royal proclamation issued by George V declared:", "British royal family. Since 1917, when King George V changed the name of the royal house from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, members of the royal family belong, either by birth or by marriage, to the House of Windsor. Senior titled members of the royal family do not usually use a surname, although since 1960 Mountbatten-Windsor, incorporating Prince Philip's adopted surname of Mountbatten, has been prescribed as a surname for Elizabeth II's direct descendants who do not have royal styles and titles, and it has sometimes been used when required for those who do have such titles. In 2014 the royal family were regarded as British cultural icons, with young adults from abroad naming the family among a group of people that they most associated with UK culture.[2]", "Windsor Castle. George V continued a process of more gradual modernisation, assisted by his wife, Mary of Teck, who had a strong interest in furniture and decoration.[210] Mary sought out and re-acquired items of furniture that had been lost or sold from the castle, including many dispersed by Edward VII, and also acquired many new works of art to furnish the state rooms.[211] Queen Mary was also a lover of all things miniature, and a famous dolls' house was created for her at Windsor Castle, designed by the architect Edwin Lutyens and furnished by leading craftsmen and designers of the 1930s.[212] George V was committed to maintaining a high standard of court life at Windsor Castle, adopting the motto that everything was to be \"of the best\".[213] A large staff was still kept at the castle, with around 660 servants working in the property during the period.[212] Meanwhile, during the First World War, anti-German feeling led the members of the Royal Family to change their dynastic name from the German House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; George decided to take the new name from the castle, and the Royal Family became the House of Windsor in 1917.[214]", "History of the United Kingdom during the First World War. On 17 July 1917, to appease British nationalist feelings, King George issued an Order in Council that changed the name of the British Royal Family to the House of Windsor. He specifically adopted Windsor as the surname for all descendants of Queen Victoria then living in Britain, excluding women who married into other families and their descendants.[47] He and his relatives who were British subjects relinquished the use of all German titles and styles, and adopted English surnames. George compensated several of his male relatives by creating them British peers. Thus, his cousin, Prince Louis of Battenberg, became the Marquess of Milford Haven, while his brother-in-law, the Duke of Teck, became the Marquess of Cambridge. Others, such as Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein and Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, simply stopped using their territorial designations. The system for titling members of the royal family was also simplified.[48] Relatives of the British royal family who fought on the German side were simply cut off; their British peerages were suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917.[49]", "House of Windsor. Soon after Elizabeth became Queen in 1952, Lord Mountbatten observed that because it was the standard practice for the wife in a marriage to adopt her husband's surname, the royal house had become the House of Mountbatten. When Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, heard of this comment, she informed British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and he later advised the Queen to issue a royal proclamation declaring that the royal house was to remain known as the House of Windsor. This she did on 9 April 1952, officially declaring it her \"Will and Pleasure that I and My children shall be styled and known as the House and Family of Windsor, and that My descendants, other than female descendants who marry and their descendants, shall bear the name of Windsor.\"[6] Philip privately complained, \"I am nothing but a bloody amoeba. I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children.\"[7]", "House of Windsor. On 8 February 1960, after the death of Queen Mary and the resignation of Churchill, the Queen confirmed that she and her children would continue to be known as the House and Family of Windsor, as would any agnatic descendants who enjoy the style of Royal Highness and the title of Prince or Princess.[6] Still, Elizabeth also decreed that her agnatic descendants who do not have that style and title would bear the surname Mountbatten-Windsor.[6]", "House of Windsor. The 1917 proclamation stated that the name of the Royal House and all British descendants of Victoria and Albert in the male line were to bear the name of Windsor, except for women who married into other families.", "House of Windsor. At the creation of the House of Windsor, its head reigned over the British Empire. Following the end of the First World War, however, shifts took place that saw the emergence of the Dominions of the British Commonwealth as independent sovereign states. The shift was recognised in the Balfour Declaration of 1926, the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927, and the Statute of Westminster 1931. The Windsors became recognised as the royal family of multiple independent countries, a number that shifted over the decades, as some Dominions became republics and Crown colonies became realms, republics, or monarchies under a different sovereign. Since 1949, two monarchs of the House of Windsor, George VI and Elizabeth II, have also been Head of the Commonwealth of Nations, comprising most (but not all) parts of the former British Empire and some states that were never part of it.", "House of Windsor. Now, therefore, We, out of Our Royal Will and Authority, do hereby declare and announce that as from the date of this Our Royal Proclamation Our House and Family shall be styled and known as the House and Family of Windsor, and that all the descendants in the male line of Our said Grandmother Queen Victoria who are subjects of these Realms, other than female descendants who may marry or may have married, shall bear the said Name of Windsor....[2]", "Elizabeth II. With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, \"I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children.\"[60] In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[61]", "House of Windsor. This came after some months of correspondence between the Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and the constitutional expert Edward Iwi. Iwi had raised the prospect that the Royal child due to be born in February 1960 would bear \"the Badge of Bastardy\" if it were given its mother's maiden name (Windsor) rather than its father's name (Mountbatten). Macmillan had attempted to rebuff Iwi, until the Queen advised the acting Prime Minister Rab Butler in January 1960 that for some time she had had her heart set on a change that would recognise the name Mountbatten. She clearly wished to make this change before the birth of her child. The issue did not affect Prince Charles or Princess Anne, as they had been born with the name Mountbatten, before the Queen's accession to the throne.[8] Prince Andrew was born 11 days later, on 19 February 1960.", "House of Windsor. Any future monarch can change the dynastic name through a similar royal proclamation, as royal proclamations do not have statutory authority.[9]", "House of Windsor. In 1947, Princess Elizabeth (now Queen Elizabeth II), heiress presumptive to King George VI, married Philip Mountbatten. He was a member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a branch of the House of Oldenburg, and had been a prince of Greece and Denmark. However, Philip, a few months before his marriage, abandoned his princely titles and adopted the surname Mountbatten, which was that of his uncle and mentor, the Earl Mountbatten of Burma, and had itself been adopted by Lord Mountbatten's father (Philip's maternal grandfather), Prince Louis of Battenberg, in 1917. It is the literal translation of the German battenberg, which refers to Battenberg, a small town in Hesse.", "House of Windsor. George V also restricted the use of British princely titles to his nearest relations,[4] and in 1919, he stripped 3 of his German relations of their British titles and styles.[5]", "House of Habsburg. Most royal families did not have a family name until the 19th century. They were known as \"of\" (in German von) based on the main territory they ruled. For example, sons, daughters, grandsons and granddaughters of a ruling French King were known as \"of France\" (see Wikipedia on House of Bourbon). The name \"Capet\" was an invention of the French Revolutionaries. \"Bourbon\" was in some sense the name of the house as it was differentiated from the previous Valois kings. Princes and Princesses of the royal house of England were known as \"of England\", or later \"Great Britain\" (see House of Windsor) or \"of\" the main title associated with their parent (see Prince William of Wales). In the Middle Ages, princes of England were often known by the town or castle of their birth (see John of Gaunt, Henry Bolingbroke, or Henry of Monmouth). Even when the royal family had a last name (see House of Tudor, House of Stuart or House of Windsor), it was not used in their titles.", "Albert, Prince Consort. Albert died at the relatively young age of 42. Victoria was devastated, entered into a deep state of mourning, and wore black for the rest of her life. On her death in 1901, their eldest son succeeded as Edward VII, the first British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, named after the ducal house to which Albert belonged.", "Windsor Castle. Many of the changes under Victoria were to the surrounding parklands and buildings. The Royal Dairy at Frogmore was rebuilt in a Tudorbethan style in 1853; George III's Dairy rebuilt in a Renaissance style in 1859; the Georgian Flemish Farm rebuilt, and the Norfolk Farm renovated.[204] The Long Walk was planted with fresh trees to replace the diseased stock.[67] The Windsor Castle and Town Approaches Act, passed by Parliament in 1848, permitted the closing and re-routing of the old roads which previously ran through the park from Windsor to Datchet and Old Windsor.[205] These changes allowed the Royal Family to undertake the enclosure of a large area of parkland to form the private \"Home Park\" with no public roads passing through it.[203] The Queen granted additional rights for public access to the remainder of the park as part of this arrangement.[203]", "Duke of Edinburgh. Queen Victoria re-created the title on 24 May 1866 for her second son Prince Alfred, this time in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The subsidiary titles of the dukedom were Earl of Kent and Earl of Ulster, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.[8] When Alfred became the sovereign of the two German duchies Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha in 1893, he retained his British titles. His only son Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha committed suicide in 1899, so the title Duke of Edinburgh again became extinct upon the elder Alfred's death in 1900.", "House of Habsburg. The House of Habsburg (/ˈhæpsbɜːrɡ/; German: [ˈhaːpsbʊɐ̯k]; traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called House of Austria[1] was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs between 1438 and 1740. The house also produced emperors and kings of the Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of England (Jure uxoris King), Kingdom of Germany, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Croatia, Kingdom of Illyria, Second Mexican Empire, Kingdom of Ireland (Jure uxoris King), Kingdom of Portugal, and Kingdom of Spain, as well as rulers of several Dutch and Italian principalities.[dubious – discuss] From the 16th century, following the reign of Charles V, the dynasty was split between its Austrian and Spanish branches. Although they ruled distinct territories, they nevertheless maintained close relations and frequently intermarried.", "Mountbatten-Windsor. Mountbatten-Windsor differs from the official name of the British royal family or Royal House, which remains Windsor.[1] The adoption of the Mountbatten-Windsor surname applies only to members of the British royal family who are descended from the Queen through the male line, including daughters of the male line.", "Queen Victoria. Her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any of her predecessors, and is known as the Victorian era. It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover. Her son and successor, Edward VII, initiated the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father.", "Grand Falls-Windsor. Due to its continued growth, Grand Falls Station became a vibrant town. Main Street, in what is now the former town of Windsor, featured lines of small business that catered to the needs of the residents and the town was officially incorporated on November 1, 1938. During the incorporation, Grand Falls Station changed its name to Windsor in honour of the British Royal Family, the House of Windsor.", "Windsor Castle. George IV came to the throne in 1820 intending to create a set of royal palaces that reflected his wealth and influence as the ruler of an increasingly powerful Britain.[182] George's previous houses, Carlton House and the Brighton Pavilion were too small for grand court events, even after expensive extensions.[182] George expanded the Royal Lodge in the castle park whilst he was Prince Regent, and then began a programme of work to modernise the castle itself once he became king.[182]", "Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. On 23 October 1862, Otto of Bavaria, King of Greece, was deposed in a bloodless coup. The Greeks were eager to have someone close to Britain and Queen Victoria replace Otto; some desired to allow Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (her second son), succeed as King of Greece.[42] He was elected with 95% of the vote in the Greek head of state referendum of 1862. After his ineligibility was confirmed however, the Greeks began looking for other possible candidates, which included Duke Ernest at the British government's suggestion.[43] To their and Victoria's reasoning, if Ernest were to take the Greek throne, Alfred could immediately take up his inheritance and succeed Ernest as duke (the Prince of Wales having passed his claim to the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha onto his younger brother).[43] Many were in favor of his nomination, including Prime Minister Lord Palmerston and Ernest's sister-in-law. In a letter written to her uncle Leopold I of Belgium, Victoria stated her support for a new royal branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (as Leopold had been chosen as King of the Belgians in 1831), as well as her desire for her second son, Alfred, to succeed his uncle in the duchy.[44] As negotiations continued however, she began to lose enthusiasm for the idea.[43]" ]

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[ "Silent Hill. Development of the Silent Hill series started in September 1996 with the beginning of the development of its first installment, Silent Hill.[57] The game was created by Team Silent, a group of staff members within the Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo studio.[58][59][60] The new owners of its parent company Konami sought to produce a game that would be successful in the United States. For this reason, a Hollywood-like atmosphere was proposed for it. Despite the profit-oriented approach of the parent company, however, the developers of Silent Hill had much artistic freedom because the game was still produced as in the era of lower-budget 2D titles. Eventually, the development staff decided to ignore the limits of Konami's initial plan, and to make Silent Hill a game that would appeal to the emotions of players instead.[61]", "Silent Hill (film). Silent Hill was released on April 21, 2006, grossing nearly $100 million worldwide. Film critics praised the film's visuals, set designs, and atmosphere, but criticized the film for its dialogue, plot, and run-time. A sequel entitled Silent Hill: Revelation was released on October 26, 2012 to critical failure, but modest commercial success.", "Silent Hill (video game). Silent Hill[a] is a survival horror video game for the PlayStation published by Konami and developed by Team Silent, a group in Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo. The first installment in the Silent Hill series, the game was released in North America in January 1999, and in Japan and Europe later that year. Silent Hill uses a third-person view, with real-time rendering of 3D environments. To mitigate limitations of the console hardware, developers liberally used fog and darkness to muddle the graphics. Unlike earlier survival horror games that focused on protagonists with combat training, the player character of Silent Hill is an \"everyman\".[2]", "Silent Hill (film). Silent Hill was released to theaters on April 21, 2006 in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Ireland. France, Belgium, Hungary, and Greece also saw April releases. The film was later released in 19 other countries in 2006 which include Russia, Germany, Spain, Italy, Japan, and Mexico. The film's poster of a mouthless Alessa was the subject of some vandalism, with many malefactors drawing cartoon mouths (smiling, screaming, sporting vampire fangs, etc.) or placing stickers where her mouth would be.[22]", "Silent Hill (video game). Development of Silent Hill started in September 1996.[25] The game was created by Team Silent, a group of staff members within the Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo studio.[26][27][28] The new owners of its parent company Konami sought to produce a game that would be successful in the United States. For this reason, a Hollywood-like atmosphere was proposed[by whom?] for Silent Hill. The staff members that were assigned to the game's development had failed at their previous projects. They intended to leave Konami, as they were not allowed to realize their own ideas, and were not compatible with the company's other teams. According to composer Akira Yamaoka, the developers did not know how to proceed with the Silent Hill project, either. As the time passed, the personnel and management of Konami lost their faith in the game, and the members of Team Silent increasingly felt like outsiders. Despite the profit-oriented approach of the parent company, however, the developers of Silent Hill had much artistic freedom because the game was still produced as in the era of lower-budget 2D titles. Eventually, the development staff decided to ignore the limits of Konami's initial plan, and to make Silent Hill a game that would appeal to the emotions of players instead.[29]", "Silent Hill (video game). Sato estimated the game's budget at US$3–5 million.[36] He said that the development team intended to make Silent Hill a masterpiece rather than a traditional sales-oriented game, and that they opted for an engaging story, which would persist over time – similar to successful literature.[29] The game debuted at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, where the presentations of movies and in-game scenes garnered applause from the audience.[36][37] This favorable reception persuaded Konami to allot more personnel and public relation initiatives to the project.[29] Konami later showcased Silent Hill at the European Computer Trade Show in London,[38] and included a demo with its stealth game Metal Gear Solid in Japan.[39]", "Silent Hill (video game). Silent Hill was released for the PlayStation in North America on January 31, 1999; in Japan on March 4, 1999; and in Europe on August 1, 1999.[46] It was included in the Japanese Silent Hill Complete Set in 2006.[47] On March 19, 2009, Silent Hill became available for download from the European PlayStation Network store of the PlayStation 3 and the PlayStation Portable.[48] Two days later, the game was removed due to \"unforeseen circumstances\".[49] On September 10, 2009, Silent Hill was released on the North American PlayStation Network.[50] On October 26, 2011 it was re-released on the European PlayStation Network.[51]", "Silent Hill (video game). Silent Hill received positive reviews from critics on its release and was commercially successful. It is considered a defining title in the survival horror genre, and is also considered by many to be one of the greatest video games ever made, as it moved away from B movie horror elements toward a more psychological horror style, emphasizing atmosphere.[2] Various adaptations of Silent Hill have been released, including a 2001 visual novel, the 2006 feature film Silent Hill, and a 2009 reimagining of the game, titled Silent Hill: Shattered Memories. The game was followed by Silent Hill 2 in 2001, and a direct sequel, Silent Hill 3, in 2003.", "Silent Hill (film). Development of Silent Hill began in the early 2000s. After attempting to gain the film rights to Silent Hill for five years, Gans sent a video interview to them explaining his plans for adapting Silent Hill and how important the games are to him. Konami awarded him the film rights as a result. Gans and Avary began working on the script in 2004. Avary used Centralia, Pennsylvania as an inspiration for the town. Filming began in February 2005 with an estimated $50 million budget and was shot on sound sets and on location in Canada (Brantford, Ontario and Hamilton, Ontario).", "Silent Hill. A film adaptation of the first game in the series, Silent Hill, was released in 2006. It was adapted and directed by the French film director, producer and writer Christophe Gans. Gans himself is a big fan of the Silent Hill game series. A second film adaptation, titled Silent Hill: Revelation and based on Silent Hill 3,[128] was released in 2012. The former received mixed reviews, while the latter received generally negative reviews.", "Silent Hill (video game). A film adaptation, also titled Silent Hill, was released on April 21, 2006. The film, directed by Christophe Gans, was based largely but loosely on the game, incorporating elements from Silent Hill 2, 3, and 4.[54][55] Gans replaced Harry Mason with a female main protagonist, Rose Da Silva, because he felt Harry had many qualities typically perceived as feminine.[56]\nWhen designing the film's visual elements, Gans was influenced by fellow directors Michael Mann, David Lynch, and David Cronenberg.[57] The film's soundtrack includes music composed by Yamaoka.[58] Although critical reaction was mostly negative, the film was a financial success and was praised by fans, especially for its visuals.[59][60]", "Silent Hill (film). Director Christophe Gans attempted for five years to obtain the film rights to the Silent Hill series from Konami. He sent a video interview to them explaining his plans for adapting Silent Hill and how important the games are to him.[7] They were so impressed, he was rewarded with the film rights. In 2004, Gans and screenwriter Roger Avary began writing the script, which would be the first film in a series of Silent Hill films.[8]", "Silent Hill. The first installment in the series follows Harry Mason as he searches for his missing adopted daughter in the mysterious town of Silent Hill. Stumbling upon a cult conducting a ritual to revive a deity it worships, Harry discovers his daughter's true origin. Multiple game endings are possible, depending on in-game actions taken by the player. It was released in 1999 for the PlayStation. In 2009, the game became available for download from the European PlayStation Network store for the PlayStation 3 and the PlayStation Portable and later, in the same year, from the North American PlayStation Network store.[2][3]", "Silent Hill: Revelation. Silent Hill: Revelation received its premier in Hong Kong on 25 October 2012. Its U.S. premiere, released through Open Road Films, was on October 26, 2012.[24] Two clips were screened at San Diego Comic-Con International 2012 and a trailer was published on July 27, 2012.[25] The film was not released theatrically in Australia;[26] it was released direct-to-video on March 6, 2013.[27]", "Silent Hill (film). A sequel, Silent Hill: Revelation, taking place six years after the first film's events, was released on October 26, 2012. Christophe Gans could not direct the sequel because he was busy directing an Onimusha film adaptation. Roger Avary was originally attached to write the screenplay and had written the first draft before he was arrested for vehicular manslaughter on November 2010. Michael J. Bassett was later hired to write and direct the sequel. The sequel was panned by critics, holding a 7% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[35]", "Silent Hill. Silent Hill (Japanese: サイレントヒル, Hepburn: Sairento Hiru) is a Japanese survival horror video game franchise created by Keiichiro Toyama, developed and published by Konami, and published by its subsidiary Konami Digital Entertainment. The first four survival horror video games in the series, Silent Hill, 2, 3, and 4: The Room, were developed by an internal group called Team Silent, a development staff within former Konami subsidiary Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo. The later five games, Origins, Homecoming, Shattered Memories, Downpour and Book of Memories, were developed by other unrelated groups. The Silent Hill franchise has expanded to include various print pieces, two feature films, and spin-off video games.", "Silent Hill (film). Silent Hill is a 2006 Canadian-French psychological supernatural horror film directed by Christophe Gans and written by Roger Avary, Gans, and Nicolas Boukhrief. The film is an adaptation of Konami's video game series Silent Hill. It stars Radha Mitchell, Sean Bean, Laurie Holden, Deborah Kara Unger, Kim Coates, Tanya Allen, Alice Krige, and Jodelle Ferland.", "Silent Hill. The first installment in the series, Silent Hill, received positive reviews from critics on its release and was commercially successful. It is considered a defining title in the survival horror genre, moving away from B movie horror elements, toward a psychological style of horror emphasizing atmosphere.[1]", "Silent Hill. The fifth installment in the series is a prequel that follows trucker Travis Grady, who becomes trapped in Silent Hill after rescuing a girl from a burning house. During his quest to find the fate of the burned girl, he encounters characters from previous installments and is forced to face his past.[5] It was developed by Climax Studios and released in 2007 for the PlayStation Portable, with a port for the PlayStation 2 released in 2008 and was also the first Silent Hill title developed outside Japan.[6] It is known as Silent Hill Zero in Japan.", "Silent Hill. The third installment in the series follows a teenaged girl named Heather as she becomes caught in a conflict within Silent Hill's cult and discovers her true origin. It was released in May 2003 for the PlayStation 2, with a port to Microsoft Windows released in October of the same year. Silent Hill 3 is a direct sequel to the first installment in the series.[4]", "Silent Hill (video game). A \"reimagining\" of Silent Hill, titled Silent Hill: Shattered Memories, was developed by Climax Studios and published by Konami Digital Entertainment. The game was released on December 8, 2009, for the Wii and on January 19, 2010, for the PlayStation 2 and the PlayStation Portable, to mostly positive reviews.[61] Although it retains the premise of a man's search for his missing daughter, Shattered Memories branches off into a different plot with altered characters.[62] It features psychological profiling which alters various in-game elements depending on the player's response to questions in therapy,[62] lacks the combat of Silent Hill, and replaces the \"Otherworld\" with a series of chase sequences through an alternate frozen version of the town.[62]", "Silent Hill (film). The film was greenlit on September 19, 2003. Principal photography commenced on April 25, 2005.[13] It was filmed in both Brantford and Hamilton[14] as well as on soundstages in Toronto in 2005 and on location in Alma College.[15] American studio Sony Pictures bought the distribution rights for $14 million for the United States and Latin America to be released under its TriStar Pictures genre film subsidiary.[16]", "Silent Hill. Silent Hill: The Escape is a mobile phone spin-off title for the Silent Hill franchise. It was first released in Japan for the FOMA phone December 19, 2007; and was released for the iOS internationally in 2009.", "Silent Hill (video game). The game's popularity as the first in the series was further recognized long after its release; a list of the best PS games of all time by IGN in 2000 listed it as the 14th-best PS game,[70] while a 2005 article by GameSpy detailing the best PS games listed Silent Hill as the 15th-best game produced for the console.[37] A GameTrailers video feature in 2006 ranked Silent Hill as number one in its list of the top ten scariest games of all time.[71] In 2005, the game was credited for moving the survival horror genre away from B movie horror elements to the psychological style seen in art house or Japanese horror films,[72] due to the game's emphasis on a disturbing atmosphere rather than visceral horror.[4] In November 2012, Time named it one of the 100 greatest video games of all time.[73]", "Silent Hills. In September 2012, Konami's president asked Hideo Kojima to direct the next Silent Hill installment.[1] He accepted the offer with enthusiasm, and development began shortly thereafter, using Kojima Productions' Fox Engine.[2]", "Silent Hill. The first game, Silent Hill, utilizes real-time 3D environments. To mitigate limitations of the hardware, developers liberally used fog and darkness to muddle the graphics.[1]", "Silent Hill. The fourth installment in the series follows Henry Townshend, who finds himself locked in his apartment as strange phenomena begin to unfold around him and other residents of the building. It was released in 2004 for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows and it also marked the end of Team Silent's contributions to the series.", "Silent Hill. The seventh installment in the series is an reimagining of the first installment. Developed by Climax Studios for the Wii in December 2009, with ports for the PlayStation 2 and the PlayStation Portable released in January 2010.[8] Shattered Memories retains the premise of the original game—Harry Mason's quest to find his missing daughter in the American town of Silent Hill—but is set in what appears to be a different fictional universe, following a different plot, with characters from the first game appearing altered alongside new ones. Gameplay takes place in two parts: a framing, first-person psychotherapy session with an unseen patient and an over-the-shoulder perspective of Harry's journey through Silent Hill, periodically interrupted by the occurrence of a shift to an alternate dimension where he is pursued by monsters.", "Silent Hill. The eighth installment in the series follows Murphy Pendleton, a prisoner who is stranded in Silent Hill after his prison transport vehicle crashes. It was announced in April 2010[9] and developed by Vatra Games for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on March 13, 2012.[10] It is the first game in the series to feature 3D (stereoscopic) graphics.", "Silent Hill. The PlayStation Vita entry, titled Silent Hill: Book of Memories, was released in October 2012.[10] The RPG, also serving as a spin-off,[16] was developed by WayForward Technologies.[17][18][19] Book of Memories utilizes an overhead isometric view, follows a new storyline and features returning creatures from the series' fictional universe, as well as cooperative gameplay;[20] the game is the first installment in the series to feature multiplayer gameplay.[20][21] According to series producer Tomm Hulett, Book of Memories' gameplay \"will be largely different from the one established in previous installments in the series, focusing on cooperative multiplayer action rather than traditional psychological horror.\"[22]", "Silent Hills. An interactive teaser for Silent Hills was released on August 12, 2014 as P.T. (Playable Teaser), marketed as a demo for a horror game by the non-existent 7780s Studio.[4][5] Published on the PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 4 as a free download,[6][7] P.T. uses a first-person perspective, in contrast to the usual third-person perspective often found in the Silent Hill series, and centers on an unknown protagonist who awakens in a supposedly haunted house and experiences supernatural occurrences;[5] the only actions available are walking and zooming as the player character explores the continuously looping corridor.[8] After the player solves the final puzzle, a trailer reveals that it is a \"playable teaser\" for a new Silent Hill title being directed by Hideo Kojima and Guillermo del Toro, with the protagonist portrayed by Norman Reedus.[9] On 1 September 2014, Sony revealed during its pre-Tokyo Game Show press conference that P.T. has been downloaded over a million times.[6]", "Silent Hill. Silicon Knights, a video game developer struggling financially after a legal battle with Epic Games, announced the titles in production when the company ceased development in 2012. One of these games was called Silent Hill: The Box,[26] but later became known simply as The Box, which could have been the codename for the title after a publishing deal fell through given the company's financial status. A screenshot from the game was released via ComputerAndVideoGames.com.[27]" ]

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[ "Diplomat. The regular use of permanent diplomatic representation began between the states of fifteenth-century Italy. However the terms ‘diplomacy’ and ‘diplomat’ appeared in the French Revolution. Diplomat is derived from the Greek διπλωμάτης (diplōmátēs), the holder of a diploma, referring to diplomats' documents of accreditation from their sovereign.[1]", "Diplomat. Diplomats are the oldest form of any of the foreign policy institutions of the state, predating by centuries foreign ministers and ministerial offices. They usually have diplomatic immunity.", "Diplomatic immunity. The concept of diplomatic immunity can be found in ancient Indian epics like Ramayana (between 3000 and 2000 BC) (traditional Hindu dating: over 100,000 years ago) and Mahabharata (around 4th century BC; traditional Hindu dating: 3000 BC), where messengers and diplomats were given immunity from capital punishment. In Ramayana, when the demon king Ravana ordered the killing of Hanuman, Ravana's younger brother Vibhishana pointed out that messengers or diplomats should not be killed, as per ancient practices.[3]", "Megasthenes. Megasthenes' Indica, along with Ctesias' book of the same name, is among the earliest well-known Western accounts of India and he is regarded as one of the founders of the study of Indian history in the West. He is also the first foreign Ambassador to be mentioned in Indian history.[citation needed]", "V. K. Krishna Menon. Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon (3 May 1896 – 6 October 1974) was an Indian nationalist, diplomat, and politician, described by some as the second most powerful man in India,[1][2] after his ally, 1st Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru.[citation needed]", "Megasthenes. Megasthenes was born in Asia Minor and became an ambassador of Seleucus I Nicator of the Seleucid dynasty to Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra, India.[1] However, the exact date of his embassy is uncertain. Scholars such as Kaushik Roy place him in the Maurya court between 302 and 298 BCE, prior to Chandragupta's voluntary death in 297.[2] Other Greek envoys to the Indian court are known after Megasthenes: Deimachus as ambassador to Bindusara, and Dionysius, as ambassador to Ashoka.[3][4]", "Megasthenes. Megasthenes (/mɪˈɡæsθɪniːz/ mi-GAS-thi-neez; Ancient Greek: Μεγασθένης, c. 350 – c. 290 BC) was an ancient Greek historian, diplomat and Indian ethnographer and explorer in the Hellenistic period. He described India in his book Indika, which is now lost, but has been partially reconstructed from the writings of the later authors.", "Diplomatic immunity. As diplomats by definition enter the country under safe-conduct, violating them is normally viewed as a great breach of honor, although there have been numerous cases in which diplomats have been killed. Genghis Khan and the Mongols were well known for strongly insisting on the rights of diplomats, and they would often take terrifying vengeance against any state that violated these rights. The Mongols would often raze entire cities in retaliation for the execution of their ambassadors, and invaded and destroyed the Khwarezmid Empire after their ambassadors had been mistreated.[7]", "Indian Foreign Service. The functions of an Indian diplomat may be summarized as:[1]", "Diplomatic immunity. A Roman envoy was urinated on as he was leaving the city of Tarentum. The oath of the envoy, \"This stain will be washed away with blood!\", was fulfilled during the Second Punic War. The arrest and ill-treatment of the envoy of Raja Raja Chola by the king of Kulasekhara dynasty (Second Cheras), which is now part of modern India, led to the naval Kandalur War in AD 994.[5]", "Navaratnas. Many famous emperors in India had courtiers labeled in similar ways. For example, the valuable members of the court of Krishna Deva Raya were termed Astadiggajas, the eight giants. Lakshmana Sena the ruler of the Sena Empire had Pancharatnas (meaning 5 gems) in his court; one of whom is believed to be Jayadeva, the famous Sanskrit poet and author of Gita Govinda. Ashtapradhan was the title given to the council of Shivaji.", "Indo-Guyanese. The Guyanese-Indian journalist Gaiutra Bahadur wrote about the experiences of Indian women.[19][20] Sex was utilized as a potent instrument by a few Indian women such as when they obtained favors from overseers by having sex with them,[21] and the women could either have been \"imperiled\" or \"empowered\" when forming sexual relations with overseers.[22]", "Pandyan dynasty. The Pandya kings were called either Jatavarman or Maravarman. They were Jains in their early ages but later became Shaivaites.[6] Strabo states that an Indian king called Pandion sent Augustus Caesar \"presents and gifts of honour\".[7] The country of the Pandyans was described as Pandyas by Megasthenes, Pandi Mandala in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and described as Pandyan Mediterranea and Modura Regia Pandionis by Ptolemy.[8][9]", "Divine right of kings. In Dravidian culture, before Brahmanism and especially during the Sangam period, emperors were known as இறையர் (Iraiyer), or \"those who spill\", and kings were called கோ (Ko) or கோன் (Kon). During this time, the distinction between kingship and godhood had not yet occurred, as the caste system had not yet been introduced. Even in Modern Tamil, the word for temple is 'கோயில்', meaning \"king's house\".[12] Kings were understood to be the \"agents of God\", as they protected the world like God did.[13] This may well have been continued post-Brahminism in Tamilakam, as the famous Thiruvalangadu inscription states:", "Mail. In South India, the Wodeyar dynasty (1399—1947) of the Kingdom of Mysore used mail service for espionage purposes thereby acquiring knowledge related to matters that took place at great distances.[10]", "Pandyan dynasty. Pandyas also had trade contacts with Ptolemaic Egypt and, through Egypt, with Rome by the 1st century, and with China by the 3rd century. The 1st-century Greek historian Nicolaus of Damascus met, at Antioch, the ambassador sent by a king from India \"named Pandion or, according to others, Porus\" to Caesar Augustus around 13 CE (Strabo XV.4 and 73).[38][39]", "Diplomat. Diplomats can be contrasted with consuls and attachés, who represent their state in a number of administrative ways, but who don't have the diplomat's political functions.", "Yoga. Alexander the Great reached India in the 4th century BCE. Along with his army, he took Greek academics with him who later wrote memoirs about geography, people and customs they saw. One of Alexander's companion was Onesicritus, quoted in Book 15, Sections 63–65 by Strabo, who describes yogins of India.[126] Onesicritus claims those Indian yogins (Mandanis ) practiced aloofness and \"different postures – standing or sitting or lying naked – and motionless\".[127]", "Chola Navy. The navy grew both in size and status during the Medieval Cholas reign. The Chola Admirals commanded much respect and prestige in the society. The navy commanders also acted as diplomats in some instances. From 900 to 1100, the navy had grown from a small backwater entity to that of a potent power projection and diplomatic symbol in all of Asia, but was gradually reduced in significance when the Cholas fought land battles for subjugating the Chalukyas of Andhra-Kannada area in South India.[1]", "Diplomat. Though any person can be appointed by the state's national government to conduct said state's relations with other states or international organisations, a number of states maintain an institutionalised group of career diplomats—that is, public servants with a steady professional connection to the country's foreign ministry. The term career diplomat is used worldwide[3][4][5][6][4][7][8] in opposition to political appointees (that is, people from any other professional backgrounds who may equally be designated by an official government to act as diplomats abroad).[9][10] While officially posted to an embassy or delegation in a foreign country or accredited to an international organisation, both career diplomats and political appointees enjoy the same diplomatic immunities. Ceremonial heads of state commonly act as diplomats on behalf of their nation, usually following instructions from their head of Government.", "Oracle. In ancient India, the oracle was known as Akashwani or Ashareera vani (a person without body or unseen) or Asariri (Tamil), literally meaning \"voice from the sky\" and was related to the message of god. Oracles played key roles in many of the major incidents of the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. An example is that Kamsa (or Kansa), the evil uncle of lord Krishna, was informed by an oracle that the eighth son of his sister Devaki would kill him. However, there are no references in any Indian literature of the oracle being a specific person.", "Diplomat. A diplomat is a person appointed by a state to conduct diplomacy with one or more other states or international organizations. The main functions of diplomats are: representation and protection of the interests and nationals of the sending state; initiation and facilitation of strategic agreements; treaties and conventions; promotion of information; trade and commerce; technology; and friendly relations. Seasoned diplomats of international repute are used in international organizations (for example, the United Nations) as well as multinational companies for their experience in management and negotiating skills. Diplomats are members of foreign services and diplomatic corps of various nations of the world.", "Mail. The economic growth and political stability under the Mauryan empire (322–185 BC) saw the development of impressive civil infrastructure in ancient India. The Mauryans developed early Indian mail service as well as public wells, rest houses, and other facilities for the common public.[7] Common chariots called Dagana were sometimes used as mail chariots in ancient India.[8] Couriers were used militarily by kings and local rulers to deliver information through runners and other carriers. The postmaster, the head of the intelligence service, was responsible for ensuring the maintenance of the courier system. Couriers were also used to deliver personal letters.[9]", "Chandragupta Maurya. After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, Chandragupta and his Brahmin counsellor and chief minister Chanakya began their empire building in the north-western Indian subcontinent (modern-day Pakistan).[59][60] Alexander had left satrapies (described as \"prefects\" in classical Western sources) in place in 324 BCE. Chandragupta's mercenaries may have assassinated two of his governors, Nicanor and Philip.[61][51] The satrapies he fought probably included Eudemus, who left the territory in 317 BCE; and Peithon, governing cities near the Indus River until he too left for Babylon in 316 BCE. The Roman historian Justin, about 500 years later, described how \"wild lions and elephants\" instinctively revered him, and how he conquered the north-west:", "Pandyan dynasty. The Early Pandyans ruled parts of Southern India from at least 4th century BCE. Pandyan rule ended in the first half of the 16th century CE.[5] They initially ruled their country Pandya Nadu from Korkai, a seaport on the southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai. Fish being their flag, Pandyas were experts in water management, agriculture(mostly near river banks) and fisheries and they were eminent sailors and sea traders too. Pandyan was well known since ancient times, with contacts, even diplomatic, reaching the Roman Empire. The Pandyan empire was home to temples including Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, and Nellaiappar Temple built on the bank of the river Thamirabarani in Tirunelveli.", "Seleucid Empire. It is generally thought that Chandragupta married Seleucus's daughter, or a Macedonian princess, a gift from Seleucus to formalize an alliance. In a return gesture, Chandragupta sent 500 war elephants,[23][24][25][26][27] a military asset which would play a decisive role at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC. In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador, Megasthenes, to Chandragupta, and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara, at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar state). Megasthenes wrote detailed descriptions of India and Chandragupta's reign, which have been partly preserved to us through Diodorus Siculus. Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.[28]", "History of South India. The Pandyas were one of the three ancient Tamil dynasties (Chola and Chera being the other two) who ruled the Tamil country from pre-historic times until the end of the 15th century. They ruled initially from Korkai, a sea port on the southernmost tip of the Indian peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai. Pandyas are mentioned in Sangam Literature (c. 400 BCE – 300 CE) as well as by Greek and Roman sources during this period.", "Chandragupta Maurya. \"And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters as to make people more amorous. And Phylarchus confirms him, by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, sent to Seleucus; which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection, while some, on the contrary, were to banish love\" Athenaeus of Naucratis, \"The deipnosophists\" Book I, chapter 32 [80][71]", "Pitt's India Act. The Act provided for not more than six Privy Counsellors, including a Secretary of State and the Chancellor of the Exchequer to be appointed \"Commissioners for the Affairs of India\". Of these, not fewer than three formed a Board to execute the powers under the Act.", "Pune. Nickname(s): Oxford of the East, Queen of Deccan", "History of Buddhism in India. Roman Historical accounts describe an embassy sent by the \"Indian king Pandion (Pandya?), also named Porus,\" to Caesar Augustus around the 1st century. The embassy was travelling with a diplomatic letter in Greek, and one of its members was a sramana who burned himself alive in Athens, to demonstrate his faith. The event made a sensation and was described by Nicolaus of Damascus, who met the embassy at Antioch, and related by Strabo (XV,1,73)[50] and Dio Cassius (liv, 9). A tomb was made to the sramana, still visible in the time of Plutarch, which bore the mention:", "Etiquette. Baldassare Castiglione (Italian: [baldasˈsaːre kastiʎˈʎoːne]; December 6, 1478 – February 2, 1529), count of Casatico, was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author, who is probably most famous for his authorship of The Book of the Courtier. The work was an example of a courtesy book, dealing with questions of the etiquette and morality of the courtier, and was very influential in 16th century European court circles." ]

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[ "The Wiz (film). The next morning, Dorothy happens upon a Scarecrow (Michael Jackson) made of garbage and rags, and saves him from being viciously teased and picked on by a group of humanoid crows and whom she befriends. The two of them discover the yellow brick road and happily begin to follow it together. The Scarecrow hopes the Wizard might be able to give him the one thing he feels that he lacks – a brain. Along the way to the Emerald City, Dorothy, Toto, and the Scarecrow meet the Tin Man (Nipsey Russell), in an abandoned early 20th-century amusement park and the Cowardly Lion (Ted Ross), a vain dandy banished from the jungle who hid inside one of the stone lions in front of the New York Public Library. The Tin Man and Lion join them on their quest to find the Wizard, hoping to gain a heart and courage, respectively. Before the five adventurers reach the Emerald City, they must face obstacles such as a deadly subway where they meet a crazy subway peddler (a homeless man) who unleashes evil puppets in his control. They narrowly escape the subway and then encounter the \"Poppy\" Girls (a reference to the poppy field from the original story), flamboyant prostitutes who attempt to put Dorothy, Toto, and the Lion into an eternal sleep with magic poppy perfume.", "Cowardly Lion. \"The Wiz\"", "Cowardly Lion. In the classic 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, the Cowardly Lion was a humanoid biped and played by Bert Lahr, a popular vaudeville and Broadway star, with many of Lahr's trademark mannerisms deliberately worked into the film. In this version, the liquid courage given to him by the Wizard is replaced with a medal marked \"Courage\". Bert Lahr's biography, written by his son John Lahr, is entitled Notes on a Cowardly Lion.", "Ted Ross. Theodore Ross Roberts (June 30, 1934 – September 3, 2002), known as Ted Ross, was an American actor who was probably best known for his role as the Lion in The Wiz, an all-African American reinterpretation of The Wizard of Oz. He won a Tony Award for the original 1975 Broadway production, and went on to recreate the role in the 1978 film version which also starred Diana Ross, Michael Jackson and Nipsey Russell. Ross went on to appear in films including the role of Bitterman in the classic Arthur, and on the television sitcoms The Jeffersons, Benson, The Cosby Show, and its spin-off A Different World. His final role was in the 1991 movie The Fisher King.", "Cowardly Lion. The Cowardly Lion appears in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Barry Ratcliffe. He appears on Earth in the form of Dorothy Gale's lawyer Bryan Jennings.", "Cowardly Lion. In the ABC television film The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, Fozzie Bear plays the role of the Lion. Fozzie's other role is himself. He shows up at the end of this film in the Muppets' show.", "The Wiz (film). Michael Jackson, a former Motown star who by the start of development on The Wiz in 1977, had left Motown for Epic Records with his brothers The Jacksons, was cast as the Scarecrow. Jackson was dedicated to the role, and watched videotapes of gazelles, cheetahs, and panthers in order to learn graceful movements for his part.[15] However Jackson's father Joseph Jackson didn't want him to land the role, as he was managing him at the time, but Jackson refused to listen to his father and decided to be on the movie. Ted Ross and Mabel King were brought in to reprise their respective roles from the stage musical, while Nipsey Russell was cast as the Tin Man. Lena Horne, mother-in-law to Sidney Lumet during the time of production, was cast as Glinda the Good Witch, and comedian Richard Pryor portrayed The Wiz.[10][16]", "Bert Lahr. Lahr's most famous role was that of the Cowardly Lion in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's 1939 adaptation of The Wizard of Oz. Lahr was signed to play the role on July 25, 1938. He starred opposite Judy Garland, Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Frank Morgan, and Margaret Hamilton. Lahr's lion costume was composed of lion fur and, under the high-intensity lighting required for Oz's Technicolor scenes, the costume was unbearably hot. Lahr contributed ad-lib comedic lines for his character. Many of Lahr's scenes took several takes because other cast members, especially Garland, couldn't complete the scenes without laughing. The Cowardly Lion is the only character who sings two solo song numbers-\"If I Only Had the Nerve\", performed after the initial meeting with Dorothy, The Scarecrow, and The Tin Man in the forest, and \"If I Were King of the Forest\", performed while he and the others are awaiting their audience with the Wizard.", "Cowardly Lion. The Cowardly Lion makes a brief cameo in Oz: The Great and Powerful, as a CGI character. He briefly tries to attack Oz (played by James Franco), and his monkey companion Finley (voiced by Zach Braff), but Oz uses his magic to create a velvet fog that intimidates the lion, causing him to immediately retreat.", "Cowardly Lion. A skittish and fearful lion cub is seen at Shiz University in Gregory Maguire's novel, Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West. The cub had been the result of cruel experiments by Dr. Dillamond's replacement teacher (in the musical, it was an agent of the Wizard) and was saved by Elphaba and some other students. This is heavily hinted to be a younger form of the Cowardly Lion. The Tin Woodman confirms this in the Broadway musical adaptation Wicked, in the song \"March of the Witch Hunters\": \"And the lion also has a grievance to repay! If she'd let him fight his own battles when he was young, he wouldn't be a coward today!\"", "Cowardly Lion. The Cowardly Lion appeared in Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (based on Dorothy of Oz) voiced by Jim Belushi.", "Ron Taylor (actor). Taylor, a \"barrel-chested bass-baritone\",[3] had an extensive career in musical theater. Upon graduating from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, Taylor was unable to read sheet music and could \"barely\" play the piano, but found work as a singer.[3] In 1977 he played the Cowardly Lion in a national touring production of The Wiz.[1][3][6] Taylor subsequently played Great Big Baby in the 1978 Broadway production Eubie! and Caiaphas in a performance of Jesus Christ Superstar.[7]", "Cowardly Lion. He appears in The Wizard of Oz cartoon voiced by Charlie Adler. The Cowardly Lion has his brave/cowardly persona intact, and even gets to wear the Ruby Slippers for a short while in one episode.", "Cowardly Lion. In the 1978 film version of the all black Broadway play, the Lion was portrayed by Ted Ross, who won a Tony for his Broadway portrayal.", "Bert Lahr. Bert Lahr (August 13, 1895 – December 4, 1967) was an American actor, particularly of stage and film, and comedian. Lahr is known for his role as the Cowardly Lion, as well as his counterpart Kansas farmworker Zeke, in The Wizard of Oz (1939). He was well known for his explosive humor, but also adapted well to dramatic roles and his work in burlesque, vaudeville, and on Broadway.", "Cowardly Lion. The Cowardly Lion appears in the direct-to-DVD animated film Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz voiced by Todd Stashwick.", "The Wiz (film). Produced by Rob Cohen and directed by Sidney Lumet, The Wiz stars Diana Ross, Michael Jackson, Nipsey Russell, Ted Ross, Mabel King, Theresa Merritt, Thelma Carpenter, Lena Horne, and Richard Pryor. The film's story was reworked from William F. Brown's Broadway libretto by Joel Schumacher, and Quincy Jones supervised the adaptation of Charlie Smalls and Luther Vandross's songs for film. A handful of new songs, written by Jones and the songwriting team of Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson, were added for the film version.", "Cowardly Lion. The Cowardly Lion is a minor character in author Gregory Maguire's 1995 revisionist novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West and its 2003 Broadway musical adaptation. In both works, he is first seen as a Lion Cub (lion with human attributes) who has been torn from his mother and used as an experiment (in the book by Doctor Dillamond's replacement, Doctor Nikidik, and in the musical an agent of the Wizard) on the nature of Animals. Elphaba (the future Wicked Witch of the West) saves the Lion Cub that in the end of both adaptations attempts to kill her. He also appears in Maguire's 2005 sequel Son of a Witch, also in a minor role. The Cowardly Lion is the central character in the third book of the series, A Lion Among Men, where he is given the name of Brrr, which was the name given to him in Wicked. Doctor Nikidik mentions that he intended to give the Lion Cub the name of Prrr, but since \"it shivers more than it purrs,\" he names it Brrr.", "Keith David. He initially intended to become an actor after playing the Cowardly Lion in a school production of The Wizard of Oz and went on to study at Manhattan's High School of Performing Arts. He attended the Juilliard School's Drama Division (1975–1979, Group 8)[4] where he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1979.[5]", "Cowardly Lion. In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's, he is renamed the \"Hungry Lion\" who was played by Pa Grape. His Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film also appeared in this Christian cartoon.", "Cowardly Lion. In the 1985 spiritual sequel to The Wizard of Oz, the Cowardly Lion is briefly seen at the end of the film. Unlike the 1939 film, this version is a puppet and walks on all fours.[citation needed] He is also shown growling rather than speaking.", "The Wiz (film). Despite its lack of critical or commercial success in its original release, The Wiz became a cult classic,[7] especially because it features Michael Jackson's only starring theatrical film role.[8] With Lena Horne's death in 2010, Diana Ross is the only living cast member of the film.", "The Wiz (film). Critics panned The Wiz upon its October 1978 release.[2][28] Many reviewers directed their criticism at Diana Ross, who they believed was too old to play Dorothy.[6][29][30][31] Most agreed that what had worked so successfully on stage simply did not translate well to the screen. Hischak's Through the Screen Door: What Happened to the Broadway Musical When It Went to Hollywood criticized \"Joel Schumacher's cockamamy screenplay\", and called \"Believe in Yourself\" the score's weakest song.[29] He described Diana Ross's portrayal of Dorothy as: \"cold, neurotic and oddly unattractive\"; and noted that the film was \"a critical and box office bust\".[29] In his work History of the American Cinema, Harpole characterized the film as \"one of the decade's biggest failures\", and, \"the year's biggest musical flop\".[3] The Grove Book of Hollywood noted that \"the picture finished off Diana Ross's screen career\", as the film was Ross's final theatrical feature.[13][18][32] In his book Blockbuster, Tom Shone referred to The Wiz as \"expensive crud\".[33] In the book Mr. and Mrs. Hollywood, the author criticized the script, noting, \"The Wiz was too scary for children, and too silly for adults.\"[2] Ray Bolger, who played the Scarecrow in the 1939 The Wizard of Oz film, did not think highly of The Wiz, stating \"The Wiz is overblown and will never have the universal appeal that the classic MGM musical has obtained.\"[34]", "Off the Wall. In 1978, Jackson starred as Scarecrow in the film musical The Wiz.[4] The musical scores were arranged by Quincy Jones, who formed a partnership with Jackson during the film's production and agreed to produce the singer's solo album Off the Wall.[5] Jackson was dedicated to the role, and watched videotapes of gazelles, cheetahs and panthers in order to learn graceful movements for his part.[6] Jones recalled working with Jackson as one of his favorite experiences from The Wiz, and spoke of Jackson's dedication to his role, comparing his acting style to Sammy Davis, Jr.[6] Critics panned The Wiz upon its October 1978 release.[7][8] Jackson's performance as the Scarecrow was one of the only positively reviewed elements of the film, with critics noting that Jackson possessed \"genuine acting talent\" and \"provided the only genuinely memorable moments.\"[9][10] Of the results of the film, Jackson stated: \"I don't think it could have been any better, I really don't\".[11] In 1980, Jackson stated that his time working on The Wiz was \"my greatest experience so far...I'll never forget that\".[10]", "The Wiz (film). The Wiz is a 1978 American musical adventure film produced by Universal Pictures and Motown Productions, and released by Universal Pictures on October 24, 1978. An urban reimagining of L. Frank Baum's classic 1900 children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz featuring an entirely African-American cast, The Wiz was loosely adapted from the 1974 Broadway musical of the same name. The film follows the adventures of Dorothy, a shy twenty-four-year-old Harlem, New York City, schoolteacher who finds herself magically transported to the urban fantasy Land of Oz, which resembles an alternative fantasy version of New York City. Befriended by a Scarecrow, a Tin Man, and a Cowardly Lion, she travels through the city to seek an audience with the mysterious Wiz, who they say is the only one powerful enough to send her home.", "Cowardly Lion. Nathan Lane performs as this character in the 1995 television stage performance The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True. The Kansas farmworker Zeke does not appear in this production. He sings the longer version of \"If I Only Had the Nerve\" including the bridge verses sung by the Scarecrow (Jackson Browne), Tin Man (Roger Daltrey), and Dorothy (Jewel). In his version of If I Were King of the Forest, he has an addition into the lyrics \"Not queen, not duke, not prince...or the Artist Formerly known as Prince\".", "Cowardly Lion. The Cowardly Lion is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum.[1] He is an African lion, but he speaks and interacts with humans.", "Cowardly Lion. The Cowardly Lion makes his first appearance in the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. He is the last of the companions Dorothy befriends on her way to the Emerald City where he ambushes her, Toto, Scarecrow, and Tin Woodman. When he tries to bite Toto, Dorothy slaps him for trying to attack Toto where she discovers that the Lion is actually a coward which he admits that he is. The Cowardly Lion joins her so that he can ask The Wizard for courage, being ashamed that, in his cultural role as the King of the Beasts, he is not indeed brave.[2] Despite outward evidence that he is unreasonably fearful, The Cowardly Lion displays great bravery along the way. During the journey, he leaps across a chasm on the road of yellow brick multiple times, each time with a companion on his back, and then leaps back to get the next one. When they come into another, wider chasm, the Cowardly Lion holds off two Kalidahs while the Tin Woodman cuts a tall tree to cross it. In spite of his fears, he still goes off to hunt for his food, and he even offers to kill a deer for Dorothy to eat, but the idea makes her uncomfortable.", "Cowardly Lion. Comisar's Cowardly Lion costume has been featured in the national media, including on The Oprah Winfrey Show, when it was then valued at $1.5 million.[14] The costume is thought to be among the most valuable and iconic Hollywood objects in existence.[citation needed] “Most of us cannot relate to not having a brain or a heart; we can all relate to not having enough courage, and it is for this reason I believe the Cowardly Lion is the character we respond to the most,” said Comisar.[12] Many potential buyers have expressed interest in buying the costume, but so far he has rejected all offers. Comisar's costume was offered by Bonhams in their TCM-themed auction that took place in New York City on November 24, 2014,[15] where it received great interest and realized the selling price of $3.1 million,[16] and this is the highest known price point for a costume worn by a male performer in any Hollywood production.", "List of Oz characters. The Cowardly Lion is a talking lion who lives in the Land of Oz. He appears in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and becomes one of Dorothy Gale's first companions in Oz, joining her and the Scarecrow and Tin Woodman as he is in search of courage. At the end of the book, he becomes King of the Beasts in the dark forest in Oz's southern quadrant called Quadling Country, though this is rarely brought up in later Oz books. In the sequels he appears in minor roles as Ozma's bodyguard and beast of burden, along with the Hungry Tiger. In The Cowardly Lion of Oz, a lion collector seeks to capture him, while he seeks to restore his courage.", "Bert Lahr. An original Cowardly Lion costume worn by Lahr in The Wizard of Oz is in the holdings of The Comisar Collection, which is also the largest collection of television artifacts and memorabilia in the world.[3]", "Diana Ross. In 1977, Motown acquired the film rights to the Broadway play The Wiz, an African-American reinterpretation of L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The film initially was to include the stage actors who had performed on the play, but, producer Rob Cohen could not garner the interest of any major Hollywood film studios. It was not until Ross convinced Cohen to cast her, (instead of Stephanie Mills, who portrayed Dorothy on Broadway) as Dorothy that Universal Pictures agreed to finance the production. This casting decision led to a change in the film's script, in which Dorothy went from a schoolgirl to a schoolteacher. The role of the Scarecrow, also performed by someone else onstage, was eventually given to Ross's former Motown labelmate, Michael Jackson. The film adaptation of The Wiz had been a $24 million production, but upon its October 1978 release, it earned only $21,049,053 at the box office.[20][21][22] Though pre-release television broadcast rights had been sold to CBS for over $10 million, the film produced a net loss of $10.4 million for Motown and Universal.[21][22] At the time, it was the most expensive film musical ever made.[23] The film's failure ended Ross's short career on the big screen and contributed to the Hollywood studios' reluctance to produce the all-black film projects which had become popular during the blaxploitation era of the early to mid-1970s for several years.[24][25][26] The Wiz was Ross's final film for Motown." ]

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[ "John Stamos. Stamos began his acting career with the role of Blackie Parrish on the soap opera General Hospital in late January 1982, for which he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in 1984. That April, he went on to the lead role in the short-lived CBS sitcom Dreams, in which he played an aspiring musician in a band of the same name. Later, he played a cast role in the sitcom You Again? (1986) with Jack Klugman.", "John Stamos. In his youth Stamos worked for his father's restaurants, and as a teenager had a job flipping burgers in the Orange County area. He attended John F. Kennedy High School and played in the marching band there. At 15 he attended his first Beach Boys concert; a huge fan, he would later tour with the band. His parents were supportive of his aspiration to be an actor and although he planned to enroll at Cypress College for the 1981 term, with his father's blessing he skipped his first semester to focus on launching a career as an actor. After just three weeks he landed his first role on General Hospital.[4]", "John Stamos. John Phillip Stamos (/ˈsteɪmoʊs/ STAY-mohss; born August 19, 1963)[1] is an American actor, producer, and musician. He first gained recognition for his contract role as Blackie Parrish on General Hospital for which he was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. He is known for his work in television, especially in his starring role as Jesse Katsopolis on the ABC sitcom Full House. Since the show's finale in 1995, Stamos has appeared in numerous TV films and series. Since 2005, he has been the national spokesperson for Project Cuddle.[2]", "List of General Hospital characters (1980s). Mikkos Ivanovich Cassadine is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital. He was portrayed by John Colicos from August 10, 1981, to September 18, 1981. Mikkos characterized as one of General Hospital 's greatest villains of all time.[8] In the summer of 2006, it was rumored that the show was considering recasting the role with Daytime legend, Joseph Mascolo; however Mascolo returned to his famous role as Stefano DiMera on NBC's Days of Our Lives.[9]", "John Stamos. From 2005 to 2009, Stamos had a starring role on the NBC medical drama ER as Dr. Tony Gates. In September 2009, he began playing the role of Albert in the Broadway revival of Bye Bye Birdie. From September 2015 to 2016, Stamos starred as the lead character in the Fox sitcom Grandfathered. As of 2016, he is an executive producer of the Netflix series Fuller House, in which he occasionally reprises the role of Jesse Katsopolis.", "John Stamos. Stamos has appeared in numerous made-for-television films, stage productions, television series, and commercials. He had starring roles in the television series Thieves (2001) and Jake in Progress (2005). Both shows ran for several episodes before cancellation.[5][6] In 2003, Stamos guest-starred in Friends, appearing in the episode \"The One with the Donor\", playing a man who went to Chandler and Monica's apartment for dinner, not knowing he was actually being interviewed to be a sperm donor. Stamos was a guest star in a first-season episode of MTV's The Andy Milonakis Show (2005), playing himself. He took part in only one skit, which featured him in a tree, having rabies, and being put down by another character. In the A&E television movie Wedding Wars (2006), he starred as Shel, a gay wedding planner. He stated that his performance reflected his support for same-sex marriages.[7]", "John Stamos. In March 2013, Stamos signed on in a recurring role on the USA Network drama Necessary Roughness, during season three. He played Connor McClane, the head of a sports and entertainment management company that is interested in hiring Dani.[15] Stamos was to play the lead role in ABC's soap opera Members Only,[16] but the network decided not to air the show.[17]", "List of General Hospital characters (1980s). Stavros Nikolai Mikkosovich Cassadine is a fictional character from the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital. The role was originated by John Martinuzzi, who portrayed the role from November 17 to December 14, 1983.[11] Eighteen years later, the role was recast with Robert Kelker-Kelly, who portrayed the role from June 1 to November 9, 2001, at which time the character was believed to have died. Kelker-Kelly subsequently reprised the role for several episodes, as a hallucination, between February 14, 2002, and December 24, 2003. On April 10, 2013, Kelker-Kelly reprised the role amidst intense secrecy on the part of the series.", "John Stamos. In the late 1980s, ABC's Full House gradually became a hit, and the show solidified Stamos's career. He asked that the character's last name be Katsopolis to highlight his Greek heritage, according to show creator and executive producer Jeff Franklin. He played one of the show's protagonists, Jesse, who lives with his brother-in-law, whose deceased wife was Jesse's older sister. Danny's best friend, Joey, also lives in the house with them. The three help each other raise three young girls. Jesse is known to be the \"bad boy\" at first until he falls in love with and marries Rebecca Donaldson and has twin boys, Nicky and Alex. In 1995, after eight seasons, the series came to an end. Stamos has since maintained close relationships with co-stars Bob Saget, Dave Coulier, Lori Loughlin, Jodie Sweetin, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, Andrea Barber, and Candace Cameron Bure.", "John Stamos. He has made several voice acting appearances such as in the MTV animated series Clone High in the episode, \"Changes: The Big Prom: The Sex Romp: The Season Finale\", where he played himself, and as the What's Global Warming Penguin in Bob Saget's parody film Farce of the Penguins. In 2005, Stamos guest-starred in two episodes in season 12 of ER as paramedic-turned-intern Tony Gates. In 2006, at the start of ER's thirteenth season, he joined the cast of ER as a series regular. Executive producer John Wells said that he wanted him earlier the season before but Stamos was contracted with Jake in Progress.[citation needed] Shortly after that show was canceled, he was brought aboard as a series regular. In February 2008, Stamos appeared in the television adaptation of A Raisin in the Sun. In August 2008, he was the roast master for Comedy Central Roast Of Bob Saget.[8]", "John Stamos. On July 10, 2012, Stamos began performances on Broadway in Gore Vidal's The Best Man as Senator Joseph Cantwell.[26] Stamos reprised his role as Jesse Katsopolis for a \"Jesse and the Rippers\" reunion on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on July 19, 2013. Played straight by host Fallon (who introduced the band as being from San Francisco and having a number one song in Japan), Stamos performed a medley of songs featured on Full House including \"Forever\" and the series' theme song \"Everywhere You Look\". Bob Saget and Lori Loughlin also made cameos.[27]", "John Stamos. In April 2015, Stamos announced on Jimmy Kimmel Live! that the streaming service Netflix would be picking up Full House for a 13-episode sequel, titled Fuller House, to start airing on February 26, 2016.[18] In September, he began leading the cast of the Fox sitcom Grandfathered, also starring Josh Peck, Christina Milian, and Paget Brewster.[19] In 2016, Stamos appeared in the film My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2. In late 2016, he will join the Fox black comedy series Scream Queens in its season two premiere as series regular Dr. Brock Holt.[20]", "Full House. John Stamos's character was originally named Jesse Cochran; Stamos reportedly wanted his character to better reflect his Greek heritage, so producers decided to change the character's surname to Katsopolis (beginning with season two).", "Jason Morgan (General Hospital). Steve Burton's early years on the soap as the \"rich, wholesome preppy\" Jason Quartermaine would come to a shocking, and dramatic end in 1995 after a car accident caused by his brother, A. J. leaves the character as a brain damaged amnesiac. Following Jason's split from the Quartermaines, except for his sister Emily and grandmother Lila Morgan Quartermaine (Anna Lee), and a change of his surname to Morgan, he would become the right-hand man for mob boss, Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard).[31] At the time, Burton was considering leaving the show and joked that a producer noted that he played every scene, the same way, as if someone was about to die. Burton's decision to stay stemmed from a conversation with Benard who gave him advice on how to improve. While still portraying Jason Quartermaine, the writers saw the chemistry between him and Benard and decided to create Jason Morgan.[30]", "List of General Hospital characters (1980s). Blackie Parrish is a fictional character from the ABC soap opera General Hospital. He is the foster child of Rick and Lesley Webber. He was portrayed by John Stamos[51] from 1982 to 1984. Stamos was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 1983 and 1984.", "John Stamos. Since 2011, Stamos has appeared in a series of commercials for Dannon's Greek yogurt brand Oikos; including his first Super Bowl commercial which was aired during Super Bowl 2012.[13] In February 2012, it was reported that Stamos would take on one of the lead roles on the new Fox drama Little Brother. The series was created by Everybody Loves Raymond writer Mike Royce, and centers around a man who finds out that he has a long-lost half brother.[14]", "John Stamos. On March 30, 2009, he announced that he would participate in the Broadway revival of Bye Bye Birdie.[22] Stamos won the 2009–10 Golden Icon Award for best actor in a musical for his performance in that production.[23] Stamos was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on November 16, 2009.[24] The star is located at 7021 Hollywood Blvd.", "John Stamos. John Stamos was born on August 19, 1963 in Cypress, CA to Loretta (nee Phillips) and William \"Bill\" Stamos.[3] Bill was a restaurateur originally from Greece, who changed his family name from Stamotopoulos to Stamos on emigrating to America. John is the eldest of three children. He has two sisters, Alana and Janeen.", "List of General Hospital characters (1980s). In August 1981, Mikkos Cassadine appears on his private island in Greece with several of his business associates, including his brothers, Victor and Tony.[10] Mikkos presents his plan to use the world's largest uncut diamond, the Ice Princess to power his weather machine and force the entire world to bend to his will, and allow him to rebuild the world in his own pure, perfect image. The first step of Mikkos's plan is to freeze the world, starting with Port Charles, New York; the hometown of Luke and Laura Spencer. By freezing Port Charles, Mikkos could bring the world to its knees and force its leaders to do his bidding. Mikkos refuses to negotiate with the World Security Bureau (WSB) and lowers the temperature in Port Charles so low that it is declared as disaster area.[10] However, the machine malfunctions killing Tony and Alexandria Quartermaine along with others. However Mikkos remains. Luke, Laura and WSB agent, Robert Scorpio break into the Cassadine compound, to stop Mikkos; during a struggle with Luke, Mikkos is frozen to death after falling into his own ice chamber. Luke is able to shut down the machine and Port Charles is safe; Victor is sent to prison. However, Mikkos's murder at the hands of the Spencer clan would affect the show for years to come.[10]", "Patrick Drake and Robin Scorpio. Canadian actor Jason Thompson was cast as \"dreamy yet arrogant\" Dr. Patrick Drake on General Hospital in December 2005. Kimberly McCullough had already been part of the series since 1985 as character Robin Scorpio. The writers detailed Patrick as the brilliant neurosurgeon son of Dr. Noah Drake. By having Patrick fall in love with Robin, the show’s most popular heroine and also HIV positive, the series set out to create one of the genre's \"most unique and touching love stories\".[3] \"These are the kids of legacy characters Robert Scorpio and Noah Drake, giants of General Hospital history,\" said SOAPnet executive vice president and general manager Deborah Blackwell. \"She’s HIV positive, he’s trying to change his ways, and they’re in love. It’s an incredibly compelling storyline.\"[4]", "List of General Hospital characters. Stavros Cassadine (deceased)", "List of General Hospital characters (1980s). Upon the departure of Jane Elliot as resident villain-ess, Tracy Quartermaine in the spring of 1980, the producers began crafting a new character to take Tracy's place. In mid November, the series introduced Renee Anderson, as Edward (David Lewis)'s \"snake in the grass\" niece.[53] Mary Ann Cooper of The News and Courier described the character and the actress as \"beautiful and sophisticated.\" Alexandria's schemes are immediately met with opposition with the introduction of Detective Robert Scorpio (Tristan Rogers).[54] Anderson made her last appearance on the series on September 18, 1981.", "List of General Hospital characters (1980s). Stavros Cassadine was first introduced to the series in November 1983, as he attempted to reclaim his \"wife\" Laura Spencer from her long-time love Luke Spencer. Over a year earlier, Stavros had arranged for Laura's abduction, having become completely obsessed with her. After telling Laura that Luke had died, Stavros took Laura to an island, where he married and raped her, the latter event resulting in the conception of their son, Nikolas. Jealous over her son's obsession with Laura, Stavros' mother, Helena helped Laura escape from his captivity. Stavros, however, managed to track Laura down, and following an encounter with Luke, fell down a flight of stairs, broke his neck, and died.", "John Stamos. Stamos performed on an independently released 1994 album entitled Shades of Blue along with Lanny Cordola, Gary Griffin, Sandra Stephens, Tony Guerrero, and David Enos. Shades of Blue was re-released digitally through iTunes and other channels in 2010 after being long out-of-print. He appeared on Broadway as the emcee in Cabaret, and also in Nine and How To Succeed In Business Without Really Trying. Stamos performed the Billy Joel song \"Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)\" on the 2006 charity album Unexpected Dreams – Songs From the Stars.", "Nathan West (General Hospital). Nathan West is a fictional character from General Hospital, an American soap opera on the ABC network, portrayed by Ryan Paevey. Created by head writer Ron Carlivati, Nathan was introduced in late 2013 by executive producer Frank Valentini as a love interest for Maxie Jones (Kirsten Storms).", "Sam McCall. Seven years after Alexis was revealed as Sam's mother, General Hospital began dropping hints that they were ready to tackle the highly anticipated story of Sam's father. In 2013 General Hospital head-writer, Ron Carlivati addressed the ongoing mystery of Sam's father in an interview with TV Guide's Michael Logan. Widespread speculation about the identity of Sam's father was reignited when it was rumored that General Hospital was looking for a \"name actor\" to cast in the role of Sam's father. Rumors began to circulate naming Duke Lavery (Ian Buchanan), Blackie Parrish (John Stamos) and Dr. Kevin Collins (Jon Lindstrom) as potential candidates for Sam's father; Lindstrom having previously worked opposite Monaco as her father on the soap opera Port Charles. [22] Another rumor emerged that veteran soap actor, Peter Reckell, who played Bo Brady on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives from 1983-2012, would be joining General Hospital in the role of Evan Jerome. It was widely speculated that Reckell was cast to play Sam's father, linking her to the Jerome crime family that was prominent on General Hospital in the 1980s. However, after weeks of speculation, Reckell addressed the rumors stating that he wasn't going back to Days of Our Lives or joining any other soap.[23] In July 2013, ABC unveiled its latest General Hospital promo which showed Sam asking Alexis for the identity of her father. In the storyline, Sam's young son Danny has leukemia and they are trying to find as many potential bone marrow donors as possible.[24]", "List of General Hospital characters (1980s). Anthony \"Tony\" Jones M.D. was a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital. He is the older and steadier brother of fictional WSB spy Andrew \"Frisco\" Jones. Tony Jones was portrayed by Brad Maule from 1984 to 1999, with appearances in 2000 and 2006 until the character's death. Maule was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1995, and the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 1997.", "Sam McCall. Sam McCall is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital. Created by Charles Pratt, Jr. and Robert Guza, Jr., the character made her debut on the episode airing on October 1, 2003, portrayed by Kelly Monaco. Sam is the daughter of mob boss, Julian Jerome (William deVry) and powerful attorney Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn), born and given up for adoption when both were teenagers. She arrived in town as a con artist trying to reverse her family's bad luck by destroying the five lucky cards of the \"Dead Man's Hand.\" Upon her arrival she was characterized as a \"sexy bad girl, with a nose for intrigue.\" Since her introduction, the character has matured into a self-assured and confident woman, while still retaining traces of her adventuresome, bad girl ways.[3]", "List of General Hospital characters (1980s). Mikkos Cassadine, according to some critics was \"The Face of Evil\" hell bent on world domination; similar to many comic book super villains in pop culture. The Cassadine family are were introduced and created by executive producer Gloria Monty. Over the years, Mikkos has been painted as a vicious tyrant, very controlling of all of his children. His personality is similar to that of his widow Helena Cassadine (Constance Towers).[10]", "John Stamos. On June 8, 2010, it was announced that Stamos would portray Carl Howell, a new love interest for Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays), in season two of the popular television show Glee.[9][10] In 2011, Stamos guest-starred on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit[11] and was featured in a CollegeHumor video with Bob Saget.[12] Stamos also guest-starred as himself on Two and a Half Men as Charlie's old friend, who was interested in buying the house until he found out that the place was Charlie's.", "Sonny Corinthos. According to General Hospital casting director, Mark Teschner, Benard was one of the few actors being considered for the role. Benard came in for a meeting with Wendy Riche, and the two immediately clicked. It was only a matter of how long it would take to get Benard on screen.[4] Initially, the character was only supposed to last for six months as Benard was not interested in anything more than a year.[12] Benard revealed that after his stint on All My Children, he was not interested in doing another soap. He joined the cast of General Hospital because he had gone broke and acting was all he knew at the time. The producers offered him two separate roles, that of mobster Damian Smith, with a two-year contract, and that of Sonny. In addition the role being short term, Benard also chose the role because he liked the character's name.[13] Benard revealed that just two weeks after starting work, he suffered a manic depressive breakdown. At one point he had stopped coming in to work but expressed his gratitude to the network for keeping faith in him instead of firing him immediately.[14]", "List of General Hospital characters (1980s). Andrew \"Frisco\" Jones Jr. is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital. He has been portrayed by Jack Wagner on and off from January 27, 1984 to September 9, 1988; June 5, 1989, to June 11, 1991; May 3 to 25, 1994, April 28 to May 17, 1995, and again from February 4, 2013, to April 8, 2013. Frisco is one-half of the Frisco and Felicia supercouple of the 1980s and 1990s. Wagner was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series in 1985." ]

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[ "National Park Foundation. The National Park Foundation (NPF) is the official charity of the United States' National Park Service and its 417 national park sites.[1] The NPF was chartered by Congress in 1967 to \"further the conservation of natural, scenic, historic, scientific, educational, inspirational, or recreational resources for future generations of Americans.\"[2] The NPF raises private funds for the benefit of, or in connection with, the activities and services of the National Park Service.[3]", "National Park Foundation. Working on its own and with partners, the National Park Foundation funds grants and programs that demonstrate need across the National Park System in the areas of youth, community outreach, conservation and professional engagement. The Foundation is active in supporting the National Park Service in its goal to prepare National Parks for another century of conservation, preservation, and enjoyment by its 100th anniversary in 2016.[4]", "National Park Service. At many Park Service sites a bookstore is operated by a non-profit cooperating association. The largest example is Eastern National, which runs bookstores in 30 states with 178 stores.", "National Park Service. The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations.[1] It was created on August 25, 1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act[2] and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. The NPS is charged with a dual role of preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management, while also making them available and accessible for public use and enjoyment.", "National Park Service. These funds support the use of partnerships to achieve park preservation. 25 million dollars have been provided for FY 2010. These funds require matching grants from individuals, foundations, businesses, and the private sector.[19]", "National Park Service. These funds go to local communities to preserve natural and cultural resources. Among the programs supported are the Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance programs that promote community links to parks, natural resource conservation and outdoor recreation across America.[19]", "National Park Service. ...137,000 VIPs contributed 5.2 million hours of service (or 2500 FTEs) valued at $91,260,000 based on the private sector value figure of $17.55 as used by AARP, Points of Light Foundation, and other large-scale volunteer programs including many federal agencies. There are 365 separate volunteer programs throughout the National Park Service. Since 1990, the number of volunteers has increased an average of 2% per year.[66]", "Grand Canyon National Park. The Grand Canyon Association (GCA) is the National Park Service's official nonprofit partner. It raises private funds to benefit Grand Canyon National Park by operating retail shops and visitor centers within the park, and providing educational opportunities about the natural and cultural history of the region.", "National Park Service. Annually, the NPS employs over 20,000 Americans with an additional 221,000 Volunteers-In-Parks who contribute about 6.4 million hours annually.[23]", "National Park Service. Funds go towards providing for public programs and educational programs for the general public and school groups. This area is commonly staffed by park rangers, who are trained in providing walks, talks, and educational programs to the public. There is an increased number of media specialists, who provide for the exhibits along trails, roads and in visitor contact facilities, as well as the written brochures and web-sites.[19]", "National Park Service. These are funds and people directed towards the restoration, preservation, and maintenance of natural and cultural resources. The resource staff includes biologists, geologists, archeologists, preservation specialists and a variety of specialized employees to restore and preserve cultural buildings or natural features.[19]", "National Park Service. This includes the staff responding to visitor emergencies (medical and criminal), and the protection of the park's natural and cultural resources from damage by those persons visiting the park. The staff includes park rangers, park police, criminal investigators, and communication center operators.[19]", "National Park Service. Other special NPS divisions include the Archeology Program,[79] Historic American Buildings Survey, National Register of Historic Places, National Natural Landmarks, the Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Program,[80] the Challenge Cost Share Program,[81] the Federal Lands to Parks,[82] the Hydropower Relicensing Program,[83] the Land and Water Conservation Fund,[84] the National Trails System,[85] the Partnership Wild and Scenic Rivers Program,[86] and the Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division.[87]", "National Park Service. The National Park Service employs many kinds of workers, as shown below.", "National Park Service. The National Park Service is a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Interior. The Director is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate.[58] The Director is supported by six senior executives. They manage national programs, policy, and budget from the Washington, DC, headquarters. Under the Deputy Director of Operations are seven regional directors, who are responsible for national park management and program implementation. Together this group is called the National Leadership Council.[59]", "National Park Service. Mandatory appropriations are those items created by other congressional legislation that must be paid for. They include the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program, which requires the distribution and expenditure of fees collected by the National Park Service. Other Permanent Appropriations includes special funding categories to non-profit and state entities, which have been assigned to the National Park Service to manage. Miscellaneous Trust Funds includes funding sources that have been created by the federal government or private citizen, where the National Park Service or a specific park have been identified as the beneficiaries. And there is also the L&WCF Contract Authority which is the Land and Water Conservation Fund, a congressionally created source of revenues, managed by the National Park Service.[18]", "National Park Service. These costs are bills that are paid directly to outside organizations as part of the logistical support needed to run the parks. It includes rent payments to the General Services Administration for building space; postage payments to the postal machine vendor, and other direct payments.[19]", "National Park Service. The Corps Network, formerly known as the National Association for Service and Corps (NASCC), represents 136 Service and Conservation Corps. These groups have programs in 42 states and the District of Columbia. Corpsmembers are between the ages of 16–25. Service and Conservation Corps are direct descendants of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) of the 1930s that built park facilities in the national parks and other public parks around the country. The Corps Network was established in 1985.[36]", "National Park Service. Services Consistently, the highest ranked service has been Assistance from Park Employees (82% very good, 2007).", "National Park Service. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States' national parks, which have grown in number over the years to 59.", "National Park Foundation. The National Park Foundation has outreach programs focused on attracting youth and minority groups to visiting national parks. The America's Best Idea program connects under-engaged populations with national parks, and has awarded 2,000,000 dollars engaging 250,000 people and 51,000 youth.[citation needed] The African American Experience Fund operates in 25 parks with the goal of preserving African American history in national parks.[5] The American Latino Heritage Fund aims to utilize a 2.5 million dollar grant to celebrate the contributions of Latino Americans and recognize their culture. The Ticket Ride program aims to fund trips and provide transportation for 100,000 students annually to travel to national parks. The Park Steward Program is sponsored by the University of Phoenix and aims to empower high school students through service learning activities [6]", "Bryce Canyon National Park. Bryce Canyon Natural History Association (BCNHA) was established in 1961.[18] It runs the bookstore inside the park visitor center and is a non-profit organization created to aid the interpretive, educational and scientific activities of the National Park Service at Bryce Canyon National Park. A portion of the profits from all bookstore sales are donated to public land units.", "National Park Service. Discretionary spending includes the Operations of the National Parks (ONPS), from which all park operations are paid. The United States Park Police funds cover the high-profile law enforcement operations at some of the large parks; i.e., Gateway National Recreation Area, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and the National Mall. The National Recreation and Preservation Program and the Urban Park and Recreation Fund are outreach programs to support state and local outdoor recreational activities.[18]", "Leave No Trace. The Center has partnerships with the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,[9] US Army Corps of Engineers, and other partners such as colleges, universities, outfitter/guide services, small businesses, non-profits and youth serving organizations such as the Boy Scouts of America and the American Camp Association.", "National Park Service. In an effort to increase visitation and allow for a larger audience to enjoy national park land, the National Park Service has numerous concession contracts with private businesses to bring recreation, resorts and other compatible amenities to their parks. NPS lodging opportunities exist at places such as the Wawona Hotel in Yosemite National Park and the Fort Baker Retreat and Conference Center in Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Adaptive reuses like those at Fort Baker, have raised some controversy from concerns about the historical integrity of these buildings, after extensive renovations and whether such alterations fall within the spirit and/or the letter of the preservation laws they are protected by.[citation needed]", "National Park Service. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior. The movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior. They wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits.[4] This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service. On August 25, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill that mandated the agency \"to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein, and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.\"[5] Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS.[6]", "National Park Service. The oldest serving group is the Student Conservation Association (SCA). It was established in 1957, committed to conservation and preservation. The SCA's goal is to create the next generation of conservation leaders. SCA volunteers work through internships, conservation jobs, and crew experiences. Volunteers conduct resource management, historic preservation, cultural resources and conservation programs to gain experience, which can lead to career development and further educational opportunities. The SCA places volunteers in more than 350 national park units and NPS offices each year.[35]", "National Park Service. As the nation's leader in cultural preservation, funds are provided for a variety of programs to meet these needs nationwide. Two specific programs include the Save America's Treasures and the Preserve America. The Historic Preservation Offices makes grants available to the States, territories, and tribal lands.[19]", "National Park Service. The National Park Services budget is divided into two primary areas, discretionary and mandatory spending. Within each of these areas, there are numerous specific purposes to which Congress directs the services activities.[18] The budget of the National Park Service includes discretionary spending which is broken out into two portions: the direct operations of the National Parks and the special initiatives.[19] Listed separately are the special initiatives of the service for the year specified in the legislation. For Fiscal Year 2010, the service has been charged with five initiatives. They include: Stewardship and Education; Professional Excellence; Youth Programs; Climate Impacts; and Budget Restructure and Realignment.[19]", "National Park Service. FTE stands for Full Time Equivalency or 1 work year. In 2012, the National Park Service reported that over 221,000 volunteers contributed about 6.4 million hours annually.[23]", "National Park Service. The Volunteers-In-Parks program was authorized in 1969 by the Volunteers in the Parks Act of 1969.[64] for the purpose of allowing the public to serve in the nations parks providing support and skills for their enhancement and protection.[65]", "National Park Service. According to a 2011 Michigan State University report prepared for the NPS, for each $1 invested in the NPS, the American public receives $4 in economic value. In 2011, national parks generated $30.1 billion in economic activity and 252,000 jobs nationwide. Thirteen billion of that amount went directly into communities within 60 miles of a NPS unit.[24]" ]

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[ "The Stroke. \"The Stroke\" is a song written and recorded by American rock artist Billy Squier. It was released in 1981 as the debut single from his Triple Platinum album Don't Say No.", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). A cover of Marvin Gaye's \"Mercy Mercy Me\" was recorded as a B-side and features Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam sharing vocals with Julian Casablancas, while Josh Homme (of Queens of the Stone Age, Them Crooked Vultures and Eagles of Death Metal) plays drums alongside Fabrizio Moretti.", "Stroke You Up. \"Stroke You Up\" is a song by American R&B duo Changing Faces which was recorded for their debut album Changing Faces (1994). The song was released as the album's debut single in June 1994.[1] It was certified platinum by the RIAA and sold 700,000 copies domestically.[1][2] It features uncredited vocals from R. Kelly.", "Last Nite. \"Last Nite\" is a song written and composed by Julian Casablancas, frontman of the American garage rock band The Strokes. It was a moderate hit for the group on the UK Singles Chart in 2001. The song was covered by pop music singer Vitamin C in 2003, who had a minor hit with her version on the UK Singles Chart. There have also been several other covers of this song, including a version by The Detroit Cobras.", "Last Nite. The song's opening guitar riff and overall structure is loosely similar to that of \"American Girl\" by Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers. In a 2006 interview with Rolling Stone, Petty commented, \"The Strokes took 'American Girl' [for 'Last Nite'], there was an interview that took place with them where they actually admitted it. That made me laugh out loud. I was like, 'OK, good for you.' It doesn't bother me\".[3] The Strokes were invited to be the opening act for several dates on Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' 2006 tour.[4] The solo for the song was inspired by guitarist Freddie King.", "Last Nite. The song \"Last Nite\" was first recorded by the Strokes and released as the second single from the band's debut studio album, Is This It, in November 2001. The track was produced by Gordon Raphael and was issued on RCA Records with the song \"When It Started\" as the b-side.", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). \"You Only Live Once\" is the opening track and third single from First Impressions of Earth, the third album from American rock band The Strokes. They have performed this song on several programs, including The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Late Night with Conan O'Brien.", "Genie in a Bottle. In the fall of 2001, an unauthorized mashup remix by The Freelance Hellraiser which combined Aguilera's a cappella vocals with The Strokes' 2001 song \"Hard to Explain\" was released under the title \"A Stroke of Genius\", receiving considerable attention and some airplay; The Guardian described the remix as having \"defined the decade\" as an early example of remix culture.[53] Seizing on this, the band Speedway covered the Aguilera song in 2003 to sound as close to the mashup as possible, and as a result it became their first single as a double A-side, with another song, \"Save Yourself\", reaching #10 in the UK Singles Chart.[54][55]", "Dave Gahan. On their 2017 album Spirit, Gahan is credited as a co-writer of the songs \"You Move\", \"Cover Me\", \"Poison Heart\" and \"No More (This Is the Last Time)\".", "Stroke You Up. Information taken from Discogs.[3]", "Stephen Duffy. He participated in a temporary supergroup called Me Me Me, consisting of Duffy, Alex James of Blur, Justin Welch of Elastica and Charlie Bloor. The one-off single, \"Hanging Around\", was released 5 August 1996, and reached Number 19 on the UK chart.", "Willie Nelson. During the 1990s and 2000s, Nelson toured continuously, recording several albums including 1998's critically acclaimed Teatro,[82] and performed and recorded with other acts including Phish,[83] Johnny Cash,[84] and Toby Keith. His duet with Keith, \"Beer for My Horses\", was released as a single and topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts for six consecutive weeks in 2003,[85] while the accompanying video won an award for \"Best Video\" at the 2004 Academy of Country Music Awards.[86] A USA Network television special celebrated Nelson's 70th birthday,[87] and Nelson released The Essential Willie Nelson as part of the celebration.[88] Nelson also appeared on Ringo Starr's 2003 album, Ringo Rama, as a guest vocal on \"Write One for Me\".[89]", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). An early demo version of the song, titled \"I'll Try Anything Once\" is included as one of the B-sides on the \"Heart in a Cage\" single. It features Valensi playing electric piano while Casablancas sings. Some of these lyrics were also present when The Strokes played the song for the BBC's Radio 1 Session, which aired on March 8, 2006.", "American Heart Association. In 2012, singer-songwriter and actress Michelle Williams became an ambassador for the Power to End Stroke campaign. In speaking of her role she said \"I am honored to partner with the campaign […] My father had a stroke in 2005 due to smoking, diabetes and an unhealthy diet, and my grandmother was diagnosed with having a stroke in 2006 when she went to her doctor for a simple outpatient procedure. I am bringing awareness to people so that strokes can be prevented. Let's take care of ourselves…the first step is knowledge about your health.\"[15]", "The Stroke. This was Squier's first single to chart, reaching No. 17 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[3] It was a bigger hit on rock radio, reaching No. 3 on the Top Tracks chart. It also reached the UK Singles Chart, rising to No. 52. It was named the 59th best hard rock song of all time' by VH1.[4]", "I Touch Myself. The single achieved great success, reaching number four on the U.S Billboard Hot 100 on 18 March 1991; meanwhile in their native country, Australia, the single reached the number one position. The song was written by Divinyls bandmembers Christina Amphlett and Mark McEntee and professional songwriters Tom Kelly and Billy Steinberg. It has since been covered by numerous artists.", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). Released on July 24, 2006, the single hit No. 35 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart. It was listed at No. 16 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2006.[2]", "Narcissus (mythology). The cerebral rock band \"Glass Wave\" retells the Narcissus story from the perspective of the nymph Echo in their song \"Echo,\" from their self-titled album \"Glass Wave\" (2010).", "Regina Spektor. Spektor gradually achieved recognition through performances in the anti-folk scene in downtown New York City, most prominently at the East Village's SideWalk Cafe. She also performed at local colleges (such as Sarah Lawrence College) with other musicians, including the Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players. She sold self-published CDs at her performances during this period: 11:11 (2001) and Songs (2002). Spektor's first nationwide tour was accompanying The Strokes as the opening act on their 2003–2004 Room on Fire tour which included performances at The Theater at Madison Square Garden. While on the tour, she and the band performed and recorded \"Modern Girls & Old Fashion Men\". After the tour, Kings of Leon who were the second opening act on the tour, invited Spektor to open for them on their own European tour. In 2004, Spektor signed a contract with Warner Brothers' record label Sire Records to publish and distribute her third album Soviet Kitsch, originally self-released in 2003. In 2005, she began making her first TV appearances including guest spots on various late-night talk shows.[3]", "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More \"Touch Me\". All lyrics written by bassist Pete Wentz; all music composed by lead vocalist and guitarist Patrick Stump, excluding covers.", "The Kooks. Taking their name from the David Bowie song with the same title, Pritchard revealed the first song they ever played as a group was a cover version of the Strokes' song \"Reptilia\".[11] The Kooks recorded an EP demo, sending it out in search of gigs; they instead received offers from managers and record companies.[10] The band had only been together as a group for four months when they signed with Virgin Records,[10] after being spotted by several label scouts at the Brighton Free Butt Festival in 2005.[12] In an interview with musicOMH, Pritchard revealed \"It was really quick how it all happened, we did a demo with a mate of ours in London, which we sent off to one guy to get some gigs, and he turned out to be a manager. He rung us up and it kind of went from there.\"[11] The members of the band have since revealed that they felt they weren’t ready at the time, \"We were way too early to sign a record deal ... We were really young, we'd been together like two or three months, so we really didn't want to sign. But then we thought it's a really good opportunity and Virgin seemed like really cool people - they just seemed to really understand where we were coming from.,\"[11] said Pritchard, who has also complimented the space the record label allowed for the band to grow, \"They were patient with us and let us develop our style, whatever it was.\"[10]", "I Touch Myself. \"I Touch Myself\" is a song written and recorded by the Australian rock band Divinyls. It was released in November 1990 as the lead single from their fifth album, diVINYLS, and is a paean to female pleasure, eroticism, orgasm and masturbation.[2]", "A Flock of Seagulls. In 1998, Berner, Mazzetti, and Pichette departed the band and were replaced by Joe Rodriguez, Darryl Sons, and Rob Wright respectively. In 1999, the band re-recorded the Madonna song \"This Used to Be My Playground\" for the 2000 Madonna tribute album The World's Greatest 80s Tribute to Madonna. In November 2003, the original line-up of Mike and Ali Score, Paul Reynolds and Frank Maudsley reunited for a one-off performance on the VH1 series Bands Reunited. In September 2004, they reformed again and did a brief tour in the United States. Though the tour continued to be advertised as the \"original lineup\", later shows no longer included the original band, but was Mike Score's continuation of the newer band; which by this point consisted of Score, Rodriguez, and new recruits Michael Brahm (drums), and Pando (bass guitar). In 2005, this version of the group starred in the American version of the entertainment show Hit Me Baby, One More Time, where they performed \"I Ran\" and a cover of Ryan Cabrera's song, \"On The Way Down\" for a chance to have $20,000 donated to a charity of their choice.", "I Touch Myself. The song was featured in the 1997 comedy film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, in the scene where Austin dances to make the Fembots' heads explode. The song was also featured in the Chilean soap opera Graduados and TV show Supernatural. The song was also featured in the film Prelude to a Kiss. In 2014, some of Australia's leading female artists came together to reincarnate Amphlett's anthem, \"I Touch Myself\". Each provided their own interpretation and distinct style to the song in an effort to raise awareness and funds for breast cancer.[5]", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). When the song was released as a single, The Strokes launched Operation You Only Live Once prompting all of their fans to call and request the single on radio stations. Their goal was to try to get out the word of the new single as fast as possible, by spreading the song by word of mouth. The Strokes Myspace page asked all users to put the song in their profile in an attempt to spread the single among the online community.", "Silk (group). Silk is best known for their hit singles, \"Freak Me\", and \"Happy Days\" from their debut album, Lose Control. Another hit from Lose Control, \"Girl U For Me\", helped the album reach double platinum status. They later had success with singles such as \"I Can Go Deep\", \"Hooked on You\", \"Don't Rush\", \"If You\" (released February 23, 1999) \"Meeting in My Bedroom\", and \"We're Calling You.\"", "Moldova. The band SunStroke Project with Olia Tira represented the country in the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest with their hit song \"Run Away\". Their performance gained international notoriety as an internet meme due to the pelvic thrusting and dancing of Sergey Stepanov, the band saxophonist. He has been fittingly dubbed \"Epic Sax Guy\". SunStroke Project featured again in the 2017 Eurovision entry \"Hey Mama\" which got third place.[165]", "Don't Pass Me By. The song has been covered by alt-country band the Gourds, by the Southern rock band the Georgia Satellites on their 1988 album, Open All Night,[7] and by the Punkles on their 2004 album, Pistol.[8]", "Pieces of Me. In 2005, country-rock singer Juice Newton recorded an acoustic version of \"Pieces of Me\" for the TV show Hit Me, Baby, One More Time. Canadian R&B group Jacksoul covered \"Pieces of Me\" on their 2006 cover album mySOUL. The album won the 2007 Juno Award for R&B/Soul Recording of the Year. \"Pieces of Me\" has also been covered by the Washington, D.C.-based go-go band Rare Essence as well as Almost Better.", "Mercy (Duffy song). The song has been covered live on several occasions by Belgian rock band Triggerfinger in collaboration with singer Selah Sue.[citation needed] . X Factor Indonesia contestant Fatin Shidqia covered the song during the seventh Gala shows.[77]", "Cry Me a River (Justin Timberlake song). The song was first covered by Welsh alternative metal band Lostprophets, recorded in a BBC Radio One session. It appears as a b-side of the single Last Train Home, released in 2004.[94] American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift performed a cover of \"Cry Me a River\" in Memphis, Tennessee, during the Speak Now World Tour (2011–12).[95] Justin Bieber recorded a cover of the song together with Kanye West's 2007 single \"Stronger\", which he posted on his YouTube account.[96] Canadian rock band The Cliks also covered the song for their 2007 album Snakehouse.[97] British singer Leona Lewis covered \"Cry Me a River\" during her debut concert tour The Labyrinth (2010). The Sheffield Star described the version as a \"beautifully, sitting quietly, almost a capella\".[98] American indie pop duo Jack and White covered the song on their 2012 extended play Undercover.[99] Recording artist Kelly Clarkson covered the song on September 1, 2012, as a fan request during her 2012 Summer Tour with The Fray.[100] In January 2013, American singer Selena Gomez performed an acoustic version of \"Cry Me a River\" at the UNICEF charity concert in New York City.[101] In February 2015, Scottish synthpop band Chvrches performed a cover of \"Cry Me a River\" on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.[102] The New Jersey alternative metal band 40 Below Summer performed a cover of the song in their 2015 album Transmission Infrared.", "Narcissus (mythology). Composer Nikolai Tcherepnin wrote his ballet \"Narcisse et Echo, Op. 40 in 1911 for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes and was danced by Nijinski. Uruguayan band El Cuarteto de Nos wrote the song \"Me Amo\" (I Love Myself) in which the chorus sings \"como Narciso soy\" (I am like Narcissus). In 2010, Swedish electronic artist pacific! released \"Narcissus\" an album and ballet staged in Gothenburg.[10] In 1994, composer Mark Applebaum composed Narcissus: Strata/Panacea for marimba solo. This work comprised one movement of the larger Janus Cycle, for mixed instrumentation.[11] In 1987, Thea Musgrave was commissioned by a consortium of four flutists for a solo work. She composed Narcissus for flute and digital delay.[12]" ]

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[ "Cone cell. Cone cells, or cones, are one of three types of photoreceptor cells in the retina of mammalian eyes (e.g. the human eye). They are responsible for color vision and function best in relatively bright light, as opposed to rod cells, which work better in dim light. Cone cells are densely packed in the fovea centralis, a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with very thin, densely packed cones which quickly reduce in number towards the periphery of the retina. There are about six to seven million cones in a human eye and are most concentrated towards the macula.[1] The commonly cited figure of six million cone cells in the human eye was found by Osterberg in 1935.[2] Oyster's textbook (1999)[3] cites work by Curcio et al. (1990) indicating an average close to 4.5 million cone cells and 90 million rod cells in the human retina.[4]", "Visual system. Rods and cones differ in function. Rods are found primarily in the periphery of the retina and are used to see at low levels of light. Cones are found primarily in the center (or fovea) of the retina.[23] There are three types of cones that differ in the wavelengths of light they absorb; they are usually called short or blue, middle or green, and long or red. Cones are used primarily to distinguish color and other features of the visual world at normal levels of light.[23]", "Peripheral vision. The rim of the retina contains a large concentration of cone cells. The retina extends farthest in the superior-nasal 45° quadrant (in the direction from the pupil to the bridge of the nose) with the greatest extent of the visual field in the opposite direction, the inferior temporal 45° quadrant (from the pupil of either eye towards the bottom of the nearest ear). Vision at this extreme part of the visual field is thought to be possibly concerned with threat detection, measuring optical flow, color constancy, or circadian rhythm.[35][36][37]", "Eye. Cones are responsible for colour vision. They require brighter light to function than rods require. In humans, there are three types of cones, maximally sensitive to long-wavelength, medium-wavelength, and short-wavelength light (often referred to as red, green, and blue, respectively, though the sensitivity peaks are not actually at these colours). The colour seen is the combined effect of stimuli to, and responses from, these three types of cone cells. Cones are mostly concentrated in and near the fovea. Only a few are present at the sides of the retina. Objects are seen most sharply in focus when their images fall on the fovea, as when one looks at an object directly. Cone cells and rods are connected through intermediate cells in the retina to nerve fibres of the optic nerve. When rods and cones are stimulated by light, they connect through adjoining cells within the retina to send an electrical signal to the optic nerve fibres. The optic nerves send off impulses through these fibres to the brain.[50]", "Cone cell. Cone cells are somewhat shorter than rods, but wider and tapered, and are much less numerous than rods in most parts of the retina, but greatly outnumber rods in the fovea. Structurally, cone cells have a cone-like shape at one end where a pigment filters incoming light, giving them their different response curves. They are typically 40–50 µm long, and their diameter varies from 0.5 to 4.0 µm, being smallest and most tightly packed at the center of the eye at the fovea. The S cone spacing is slightly larger than the others.[14]", "Fovea centralis. The fovea centralis (the term fovea comes from the Latin, meaning pit or pitfall) is a small, central pit composed of closely packed cones in the eye. It is located in the center of the macula lutea of the retina.[1][2]", "Macula of retina. The fovea is located near the center of the macula. It is a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells. The retina contains two types of photosensitive cells, the rod cells and the cone cells. The normal human eye contains three different types of cones, with different ranges of spectral sensitivity; hence the cones enable us to distinguish different colors. There is only one type of rod, but the rods are more sensitive than the cones, so in dim light we rely on them and do not discriminate colors. In the fovea centralis or macula lutea or simple yellow spot, cones predominate and are present at high density. The macula is thus responsible for the central, high-resolution, color vision that is possible in good light; and this kind of vision is impaired if the macula is damaged, for example in macular degeneration.", "Photoreceptor cell. The human retina has approximately 6 million cones and 120 million rods.[13] Signals from the rods and cones converge on ganglion and bipolar cells for preprocessing before they are sent to the lateral geniculate nucleus. At the \"center\" of the retina (the point directly behind the lens) lies the fovea (or fovea centralis), which contains only cone cells; and is the region capable of producing the highest visual acuity or highest resolution. Across the rest of the retina, rods and cones are intermingled. No photoreceptors are found at the blind spot, the area where ganglion cell fibers are collected into the optic nerve and leave the eye.[14]", "Mammalian eye. The differences between rods and cones are useful; apart from enabling sight in both dim and light conditions, they have further advantages. The fovea, directly behind the lens, consists of mostly densely packed cone cells. The fovea gives humans a highly detailed central vision, allowing reading, bird watching, or any other task which primarily requires staring at things. Its requirement for high intensity light does cause problems for astronomers, as they cannot see dim stars, or other celestial objects, using central vision because the light from these is not enough to stimulate cone cells. Because cone cells are all that exist directly in the fovea, astronomers have to look at stars through the \"corner of their eyes\" (averted vision) where rods also exist, and where the light is sufficient to stimulate cells, allowing an individual to observe faint objects.", "Fovea centralis. On average, each square millimeter (mm) of the fovea contains approximately 147,000 cone cells,[18] or 383 cones per millimeter. The average focal length of the eye, i.e. the distance between the lens and fovea, is 17.1 mm.[19] From these values, one can calculate the average angle of view of a single sensor (cone cell), which is approximately 31.46 arc seconds.", "Adaptation (eye). The human eye contains two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones, which can be easily distinguished by their structure. Cone photoreceptors are conical in shape and contain cone opsins as their visual pigments. There exist three types of cone photoreceptors, each being maximally sensitive to a specific wavelength of light depending on the structure of their opsin photopigment.[5] The various cone cells are maximally sensitive to either short wavelengths (blue light), medium wavelengths (green light), or long wavelengths (red light). Rod photoreceptors only contain one type of photopigment, rhodopsin, which has a peak sensitivity at a wavelength of approximately 530 nanometers which corresponds to blue-green light.[5] The distribution of photoreceptor cells across the surface of the retina has important consequences for vision.[6] Cone photoreceptors are concentrated in a depression in the center of the retina known as the fovea centralis and decrease in number towards the periphery of the retina.[6] Conversely, rod photoreceptors are present at high density throughout the most of the retina with a sharp decline in the fovea. Perception in high luminescence settings is dominated by cones despite the fact that they are greatly outnumbered by rods (approximately 4.5 million to 91 million).[6]", "Retina. The central retina predominantly contains cones, while the peripheral retina predominantly contains rods. In total, there are about seven million cones and a hundred million rods. At the centre of the macula is the foveal pit where the cones are narrow and long, and, arranged in a hexagonal mosaic, the most dense. At the foveal pit the other retinal layers are displaced, before building up along the foveal slope until the rim of the fovea, or parafovea, is reached, which is the thickest portion of the retina. The macula has a yellow pigmentation, from screening pigments, and is known as the macula lutea. The area directly surrounding the fovea has the highest density of rods converging on single bipolar cells. Since its cones have a much lesser convergence of signals, the fovea allows for the sharpest vision the eye can attain.[2]", "Optics. In contrast, cone cells are less sensitive to the overall intensity of light, but come in three varieties that are sensitive to different frequency-ranges and thus are used in the perception of colour and photopic vision. Cone cells are highly concentrated in the fovea and have a high visual acuity meaning that they are better at spatial resolution than rod cells. Since cone cells are not as sensitive to dim light as rod cells, most night vision is limited to rod cells. Likewise, since cone cells are in the fovea, central vision (including the vision needed to do most reading, fine detail work such as sewing, or careful examination of objects) is done by cone cells.[80]", "Cone cell. Like rods, each cone cell has a synaptic terminal, an inner segment, and an outer segment as well as an interior nucleus and various mitochondria. The synaptic terminal forms a synapse with a neuron such as a bipolar cell. The inner and outer segments are connected by a cilium.[5] The inner segment contains organelles and the cell's nucleus, while the outer segment, which is pointed toward the back of the eye, contains the light-absorbing materials.[5]", "Fovea centralis. Structures of the eye labeled", "Color television. The human eye's detection system, which is in the retina consists primarily of two types of light detectors: rod cells that capture light, dark, and shapes/figures, and the cone cells that detect color. A typical retina contains 120 million rods and 4.5 million to 6 million cones, which are divided among three groups that are sensitive to red, green, and blue light. This means that the eye has far more resolution in brightness, or \"luminance\", than in color. However, post-processing of the optic nerve and other portions of the human visual system combine the information from the rods and cones to re-create what appears to be a high-resolution color image.", "Photoreceptor cell. Rod and cone photoreceptors are found on the outermost layer of the retina; they both have the same basic structure. Closest to the visual field (and farthest from the brain) is the axon terminal, which releases a neurotransmitter called glutamate to bipolar cells. Farther back is the cell body, which contains the cell's organelles. Farther back still is the inner segment, a specialized part of the cell full of mitochondria. The chief function of the inner segment is to provide ATP (energy) for the sodium-potassium pump. Finally, closest to the brain (and farthest from the field of view) is the outer segment, the part of the photoreceptor that absorbs light. Outer segments are actually modified cilia[9][10] that contain disks filled with opsin, the molecule that absorbs photons, as well as voltage-gated sodium channels.", "Fovea centralis. Fovea (or Fovea centralis) is the depression in the inner retinal surface, about 1.5 mm wide, the photoreceptor layer of which is entirely cones and which is specialized for maximum visual acuity. Within the Fovea is a region of 0.5mm diameter celled the foveal avascular zone (which means without any blood vessels). This allows the light to be sensed without any dispersion or loss. This anatomy is responsible for the depression in the center of the fovea. The foveal pit is surrounded by the foveal rim that contains the neurons displaced from the pit. This is the thickest part of the retina.[5]", "Retina. In adult humans, the entire retina is approximately 72% of a sphere about 22 mm in diameter. The entire retina contains about 7 million cones and 75 to 150 million rods. The optic disc, a part of the retina sometimes called \"the blind spot\" because it lacks photoreceptors, is located at the optic papilla, where the optic-nerve fibres leave the eye. It appears as an oval white area of 3 mm². Temporal (in the direction of the temples) to this disc is the macula, at whose centre is the fovea, a pit that is responsible for our sharp central vision but is actually less sensitive to light because of its lack of rods. Human and non-human primates possess one fovea, as opposed to certain bird species, such as hawks, who are bifoviate, and dogs and cats, who possess no fovea but a central band known as the visual streak.[citation needed] Around the fovea extends the central retina for about 6 mm and then the peripheral retina. The farthest edge of the retina is defined by the ora serrata. The distance from one ora to the other (or macula), the most sensitive area along the horizontal meridian is about 32 mm.[clarification needed]", "Fovea centralis. In the primate fovea (including humans) the ratios of ganglion cells to photoreceptors is about 2.5; almost every ganglion cell receives data from a single cone, and each cone feeds onto between 1 and 3 ganglion cells.[9] Therefore, the acuity of foveal vision is limited only by the density of the cone mosaic, and the fovea is the area of the eye with the highest sensitivity to fine details.[10] Cones in the central fovea express pigments that are sensitive to green and red light. These cones are the 'midget' pathways that also underpin high acuity functions of the fovea.", "Photoreceptor cell. The process of phototransduction occurs in the retina.[13] The retina has many layers of various cell types.[13] The best-known photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) form the outermost layer, closest to the sclera, and furthest from the pupil.[13] They are the photoreceptors responsible for sight. The middle layer contains bipolar cells, which collect neural signals from the rods and the cones and then transmit them to the innermost layer of the retina,[13] where the neurons called retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a small percentage of which are themselves photosensitive, organize the signals and send them to the brain.[13] The bundled RGC axons form the optic nerve, which leaves the eye through a hole in the retina creating the blind spot.[13]", "Fovea centralis. This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye", "Airy disk. The fastest f-number for the human eye is about 2.1,[8] corresponding to a diffraction-limited point spread function with approximately 1 μm diameter. However, at this f-number, spherical aberration limits visual acuity, while a 3 mm pupil diameter (f/5.7) approximates the resolution achieved by the human eye.[9] The maximum density of cones in the human fovea is approximately 170,000 per square millimeter,[10] which implies that the cone spacing in the human eye is about 2.5 μm, approximately the diameter of the point spread function at f/5.", "Rod cell. Rods are a little longer and leaner than cones but have the same basic structure. Opsin-containing disks lie at the end of the cell adjacent to the retinal pigment epithelium, which in turn is attached to the inside of the eye ball. The stacked-disc structure of the detector portion of the cell allows for very high efficiency. Rods are much more common than cones, with about 100 million rod cells compared to 7 million cone cells.[2]", "Peripheral vision. The fovea is a cone-shaped depression in the central retina measuring 1.5 mm in diameter, corresponding to 5° of the field of vision.[5] The outer boundaries of the fovea are visible under a microscope, or with microscopic imaging technology such as OCT or microscopic MRI. When viewed through the pupil, as in an eye exam (using an ophthalmoscope or retinal photography), only the central portion of the fovea is visible. Anatomists refer to this as the clinical fovea, and say that it corresponds to the anatomical foveola, a structure with a diameter of 0.35 mm corresponding to 1 degree of the field of vision. In clinical usage the central part of the fovea is typically referred to simply as the fovea.[6][7][8]", "Fovea centralis. The center of the fovea is the foveola – about 0.2 mm in diameter – or central pit where only cone photoreceptors are present and there are virtually no rods.[1] The central fovea consists of very compact cones, thinner and more rod-like in appearance than cones elsewhere. These cones are very densely packed (in a hexagonal pattern). Starting at the outskirts of the fovea, however, rods gradually appear, and the absolute density of cone receptors progressively decreases.", "Fovea centralis. The fovea is located in a small avascular zone and receives most of its oxygen from the vessels in the choroid, which is across the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane. The high spatial density of cones along with the absence of blood vessels at the fovea accounts for the high visual acuity capability at the fovea.[6]", "Conus geographus. Geography cones are common. They occur in the Red Sea, in the Indian Ocean off Chagos, Réunion, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique and Tanzania. They are indigenous to the reefs of the Indo-Pacific region, except for Hawaii,[4] and off Australia (the Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia).", "Superior colliculus. Each of the two colliculi — one on each side of the brain — contains a two-dimensional map representing half of the visual field. The fovea — the region of maximum sensitivity — is represented at the front edge of the map, and the periphery at the back edge. Eye movements are evoked by activity in the deep layers of the SC. During fixation, neurons near the front edge — the foveal zone — are tonically active. During smooth pursuit, neurons a small distance from the front edge are activated, leading to small eye movements. For saccades, neurons are activated in a region that represents the point to which the saccade will be directed. Just prior to a saccade, activity rapidly builds up at the target location and decreases in other parts of the SC. The coding is rather broad, so that for any given saccade the activity profile forms a \"hill\" that encompasses a substantial fraction of the collicular map: The location of the peak of this \"hill\" represents the saccade target.", "Orbit (anatomy). Tumors (e.g. glioma and meningioma of the optic nerve) within the cone formed by the horizontal rectus muscles produce axial protrusion (bulging forward) of the eye.", "Pineal gland. Pineal cytostructure seems to have evolutionary similarities to the retinal cells of the lateral eyes.[55] Modern birds and reptiles express the phototransducing pigment melanopsin in the pineal gland. Avian pineal glands are thought to act like the suprachiasmatic nucleus in mammals.[56] The structure of the pineal eye in modern lizards and tuatara is analogous to the cornea, lens, and retina of the lateral eyes of vertebrates.[50]", "Human eye. The structures of the eye labeled" ]

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[ "Supercomputer. The history of supercomputing goes back to the 1960s, with the Atlas at the University of Manchester and a series of computers at Control Data Corporation (CDC), designed by Seymour Cray. These used innovative designs and parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance.[10]", "History of computing hardware. In the US, a series of computers at Control Data Corporation (CDC) were designed by Seymour Cray to use innovative designs and parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance.[135] The CDC 6600, released in 1964, is generally considered the first supercomputer.[136][137] The CDC 6600 outperformed its predecessor, the IBM 7030 Stretch, by about a factor of three. With performance of about 1 megaFLOPS, the CDC 6600 was the world's fastest computer from 1964 to 1969, when it relinquished that status to its successor, the CDC 7600.", "Supercomputer. Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s, and for several decades the fastest were made by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), Cray Research and subsequent companies bearing his name or monogram. The first such machines were highly tuned conventional designs that ran faster than their more general-purpose contemporaries. Through the 1960s, they began to add increasing amounts of parallelism with one to four processors being typical. From the 1970s, the vector computing concept with specialized math units operating on large arrays of data came to dominate. A notable example is the highly successful Cray-1 of 1976. Vector computers remained the dominant design into the 1990s. From then until today, massively parallel supercomputers with tens of thousands of off-the-shelf processors became the norm.[6][7]", "Supercomputer. For the CDC 6600 (which Cray designed) released in 1964, a switch from using germanium to silicon transistors was implemented, as they could run very fast, solving the overheating problem by introducing refrigeration,[13] and helped to make it the fastest in the world. Given that the 6600 outperformed all the other contemporary computers by about 10 times, it was dubbed a supercomputer and defined the supercomputing market, when one hundred computers were sold at $8 million each.[14][15][16][17]", "Supercomputer. Early supercomputer architectures pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on compact designs and local parallelism to achieve superior computational performance.[10] Cray had noted that increasing processor speeds did little if the rest of the system did not also improve; the CPU would end up waiting longer for data to arrive from the offboard storage units. The CDC 6600, the first mass-produced supercomputer, solved this problem by providing ten simple computers whose only purpose was to read and write data to and from main memory, allowing the CPU to concentrate solely on processing the data. This made both the main CPU and the ten \"PPU\" units much simpler. As such, they were physically smaller and reduced the amount of wiring between the various parts. This reduced the electrical signaling delays and allowed the system to run at a higher clock speed. The 6600 outperformed all other machines by an average of 10 times when it was introduced.", "Tabulating machine. The term \"Super Computing\" was used by the New York World newspaper in 1931 to refer to a large custom-built tabulator that IBM made for Columbia University.[1]", "History of computing hardware. The early 1960s saw the advent of supercomputing. The Atlas Computer was a joint development between the University of Manchester, Ferranti, and Plessey, and was first installed at Manchester University and officially commissioned in 1962 as one of the world's first supercomputers – considered to be the most powerful computer in the world at that time.[132] It was said that whenever Atlas went offline half of the United Kingdom's computer capacity was lost.[133] It was a second-generation machine, using discrete germanium transistors. Atlas also pioneered the Atlas Supervisor, \"considered by many to be the first recognisable modern operating system\".[134]", "History of computing hardware (1960s–present). The powerful supercomputers of the era were at the other end of the computing spectrum from the microcomputers, and they also used integrated circuit technology. In 1976, the Cray-1 was developed by Seymour Cray, who had left Control Data in 1972 to form his own company. This machine was the first supercomputer to make vector processing practical. It had a characteristic horseshoe shape to speed processing by shortening circuit paths. Vector processing uses one instruction to perform the same operation on many arguments; it has been a fundamental supercomputer processing method ever since. The Cray-1 could calculate 150 million floating point operations per second (150 megaflops). 85 were shipped at a price of $5 million each. The Cray-1 had a CPU that was mostly constructed of SSI and MSI ECL ICs.", "Supercomputer. The Atlas was a joint venture between Ferranti and the Manchester University and was designed to operate at processing speeds approaching one microsecond per instruction, about one million instructions per second.[11] The first Atlas was officially commissioned on 7 December 1962 as one of the world's first supercomputers  – considered to be the most powerful computer in the world at that time by a considerable margin, and equivalent to four IBM 7094s.[12]", "Supercomputer. Cray left CDC in 1972 to form his own company, Cray Research.[15] Four years after leaving CDC, Cray delivered the 80 MHz Cray 1 in 1976, and it became one of the most successful supercomputers in history.[18][19] The Cray-2 released in 1985 was an 8 processor liquid cooled computer and Fluorinert was pumped through it as it operated. It performed at 1.9 gigaFLOPS and was the world's second fastest after M-13 supercomputer in Moscow .[20]", "Supercomputer. Approaches to supercomputer architecture have taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s.", "History of computing hardware (1960s–present). By 1971, the Illiac IV supercomputer was the fastest computer in the world, using about a quarter-million small-scale ECL logic gate integrated circuits to make up sixty-four parallel data processors.[7]", "Al Gore. Gore introduced the Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986.[54] He also sponsored hearings on how advanced technologies might be put to use in areas like coordinating the response of government agencies to natural disasters and other crises.\"[53]", "Atanasoff–Berry computer. Conceived in 1937, the machine was built by Iowa State College mathematics and physics professor John Vincent Atanasoff with the help of graduate student Clifford Berry. It was designed only to solve systems of linear equations and was successfully tested in 1942. However, its intermediate result storage mechanism, a paper card writer/reader, was not perfected, and when John Vincent Atanasoff left Iowa State College for World War II assignments, work on the machine was discontinued.[2] The ABC pioneered important elements of modern computing, including binary arithmetic and electronic switching elements, [3] but its special-purpose nature and lack of a changeable, stored program distinguish it from modern computers. The computer was designated an IEEE Milestone in 1990.[4]", "Supercomputer. Cray, meanwhile, had left CDC and formed his own company. Considering the problems with the STAR, he designed an improved version of the same basic concept but replaced the STAR's memory-based vectors with ones that ran in large registers. Combining this with his famous packaging improvements produced the Cray-1. This completely outperformed every computer in the world, save one, and would ultimately sell about 80 units, making it one of the most successful supercomputer systems in history. Through the 1970s, 80s and 90s a series of machines from Cray further improved on these basic concepts.", "History of computing hardware. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the stepped reckoner and his famous stepped drum mechanism around 1672. He attempted to create a machine that could be used not only for addition and subtraction but would utilise a moveable carriage to enable long multiplication and division. Leibniz once said \"It is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labour of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if machines were used.\"[20] However, Leibniz did not incorporate a fully successful carry mechanism. Leibniz also described the binary numeral system,[21] a central ingredient of all modern computers. However, up to the 1940s, many subsequent designs (including Charles Babbage's machines of the 1822 and even ENIAC of 1945) were based on the decimal system.[22]", "John Vincent Atanasoff. Atanasoff invented the first electronic digital computer in the 1930s at Iowa State College. Challenges to his claim were resolved in 1973 when the Honeywell v. Sperry Rand lawsuit ruled that Atanasoff was the inventor of the computer.[1][2][3][4] His special-purpose machine has come to be called the Atanasoff–Berry Computer.", "History of computer science. When John Napier discovered logarithms for computational purposes in the early 17th century,[citation needed] there followed a period of considerable progress by inventors and scientists in making calculating tools. In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard designed a calculating machine, but abandoned the project, when the prototype he had started building was destroyed by a fire in 1624 .[citation needed] Around 1640, Blaise Pascal, a leading French mathematician, constructed a mechanical adding device based on a design described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria.[14] Then in 1672 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented the Stepped Reckoner which he completed in 1694.[15]", "Atanasoff–Berry computer. George W. Snedecor, the head of Iowa State's Statistics Department, was very likely the first user of an electronic digital computer to solve real-world mathematics problems. He submitted many of these problems to Atanasoff.[12]", "Supercomputer. But the partial success of the ILLIAC IV was widely seen as pointing the way to the future of supercomputing. Cray argued against this, famously quipping that \"If you were plowing a field, which would you rather use? Two strong oxen or 1024 chickens?\"[28] But by the early 1980s, several teams were working on parallel designs with thousands of processors, notably the Connection Machine (CM) that developed from research at MIT. The CM-1 used as many as 65,536 simplified custom microprocessors connected together in a network to share data. Several updated versions followed; the CM-5 supercomputer is a massively parallel processing computer capable of many billions of arithmetic operations per second.[29]", "Atanasoff–Berry computer. Atanasoff and Berry's computer work was not widely known until it was rediscovered in the 1960s, amidst conflicting claims about the first instance of an electronic computer. At that time ENIAC, that had been created by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert,[5] was considered to be the first computer in the modern sense, but in 1973 a U.S. District Court invalidated the ENIAC patent and concluded that the ENIAC inventors had derived the subject matter of the electronic digital computer from Atanasoff (see Patent dispute). When, in the mid-1970s, the secrecy surrounding the British World War II development of the Colossus computers that pre-dated ENIAC, was lifted[6][7] and Colossus was described at a conference in Los Alamos, New Mexico in June 1976, John Mauchly and Konrad Zuse were reported to have been astonished.[8]", "Charles Babbage. Considered by some to be a \"father of the computer\",[2][3][4][5] Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex electronic designs, though all the essential ideas of modern computers are to be found in Babbage's analytical engine.[2][6] His varied work in other fields has led him to be described as \"pre-eminent\" among the many polymaths of his century.[1]", "Computer science. Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623.[4] In 1673, Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner.[5] He may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, for, among other reasons, documenting the binary number system. In 1820, Thomas de Colmar launched the mechanical calculator industry[note 1] when he released his simplified arithmometer, which was the first calculating machine strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment. Charles Babbage started the design of the first automatic mechanical calculator, his Difference Engine, in 1822, which eventually gave him the idea of the first programmable mechanical calculator, his Analytical Engine.[6] He started developing this machine in 1834, and \"in less than two years, he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer\".[7] \"A crucial step was the adoption of a punched card system derived from the Jacquard loom\"[7] making it infinitely programmable.[note 2] In 1843, during the translation of a French article on the Analytical Engine, Ada Lovelace wrote, in one of the many notes she included, an algorithm to compute the Bernoulli numbers, which is considered to be the first computer program.[8] Around 1885, Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator, which used punched cards to process statistical information; eventually his company became part of IBM. In 1937, one hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream, Howard Aiken convinced IBM, which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator business[9] to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I, based on Babbage's Analytical Engine, which itself used cards and a central computing unit. When the machine was finished, some hailed it as \"Babbage's dream come true\".[10]", "History of computer science. Charles Babbage is often regarded as one of the first pioneers of computing. Beginning in the 1810s, Babbage had a vision of mechanically computing numbers and tables. Putting this into reality, Babbage designed a calculator to compute numbers up to 8 decimal points long. Continuing with the success of this idea, Babbage worked to develop a machine that could compute numbers with up to 20 decimal places. By the 1830s, Babbage had devised a plan to develop a machine that could use punched cards to perform arithmetical operations. The machine would store numbers in memory units, and there would be a form of sequential control. This means that one operation would be carried out before another in such a way that the machine would produce an answer and not fail. This machine was to be known as the “Analytical Engine”, which was the first true representation of what is the modern computer.[21]", "Iowa State University. On October 19, 1973, U.S. Federal Judge Earl R. Larson signed his decision following a lengthy court trial which declared the ENIAC patent of Mauchly and Eckert invalid and named Atanasoff the inventor of the electronic digital computer—the Atanasoff-Berry Computer or the ABC.[17]", "Supercomputer. Since 1993, the fastest supercomputers have been ranked on the TOP500 list according to their LINPACK benchmark results. The list does not claim to be unbiased or definitive, but it is a widely cited current definition of the \"fastest\" supercomputer available at any given time.", "Supercomputing in Pakistan. According to one scientist involved in the development of the supercomputer, a team of the leading scientists at PAEC developed powerful computerized electronic codes, acquired powerful high performance computers to design this system and came up with the first design that was to be manufactured, as part of the atomic bomb project.[5] However, the most productive and pioneering research was carried out by physicist M.S. Zubairy at the Institute of Physics of Quaid-e-Azam University.[6] Zubairy published two important books on Quantum Computers and high-proformance computing throughout his career that are presently taught worldwide.[7] In 1980s and 1990s, the scientific research and mathematical work on the supercomputers was also carried out by mathematician Dr. Tasneem Shah at the Kahuta Research Laboratories while trying to solve additive problems in Computational mathematics and the Statistical physics using the Monte Carlo method.[8] In 1990s, the Khan Research Laboratories deployed a series of supercomputer systems at its site, becoming nation's one of the first fastest computers at that time.[9] Technological imports in supercomputers were denied to Pakistan, as well as India, due to an arms embargo, as the foreign powers feared that the imports and enhancement to the supercomputing development was a dual use of technology and could be used for developing nuclear weapons in 1990s.", "Supercomputer. The only computer to seriously challenge the Cray-1's performance in the 1970s was the ILLIAC IV. This machine was the first realized example of a true massively parallel computer, in which many processors worked together to solve different parts of a single larger problem. In contrast with the vector systems, which were designed to run a single stream of data as quickly as possible, in this concept, the computer instead feeds separate parts of the data to entirely different processors and then recombines the results. The ILLIAC's design was finalized in 1966 with 256 processors and offer speed up to 1 GFLOPS, compared to the 1970s Cray-1's peak of 250 MFLOPS. However, development problems led to only 64 processors being built, and the system could never operate faster than about 200 MFLOPS, while being much larger and more complex than the Cray. Another problem was that writing software for the system was difficult, and getting peak performance from it was a matter of serious effort.", "Computer hardware. The term supercomputer does not refer to a specific technology. Rather it indicates the fastest computations available at any given time. In mid 2011, the fastest supercomputers boasted speeds exceeding one petaflop, or 1 quadrillion (10^15 or 1,000 trillion) floating point operations per second. Super computers are fast but extremely costly so they are generally used by large organizations to execute computationally demanding tasks involving large data sets. Super computers typically run military and scientific applications. Although they cost millions of dollars, they are also being used for commercial applications where huge amounts of data must be analyzed. For example, large banks employ supercomputers to calculate the risks and returns of various investment strategies, and healthcare organizations use them to analyze giant databases of patient data to determine optimal treatments for various diseases and problems incurring to the country.", "Culture of the United Kingdom. Since then, the UK has continued this tradition of technical creativity. Alan Turing (leading role in the creation of the modern computer), Scottish inventor Alexander Graham Bell (the first practical telephone), John Logie Baird (world's first working television system, first electronic colour television), Frank Whittle (co-invented the jet engine) — powered by Whittle's turbojet engines, the Gloster Meteor was the first British jet fighter and the Allies' only jet aircraft to achieve combat operations during World War II, Charles Babbage (devised the idea of the computer), Alexander Fleming (discovered penicillin). The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations, providing inventions as diverse as the World Wide Web by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, and Viagra by British scientists at Pfizer's Sandwich, Kent. Sir Alec Jeffreys pioneered DNA fingerprinting. Pioneers of fertility treatment Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards, achieved conception through IVF (world's first \"test tube baby\") in 1978.[229]", "Al Gore. As a Senator, Gore began to craft the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (commonly referred to as \"The Gore Bill\") after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the central creators of the ARPANET (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet).[55][56][57] The bill was passed on December 9, 1991, and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Gore referred to as the \"information superhighway.\"[58]", "History of computing hardware. Several analog computers were constructed in ancient and medieval times to perform astronomical calculations. These included the south-pointing chariot (c. 1050–771 BC) from ancient China, and the astrolabe and Antikythera mechanism from the Hellenistic world (c. 150–100 BC).[5] In Roman Egypt, Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) made mechanical devices including automata and a programmable cart.[6] Other early mechanical devices used to perform one or another type of calculations include the planisphere and other mechanical computing devices invented by Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (c. AD 1000); the equatorium and universal latitude-independent astrolabe by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (c. AD 1015); the astronomical analog computers of other medieval Muslim astronomers and engineers; and the astronomical clock tower of Su Song (1094) during the Song dynasty. The castle clock, a hydropowered mechanical astronomical clock invented by Ismail al-Jazari in 1206, was the first programmable analog computer.[7][8][9] Ramon Llull invented the Lullian Circle: a notional machine for calculating answers to philosophical questions (in this case, to do with Christianity) via logical combinatorics. This idea was taken up by Leibniz centuries later, and is thus one of the founding elements in computing and information science." ]

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[ "And Then There Were None (miniseries). Filming began in July 2015.[15] Cornwall was used for many of the harbour and beach scenes, including Holywell Bay, Kynance Cove, and Mullion Cove.[16] Harefield House in Hillingdon, outside London, served as the location for the island mansion.[17] Production designer Sophie Beccher decorated the house in the style of 1930s designers like Syrie Maugham and Elsie de Wolfe.[18] The below stairs and kitchen scenes were shot at Wrotham Park in Hertfordshire.[19] Railway scenes were filmed at the South Devon Railway between Totnes and Buckfastleigh.[20]", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None is set in 1939, taking place at \"a beautiful mansion on the deserted Shipwreck Island.\" A quote by one of the characters, Emily Brent, in the first chapter sets the month as August (\"This same week of August 4 years ago.\") The player can explore the two-story Art Deco-style mansion, which includes a secret room behind a bookcase in the library. The exterior of Shipwreck Island, including a beach, a forest, and an apiary, may also be explored.", "And Then There Were None (miniseries). And Then There Were None was commissioned by Ben Stephenson and Charlotte Moore for the BBC to mark the 125th anniversary of Agatha Christie's birth.[8] The adaptation was produced by Mammoth Screen in partnership with Agatha Christie Productions.[9][10][11]", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (also simply known as And Then There Were None) is a 2005 point-and-click adventure game developed by AWE Productions and published by The Adventure Company for Microsoft Windows. It was the first in The Adventure Company's Agatha Christie series. The game is a detective murder-mystery; it begins with nine people, including Patrick Narracott, the playable character, who meet and journey to the fictional Shipwreck Island. There, two additional onscreen characters are introduced, and the story then follows the events that unfold.", "And Then There Were None (1974 film). And Then There Were None (a.k.a. Ten Little Indians) is a 1974 film adaptation of Agatha Christie's best-selling 1939 mystery novel of the same name.[1] The film was directed by Peter Collinson and produced by Harry Alan Towers.[1]", "And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie, widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write.[2] It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers,[3] after the British blackface song, which serves as a major plot point.[4][5] The US edition was not released until December 1939; its American reprints and adaptations were all retitled And Then There Were None, after the last five words of the song.[6]", "And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None has had more adaptations than any other single work by Agatha Christie. Many adaptations incorporate changes to the story, such as using Christie's alternative ending from her 1943 stage play or changing the setting to locations other than an island.", "And Then There Were None (miniseries). And Then There Were None is a 2015 British-American mystery thriller television serial that was first broadcast on BBC One from 26 to 28 December 2015. The three-part programme was adapted by Sarah Phelps and directed by Craig Viveiros and is based on Agatha Christie's novel of the same name.[1][2][3] The serial aired in the United States on Lifetime from 13 to 14 March 2016.", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None is a point-and-click adventure game, played from a third-person perspective.[8] Most of the interactive elements of And Then There Were None consist of asking other characters questions, and collecting and combining items.[9] The player can carry items using an inventory system, consisting of screens which can show up to twelve items. New items go into the first available slot, and these items can be combined or examined throughout the game.[8][10] The game's cursor is context-sensitive, and changes into a rotating gear when held over an item the player can interact with and use.[8] And Then There Were None features a 2.5D graphics engine, which combines pre-rendered backgrounds with 3D-modelled characters.[10]", "Agatha Christie's Marple. Marple was filmed in various locations, including London, the villages of Englefield in Berkshire, Chilham in Kent and Turville, in Buckinghamshire and Blewbury in Oxfordshire. Windsor Guildhall in Windsor was featured as the fictional Melchester in Murder at the Vicarage. Highclere Castle was used in 4.50 From Paddington, Knebworth House was in used in The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding\" and \"Greenshaw's Folly. Hatfield House was used as Chimneys in The Secret of Chimneys. Hambleden was used as St. Mary Mead and Dorney Court featured in The Body in the Library as Gossington Hall, home of the Bantry's. Fawley Court, Buckinghamshire was used as Stoneygates in They Do It with Mirrors and The Grotto was used as the exterior of the secret folly in Endless Night.[9] In Why Didn't They Ask Evans?, the Castle Savage scenes were largely filmed at Loseley Park near Guildford. A Caribbean Mystery was filmed in Cape Town, South Africa. The beach scenes were shot at Boulders Beach.[10] Scenes were filmed in Dorchester for Endless Night.[11] The exterior of Marina Gregg's house in The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side were filmed at North Mymms Park.", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. The events of the book, with the exception of the killer's identity and the player character, are closely retained in the game. The game begins with eight of the characters (all but the two servants) arriving at the fictional seaside town of Sticklehaven, where they are to be ferried to Shipwreck Island by Patrick Naracott (who is substituting for his brother who is \"under the weather\"). When they arrive on the island, the other two characters are introduced, but when Patrick returns to his boat he finds it sabotaged, forcing him to stay on the island. Later, Blore confesses to Patrick that he is the one who damaged the boat, believing Patrick to be his brother Fred, who he thought was a thief. At dinner that night, the guests discover that none of them have met, or are familiar with, \"U.N. Owen\", the enigmatic host who invited most of them to the party.", "Agatha Christie. In The A.B.C. Murders, the murderer has killed four innocent people and attempted to frame an unstable man for the crimes. Hercule Poirot, however, prevents this easy way out, ensuring a trial and hanging. In And Then There Were None, the killer's own death is intrinsic to the plot; the red herring is when and how the killer actually died. However, stage, film, and television productions of some of these mysteries were traditionally sanitized with the culprits not evading some form of justice, for a variety of reasons – e.g., censors, plot clarity, and Christie's own changing tastes. (When Christie adapted Witness for the Prosecution into a stage play, she lengthened the ending so that the murderer was also killed; this format was followed in screen versions, including the Billy Wilder film from 1957.) In Death Comes as the End, set in ancient Egypt, the culprit is killed by one of the few surviving characters before he can claim another victim .", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None was announced on February 3, 2005, as the first in a series of games based on novels by Agatha Christie.[1] For the release, The Adventure Company collaborated with developer AWE Productions.[1] Lee Sheldon was named Lead Designer and writer for the game,[2] while Scott Nixon, from AWE, was appointed Managing Director.[2] The Adventure Company chose the novel And Then There Were None as the first game, instead of other Christie novels involving famous detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, for several reasons. Among them was the popularity of the novel, which would help with marketing; and the island nature of the story which would provide a natural barrier, while allowing more freedom of movement for the players within that confined area.[11]", "And Then There Were None. Several variations of the original novel were adapted for television, three of which were British adaptations. The first of these, in 1949, was produced by the BBC[29]. The second was produced in 1959[30], by ITV. Both of those productions aired with Christie's original title. The third and most recent British adaptation aired as And Then There Were None on BBC One in December 2015, as a mini-series produced in cooperation with Acorn Media and Agatha Christie Productions. The 2015 production adhered more closely to the original plot, though there were several differences, and was the first English language film adaptation to feature an ending similar to that of the novel.[31]", "Agatha Christie. Christie frequently used settings that were familiar to her for her stories. She often accompanied Mallowan on his archaeological expeditions, and her travels with him contributed background to several of her novels set in the Middle East.[36] Other novels (such as And Then There Were None) were set in and around Torquay, where she was raised. Christie's 1934 novel Murder on the Orient Express was written in the Pera Palace Hotel in Istanbul, Turkey, the southern terminus of the railway. The hotel maintains Christie's room as a memorial to the author.[37]", "And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None is one of Agatha Christie's best-known mysteries, widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to have written.[2] Writing for The Times Literary Supplement of 11 November 1939, Maurice Percy Ashley stated, \"If her latest story has scarcely any detection in it there is no scarcity of murders... There is a certain feeling of monotony inescapable in the regularity of the deaths which is better suited to a serialized newspaper story than a full-length novel. Yet there is an ingenious problem to solve in naming the murderer\", he continued. \"It will be an extremely astute reader who guesses correctly.\"[18]", "And Then There Were None (miniseries). Maeve Dermody was cast two days before the read through of the script and was in Burma (Myanmar) at the time.[13] She flew to the UK to begin work with a dialect coach and read the book in the first two weeks of filming.[14]", "And Then There Were None (1974 film). Two film adaptations were previously released (the 1945 version of the same title by René Clair and the 1965 Ten Little Indians), as was a videotaped made-for-television version broadcast in 1959.[2] This was the second of three versions of Christie's novel to be adapted to the screen by producer Harry Alan Towers; the others were the aforementioned 1965 version, and another in 1989.", "And Then There Were None (miniseries). Despite criticism ahead of the programme's launch from the Daily Mail that the production deviated from Agatha Christie's source material,[23] And Then There Were None received critical acclaim. Ben Dowell of the Radio Times gave a positive review.[24] Jasper Reese for The Daily Telegraph gave the first episode 4 out of 5 stars, calling it a \"pitch-black psychological thriller as teasing murder mystery\" and \"spiffingly watchable\".[25]", "And Then There Were None. Such was the quality of Christie's work on this book that many compared it to her novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926). For instance, an unnamed reviewer in the Toronto Daily Star of 16 March 1940 said, \"Others have written better mysteries than Agatha Christie, but no one can touch her for ingenious plot and surprise ending. With And Then There Were None... she is at her most ingenious and most surprising... is, indeed, considerably above the standard of her last few works and close to the Roger Ackroyd level.\"[20]", "And Then There Were None (1974 film). This 1974 film follows the script of the 1965 version, right down to calling the Oliver Reed character \"Hugh\" (a name change made to accommodate Hugh O'Brian in the earlier version[citation needed]) instead of \"Phillip,\" which was the character's name in the novel and play. It is set in an abandoned hotel in the Iranian desert and was shot in the Shah Abbas Hotel (now known as the Abbasi Hotel) in Iran during its pre-revolution days. (The 1965 version was set at a snowed-in mountain chalet, and the 1989 one in the African savanna.)[citation needed]", "And Then There Were None (miniseries). On a hot day in late August 1939, eight people, all strangers to each other, are invited to a small, isolated island off the coast of Devon, England, by a \"Mr and Mrs Owen\". The guests settle in at a mansion tended by two newly hired servants, Thomas and Ethel Rogers, but their hosts are absent. When the guests sit down to dinner, they notice the centrepiece, ten figurines of soldiers arranged in a circle. Afterward, Thomas Rogers puts on a gramophone record, from which a voice accuses everyone present of murder.[4] Shortly after this, one of the party dies from poisoning, and then more and more people are murdered, all in methods synonymous with a nursery rhyme the island is named after,[5] and the murderer removes a figurine from the dining table each time someone is killed. The remaining people decide to work together. They must discover who the murderer is before they run out of time and nobody remains.", "And Then There Were None. The novel has been the inspiration for several video games. For the Apple II, Online Systems released the game Mystery House in 1980. On the PC, The Adventure Company released the video game Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None in 2005, the first in a series of PC games based on Christie novels. In February 2008, it was ported to the Wii console. The identity of the murderer is not that of the killer in the original book. The game player assumes the role of Patrick Naracott (brother of Fred Naracott, who is involved in a newly created subplot), who is stranded with the others when his boat is scuttled. This allows for alternate, more successful endings in which Naracott survives and is able to prevent the murders of the innocent Lombard and Claythorne. All endings depart markedly from the novel and previous adaptations in that the killer and motives are different.[citation needed]", "And Then There Were None (miniseries). Reviewing the first episode, UK daily newspaper The Guardian's Sam Wollaston noted, \"[...] it also manages to be loyal, not just in plot but in spirit as well. I think the queen of crime would approve. I certainly do. Mass murder rarely gets as fun as this.\"[26] Reviewing the final episode for The Daily Telegraph, Tim Martin gave it 4 out of 5 stars, calling it a \"class act\", and praising the adaptation for highlighting the darkness of Christie's novel, which he claimed no previous adaptation had attempted.[27]", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None has received widely varying reviews since its release. Metacritic's weighted average score for the game was 68 out of 100 on the PC and 50 out of 100 on the Wii, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\", with individual reviews falling between 20% and 90%.[25][26] One aspect of the game which has garnered some criticism are the graphics. 2404 denounced the game's environments, commenting that \"there are graphically better games that were made two years ago.\"[27] An aspect of the game's graphics more heavily criticized was the character models, with GameSpy decrying them, saying: \"The 3D models used for Mr. Owen's guests are crude and simplistic, with silly, sausage-like fingers, hair that looks like blocks of wood, lousy animation, poor lip-synching, and bland faces with barely any facial expression.\"[9]", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. Naracott returns to the house to find that the killer is Emily Brent, who is really the famous actress Gabrielle Steele. Steele wanted Wargrave killed because he sentenced her true love to death. She would torture him first by killing those around him first, all criminals who had gotten away with their crimes, and she explains how she killed each one. She had faked her own death earlier.", "Cinema of the United Kingdom. Some American productions did return to the major British studios in 1977–79, including the original Star Wars (1977) at Elstree Studios, Superman (1978) at Pinewood, and Alien (1979) at Shepperton. Successful adaptations were made in the decade of the Agatha Christie novels Murder on the Orient Express (1974) and Death on the Nile (1978). The entry of Lew Grade's company ITC into film production in the latter half of the decade brought only a few box office successes and an unsustainable number of failures", "Swallow's Nest. Owing to its important status as the symbol of the Crimea's southern coast, the Swallow's Nest was featured in several Soviet films. It was used as the setting of Desyat Negrityat, the 1987 Soviet screen version of Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None.[2] The building was also featured in the 1983 Soviet-Polish children's film Mister Blot's Academy as well as in Mio in the Land of Faraway, a 1987 joint production by Swedish, Norwegian, and Soviet film companies.[11]", "And Then There Were None. The original title of the mystery (Ten Little Niggers) has long been abandoned as offensive in English-speaking countries and a number of others. Some critics have opined that Christie's original title and the setting on \"Nigger Island\" (later changed to \"Indian Island\" and \"Soldier Island\", variously) may be integral to the work. These aspects of the novel, argues Alison Light, \"could be relied upon automatically to conjure up a thrilling 'otherness', a place where revelations about the 'dark side' of the English would be appropriate.\"[22] Unlike novels such as Heart of Darkness, \"Christie's location is both more domesticated and privatized, taking for granted the construction of racial fears woven into psychic life as early as the nursery. If her story suggests how easy it is to play upon such fears, it is also a reminder of how intimately tied they are to sources of pleasure and enjoyment.\"[22]", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. The designers of And Then There Were None decided to leave the game in its original time period, the 1930s.[11] Sheldon was firmly against updating the game to a modern time period, calling this \"a futile attempt to attract an audience that really doesn't care anyway.\"[11] One of the main attractions to the past for Sheldon was the ability to explore its culture and mores.[11] The mansion in the game was researched using architecture and Art Deco books as references.[12] Christie described the mansion in the novel as stark and modern, and this made Sheldon turn to the work of famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and in particular his house Fallingwater.[2]", "And Then There Were None. Many other reviews were also complimentary; in The New York Times Book Review (25 February 1940), Isaac Anderson detailed the set-up of the plot up to the point where \"the voice\" accuses the ten \"guests\" of their past crimes or sins, which have all resulted in the deaths of other human beings, and then said, \"When you read what happens after that you will not believe it, but you will keep on reading, and as one incredible event is followed by another even more incredible you will still keep on reading. The whole thing is utterly impossible and utterly fascinating. It is the most baffling mystery that Agatha Christie has ever written, and if any other writer has ever surpassed it for sheer puzzlement the name escapes our memory. We are referring, of course, to mysteries that have logical explanations, as this one has. It is a tall story, to be sure, but it could have happened.\"[19]", "And Then There Were None. Another parody, the 1976 Broadway musical Something's Afoot, stars Tessie O'Shea as a female sleuth resembling Miss Marple. Something's Afoot takes place in a remote English estate, where six guests have been invited for the weekend. The guests, as well as three servants and a young man who claims to have wandered innocently onto the estate, are then murdered one by one, several in full view of the audience, with the murderer's surprise identity revealed at the end. For an encore, the murdered cast members perform a song, \"I Owe It All to Agatha Christie\".[citation needed]" ]

[ 6.23046875, 4.24609375, -0.7197265625, 1.2314453125, -0.75341796875, -0.56982421875, 0.306640625, 0.462646484375, -1.865234375, -0.1429443359375, 1.173828125, -0.908203125, -1.4365234375, -1.8359375, 1.5146484375, -2.712890625, 4.22265625, -1.765625, -3.806640625, -0.8564453125, 5.19140625, 2.6953125, -2.71875, -4.00390625, -3.537109375, -2.57421875, -5.1875, 2.0390625, -0.296875, 0.0079345703125, -3.33984375, 0.06488037109375 ]

[ "2018 NFL Draft. The 2018 NFL Draft was the 83rd annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible players for the 2018 NFL season. The draft was held on April 26–28 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, and was the first draft to take place in an NFL stadium and the first to be held in Texas, which won out in a fourteen city bid.[3][4][5] In order to be eligible to enter the draft, players must be at least three years removed from high school. The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January 15, 2018.[6]", "2018 NFL season. The 2018 NFL Draft was held from April 26 to 28 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. This was the first draft to take place in an NFL stadium, and the first to be held in Texas.[61] The Cleveland Browns selected Baker Mayfield with the first overall pick.", "List of 2018 NFL Draft early entrants. The following college football players, while having not yet completed their senior years, have declared their intent to enter the 2018 NFL Draft. In order to be eligible to enter the draft, players must be at least three years removed from high school.[1] The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January 15, 2018.[2] On January 19, 2018, the NFL released the list of underclassmen who have been granted early entry.[3] A total of 106 players were granted early entry, the most for any draft (the prior record was 98, for the 2014 draft).[3]", "2018 NFL Draft. Coverage of the draft was broadcast NFL Network and ESPN, with Fox also simulcasting NFL Network's coverage of the first two rounds (serving as a prelude for Fox's acquisition of Thursday Night Football for the 2018 season). ESPN aired coverage of the last four rounds on ABC, and aired secondary broadcasts of the first round on ESPN2 (featuring the panel of ESPN's College GameDay, which also broadcast a special edition from outside AT&T Stadium as a pre-show for ESPN's coverage)[10] and in Spanish on ESPN Deportes.[2][11][12]", "2018 NFL Draft. In order to be eligible to enter the draft, players must be at least three years removed from high school. The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January 15, 2018.[9]", "2018 NFL Draft. Five quarterbacks were selected in the first round for only the third time in the history of the draft; the first since the 1999 NFL Draft.[7] Also, a pair of siblings—safety Terrell Edmunds and linebacker Tremaine Edmunds—were both drafted in the first round, marking the first time brothers have been selected in the opening round of the same draft.[8]", "List of 2018 NFL Draft early entrants. The following players had 2018 draft eligibility granted, or confirmed, by the NFL.[3]", "Draft (sports). The NFL Draft has become one of the key events on the American football calendar, airing live on television each April. In recent years it had been held at New York's Radio City Music Hall, but in 2015 and 2016 it was held at Chicago's Auditorium Theatre,[4] and in 2017 it was held on the Rocky Steps at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The 2018 draft is the first ever to be held at an NFL stadium, namely the Dallas Cowboys' AT&T Stadium.", "National Football League Draft. In 2018, the NFL released the compensatory picks on February 23 (nineteen days after the Super Bowl).", "2018 Major League Baseball draft. The 2018 Major League Baseball (MLB) First-Year Player Draft began on June 4, 2018. The draft assigned amateur baseball players to MLB teams. The draft order was determined based on the reverse order of the 2017 MLB season final standings. In addition, compensation picks were distributed for players who did not sign from the 2017 MLB Draft and for teams who lose qualifying free agents.[1] The first 43 picks, including the first round and compensatory picks, were broadcast by MLB Network on June 4. The remainder of the draft was streamed on MLB.com on June 5 and 6.", "National Football League Draft. In 2010, the NFL moved to a three-day draft with the first day encompassing the first round beginning at 8:00 pm EDT, the second day encompassing the second and third rounds beginning at 7:00 pm EDT, and third day concluding the process with the final four rounds beginning at 11:00 am EDT Saturday.", "National Football League Draft. The 2010 NFL draft was the first draft to take place over three days. Its first round was on Thursday, April 22 at 7:30 p.m. ET, with the second and third rounds on Friday, April 23 at 6 p.m. ET, followed by the remaining rounds on Saturday, April 24 at 10 a.m. ET.[61]", "National Football League Draft. Starting with the 2018 NFL Draft, the first two evenings will air on broadcast television, with Fox and NFL Network carrying a simulcast featuring personnel from both the NFL Network and Fox Sports.[58] ESPN continue to produce its own coverage of the draft, with ESPN2 simulcasting Days 1 and 2, while ABC, simulcasts Day 3.", "2017 NFL season. The 2017 NFL Draft was held on April 27–29 in Philadelphia. The Cleveland Browns selected Myles Garrett with the first overall pick.", "2018 NBA draft. The 2018 NBA draft will be held on June 21, 2018 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams will take turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. It will be televised nationally by ESPN. This draft will be the last to use the original weighted lottery system that gives teams near the bottom of the NBA draft better odds at the top three picks of the draft while teams higher up had worse odds in the process; the rule was agreed upon by the NBA on September 28, 2017, but would not be implemented until the 2019 draft.[1] With the last year of what was, at the time, the most recent lottery system (with the NBA draft lottery being held in Chicago instead of in New York), the Phoenix Suns won the first overall pick on May 15, 2018, with the Sacramento Kings at the second overall pick and the Atlanta Hawks at third overall pick.[2] The Suns' selection is their first No. 1 overall selection in franchise history.", "2018 NFL Draft. Telecasts of the first round across all three broadcasters (which included the expansion of coverage to broadcast television) drew a combined Nielsen overnight household rating of 8.4, and total viewership of 11.214 million, making it the most-watched opening round since 2014. ESPN drew the largest single audience, with 5.336 million viewers, while Fox and NFL Network had a combined viewership of 5.74 million across both channels (3.776 and 2.005 million individually).[13][14]", "2017 NFL Draft. The 2017 NFL Draft was the 82nd annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible American football players. It was held in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art[1] on April 27–29, returning to Philadelphia for the first time since 1961.[2][3]", "2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team. The 2018 NFL Draft will be held at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas from April 26 through April 28, 2018. The following Alabama players were either selected or signed as free agents following the draft.", "2018–19 NHL season. The 2018 NHL Entry Draft was held June 22 and 23, 2018. The Buffalo Sabres, by virtue of winning the draft lottery on April 28, held the first overall selection, using it to select defenseman Rasmus Dahlin.", "Baker Mayfield. The Cleveland Browns selected Mayfield with the first overall pick in the 2018 NFL Draft.[35]", "2018 Major League Soccer season. The MLS SuperDraft is an annual event, taking place in January of each year, in which the teams of Major League Soccer select players who have graduated from college or otherwise been signed by the league. The first two rounds of 2018 MLS SuperDraft were held on January 19 in Philadelphia. Rounds three and four of the 2018 SuperDraft were held via conference call on January 21. Los Angeles FC selected João Moutinho with the first overall pick.", "2018 NFL season. When the entire season schedule was released on April 19, 2018, the league announced flexible scheduling for Saturday games in weeks 15 and 16. The final kickoff times for these games will be announced no later than week 8:[78]", "List of first overall National Football League draft picks. Through the 2018 NFL draft, 83 players have been selected first overall, with the most recent being Baker Mayfield. The Indianapolis Colts – formerly the Baltimore Colts – have made the most first overall selections in history with seven. Of the first overall draft picks, 43 have been selected to a Pro Bowl and of those 43, twelve have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. While the Heisman Trophy is awarded annually to the most outstanding player in U.S. college football, only 21 of those Heisman winners have been selected first overall in the NFL draft. Only five first overall draft pick players have been selected the NFL Rookie of the Year: Earl Campbell (1978); Billy Sims (1980); George Rogers (1981); Sam Bradford (2010); and Cam Newton (2011).", "2018 Oakland Raiders season. 1st round pick (2020 draft)", "2018 NFL season. The 2018 NFL season will be the 99th season of the National Football League (NFL). The season is set to begin on September 6, 2018 with the NFL Kickoff Game with the defending Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles hosting the Atlanta Falcons. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIII, the league's championship game, on February 3, 2019 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia.", "National Football League Draft. In the league's early years the draft was held in various cities with NFL franchises until the league settled on New York City starting in 1965, where it remained until 2015. The 2015 and 2016 NFL drafts were held in Chicago, while the 2017 version was held in Philadelphia. In recent years, the NFL draft has occurred in late April or early May.", "2018 NFL Draft. In the explanations below, (PD) indicates trades completed prior to the start of the draft (i.e. Pre-Draft), while (D) denotes trades that took place during the 2018 draft.", "2018 Major League Baseball season. The 2018 MLB Draft will be held from June 4 to 6 in Secaucus, New Jersey.", "NFL Scouting Combine. Athletes attend by invitation only. Implications of an athlete's performance during the combine can affect their draft status and salary, and ultimately their career. The draft has popularized the term \"workout warrior\", whereby an athlete's \"draft stock\" is increased based on superior measurable qualities such as size, speed, and strength, despite having an average or sub-par college career.[2][3][4] The 2018 NFL scouting combine is scheduled for February 27 to March 5.[5]", "2018 NFL season. Training camps for the 2018 season will be held in late July through August. Teams start training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team's first scheduled preseason game.", "2018 NFL season. The 2018 NFL League year and trading period began on March 14. On March 9, clubs were allowed to exercise options for 2018 on players who have option clauses in their contracts, submit qualifying offers to their pending restricted free agents, and submit a Minimum Salary Tender to retain exclusive negotiating rights to their players with expiring 2017 contracts and who have fewer than three accrued seasons of free agent credit. Teams were required to be under the salary cap using the \"Top-51\" definition (in which the 51 highest paid-players on the team's payroll must have a combined salary cap hit below the actual cap). On March 12, clubs were allowed to contact and enter into contract negotiations with the agents of players who were set to become unrestricted free agents.", "2014 NFL Draft. The 2014 NFL draft was the 79th annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible football players to the league. The draft, officially the \"Player Selection Meeting\",[1] was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, New York, on May 8th through May 10th, 2014.[2][3][4] One of the most anticipated drafts in recent years kicked off on May 8, 2014 at 8 pm EDT.[5] The draft was moved from its traditional time frame in late April due to a scheduling conflict at Radio City Music Hall.[6]" ]

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[ "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. As Desmond approaches the Apple and touches it, time freezes around him, though he can still move and speak. Juno cryptically states that Desmond is descended from her race, and is their enemy; she also says there is a woman who would accompany him through \"the gate,\" but must not be allowed to. She takes control of Desmond's body and forces him to stab Lucy in the abdomen. Both fall to the ground, with Lucy dead and Desmond entering a coma. As the credits roll, two men are heard discussing whether to put Desmond back in the Animus.", "Desmond Miles. Desmond, Lucy, Shaun and Rebecca arrive at Monteriggioni, where they set up a safehouse in the Villa Auditore's sanctuary; Desmond re-enters the Animus 2.0 to discover the location of the Apple of Eden, one of the \"Pieces of Eden\" obtained by Ezio. Through Ezio's memories, Desmond and the others learn the Apple is hidden under the Colosseum. The Assassins find their way inside an ancient vault, where the Apple is located. Desmond takes the Apple and through it, Juno takes control of his body and forces him to stab Lucy, who is revealed to be a Templar double agent. Desmond falls into a coma, and is placed back into the Animus by William Miles and another Assassin in a bid to preserve his consciousness.", "Assassin's Creed. Desmond is captured by Abstergo and forced to use a machine called the Animus to explore Altaïr ibn-La'Ahad's memories during the time of the Third Crusade. Desmond begins to witness events after Altaïr breaks all three tenets of the Assassin Brotherhood while attempting to stop Robert de Sablé from taking a Piece of Eden. Al Mualim, the Brotherhood's leader, demotes Altaïr to Novice and tasks him with assassinating the nine Knights Templars, including de Sablé, to regain his former status. Altaïr's quest eventually leads him to face de Sablé in the presence of King Richard I of England warning the King of de Sablé's plot to kill him. Altaïr defeats de Sablé, but with his last words, de Sablé reveals that there were ten Templars, the last being Al Mualim, who now holds the Piece of Eden. Altaïr returns to face Al Mualim and struggles to fight through illusions created by the Piece, but eventually kills Al Mualim. When Altaïr recovers the piece, he and those watching the Animus view a holographic map showing where other artifacts are located across the globe. Desmond is pulled from the Animus, and was going to be killed, but his life is spared by Lucy Stillman, an Assassin working as a mole within Abstergo, as she claims they might need to further examine his memories later. He comes to learn that a former test subject had left messages only Desmond can see, foretelling the end of the world in 2012.", "Assassin's Creed. In the meantime, Desmond relives memories of Aquilus through the animus after his apparent death in the first volume. The Roman assassin is rescued by his cousin, Accipiter, and is tasked with a quest to save Lugdunum. He meets with his father and discovers an artifact of the first civilization: an ankh which can temporarily revive the dead. The mysterious object is then stolen by a Templar senator, Vultur, who kills Aquilus' father.", "Assassin's Creed: Revelations. Following the ending of Brotherhood, present-day protagonist Desmond Miles has fallen into a coma due to the combined stress of being forced to kill Lucy Stillman and being controlled by Juno, the hologram attached to the Apple of Eden. While Shaun Hastings stays behind in Rome to attend Lucy's funeral, Rebecca Crane takes Desmond to New York City and meets with his father, William Miles. In an effort to save Desmond's mind, the duo places him back in the Animus, though this time in the machine's safe mode, known as the \"Black Room\".", "Assassin's Creed. Desmond is later rescued by a small team of modern-day Assassins and agrees to work with them, continuing to experience the memories of his ancestors to discover the locations of additional Pieces of Eden so they can be recovered before Abstergo can do so. From the bleeding effect, Desmond gains some of the Assassin skills of his predecessors at the cost of living with multiple sets of memories and personalities in his mind.", "Assassin's Creed. Desmond Miles is a bartender who is a descendant of several lines of prominent Assassins; though raised as an Assassin, he left his nomadic family to seek out a more common lifestyle. He is initially kidnapped by Abstergo, which is aware of his ancestral lineage. Desmond is forced into the Animus and is revealed to be subject 17; many of the sixteen previous subjects died as a result of Animus over-exposure.", "Desmond Miles. Desmond escapes from Abstergo with the help of Lucy, who is an undercover Assassin in Abstergo. He enters the Animus 2.0, supervised by Lucy and her team of assassins Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane, to be quickly trained as an Assassin via the Bleeding Effect. He relives the memories of Ezio Auditore da Firenze (1459-1524; Italy),[3] his ancestor from the Renaissance. After successfully navigating Ezio's early memories, Desmond is extracted from the Animus to avoid the mental degradation that Subject 16 suffered as a side-effect of the Bleeding Effect and spending too long in the Animus. Shortly after extraction, Desmond flashes back to one of Altaïr's memories, despite not being linked to the Animus. Desmond learns of Altaïr's lover Maria Thorpe, a former Templar used as a decoy by Robert de Sablé. As Altaïr leaves, Desmond wonders why he is not following the Assassin; instead he moves towards Maria and enters her womb, showing that Altaïr's child— another of Desmond's ancestors—has just been conceived.", "Assassin's Creed III. Meanwhile, Desmond is occasionally roused from the Animus to retrieve power cells from Manhattan and Brazil, necessary for activating the Temple, before the Templar Daniel Cross can take them. William goes after the final cell himself, but is captured by the Templars' modern day front, Abstergo. Desmond assaults the facility, kills Cross and Warren Vidic, and rescues his father.", "Desmond Miles. After recovering the information for which Vidic was searching, Abstergo's executives order Desmond to be killed. Lucy's quick thinking saves him; she persuades Vidic to keep him alive until they know he is of no further use. Upon returning to his room, Desmond, suffering from the \"Bleeding Effect\", discovers the side effect has given him Altaïr's \"Eagle Vision\". This allows him to discern friend from foe and to read cryptic messages written on walls and floors by Subject 16, another Animus subject that Lucy and Vidic occasionally mention.", "Assassin's Creed II. After the events of Assassin's Creed, test subject Desmond Miles is rescued from confinement by undercover Assassin Lucy Stillman and taken to a remote safe house, where he meets her team, consisting of historian and analyst Shaun Hastings and technician Rebecca Crane. Using design plans stolen by Lucy, they have constructed their own version of the Animus, dubbed \"Baby\", which they intend to use to train Desmond as an Assassin through the so-called \"Bleeding Effect\", which allows the user to learn all their ancestor's skills instantly. Desmond is assigned to investigate the memories of his ancestor Ezio Auditore da Firenze, starting with his birth to a wealthy Florentine family in the late 15th century.", "Desmond Miles. After spending more time in the Animus 2.0, Desmond begins to adjust to his newly developed skills and becomes agile and an expert in the use of weapons Ezio learned to use. The last segment of Ezio's memories brings an astonished Ezio and Desmond to a futuristic chamber underneath the Sistine Chapel, where a hologram of the goddess Minerva addresses Desmond by name and through Ezio warns him of an impending cataclysm with the potential to destroy all life on Earth. Desmond is pulled from the Animus as Abstergo discovers their hideout. The team escapes; Desmond using the skills acquired from the Bleeding Effect to repel Abstergo's forces. Desmond enters the Animus while in transit, knowing Ezio and perhaps Subject 16 may have the answers they seek.", "Assassin's Creed. After Desmond dies to ensure Earth's survival, his memories, which have survived in cyberspace,[3] are accessed by Abstergo, which hires a new subject to enter the Animus. The new subject relives the memories of Edward Kenway (grandfather of Ratohnhaké:ton, otherwise known as Connor Kenway) and a privateer-turned-pirate during the Golden Age of Piracy.[4]", "Assassin's Creed. Within the computerized \"core\" of the Animus, Subject 16 (Clay Kaczmarek) explains to a comatose Desmond that his mind must achieve full synchronization with Altaïr and Ezio, or he will fall into dementia. Desmond sees Ezio's memories, years after Brotherhood, Ezio researches the Assassins' history and travels to Masyaf to locate Altaïr's library, rumored to hold great power within. The Templars also seek to open this library, but it is locked by five keys, hidden in the Ottoman-held Constantinople. Ezio finds the city in a feud between brothers Selim and Ahmet vying for the Sultanate. Ezio is aided by Sofia Sartor; the two fall in love. Eventually, Ahmet reveals himself to be a Templar, and is killed by Selim after he battles with Ezio. Ezio uses the keys to witness Altaïr's memories before and after Al Mualim's death, which show the death of Altaïr's wife and youngest son in the midst of a coup d'etat within the Assassins. Altair exiles himself for twenty years, eventually returning to Masyaf to kill the usurper and retake control. Altaïr inscribes his memories in the keys and asks his friend Niccolò Polo to hide them. Afterwards, Ezio and Sofia go to Masyaf and open the library to find Altaïr's corpse and a Piece of Eden. Ezio leaves it and his assassin tools, and tells Desmond, understanding now of his role as a messenger to him. A holographic being calling himself Jupiter explains to Desmond (through Ezio) how his society perished as a result of a massive solar flare apocalypse, and that the key to stop the 2012 solar flare lies in the first civilization's technology commanded by vaults linked to a central vault in New York. Within the Animus, Clay sacrifices himself to allow Desmond to wake up from his coma, his memories complete. Along with Shaun, Rebecca, and his father William, Desmond heads to New York to save humanity.", "Assassin's Creed. Throughout these events, Desmond learns of allusions to the prophetic end of the world in 2012 from a former Animus test subject, Subject 16; the event turns out to be a repeat of the disaster which wiped out the ancient civilization, and he finds out that his memories hold the key to Earth's surviving a second solar storm. During his experiences, Desmond is aided by holographic projections of three of the ancient race's rulers: Jupiter, Minerva, and Juno.", "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. Desmond's story continues where it left off, in 2012. After escaping the Templars' attack at the end of Assassin's Creed II, Desmond Miles, Lucy Stillman, Rebecca Crane, and Shaun Hastings flee to Monteriggioni, establishing a new hideout in the ruins of the Villa Auditore. After restoring the electricity in the old tunnels under the villa, the player once again takes control of Ezio Auditore through Desmond's genetic memory, using the Animus 2.0 (which is the game's memory interface). Their mission is to find the Apple of Eden, an important and mysterious artifact that could prevent the impending disaster that is coming in that same year, believed to be perpetrated by the Templars.", "Desmond Miles. According to lead designer Steve Masters, Desmond's story ends in Assassins Creed III: \"What we’re trying to do is bring some finality to Desmond’s story. To actually wrap up what you’ve opened and experienced with him.\" Creative director of the series, Jean Guesdon, said that Desmond is an important character in the Assassin's Creed series, and will be playing a large part in Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag.[29]", "Assassin's Creed. Desmond and his allies retreat to the ruins of the Monteriggioni villa, and Desmond reenters the Animus to continue Ezio's memories, specifically to identify the location of the Apple. After facing Rodrigo Borgia, Ezio returned to Monteriggioni, but the villa is soon attacked by forces under the command of Cesare Borgia, Rodrigo's son. Mario is killed and the Apple is stolen. Ezio vows revenge by helping to free the people of Rome from the Borgia family. As Ezio works covertly to turn the city against the Borgias, he gains followers that want to join his cause, and Ezio trains them in the way of the Assassins. In an attempt to assassinate Cesare and Rodrigo at the Castel Sant'Angelo, Ezio instead witnesses Cesare forcing his father to eat a poisoned apple that Rodrigo had prepared to kill his son. Ezio chases down Cesare and eventually captures him and recovers the Apple. Cesare is taken to prison in Viana, Spain but manages to escape with help of his allies. The Assassins lead the fight against Cesare and the remaining loyal Borgia troops, and eventually Ezio throws Cesare from the castle walls, killing him. With no perceived further threats, Ezio takes to hide the Apple under the Colosseum. In the present, Desmond is able to navigate through the underground chambers beneath the Colosseum to locate the Apple. As he picks it up, Desmond is witness to another hologram figure, calling herself Juno, and who controls Desmond to stab Lucy (because Lucy has defected to the Templars) before he falls into a coma.", "Assassin's Creed. Assassin's Creed Volume 1: Desmond is a French-language graphic novel written by Eric Corbeyran and drawn by Djilalli Defaux. It has been released in France, Canada, Belgium, Poland and Italy. The comic book was published on November 13, 2009, a few days before Assassin's Creed II was released.[80] The story is a retelling of events from Assassin's Creed and the beginning of Assassin's Creed II, mostly from Desmond's modern perspective; for example it is revealed that Lucy helped the Templars to kidnap Desmond. It also features Subject 16 (referred to as Michael) and a Roman assassin named Aquilus. However, events in the comic book are different from what happens in the game. It is said that Subject 16 is alive but trapped in the animus, a virtual reality simulator used to relive memories of ancient relatives, but there's no mention of Shaun or Rebecca.[81]", "Desmond Miles. Desmond awakes from his coma, who is noticeably thinner and frail after a long time in Animus. With the help of his father and friends, he relives the memories of his ancestor Ratonhnhaké:ton (1756-unknown; Colonial America),[3] and he must find his way into the Central Vault and stop the world from perishing. Using the new Animus 3.0, Desmond begins to live another of his ancestor's memories: Native American (Mohawk) Assassin, Ratonhnhaké:ton, who fought during the American Revolution.After he relives the life of Ratonhnhaké:ton and kills Warren Vidic and Daniel Cross, he finds the key to the secret door. Desmond opens the door and speaks with Juno. Minerva suddenly appears and tells Desmond that while they were planning to save the world, Juno wanted to use the machines and set in motion her plans of global conquest and return of the old order.", "Assassin's Creed: Revelations. Upon hearing Jupiter's words, Desmond awakens from his coma and finds Rebecca and William standing with him, along with Shaun, who has returned from Rome. Desmond states that he knows what they must now do; meanwhile, the central vault activates underground.", "List of Assassin's Creed characters. Desmond Miles (March 13, 1987[1]–December 21, 2012),[2] a member of the Assassin Order in the 21st century and a descendant of numerous familial lines that had sworn an allegiance to the Assassins; including individuals such as Aquilus, Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, Ezio Auditore de Firenze, Edward Kenway and Connor/Ratonhnhaké:ton. He ended his own life for the sake of the planet in 2012. He is voiced by actor Nolan North.[3]", "Assassin's Creed III. In 2012, Desmond retrieves the Key and accesses the Temple's inner chambers. Juno informs him that activating the pedestal will save the world, but at the cost of his life. Minerva appears before them, opposing the plan as it will free Juno, who was sealed away in the temple to prevent her conquering humanity. Juno and Minerva explain that if the solar flare occurs, Desmond will be one of the few survivors in a post-apocalyptic world. After Desmond's later death, he will become revered as a god, whose well-intended legacy will be manipulated to control future generations, restarting the cycle. Desmond chooses to sacrifice himself in order to save humanity and give them the opportunity to fight Juno rather than be destroyed. William, Shaun, and Rebecca leave the temple as Desmond activates the pedestal; a global aurora protects the planet from the solar eruption. Juno commends Desmond's choice and declares that it is time for her part to begin.", "Desmond Miles. Despite his physical death, Desmond is still a powerful asset for Templars and Assassins. Shortly after Desmond's death, a sample recovery team from Abstergo is sent to collect his body and samples for the new Sample 17. Desmond's DNA is stored in Abstergo Entertainment's servers, where a crew of analysts are tasked with reliving his copied genetic memories and learning about his ancestors. One of them, the player character, is tasked with reliving the memories of Edward Kenway, Ratonhnhaké:ton's grandfather and a pirate, collecting enough data to lead the Abstergo to the Observatory, a First Civilization's temple hosting an advanced tracking device and several vials of First Civilization's blood samples. This allows Abstergo Entertainment to fund its operations by writing a movie about the Golden Age of Piracy.", "Assassin's Creed: Revelations. Upon awakening on Animus Island, the original Animus testing program located within the Black Room, Desmond meets the consciousness of Clay Kaczmarek (Subject 16), who occupied Abstergo's Animus before him. Clay explains that Desmond's mind is broken, and the only way for him to repair it is by reliving his ancestors' memories until there is nothing left for them to show Desmond, at which point the Animus can separate Desmond from Ezio and Altaïr, and awaken Desmond from his coma.", "Assassin's Creed. Lucy returns and breaks Desmond out of Abstergo, taking him to an Assassin safehouse to work alongside Shaun, a historian, and Rebecca, their technical support. Using an improved version of the Animus, Desmond takes witness to Ezio Auditore da Firenze, a young nobleman from the late 15th century in Florence, shortly before the execution of Ezio's father and brothers by order of a corrupt official working for the Templars. He, his mother, and sister take to hiding at the Monteriggioni villa owned by his uncle Mario, who helps to train Ezio in the ways of an Assassin. Ezio and Mario discover that Rodrigo Borgia is the figurehead of a number of Templars all who were accomplices in the execution of his family, and with help of allies like Leonardo da Vinci, methodically assassinate the lower-ranked Templars, while learning that Borgia has acquired a Piece of Eden called the Apple. Eventually, Ezio corners Borgia, who hands over the Piece and flees; Ezio is inducted into the ranks of the Brotherhood and believed to be a prophet based on their codex. A decade later, the Brotherhood learns that Borgia has since become Pope Alexander VI, using the Church's influence to strengthen the Templars. Ezio invades Vatican City and confronts Borgia, discovering that the Papal staff is also a Piece of Eden. Defeating Borgia but sparing his life, Ezio uses both the Apple and the Papal staff to reveal a chamber of ancient technology. Inside, he is addressed by a hologram of a humanoid female that calls herself Minerva who speaks directly to Desmond through Ezio. Minerva explains how her society had pre-dated humanity's, but a great disaster nearly wiped them out, and warns that another event is due to occur soon, putting the fate of humanity in Desmond's hands. Upon this discovery, Desmond and his allies find the safehouse has been compromised by Abstergo and flee.", "Assassin's Creed. Connor eventually faces his father, who offers a ceasefire, as he is also after Benjamin Church for usurping his authority. They team up to investigate, Kenway warns Connor about the Patriots, seeking to remove Connor's people from their lands due to fear of an allegiance against the British. Connor eventually hunts and kills Lee, takes the medallion and ends the Templar threat. He is despondent to find his tribe's village abandoned save for the Piece of Eden; through it, Juno tells him to hide the amulet. Desmond wakes up on December 21, and with his allies finds the buried medallion, key to the inner Temple door, behind is a control sphere capable of stopping the solar flare. Juno appears and encourages Desmond to touch it, but Minerva appears and warns him not to, as it would release Juno as an entity that would protect against the solar flare, but would also be a threat to mankind's future. Juno says Minerva would rather have most of humanity wiped out, and Desmond survive to be a religious figure to lead the survivors, ultimately leading into conflict. Desmond opts to release Juno, believing humanity will have a better chance fighting Juno. The energy from the control sphere, protects Earth from the solar flare, but kills Desmond. Juno tells Desmond's corpse that his work is now done, and now it is time for her to work.", "Assassin's Creed. While the games are often presented through protagonist Desmond Miles, the bulk of the game is played as Desmond experiences the memories of his ancestors through an advanced device called the Animus. This provides a means of a diegetic interface, showing Desmond's ancestor's health, equipment, goals, and other features as part of the Animus interface. The Animus is based on the player controlling the assassin to maintain the synchronization between Desmond and his ancestor's memories. Performing actions that go against the Assassin's way or dying breaks the synchronization, effectively requiring the player to restart at a previous checkpoint. Furthermore, the player cannot explore outside areas that the assassin has not experienced yet. There are also abnormalities within the Animus from previous users of the device.", "Assassin's Creed: Revelations. The game continues Desmond's story in the present day, following the events of Brotherhood, where he is trapped in the Animus 2.0, in a comatose state,[13] in which he has found a safe mode known as \"the Black Room\". Here, Desmond must find a \"synch nexus\", a key memory that links him with Altaïr and Ezio, to reintegrate his splintered subconscious and awaken from his coma.[11] While in game, Ezio meets a variety of historical characters, including: Manuel Palaiologos, an heir to the now-lost Byzantine Empire; Byzantine Templars lurking in the shadows of Constantinople;[14] Prince Suleiman, a man who will one day become one of the Ottoman Empire's greatest Sultans; and his uncle, Prince Ahmet.", "Desmond Miles. Within the Animus, Desmond finds himself in the Black Room, a \"safe mode\" area for the device. In the Black Room's \"Animus Island\", he meets the digital construct of Subject 16, who explains that Desmond must find a memory that links him with Altaïr and Ezio so he can reintegrate his shattered subconscious and awaken from his coma. While in this state, Desmond can hear conversations between his father, William \"Bill\" Miles, Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane. When the Animus begins to delete Animus Island, Subject 16 sacrifices himself to prevent Desmond's consciousness from being deleted, but not before transferring his own genetic memories onto Desmond. After awakening from his coma, Desmond sees Shaun, Rebecca, and Bill around him. When William asks if he is alright, Desmond simply states that he knows what they have to do.[28]", "Assassin's Creed. Desmond and his allies arrive at the Temple entrance in a cave in the New York area on October 31, 2012, and open its door using the Apple of Eden, discovering a larger chamber of Precursor technology behind it, including another door requiring a key. Desmond suddenly falls into a fugue state, and is put into the Animus.", "Assassin's Creed II. With several sections of memory too corrupted to access (later made available as DLC Sequences), the team sends Desmond to the final memory, set in 1499. With Rodrigo now secure in his position as Pope Alexander VI, Ezio infiltrates Vatican City during Mass and beats him in a fistfight. Rather than kill his nemesis, he lets him live with the knowledge that he has failed.[6] Combining the Apple and Staff, he opens the entrance to the vault. Inside, he is contacted by a strange woman named Minerva. Aware that Desmond is listening, she explains how her people, the \"First Civilization\", created humanity to serve them, but were subsequently destroyed by an unknown catastrophe. The survivors joined forces with their former servants, building a network of vaults to both preserve their technology and culture and serve as a preventative measure against a future disaster. Before vanishing, she tells Desmond that only he has the power to fulfill this \"prophecy\", leaving both him and Ezio confused as to what she means." ]

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[ "Jump (For My Love). \"Jump (For My Love)\" is a song by American vocal group The Pointer Sisters, released by the Planet label on April 11, 1984 as the third single from their tenth studio album Break Out (1983). The song was originally titled \"Jump\" but was changed to \"Jump (For My Love)\" prior to its release as a single to avoid confusion with the 1983 Van Halen hit \"Jump\".", "Jump (For My Love). At the 1985 ASCAP Pop Awards, \"Jump (For My Love)\" received \"Most Performed Song\" honors for songs in the ASCAP repertory during the 1984 ASCAP Survey Year. \"Jump (For My Love)\" is published by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Anidraks Music,Inc., and Stephen Mitchell Music, Inc.", "Jump (For My Love). The first hit song co-written by Marti Sharron - who in the mid-1970s had been a staff writer for Miami-based disco pioneer TK Records [1] along with co-writers Gary Skardina and Stephen Mitchell - \"Jump (For My Love)\" typified the overall sound of Break Out but was passed over as the album's lead single in favor of the ballad \"I Need You,\" which producer Richard Perry felt would reinforce the Pointer Sisters' presence at R&B radio. Although originally scheduled as the album's second single, \"Jump\" was superseded by another Break Out track, \"Automatic\", which had enjoyed heavy radio and dance club airplay as an album cut.[2] \"Automatic\" returned the Pointer Sisters to the Pop Top Ten after a three-year absence; however, \"Jump (For My Love)\" became the most successful US single off of Break Out upon its release as the album's third single in April 1984. The song ascended to a peak of #3 on both the Hot 100 and R&B chart in Billboard magazine that July, with the track also charting on Billboard's adult contemporary chart at #11.", "Jump (For My Love). The song debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, behind Westlife's cover of Barry Manilow's \"Mandy\".[41] Coincidentally, both bands were managed by Louis Walsh at the time.[42] \"Jump\" fell just two places the following week.[43] The single spent four more weeks in the top twenty before falling. Overall, the song managed to spend a total of fourteen weeks in the top 75.[44] It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry.[45]", "Jump (For My Love). \"Jump (For My Love)\" would afford the Pointer Sisters an international hit, charting in Belgium (#3 on the Flemish chart), Germany (#20), Ireland (#2), the Netherlands (#9), New Zealand (#3), Switzerland (#13), and the UK (#6). In Australia, \"Jump\" was issued as the lead single off Break Out in December 1983 and peaked at #79: reissued after \"Automatic,\" it would reach an Australian chart peak of #8 in the summer of 1984. The Australian single release of \"Jump\" was also unique in featuring as B-side the Break Out track \"Operator\" with Anita Pointer on lead; in other territories, \"Heart Beat\", a track with Ruth Pointer on lead introduced on the Pointer Sisters previous album So Excited!, was utilized as the B-side of \"Jump (For My Love).\" Released prior to the 1984 Summer Olympics games, the song's video featured footage of athletes competing in track and field events, as well as NBA stars Julius Erving and Magic Johnson. The Pointer Sisters were awarded the 1985 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for \"Jump (For My Love)\", and Steve Mitchell (co-writer) received his nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance in 1985 for his musical performance as the principle musician on the song's recording.", "Jump (For My Love). The single was released on 17 November 2003 in the UK. It was available on two different CD single formats and as a cassette tape. The first disc includes \"Girls Allowed\", a track from Girls Aloud's debut album Sound of the Underground, and a cover of \"Grease\" which was recorded for ITV1's Greasemania.[32] The second CD format featured another track from Sound of the Underground, the Betty Boo-produced \"Love Bomb\", and the Almighty Vocal Mix of \"Jump\".[33] Meanwhile, the cassette tape (and the European CD) feature the single and the Almighty Vocal Mix of \"Girls Allowed\".[34] Flip & Fill's remix of \"Jump\" appeared on CD1 of Girls Aloud's next single, \"The Show\", and the original Almighty Remix of \"Jump\" appeared on the \"Long Hot Summer\" 12\" picture disc.", "Jump (For My Love). \"Jump\" is one of the few Girls Aloud songs that received an international release outside of the United Kingdom and Ireland, reaching the top ten in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden.[55]", "Jump (For My Love). \"Jump (For My Love)\" has also been recorded by Fork (fi) (album Pink Noise Live/ 2011), Out of the Blue (as \"Jump\" on album Live 2011/ 2011), Girls Aloud (as Jump on album \"Sounds of the Underground 2003\") and the Young Divas (album New Attitude/ 2007). In 1984 \"Jump...\" was utilized as a television commercial jingle for Bounce dryer sheets: produced by Michael Zager, the jingle's lead vocal was by veteran session singer Cissy Houston whose daughter Whitney Houston, then in the process of recording her self-titled debut album, sang back-up.[74]", "Jump (For My Love). UK Cassette / Europe (Polydor / 9814531)", "Jump (For My Love). On the Irish Singles Chart, \"Jump\" entered at number two behind \"Mandy\" and spent an impressive three consecutive weeks at its peak.[46][47][48] In its fourth week on the Irish chart, \"Jump\" slipped just two positions to number four.[49] It spent two more weeks in the top ten at numbers seven and nine respectively,[50][51] before rising up the chart again to spend two weeks at number six.[52][53] \"Jump\" spent a final week in the Irish top ten before falling down the chart.[54]", "Jump (For My Love). In 2003, British girl group Girls Aloud covered \"Jump\" for the soundtrack to the romantic comedy film Love Actually (2003) although ultimately it was not used in the movie; the Pointer Sisters' original was instead. Their version was produced by Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania, recorded at the request of Love Actually director Richard Curtis. Upon its release in November 2003, \"Jump\" continued Girls Aloud's string of hits, peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart and receiving a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry. Their version appeared on the re-release of their debut album Sound of the Underground and was also included on 2004's What Will the Neighbours Say?. The song was also featured in Just Dance 3 for the Wii, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3.", "Jump (For My Love). UK CD1 (Polydor / 9814103)", "Jump (For My Love). \"Jump\" was promoted through various live appearances on television shows across the UK. Girls Aloud appeared on programmes like CD:UK, GMTV, Popworld, The Rolf Harris Show, Top of the Pops, Top of the Pops Saturday (twice), UK Top 40: CBBC Viewers' Vote, and Xchange. They also performed at events such as the UK's National Music Awards and 2003's Children in Need telethon. In Europe, Girls Aloud performed \"Jump\" on the Netherlands' national lottery Staatsloterij (The State Lottery). During the summer of 2004, Girls Aloud performed the show at a number of festivals and open-air concerts, such as Live & Loud, O2 in the Park, Pop Beach, and CBBC's Junior Great North Run charity concert. Girls Aloud also performed it on their MTV special in October 2004, as seen on the subsequent DVD Girls on Film. In 2006, the group performed \"Jump\" for a television show entitled All Time Greatest Movie Songs.", "Jump (For My Love). The director of Love Actually, Richard Curtis, phoned Xenomania while they were in a taxi in Berlin to tell them he thought \"Jump\" would make a good Girls Aloud single.[31] Girls Aloud's version of \"Jump\" was not featured in the film itself. Love Actually uses the Pointer Sisters' original version due to international audiences being unaware of Girls Aloud, who feature in the end credits. Girls Aloud do, however, appear on the British soundtrack. The fourth single would have been the album track \"Some Kind of Miracle\" had the soundtrack opportunity not arisen.[31] Girls Aloud's version retains the 1980s feel of the original, using a Roland Jupiter-6 in the chorus.[31]", "Jump (For My Love). Critics generally gave negative reviews to \"Jump\". One said \"the girls sound bored singing it and the listener is certainly fed up by the time the song finishes.\"[35] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian exclaimed, \"Xenomania throw everything they have at the track, but can't rescue a duff song.\"[36] The track was slated by Lisa Verrico of The Times, who said it \"takes whatever credibility [Girls Aloud] had left and runs off with it. Horrible bass, klutzy production and so-so singing put the girls at the bottom of the pop pile\".[37] RTÉ.ie said that \"fans of the group will love it, but the rest of us will just wonder why, particularly since the original is so much better.\"[38] On the other hand, David Hooper of BBC Music complimented the track in his review of Girls Aloud's second album: \"Twenty years on, this version updates the song nicely with a welcome return of those buzzy synth sounds and gnarly bass noises from \"The Show\". Good work.\"[39] Paul Scott of Stylus Magazine was similarly favourable, saying it \"demonstrates their phenomenal power in finding a certain joy in ugliness. It’s an authentic inauthenticity set to the sound of a thousand discothèques. It’s being surrounded by a drunken hen party and finding enchantment instead of repulsion.\"[40]", "Jump (For My Love). Since its release, \"Jump\" has been included on each of Girls Aloud's tours in some capacity. The track was included as the penultimate song on their 2005 tour What Will the Neighbours Say? Live.[57] Performed amidst neon lights, the song's arrangement was closer to the Pointer Sisters' original version. For 2006's Chemistry Tour, \"Jump\" was included as the encore. The performance included a dance breakdown over a military drum. As the song reached its climax, pyrotechnics went off and confetti fell. There is a final explosion as Girls Aloud descend beneath the stage. It was included in the first section of 2007's The Sound of Girls Aloud: The Greatest Hits Tour. The song was included as the penultimate song again for 2008's Tangled Up Tour. The performance included an extended intro in which Girls Aloud commanded the crowd to jump. The song was slightly remixed for this tour. For 2009's Out of Control Tour, \"Jump\" was included in a greatest hits medley which closed the show.[58][59]", "Jump (For My Love). The single has also been performed at Girls Aloud's appearances at V Festival in 2006 and 2008. They also performed it at Twickenham Stadium in 2006 after a rugby match between the England national rugby union team and New Zealand's.", "Jump (For My Love). The Singles Boxset (CD4)", "Jump (For My Love). UK CD2 (Polydor / 9814104)", "Jump (For My Love). These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of \"Jump\".", "Jump (For My Love). According to Cheryl Cole in Girls Aloud's 2008 autobiography Dreams That Glitter - Our Story, the single \"was the point when we realized everything we'd been doing was quite down and moody [...] and that's not what people wanted.\" Nicola Roberts further stated it \"was meant to be. It was a turning point and everyone loved it.\"", "Jump (For My Love). The music video was intertwined with scenes from Love Actually to make it appear that Girls Aloud snuck into 10 Downing Street to spy on the Prime Minister (Hugh Grant). \"Jump\" was promoted through various live appearances and has since been performed on all of the group's concert tours. Despite receiving criticism from contemporary music critics, \"Jump\" has been seen as a turning point in Girls Aloud's career.", "Jump (For My Love). 1997 covert Groove Terminator \"Jump\" for his album it's on. Unlike the original, this cover is very electronically backed and very adapted to the style of the 1990s. From the cover exists on the CD single also extended version and a remix. Some are Techno influences mentioned in the cover.", "Jump (For My Love). Australia (Polydor / 7642342)", "Jump (For My Love). The music video for \"Jump\", filmed on November 13, 2003 and directed by Katie Bell,[56] was made to appear as if it was intertwined with the film Love Actually. During the video, the members of Girls Aloud sneak into the residence of the Prime Minister, played by Hugh Grant in the film. The group sneaks into 10 Downing Street through a bedroom window before tiptoeing down a set of stairs and looking around an empty, unlit conference room. Girls Aloud eventually re-exit through the window. Various shots of the women singing and dancing, like those featured on the single's artwork, are shown throughout the video. A Grant lookalike was also hired for the music video.", "Jump (Kris Kross song). Chris \"Mac Daddy\" Kelly and Chris \"Daddy Mac\" Smith were only twelve and thirteen years old when they recorded the song. \"Jump\" was written and produced by Jermaine Dupri. It was the fastest selling single in fifteen years and stayed on top of the Billboard Hot 100 for eight weeks. Kris Kross's debut album Totally Krossed Out, which features \"Jump\", sold over four million copies. It also reached number one on the charts in Australia and New Zealand, and number 2 in the United Kingdom, held off the top by KWS' cover song \"Please Don't Go\". This song kept Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", En Vogue's \"My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)\" and the Red Hot Chili Peppers' \"Under The Bridge\" from the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100, in which all three songs peaked at number 2. At the time of its eight-week run, it was the longest running No. 1 since The Police's \"Every Breath You Take\" spent eight weeks at No. 1 in the summer of 1983.", "Jump in My Car. \"Jump in My Car\" is a song originally recorded by Australian rock band Ted Mulry Gang in 1975. The song was written by Australian singer Ted Mulry and guitarist Les Hall, and was the first hit for the band in Australia. \"Jump In My Car\" was number one in Australia in 1976 for six weeks.", "Jump (For My Love). A version of the music video without scenes from Love Actually can be found on Girls Aloud's 2005 DVD release Girls on Film. The video also appears on 2007's Style.", "Jump (Van Halen song). David Lee Roth dedicated the song to martial artist Benny Urquidez, of whom he was a student.[3]", "Louis Jordan. The rock singer Joe Jackson recorded Jumpin' Jive in 1981, which featured several songs by Jordan.", "Jump (Van Halen song). \"Jump\" is a song by American hard rock band Van Halen. It was released in December 1983 as the lead single from their album 1984. It is Van Halen's most successful single to date, reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100.[2] The song differs from earlier Van Halen songs in that it is driven by a rolling synth line (played on an Oberheim OB-Xa), although the song does contain a guitar solo, which was spliced together from multiple takes.", "Jump (Van Halen song). \"Jump\" was the theme song for the introduction of Chicago Cubs broadcasts on WGN-TV in 1984 and 1985." ]

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[ "Choo Choo Soul. Choo Choo Soul is a children's entertainment act composed of Genevieve Goings and her partner Constantine \"DC\" Abramson[1], a dancer and beat boxer dressed as a railroad engineer.[2]", "Choo Choo Soul. Choo Choo Soul began as a collaboration between video game developer Greg Johnson, recording engineer and sound designer Burke Trieschmann, and vocalist Genevieve Goings during dialogue recordings for ToeJam & Earl III: Mission to Earth, the first Xbox installment of the ToeJam & Earl video game franchise.[3] Johnson created the concept and recorded melodies and accompaniment tracks onto his cellphone and e-mailed them to Treischmann to develop. Once in the studio, Goings provided vocals.[4]", "Choo Choo Soul. Choo Choo Soul has been touring the U.S. and Canada from 2007, and was the opening act for the Imagination Movers during their Big Warehouse Tour in 2011. They toured 56 cities.[7]", "Choo Choo Soul. Choo Choo Soul also performed at the 2011 California State Fair in Sacramento.[8]", "Choo Choo Soul. In 2007, \"Choo Choo Soul with Beautiful Genevieve!\" was honored with a Parents' Choice Award for children's television.[5]", "Diana Sowle. Sowle is most notable for her role of Mrs. Bucket (Charlie Bucket's mother) in the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, and her performance of the song \"Cheer Up Charlie\" (although dubbed by Diana Lee[1])in that film. Following the death of Leonard Stone in 2011 (who played Mr. Sam Beauregarde in the film), she is the last surviving parent of a child character in the film. Following the death of Gene Wilder in 2016, she became one of few living adult cast members, the others being [2] as Tim Brooke-Taylor who played the computer scientist, Gloria Manon who played Mrs. Curtis, and three Oompa-Loompas, including Rusty Goffe.", "Roberta Flack. In 1971, Flack was a member of the legendary 1971 Soul to Soul concert film by Denis Sanders, which was headlined by soul singer Wilson Picket along with R&B duo Ike & Tina Turner, the Santana band featuring electric guitarist and Mexican-American Carlos Santana, gospel, soul, and R&B group The Staple Singers, soul pianist/vocalist Les McCann and saxophonist Eddie Harris, and The Voices of Harlem among others. The U.S. delegation of musical artists was invited to perform for 14th anniversary of African independence in Ghana.[13] The film was digitally reissued as DVD and CD packet in 2004 but Roberta Flack declined permission for her image and recording to be included for unknown reasons. Her captivating a cappella performance of the traditional spiritual \"Oh Freedom\" retitled \"Freedom Song\" on the original Soul to Soul LP soundtrack is only available in the VHS version of the film.[14][15]", "Choo Choo Soul. Choo Choo Soul has performed live on several occasions in 2007, including September and October shows at the Disney-MGM Studios theme park at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida, a performance at the Boston Globe Children's Book Festival in Boston, Massachusetts on September 15 and several shows in June 2009 at Sesame Place located near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They have performed at Sea World Orlando in 2012 and 2013 at the \"Just for Kids\" Event in January.", "Radio Disney. Choo Choo Soul stars and host for Disney Junior radio at the 2016 White House Easter Egg Roll.", "Dora Bryan. Instantly recognisable from her voice, which became a trademark of her performances, she followed many of her theatre contemporaries into film acting, generally playing supporting roles. She often played women of easy virtue—for example in The Fallen Idol (1948), one of her earliest films, and Ealing's The Blue Lamp (1950). She appeared in similarly stereotypical female roles in other films, for example Gift Horse (1952), The Cockleshell Heroes (1955), The Green Man (1956) and Carry On Sergeant (1958).", "Vivien Leigh. In 1917, Ernest Hartley was transferred to Bangalore as an officer in the Indian Cavalry, while Gertrude and Vivian stayed in Ootacamund.[6] At the age of three, young Vivian made her first stage appearance for her mother's amateur theatre group, reciting \"Little Bo Peep\".[7] Gertrude Hartley tried to instill an appreciation of literature in her daughter and introduced her to the works of Hans Christian Andersen, Lewis Carroll and Rudyard Kipling, as well as stories of Greek mythology and Indian folklore.[8] At the age of six, Vivian was sent by her mother from Loreto Convent, Darjeeling, to the Convent of the Sacred Heart (now Woldingham School) then situated in Roehampton, southwest London.[9] One of her friends there was future actress Maureen O'Sullivan, two years her senior, to whom Vivian expressed her desire to become \"a great actress\".[10][11] She was removed from the school by her father, and travelling with her parents for four years, she attended schools in Europe, notably in Dinard, Biarritz, San Remo and Paris, becoming fluent in both French and Italian.[12] The family returned to Britain in 1931. She attended A Connecticut Yankee, one of O'Sullivan's films playing in London's West End, and told her parents of her ambitions to become an actress. Shortly after, her father enrolled Vivian at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London.[13]", "Elisabeth Shue. In May 1990, Shue made her Broadway debut in Some American Abroad at the Lincoln Center.[14] Also on Broadway, in 1993, she performed in Tina Howe's production of Birth and After Birth.[15] Also in 1993, she played Robert Downey Jr.'s girlfriend in the romantic comedy Heart and Souls.", "Nichelle Nichols. Grace Dell Nichols was born in Robbins, Illinois, near Chicago, to Samuel Earl Nichols, a factory worker who was elected both town mayor of Robbins and its chief magistrate, and his wife, Lishia (Parks) Nichols.[5] Later, the family moved into an apartment in Chicago. She studied in Chicago as well as New York and Los Angeles. Her break came in an appearance in Kicks and Co., Oscar Brown's highly touted, but ill-fated 1961 musical.[6] In a thinly veiled satire of Playboy magazine, she played Hazel Sharpe, a voluptuous campus queen who was being tempted by the devil and Orgy Magazine to become \"Orgy Maiden of the Month\". Although the play closed after its brief try-out in Chicago, in an ironic twist, she attracted the attention of Hugh Hefner, the publisher of Playboy, who booked her for his Chicago Playboy Club.[7][8] While still in Chicago, she performed at the \"Blue Angel\", and in New York, Nichols appeared at that city's Blue Angel as a dancer and singer.[citation needed] She also appeared in the role of Carmen for a Chicago stock company production of Carmen Jones and performed in a New York production of Porgy and Bess. Between acting and singing engagements, Nichols did occasional modeling work.", "AnnaSophia Robb. AnnaSophia Robb (born December 8, 1993) is an American actress, singer, and model. Her film work includes Because of Winn-Dixie (2005), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), Bridge to Terabithia (2007), Race to Witch Mountain (2009), Soul Surfer (2011), and The Way, Way Back (2013). She also played the lead role of Carrie Bradshaw on The CW's series The Carrie Diaries from 2013 to 2014.", "Della Reese. In 1969, Reese began a transition into acting work which would eventually lead to her highest profile. Her first attempt at television stardom was a talk show series, Della, which was cancelled after 197 episodes (June 9, 1969 – March 13, 1970).[8] In 1970, Reese became the first black woman to guest host The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. She appeared in several TV movies and miniseries, was a regular on Chico and the Man and played the mother of B. A. Baracus in The A-Team episode \"Lease with an Option to Die\". In 1991, she starred opposite her old friend Redd Foxx in his final sitcom, The Royal Family, but his death halted production of the series for several months. Reese also did voice-over for the late 1980s Hanna-Barbera animated series A Pup Named Scooby-Doo on ABC. In 1989, she starred alongside Eddie Murphy, Richard Pryor and Redd Foxx in the film Harlem Nights, in which she performed a fight scene with Eddie Murphy. Reese appeared as a panelist on several episodes of the popular television game show Match Game.", "Choo Choo Soul. Choo Choo Soul tours regularly across the U.S. and Canada.", "Roopa Ganguly. Ganguly had won numerous awards including a National Award, Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards for two times and Kalakar Awards for three times. In 2011, she was awarded the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for rendering her voice in Aditi Roy's Bengali film Abosheshey.[61] She was awarded for her husky and haunting voice in the songs Dure Kothay[62] and Aji Bijan Ghare.[63]", "Rosario Salazar. A native of El Salvador, Rosario was a school teacher who received a bachelor's degree in clinical psychology from the University of Texas and who almost got a master's degree (three credits short); she, at some point, also attended business school. At some point, she moved to The Bronx, presumably while studying business, however, Karen makes a comment, that she bought Rosario from Rosario's parents, and another comment made by Jack is that she smuggles staff from Latin America, namely Mexico and probably El Salvador as well. While there, she also performed with a then-unknown Jennifer Lopez, including a production of \"Tea for Two\" at the Shalom Retirement Center. At one point, she was also paid to tape pornographic videos for Tommy Lee.", "Della Reese. Della Reese was born Delloreese Patricia Early on July 6, 1931, in the historic Black Bottom neighborhood of Detroit, Michigan, to Richard Thaddeus Early, an African American steelworker, and Nellie (Mitchelle), a Native American cook of the Cherokee tribe.[3][4][5] Her mother had had several children before Reese's birth, none of whom lived with her; hence, Reese grew up as an only child. At six years old, Reese began singing in church. From this experience, she became an avid gospel singer. On weekends in the 1940s, she and her mother would go to the movies independently to watch the likes of Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, and Lena Horne portray glamorous lives on screen. Afterwards, Reese would act out the scenes from the films. In 1944, she began her career directing the young people's choir, after she had nurtured acting plus her obvious musical talent. She was often chosen, on radio, as a regular singer. At the age of 13, she was hired to sing with Mahalia Jackson's gospel group. Delloreese entered Detroit's popular Cass Technical High School (where she attended the same year as Edna Rae Gillooly, later known as Ellen Burstyn). She also continued with her touring with Jackson. With higher grades, she was the first in her family to graduate from high school in 1947, at only 15.", "Soleil Moon Frye. During the 1990s, she guest starred on several television series including The Wonder Years, Saved by the Bell, and Friends, and voiced characters for the animated series Tiny Toon Adventures and The Cartoon Cartoon Show. In addition to her television work, Frye has appeared in the films The Liars' Club (1993) and Pumpkinhead II: Blood Wings (1995) and in stage productions of Orestes, I Murdered My Mother and The Housekeeper.", "Hee Haw. Other cast members over the years included, but were not limited to: Roy Acuff, Cathy Baker (as the show's emcee), Billy Jim Baker, Barbi Benton, Kelly Billingsley, Vicki Bird, Jennifer Bishop, Archie Campbell, Phil Campbell, Harry Cole (Weeping Willie), Mackenzie Colt, John Henry Faulk, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Marianne Gordon (Rogers), Jim and Jon Hager, Victoria Hallman, Diana Goodman, Gunilla Hutton, Linda Johnson, Grandpa Jones, Zella Lehr (the \"unicycle girl\"), George Lindsey (reprising his \"Goober\" character from The Andy Griffith Show), Jimmy Little, Irlene Mandrell, Charlie McCoy, Dawn McKinley, Patricia McKinnon, Sherry Miles, Rev. Grady Nutt, Minnie Pearl, Claude \"Jackie\" Phelps, Slim Pickens, Kenny Price, Anne Randall, Chase Randolph, Susan Raye, Jimmie Riddle, Jeannine Riley, Alice Ripley, Lulu Roman, Misty Rowe, Junior Samples, Ray Sanders, Terry Sanders, Gailard Sartain, Diana Scott, Gerald Smith (the \"Georgia Quacker\"), Jeff Smith, Donna Stokes, Dennis Stone, Roni Stoneman, Mary Taylor, Nancy Taylor, Linda Thompson, Lisa Todd, Pedro Tomas, Nancy Traylor, Buck Trent, Jackie Waddell, Pat Woodell, and Jonathan Winters, among many others.", "Cissy Houston. Houston sang back-up on Bette Midler's 1972 debut album, The Divine Miss M. In 1974, Houston sang back-up on Linda Ronstadt's multi-Platinum Heart Like A Wheel, a seminal album that topped Billboard′s Pop and Country Album Charts in early 1975. In 1971, Houston was featured on three tracks of Burt Bacharach's self-titled solo album: \"Mexican Divorce\", \"All Kinds of People\" and \"One Less Bell to Answer\". During 1975 and 1976, she worked with jazz flautist Herbie Mann on three Atlantic albums, Discothèque, Waterbed and Surprises, featuring on three tracks, \"Violet Don't Be Blue\", JJ Cale's \"Cajun Moon\" and \"Easter Rising\". In addition to her work as choirmaster at New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, NJ, Cissy performed frequently at clubs in NYC including Mikell's, Sweetwaters, Seventh Avenue South, and Fat Tuesday from the late 1970s through the 1980s. Whitney Houston, her daughter and backup singer, increasingly sang solos with Cissy's band, including the Barbra Streisand hit \"Evergreen\". They would collaborate on \"Ain't No Way\" (originally a Cissy Houston and Aretha Franklin vehicle), on which Cissy sang \"Cissy\" and Whitney \"Aretha\".", "Georgia Engel. After college, Engel appeared in musical productions with Washington's American Light Opera Company. She moved to New York City in 1969, appearing Off-Broadway in Lend an Ear, and for a year as Minnie Fay in the Broadway production of Hello, Dolly!, starting in December 1969.[5] A 1971 off-Broadway production of The House of Blue Leaves eventually played in Los Angeles, where Engel was seen by Mary Tyler Moore and her husband, producer Grant Tinker, her soon-to-be employers.[1][6]", "Candi Staton. In 1968, Staton was introduced to Rick Hall by Clarence Carter, who became her second husband in 1970, and launched her solo career as a Southern soul stylist,[3] garnering 16 R&B hits for Rick Hall's Fame Studios and gaining the title of \"First Lady of Southern Soul\" for her Grammy-nominated R&B renditions of the songs \"Stand by Your Man\" and \"In the Ghetto\".[4] Staton appeared on the September 23, 1972 edition (Season 2, Episode 1) of Soul Train.", "Cissy Houston. In 1963, then about to give birth to daughter Whitney Houston, she formed the Sweet Inspirations with Doris Troy and niece Dee Dee Warwick. Later, under contract to Atlantic Records, Sylvia Shemwell, Estelle Brown and Myrna Smith form the line-up. During the mid-1960s, the Sweet Inspirations provided backup vocals for a variety of artists, including Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, Lou Rawls, The Drifters, Dusty Springfield and Houston's niece Dionne Warwick. They appeared on Van Morrison's single Brown Eyed Girl. Houston performed the operatic soprano[not in citation given] melody on the Aretha Franklin hit, Ain't No Way.[28] In 1967, The Sweet Inspirations sang background vocals for The Jimi Hendrix Experience on the track \"Burning of the Midnight Lamp\".[29]", "Doreen Mantle. She has appeared in many British television series from the 1960s to the present, such as The Duchess of Duke Street, The Wild House, Sam Saturday, Chalk, Casualty, The Bill, Doctors, Holby City and Jonathan Creek. She played lollipop lady Queenie in Jam & Jerusalem (2006–09). She appeared in episode 63 of Father Brown in January 2018.[3]", "Janet Leigh. Leigh had starring roles in many other films, including the stark drama The Manchurian Candidate (1962) with Frank Sinatra, and the musical comedy Bye Bye Birdie (1963) based on the hit Broadway show. Following those two films, the recently divorced/remarried Leigh took a break from her acting career and turned down several roles, including the role of Simone Clouseau in The Pink Panther, because she didn't want to go off on location and away from her family.[17] In 1966, she portrayed Paul Newman's estranged wife in the private-detective story Harper and reteamed with Jerry Lewis for the comedy Three on a Couch.", "Ruby Turner. Francella Ruby Turner MBE (born 22 June 1958) is a British Jamaican R&B and soul singer, songwriter, and actress.", "Playback singer. Playback singing is not as common in contemporary Hollywood as musicals are less frequent.[citation needed] It was, however, more widely used in the past. Notable Hollywood performances include Marni Nixon in West Side Story for Natalie Wood's portrayal of Maria, in The King and I for Deborah Kerr's Anna Leonowens and for Audrey Hepburn's Eliza in My Fair Lady; Bill Lee singing for John Kerr's Lieutenant Cable in South Pacific and for Christopher Plummer's Captain von Trapp in The Sound of Music,[22] Lindsay Ridgeway for Ashley Peldon's character as Darla Dimple in the animated film Cats Don't Dance, Claudia Brücken providing the singing voice for Erika Heynatz's character as Elsa Lichtmann in L.A. Noire, and Betty Noyes singing for Debbie Reynolds in Singin' in the Rain,[23] a movie in which playback singing is a major plot point.", "Elisabeth Moss. Moss's first screen role was in 1990, when she appeared in the NBC miniseries Lucky/Chances.[9] From 1992 until 1995, Moss appeared as Cynthia Parks in seven episodes of the TV series Picket Fences.[9] She provided the voice of Holly DeCarlo, a main character in the TV special Frosty Returns (1992) and of Michelle in the animated film Once Upon a Forest (1993). She appeared in the television remake of the 1993 film Gypsy and played Harvey Keitel's younger daughter in the film Imaginary Crimes (1994). The following year, she appeared in the remake of the Walt Disney Pictures film Escape to Witch Mountain (1995) and played a young Ashley Judd in the TV-movie biopic Love Can Build A Bridge (1995).[9] She also had a supporting role in the drama Separate Lives (1995) opposite Jim Belushi and Linda Hamilton, and a minor part in the black comedy The Last Supper (1995).[10] Moss also again provided voice work, for the animated series Freakazoid! and the television film It's Spring Training, Charlie Brown! (1996).", "Roopa Ganguly. In 2000, she appeared in Rituparno Ghosh's award-winning Bengali film Bariwali where she played the character of Sudeshna Mitra, an actress playing the character of Binodini in a film Chokher Bali directed by the male protagonist. In 2001, she appeared in a cameo role in Goutam Ghose's award-winning Bengali film Dekha. Though she made a cameo appearance in it, she garnered huge mass attention as the film was widely advertised on her enthralling dialogue, \"Sagar dekhben naa, shudhu amake dekhun.\" In the film she rendered her character with a fine, seductive approach especially in the Eki Labonyo Purna Prate song sequence where the character played by Soumitra Chatterjee recalls up an earlier moment of Ganguly gazing back at him.[40] In 2003, she appeared in Gautam Ghose's Bengali film Abar Aranye where she played the character of Shimul a buoyant woman who is grief-stricken at the deepest core of her heart for the probable loss of her husband. She appeared in a cameo role in Bow Barracks forever (2004) by Anjan Dutt.[41]", "Charlotte Rae. In 1973, Rae played the role of Southern Comfort in Terrence McNally's spoof Whiskey at Saint Clements' Theatre off-Broadway. She appeared in The Vagina Monologues off-Broadway. In 2000, she starred as Berthe in the Paper Mill Playhouse production of Pippin. In 2007, she appeared in a cabaret show at the Plush Room in San Francisco for several performances. In the 2008 movie You Don't Mess with the Zohan, Rae has a role as an older woman who has a fling with Adam Sandler's character. On February 18, 2009 she appeared in a small role as Mrs. Ford in the Life episode \"I Heart Mom\"." ]

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[ "Origins of rock and roll. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, an early use of the word \"rock\" in describing a style of music was in a review in Metronome magazine on July 21, 1938, which stated that \"Harry James' \"Lullaby in Rhythm\" really rocks.\"[28] In 1939, a review of \"Ciribiribin\" and \"Yodelin' Jive\" by the Andrews Sisters with Bing Crosby, in the journal The Musician, stated that the songs \"... rock and roll with unleashed enthusiasm tempered to strict four-four time\".[29]", "Origins of rock and roll. The alliterative phrase rocking and rolling was originally used by mariners at least as early as the 17th century, to describe the combined rocking (fore and aft) and rolling (side to side) motion of a ship on the ocean.[2] Examples include an 1821 reference, \"... prevent her from rocking and rolling ...\",[3] and an 1835 reference to a ship \"... rocking and rolling on both beam-ends\".[4] As the term referred to movement forwards, backwards and from side to side, it acquired sexual connotations from early on; the sea shanty \"Johnny Bowker\" (or \"Boker\"), probably from the early nineteenth century, contains the lines \"Oh do, my Johnny Bowker/ Come rock and roll me over\".[5][6]", "Origins of rock and roll. The phrase rocking and rolling originally described the movement of a ship on the ocean, but it was used by the early twentieth century, both to describe a spiritual fervor and as a sexual analogy. Various gospel, blues and swing recordings used the phrase before it became used more frequently – but still intermittently – in the late 1930s and 1940s, principally on recordings and in reviews of what became known as rhythm and blues music aimed at a black audience. In 1951, Cleveland-based disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the term rock and roll to describe it.[1]", "Rock and roll. The term \"rock and roll\" now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage. The American Heritage Dictionary[12] and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary[13] both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the other hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s and later developed \"into the more encompassing international style known as rock music\".[8]", "Origins of rock and roll. By the early 1940s, the term \"rock and roll\" was also being used in record reviews by Billboard journalist and columnist Maurie Orodenker. In the May 30, 1942, issue, for instance, he described Sister Rosetta Tharpe's vocals, on a re-recording of \"Rock Me\" with Lucky Millinder's band, as \"rock-and-roll spiritual singing\",[30] and on October 3, 1942, he described Count Basie's \"It's Sand, Man!\" as \"an instrumental screamer.. [which].. displays its rock and roll capacities when tackling the righteous rhythms.\"[31] In the April 25, 1945 edition, Orodenker described Erskine Hawkins' version of \"Caldonia\" as \"right rhythmic rock and roll music\", a phrase precisely repeated in his 1946 review of \"Sugar Lump\" by Joe Liggins.[32][33]", "Origins of rock and roll. At the same time, the terminology was used in secular contexts, for example to describe the motion of railroad trains. It has been suggested that it was also used by men building railroads, who would sing to keep the pace, swinging their hammers down to drill a hole into the rock, and the men who held the steel spikes would \"rock\" the spike back and forth to clear rock or \"roll\", twisting it to improve the \"bite\" of the drill.[14] \"Rocking\" and \"rolling\" were also used, both separately and together, in a sexual context; writers for hundreds of years had used the phrases \"They had a roll in the hay\" or \"I rolled her in the clover\".[15]", "Rock and roll. In 1934, the song \"Rock and Roll\" by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round. In 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term \"rock-and-roll\" to describe upbeat recordings such as \"Rock Me\" by Sister Rosetta Tharpe.[16] By 1943, the \"Rock and Roll Inn\" in South Merchantville, New Jersey, was established as a music venue.[17] In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it.[18]", "Origins of rock and roll. A double, ironic, meaning came to popular awareness in 1947 in blues artist Roy Brown's song \"Good Rocking Tonight\", covered in 1948 by Wynonie Harris in a wilder version, in which \"rocking\" was ostensibly about dancing but was in fact a thinly-veiled allusion to sex. Such double-entendres were well established in blues music but were new to the radio airwaves. After the success of \"Good Rocking Tonight\" many other R&B artists used similar titles through the late 1940s. At least two different songs with the title \"Rock and Roll\" were recorded in the late 1940s: by Paul Bascomb in 1947, and Wild Bill Moore in 1948.[34] In May 1948, Savoy Records advertised \"Robbie-Dobey Boogie\" by Brownie McGhee with the tagline \"It jumps, it's made, it rocks, it rolls.\"[35] Another record where the phrase was repeated throughout the song was \"Rock and Roll Blues\", recorded in 1949 by Erline \"Rock and Roll\" Harris.[36]", "Rock and roll. According to Greg Kot, \"rock and roll\" refers to a style of popular music originating in the U.S. in the 1950s prior to its development by the mid-1960s into \"the more encompassing international style known as rock music, though the latter also continued to be known as rock and roll.\"[8] For the purpose of differentiation, this article deals with the first definition.", "Origins of rock and roll. The hymn \"Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep\", with words written in the 1830s by Emma Willard and tune by Joseph Philip Knight,[7][8] was recorded several times around the start of the twentieth century, by the Original Bison City Quartet before 1894,[9] the Standard Quartette in 1895,[10] John W. Myers at about the same time,[11] and Gus Reed in 1908.[12] By that time, the specific phrase \"rocking and rolling\" was also used by African Americans in spirituals with a religious connotation.[2] The earliest known recording of the phrase in use was on a 1904 Victor phonograph record, \"The Camp Meeting Jubilee\" by the Haydn Quartet,[13] with the words \"We've been rockin' an' rolling in your arms/ Rockin' and rolling in your arms/ Rockin' and rolling in your arms/ In the arms of Moses.\" Another version was issued on the Little Wonder record label in 1916. \"Rocking\" was also used to describe the spiritual rapture felt by worshippers at certain religious events, and to refer to the rhythm often found in the accompanying music.[2]", "Origins of rock and roll. These songs were generally classed as \"race music\" or, from the late 1940s, \"rhythm and blues\", and were barely known by mainstream white audiences.[37] However, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began broadcasting rhythm, blues, and country music for a multi-racial audience. Freed, familiar with the music of earlier decades, used the phrase rock and roll to describe the music he aired over station WJW (850 AM); its use is also credited to Freed's sponsor, record store owner Leo Mintz, who encouraged Freed to play the music on the radio.[1][38] Originally Freed used the name \"Moondog\" for himself and any concerts or promotions he put on, because he used as his regular theme music a piece called \"Moondog Symphony\" by the street musician Louis \"Moondog\" Hardin. Hardin subsequently sued Freed on grounds that he was stealing his name and, since Freed was no longer allowed to use the term Moondog, he needed a new catchphrase. After a night of heavy drinking he and his friends came up with the name The Rock and Roll Party since he was already using the phrase Rock and Roll Session to describe the music he was playing.[citation needed] As his show became extremely popular, the term caught on and became widely used to describe the style of music.", "Origins of rock and roll. In 1932, the phrase \"rock and roll\" was heard in the Hal Roach film Asleep in the Feet.[citation needed] In 1934, the Boswell Sisters had a pop hit with \"Rock and Roll\" from the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round,[22][23] where the term was used to describe the motion of a ship at sea.[24] In 1935, Henry \"Red\" Allen recorded \"Get Rhythm in Your Feet and Music in Your Soul\" which included the lyric, \"If Satan starts to hound you, commence to rock and roll / Get rhythm in your feet ...\" The lyrics were written by the prolific composer J. Russel Robinson with Bill Livingston. Allen's recording was a \"race\" record on the Vocalion label, but the tune was quickly covered by white musicians, notably Benny Goodman with singer Helen Ward.[citation needed]", "Origins of rock and roll. In 1922, blues singer Trixie Smith recorded \"My Man Rocks Me (With One Steady Roll),\" first featuring the two words in a secular context.[18] Although it was played with a backbeat and was one of the first \"around the clock\" lyrics, this slow minor-key blues was by no means \"rock and roll\" in the later sense.[19] However, the terms \"rocking\", and \"rocking and rolling\", were increasingly used through the 1920s and 1930s, especially but not exclusively by black secular musicians, to refer to either dancing or sex, or both. In 1927, blues singer Blind Blake used the couplet \"Now we gonna do the old country rock / First thing we do, swing your partners\" in \"West Coast Blues\", which in turn formed the basis of \"Old Country Rock\" by William Moore the following year.[20] Also in 1927, traditional country musician Uncle Dave Macon, with his group the Fruit Jar Drinkers, recorded \"Sail Away Ladies\" with a refrain of \"Don't she rock, daddy-o\", and \"Rock About My Saro Jane\".[21] Duke Ellington recorded \"Rockin' In Rhythm\" in 1928, and Robinson's Knights Of Rest recorded \"Rocking and Rolling\" in 1930.[2]", "Rock and roll. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described the movement of a ship on the ocean,[14] but was used by the early twentieth century, both to describe the spiritual fervor of black church rituals[15] and as a sexual analogy. Various gospel, blues and swing recordings used the phrase before it became used more frequently – but still intermittently – in the 1940s, on recordings and in reviews of what became known as \"rhythm and blues\" music aimed at a black audience.[15]", "Origins of rock and roll. By the early twentieth century the words were increasingly used together in secular black slang with a double meaning, ostensibly referring to dancing and partying, but often with the subtextual meaning of sex.[16][17]", "Origins of rock and roll. In 1947, blues singer Roy Brown recorded \"Good Rocking Tonight\", a song that parodied church music by appropriating its references, including the word \"rocking\" and the gospel call \"Have you heard the news?\", relating them to very worldly lyrics about dancing, drinking and sex. The song became much more successful the following year when recorded by Wynonie Harris, whose version changed the steady blues rhythm to an uptempo gospel beat, and it was re-recorded by Elvis Presley in 1954 as his second single. A craze began in the rhythm and blues market for songs about \"rocking\", including \"We're Gonna Rock\" by Wild Bill Moore, the first commercially successful \"honking\" sax record, with the words \"We're gonna rock, we're gonna roll\" as a background chant. One of the most popular was \"Rock the Joint\", first recorded by Jimmy Preston in May 1949, and a R&B top 10 hit that year. Preston's version is often considered a prototype rock and roll song, and it was covered in 1952 by Bill Haley and the Saddlemen. Marshall Lytle, Haley's bass player, claimed that this was one of the songs that inspired Alan Freed to coin the phrase \"rock and roll\" to refer to the music he played.[2]", "Origins of rock and roll. Various recordings that date back to the 1940s have been named as the first rock and roll record, including the frequently cited 1951 song \"Rocket 88\", although some have felt it is too difficult to name one record. Bill Haley's \"Rock Around the Clock\" is often cited as the first rock and roll record to achieve significant commercial success and was joined in 1955 by a number of other records that pioneered the genre.", "Origins of rock and roll. The identity of the first rock and roll record is one of the most enduring subjects of debate among rock historians.[93] Various recordings dating back to the 1940s and 1950s have been cited as the first rock and roll record.[94] A number of sources have considered the first to be \"Rocket 88\", which was recorded in 1951 by Ike Turner and his band, but credited to his saxophonist and the song's vocalist Jackie Brenston.[95] According to The Boston Globe's Joan Anderman, most rock historians cite it as the first,[96] while The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll and the website of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame said that it is \"frequently cited\" and \"widely considered the first\", respectively.[95] People in the music industry have also called it the first, among several others.[97] \"Rocket 88\" is cited for its forceful backbeat and unrefined, distorted electric guitar.[98] By contrast, writer and musician Michael Campbell wrote that, \"from our perspective,\" it was not the first rock and roll record because it had a shuffle beat rather than the rock rhythm originally characteristic in Chuck Berry's and Little Richard's songs, although he added that \"Rocket 88\" had basic characteristics of rock music such as the emphasis on guitar and distortion.[99] Its characterization as a rock and roll or rhythm and blues song continues to be debated. Nigel Williamson questions whether it was really an R&B song \"with an unusually fast, bottom-heavy eight-to-the bar boogie rhythm and a great lyric about cars, booze and women\".[100]", "Origins of rock and roll. The 1992 book What Was the First Rock'n'Roll Record by Jim Dawson and Steve Propes[49] discusses 50 contenders, from Illinois Jacquet's \"Blues, Part 2\" (1944) to Elvis Presley's \"Heartbreak Hotel\" (1956), without reaching a definitive conclusion. In their introduction, the authors claim that since the modern definition of rock 'n' roll was set by disc jockey Alan Freed's use of the term in his groundbreaking The Rock and Roll Show on New York's WINS in late 1954, as well as at his Rock and Roll Jubilee Balls at St. Nicholas Arena in January 1955, they chose to judge their candidates according to the music Freed spotlighted: R&B combos, black vocal groups, honking saxophonists, blues belters, and several white artists playing in the authentic R&B style (Bill Haley, Elvis Presley). The artists who appeared at Freed's earliest shows included orchestra leader Buddy Johnson, the Clovers, Fats Domino, Big Joe Turner, the Moonglows, Clyde McPhatter and the Drifters, and the Harptones. That, say Dawson and Propes, was the first music being called rock 'n' roll during that short time when the term caught on all over America. Because the honking tenor saxophone was the driving force at those shows and on many of the records Freed was playing, the authors began their list with a 1944 squealing and squawking live performance by Illinois Jacquet with Jazz at the Philharmonic in Los Angeles in mid-1944. That record, \"Blues, Part 2,\" was released as Stinson 6024 and is still in print as a CD on the Verve label. Several notable jazz greats accompanied Jacquet on \"Blues\" including Paul Leslie and Slim Nadine (the monikers employed by Les Paul and Nat \"King\" Cole, respectively, in order to appear at the JATP concert incognito).", "Origins of rock and roll. The following year, Western swing musician Buddy Jones recorded \"Rockin' Rollin' Mama\", which drew on the term's original meaning – \"Waves on the ocean, waves in the sea/ But that gal of mine rolls just right for me/ Rockin' rollin' mama, I love the way you rock and roll\". In August 1939, Irene Castle devised a new dance called \"The Castle Rock and Roll\", described as \"an easy swing step\", which she performed at the Dancing Masters of America convention at the Hotel Astor.[27] The Marx Brothers' 1941 film The Big Store featured actress Virginia O'Brien singing a song starting out as a traditional lullaby which soon changes into a rocking boogie-woogie with lines like \"Rock, rock, rock it, baby ...\"'. Although the song was only a short comedy number, it contains references which, by then, would have been understood by a wide general audience.", "Origins of rock and roll. Freed first started playing the music in 1951, and by 1953 the phrase \"rock and roll\" was becoming used much more widely to market the music beyond its initial black audience. The practitioners of the music were young black artists, appealing to the post-war community's need for excitement, dancing and increasing social freedoms, but the music also became very attractive to white teenagers. As well as \"rocking\" rhythm and blues songs, such as the massively successful and influential \"Rocket 88\" recorded by Ike Turner and his band but credited to singer Jackie Brenston, the term was used to encompass other forms of black music. In particular, vocal harmony group recordings in the style that later became known as \"doo-wop\", such as \"Gee\" by the Crows, and \"Earth Angel\" by the Penguins, became huge commercial successes, often for the new small independent record companies becoming established. These included Modern, Imperial, Specialty, Atlantic, King and Chess.", "Origins of rock and roll. Most rock historians have cited Bill Haley's 1953 song \"Crazy Man, Crazy\" as the first rock and roll record to reach the Billboard charts.[105] Haley's \"Rock Around the Clock\" released in 1954 was the first rock and roll record to achieve significant commercial success and was joined in 1955 by a number of other records that pioneered the genre.[94] Along with \"Rock Around the Clock\", several rock critics have also pointed to Presley's \"That's All Right\" from 1954 as a candidate for the first rock and roll record.[106]", "Rock and roll. Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll or rock 'n' roll) is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s,[1][2] from African American musical styles such as gospel, jump blues, jazz, boogie woogie, and rhythm and blues,[3] along with country music.[4] While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s[5] and in country records of the 1930s,[4] the genre did not acquire its name until 1954.[6][7]", "Origins of rock and roll. Rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music.", "Origins of rock and roll. In 2004, Elvis Presley's \"That's All Right Mama\" and Bill Haley's \"Rock Around the Clock\" both celebrated their 50th anniversaries. Rolling Stone felt that Presley's song was the first rock and roll recording.[107] At the time Presley recorded the song, Big Joe Turner's \"Shake, Rattle & Roll\", later covered by Haley, was already at the top of the Billboard R&B charts.[108] The Guardian felt that while there were rock'n'roll records before Presley's, his recording was the moment when all the strands came together in \"perfect embodiment\".[109] Presley himself is quoted as saying: \"A lot of people seem to think I started this business, but rock 'n' roll was here a long time before I came along.\"[110]", "Rock music. The foundations of rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various black musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country and western.[23] In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music (then termed \"race music\") for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase \"rock and roll\" to describe the music.[24]", "Rock music. Since the term rock began to be used in preference to rock and roll from the late-1960s, it has often been contrasted with pop music, with which it has shared many characteristics, but from which it is often distanced by an emphasis on musicianship, live performance and a focus on serious and progressive themes as part of an ideology of authenticity that is frequently combined with an awareness of the genre's history and development.[21] According to Simon Frith \"rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the romantic concept of art as artistic expression, original and sincere\".[21] In the new millennium the term rock has sometimes been used as a blanket term including forms such as pop music, reggae music, soul music, and even hip hop, with which it has been influenced but often contrasted through much of its history.[22]", "American rock. There is much debate as to what should be considered the first rock and roll record. One contender is \"Rocket 88\" by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats (in fact, Ike Turner and his band The Kings of Rhythm), recorded by Sam Phillips for Sun Records in Memphis in 1951.[3] It has been argued that \"That's All Right (Mama)\" (1954), Elvis Presley's first major single for Sun Records was the first rock and roll record,[4] but, at the same time, Big Joe Turner's \"Shake, Rattle & Roll\", later covered by Bill Haley,[5] was already at the top of the Billboard R&B charts. Other artists with early rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Gene Vincent.[3] Bill Haley's \"Rock Around the Clock\" (1955) became the first rock and roll song to top Billboard magazine's main sales and airplay charts, and opened the door worldwide for this new wave of popular culture.[5][6] Soon rock and roll was the major force in American record sales and crooners, such as Eddie Fisher, Perry Como, and Patti Page, who had dominated the previous decade of popular music, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed.[7]", "Origins of rock and roll. Also formative in the sound of rock and roll were Little Richard and Chuck Berry.[111] From the early 1950s,[112] Little Richard combined gospel with New Orleans R&B, heavy backbeat,[113] pounding piano and wailing vocals.[114] Ray Charles referred to Little Richard as being the artist that started a new kind of music, which was a funky style of rock'n'roll that he was performing onstage for a few years before appearing on record in 1955 as \"Tutti Frutti.\"[115][116][117] Chuck Berry, with \"Maybellene\" (recorded on May 21, 1955, and which reached # 1 on the R&B chart and # 5 on the US pop chart), \"Roll over Beethoven\" (1956), \"Rock and Roll Music\" (1957) and \"Johnny B. Goode\" (1958), refined and developed the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive, focusing on teen life and introducing guitar intros and lead breaks that would be a major influence on subsequent rock music.[117] Early rock and roll used the twelve-bar blues chord progression and shared with boogie woogie the four beats (usually broken down into eight eighth-notes/quavers) to a bar. Rock and roll however has a greater emphasis on the backbeat than boogie woogie.[118] Bo Diddley's 1955 hit \"Bo Diddley\", with its B-side \"I'm A Man\", introduced a new beat and unique guitar style that inspired many artists without either side using the 12-bar pattern – they instead played variations on a single chord each.[119] His more insistent, driving rhythms, hard-edged electric guitar sound, African rhythms, and signature clave beat (a simple, five-accent rhythm), have remained cornerstones of rock and pop.[120][121][122]", "1950s in music. Rock and roll dominated popular music in the mid 1950s and late 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a mixing together of various black musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music; with country and western and Pop.[1] In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase \"rock and roll\" to describe the music.[2]", "Rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of considerable technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone, and the 45 rpm record.[19] There were also changes in the record industry, with the rise of independent labels like Atlantic, Sun and Chess servicing niche audiences and a similar rise of radio stations that played their music.[19] It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to this music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock and roll as a distinct genre.[19] Because the development of rock and roll was an evolutionary process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously \"the first\" rock and roll record.[35] Contenders for the title of \"first rock and roll record\" include \"The Fat Man\" by Fats Domino (1949),[35] Sister Rosetta Tharpe's \"Strange Things Happening Everyday\" (1944),[36] Goree Carter's \"Rock Awhile\" (1949),[37] Jimmy Preston's \"Rock the Joint\" (1949), which was later covered by Bill Haley & His Comets in 1952,[38] \"Rocket 88\" by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats (Ike Turner and his band The Kings of Rhythm), recorded by Sam Phillips for Sun Records in March 1951.[39] In terms of its wide cultural impact across society in the US and elsewhere, Bill Haley's \"Rock Around the Clock\",[40] recorded in April 1954 but not a commercial success until the following year, is generally recognized as an important milestone, but it was preceded by many recordings from earlier decades in which elements of rock and roll can be clearly discerned.[35][41][42]", "American rock. The foundations of American rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a mixing together of various black musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music; in addition to country and western.[1] In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase \"rock and roll\" to describe the music.[2]" ]

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[ "Pencil. Although lead has not been used for writing since antiquity, lead poisoning from pencils was not uncommon. Until the middle of the 20th century the paint used for the outer coating could contain high concentrations of lead, and this could be ingested when the pencil was sucked or chewed.[60]", "Lead. Contrary to popular belief, pencil leads in wooden pencils have never been made from lead. When the pencil originated as a wrapped graphite writing tool, the particular type of graphite used was named plumbago (literally, act for lead or lead mockup).[208]", "Graphite. From the 16th century, all pencils were made with leads of English natural graphite, but modern pencil lead is most commonly a mix of powdered graphite and clay; it was invented by Nicolas-Jacques Conté in 1795.[39][40] It is chemically unrelated to the metal lead, whose ores had a similar appearance, hence the continuation of the name. Plumbago is another older term for natural graphite used for drawing, typically as a lump of the mineral without a wood casing. The term plumbago drawing is normally restricted to 17th and 18th century works, mostly portraits.", "Writing implement. The original form of \"lead pencil\" was the leaden stylus used by the ancient Romans, who also used it to write on wood or papyrus by leaving dark streaks where the soft metal rubbed off onto the surface. The concept has been revived in recent times as the core of the \"inkless pen\": a lead-based metal alloy that leaves dark markings on paper by abrading small pieces of core onto the surface.", "Pencil. There are also pencils which use mechanical methods to push lead through a hole at the end. These can be divided into two groups: propelling pencils use an internal mechanism to push the lead out from an internal compartment, while clutch pencils merely hold the lead in place (the lead is extended by releasing it and allowing some external force, usually gravity, to pull it out of the body). The erasers (sometimes replaced by a sharpener on pencils with larger lead sizes) are also removable (and thus replaceable), and usually cover a place to store replacement leads. Mechanical pencils are popular for their longevity and the fact that they may never need sharpening. Lead types are based on grade and size; with standard sizes being 2.00 mm (0.079 in), 1.40 mm (0.055 in), 1.00 mm (0.039 in), 0.70 mm (0.028 in), 0.50 mm (0.020 in), 0.35 mm (0.014 in), 0.25 mm (0.0098 in), 0.18 mm (0.0071 in), and 0.13 mm (0.0051 in) (ISO 9175-1)—the 0.90 mm (0.035 in) size is available, but is not considered a standard ISO size.[citation needed]", "Pencil. By the end of the 19th century, over 240,000 pencils were used each day in the US. The favoured timber for pencils was Red Cedar as it was aromatic and did not splinter when sharpened. In the early 20th century supplies of Red Cedar were dwindling so that pencil manufacturers were forced to recycle the wood from cedar fences and barns to maintain supply.", "Writing implement. However, most modern \"lead pencils\" have a nonpoisonous core of greyish-black graphite mixed with various proportions of clay for consistency, enclosed within an outer wooden casing to protect the fragile graphite from being snapped apart or from leaving marks on the user's hand.", "Pencil. As a technique for drawing, the closest predecesor to the pencil was Silverpoint until in 1565 (some sources say as early as 1500), a large deposit of graphite was discovered on the approach to Grey Knotts from the hamlet of Seathwaite in Borrowdale parish, Cumbria, England.[4][5][6][7] This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid, and it could easily be sawn into sticks. It remains the only large-scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form.[8] Chemistry was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of lead. Consequently, it was called plumbago (Latin for \"lead ore\").[9][10] Because the pencil core is still referred to as \"lead\", or a \"lead\", many people have the misconception that the graphite in the pencil is lead,[11] and the black core of pencils is still referred to as lead, even though it never contained the element lead.[12][13][14][15][16][17] The words for pencil in German (bleistift), Irish (peann luaidhe), Arabic (قلم رصاص qalam raṣāṣ), and some other languages literally mean lead pen.", "Lead. Further evidence of the threat that lead posed to humans was discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mechanisms of harm were better understood, lead blindness was documented, and the element was phased out of public use in the United States and Europe. The United Kingdom introduced mandatory factory inspections in 1878 and appointed the first Medical Inspector of Factories in 1898; as a result, a 25-fold decrease in lead poisoning incidents from 1900 to 1944 was reported.[156] The last major human exposure to lead was the addition of tetraethyllead to gasoline as an antiknock agent, a practice that originated in the United States in 1921. It was phased out in the United States and the European Union by 2000.[155] Most European countries banned lead paint—commonly used because of its opacity and water resistance[157]—for interiors by 1930.[158]", "Crayon. In 1902 another pencil company began to offer up crayons. The Eagle Pencil Company, New York, NY, featured a line of wax crayons offered up in 6 and 12 count boxes with a color line that included White, Pink, Violet, Terrasienna, Yellow, Blue, Brick Red, Brown, Orange, Red, Green and Black.[45] Eagle Pencil began in 1856 and quickly became one of the four major pencil manufacturers in the United States (Joseph Dixon Crucible, Eberhard Faber and American Lead Pencil were the others.) Though always considered a side item, they continued with their crayons through the mid 40s with the introduction of their Color-Glo Eagle crayons.[46] They closed their NY factory in 1958 and under various mergers and acquisitions they still operate selling pencils to this day with Berol.[47]", "Pencil. In England, pencils continued to be made from whole sawn graphite. Henry Bessemer's first successful invention (1838) was a method of compressing graphite powder into solid graphite thus allowing the waste from sawing to be reused.[28]", "Pencil. One effect of this was that \"during World War II rotary pencil sharpeners were outlawed in Britain because they wasted so much scarce lead and wood, and pencils had to be sharpened in the more conservative manner – with knives.\"[33]", "Graphite. Today, pencils are still a small but significant market for natural graphite. Around 7% of the 1.1 million tonnes produced in 2011 was used to make pencils.[37] Low-quality amorphous graphite is used and sourced mainly from China.[10]", "Lead. By the mid-1980s, a significant shift in lead use had taken place. In the United States, environmental regulations reduced or eliminated the use of lead in non-battery products, including gasoline, paints, solders, and water systems. Particulate control devices can be used in coal-fired power plants to capture lead emissions.[246] Lead use is being further curtailed by the European Union's Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive.[250] The use of lead shot for hunting and sport shooting was banned by the Netherlands in 1993, resulting in a large drop in lead emissions from 230 tonnes in 1990 to 47.5 tonnes in 1995.[251] Many western countries have either banned or restricted the use of lead shot for hunting in general and waterfowl hunting in particular.", "Pencil. The lead of the pencil is a mix of finely ground graphite and clay powders. Before the two substances are mixed, they are separately cleaned of foreign matter and dried in a manner that creates large square cakes. Once the cakes have fully dried, the graphite and the clay squares are mixed together using water. The amount of clay content added to the graphite depends on the intended pencil hardness (lower proportions of clay makes the core softer),[61] and the amount of time spent on grinding the mixture determines the quality of the lead. The mixture is then shaped into long spaghetti-like strings, straightened, dried, cut, and then tempered in a kiln. The resulting strings are dipped in oil or molten wax, which seeps into the tiny holes of the material and allows for the smooth writing ability of the pencil. A juniper or incense-cedar plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to fashion a \"slat,\" and the graphite/clay strings are inserted into the grooves. Another grooved plank is glued on top, and the whole assembly is then cut into individual pencils, which are then varnished or painted. Many pencils feature an eraser on the top and so the process is usually still considered incomplete at this point. Each pencil has a shoulder cut on one end of the pencil to allow for a metal ferrule to be secured onto the wood. A rubber plug is then inserted into the ferrule for a functioning eraser on the end of the pencil.[62]", "Pencil. English and German pencils were not available to the French during the Napoleonic Wars; France, under naval blockade imposed by Great Britain, was unable to import the pure graphite sticks from the British Grey Knotts mines – the only known source in the world. France was also unable to import the inferior German graphite pencil substitute. It took the efforts of an officer in Napoleon's army to change this. In 1795, Nicolas-Jacques Conté discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay and forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a kiln. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied. This method of manufacture, which had been earlier discovered by the Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth, the founder of the Koh-I-Noor in 1790, remains in use.[26] In 1802, the production of graphite leads from graphite and clay was patented by the Koh-I-Noor company in Vienna.[27]", "Technical drawing tool. Pencils in use are usually mechanical pencils with a standard lead thickness. The usual line widths are 0.18 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm and 0.7 mm. Hardness varies usually from HB to 2H. Softer lead gives a better contrast, but harder lead gives a more accurate line. Bad contrast of the lead line in general is problematic when photocopying, but new scanning copy techniques have improved the final result. Paper or plastic surfaces require their own lead types.", "Lead-based paint in the United States. Although the rule was not fully implemented until April 2010, certain elements were required before, and others required attention well before April 2010.", "Lead-based paint in the United States. Congress banned the use of lead-based paint in 1971,[3] and the Consumer Product Safety Commission followed with implementing regulations, effective in 1978.[4] Additional regulations regarding lead abatement, testing and related issues have been issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).", "Pencil. The majority of pencils made in the US are painted yellow.[81] According to Henry Petroski,[82] this tradition began in 1890 when the L. & C. Hardtmuth Company of Austria-Hungary introduced their Koh-I-Noor brand, named after the famous diamond. It was intended to be the world's best and most expensive pencil, and at a time when most pencils were either painted in dark colours or not at all, the Koh-I-Noor was yellow. As well as simply being distinctive, the colour may have been inspired by the Austro-Hungarian flag; it was also suggestive of the Orient at a time when the best-quality graphite came from Siberia. Other companies then copied the yellow colour so that their pencils would be associated with this high-quality brand, and chose brand names with explicit Oriental references, such as Mikado (renamed Mirado)[83][84] and Mongol.[85][86]", "Tetraethyllead. In most industrialized countries, a phaseout of TEL from road vehicle fuels was completed by the early 2000s because of concerns over air and soil lead levels and the accumulative neurotoxicity of lead. The use of catalytic converters, mandated in the US for 1975 and newer model-year cars to meet tighter emissions regulations, started a gradual phase-out of leaded gasoline in the US.[5] The need for TEL was lessened by several advances in automotive engineering and petroleum chemistry. Safer methods for making higher octane blending stocks such as reformate and iso-octane reduced the need to rely on TEL, as did other antiknock additives of varying toxicity including metallic compounds such as MMT as well as oxygenates including MTBE, TAME, and ETBE.", "Lead paint. The United States' Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) banned lead paint in 1977 in residential properties and public buildings (16 CFR 1303), along with toys and furniture containing lead paint. The cited reason was \"to reduce the risk of lead poisoning in children who may ingest paint chips or peelings.\"[10] For manufacturers, the CPSC instituted the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, which changed the cap on lead content in paint from 0.06% to 0.009% starting August 14, 2009.", "Lead-based paint in the United Kingdom. Lead (lead naphthenate) was added as a drying agent to some types of paint to ensure the paint surface hardened.[1] In the 1960s this practice was phased out for ordinary paint available to the general public, however its use has not (so far) been banned by legislation.", "Lead-based paint in the United Kingdom. However lead chromate continued to be used in yellow road markings up to the present day.[9] Its use was supposed to cease on 21 May 2015, the sunset date set by EU REACH regulations. However a last minute request for authorization by the Canadian pigment producer Dominion Colour Corporation (DCC) has had preliminary support by the European Chemicals Agency,[10][11] which if approved could see its use continue in road markings until 2022 or later.", "Lead poisoning. With the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, lead poisoning became common in the work setting.[92] The introduction of lead paint for residential use in the 19th century increased childhood exposure to lead; for millennia before this, most lead exposure had been occupational.[29] An important step in the understanding of childhood lead poisoning occurred when toxicity in children from lead paint was recognized in Australia in 1897.[92] France, Belgium, and Austria banned white lead interior paints in 1909; the League of Nations followed suit in 1922.[93] However, in the United States, laws banning lead house paint were not passed until 1971, and it was phased out and not fully banned until 1978.[93]", "Lead paint. Despite the risks, the pigment was very popular with artists because of its density and opacity; a small amount could cover a large surface. It was widely used by artists until the 19th century, when it was replaced by zinc white and titanium white.[3]", "Paint. Some pigments are toxic, such as the lead pigments that are used in lead paint. Paint manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with titanium white (titanium dioxide), before lead was banned in paint for residential use in 1978 by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission. The titanium dioxide used in most paints today is often coated with silica/alumina/zirconium for various reasons, such as better exterior durability, or better hiding performance (opacity) promoted by more optimal spacing within the paint film.[14]", "Pencil. On 30 March 1858, Hymen Lipman received the first patent for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil.[38] In 1862, Lipman sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $100,000, who went on to sue pencil manufacturer Faber-Castell for infringement.[39] In 1875, the Supreme Court of the US ruled against Reckendorfer declaring the patent invalid.[40]", "Carbon group. 80% of all lead produced goes into lead–acid batteries. Other applications for lead include weights, pigments, and shielding against radioactive materials. Lead was historically used in gasoline in the form of tetraethyllead, but this application has been discontinued due to concerns of toxicity.[18]", "Lead-based paint in the United Kingdom. Until the early 1970s red, yellow, orange and green lead-based pigments (lead chromate) were added to a limited number of decorative coloured gloss and wall paints. Following this non-lead alternatives were used as pigments.", "Crayon. The Eberhard Faber Pencil Company, originally the A. W. Faber Company, was founded by John Eberhard Faber (1822–1879) in 1861. The company is primarily credited with bringing German lead pencil-making techniques to the United States. The Faber family was known for lead pencil manufacturing in the village of Stein, Germany, near the city of Nuremberg as early as 1761 when the business was founded by Kasper Faber. His son Anton Faber took over in 1774 and the company came to be known as the A.W. Faber Company. Anton's grandson, Johann Lothar, took charge of the business in 1839.", "Dental material. Lead fillings were used in the 18th century, but became unpopular in the 19th century because of their softness. This was before lead poisoning was understood." ]

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[ "Bank Secrecy Act. A suspicious activity report (SAR) must report any cash transaction where the customer seems to be trying to avoid BSA reporting requirements by not filing CTR or MIL, for example. A SAR must also be filed if the customer's actions suggest that he is laundering money or otherwise violating federal criminal laws and committing wire transfer fraud, check fraud, or mysterious disappearances. The bank should not let the customer know that a SAR is being filed. These reports are filed with FinCEN and are identified as Treasury Department Form 90-22.47 and OCC Form 8010-9, 8010-1.[5] This requirement and its accompanying implied gag order was added by the Annunzio-Wylie Anti-Money Laundering Act § 1517(b) (part of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, Pub.L. 102–550, 106 Stat. 3762, 4060).", "Suspicious activity report. In financial regulation, a Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) or Suspicious Transaction Report (STR) is a report made by a financial institution about suspicious or potentially suspicious activity. The criteria to decide when a report must be made varies from country to country but generally is any financial transaction that does not make sense to the financial institution, is unusual for that particular client or appears to be done only for the purpose of hiding or obfuscating a transaction. The report is filed with that country's financial crime enforcement unit, which is typically a specialist agency designed to collect and analyse transactions and report these to relevant law enforcement units. Front line staff in the financial institution have the responsibility to identify transactions that may be suspicious and these are reported to a designated person that is responsible for the reporting the transaction. The financial institution is not allowed to inform the client or the parties to the transaction that a SAR has been lodged.", "Suspicious activity report. Each SAR must be filed within 30 days of the date of the initial determination for the necessity of filing the report. An extension of 30 days can be obtained if the identity of the person conducting the suspicious activity is not known. At no time, however, should the filing of an SAR be delayed longer than 60 days. The Bank Secrecy Act specifies that each firm must maintain records of its SARs for a period of five years from the date of filing.", "Suspicious activity report. In the United States, FinCEN requires that an SAR be filed by a financial institution when the financial institution suspects insider abuse by an employee; violations of law aggregating over $5,000 where a subject can be identified;[clarification needed] violations of law aggregating over $25,000 regardless of a potential subject; transactions aggregating $5,000 or more that involve potential money laundering or violations of the Bank Secrecy Act; computer intrusion; or when a financial institution knows that a customer is operating as an unlicensed money services business.", "Suspicious activity report. Financial institutions undertake an investigation process prior to filing a SAR to ensure that the information reported is appropriate, complete, and accurate. This process will often include review by financial investigators, management and/or attorneys prior to filing.", "Suspicious activity report. The purpose of a suspicious activity report is to report known or suspected violations of law or suspicious activity observed by financial institutions subject to the regulations (for example, the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA)). In many instances, SARs have been instrumental in enabling law enforcement to initiate or supplement major money laundering or terrorist financing investigations and other criminal cases.[2] Information provided in SAR forms also presents FinCEN with a method of identifying emerging trends and patterns associated with financial crimes. The information about those trends and patterns is vital to law enforcement agencies and provides valuable feedback to financial institutions.[2]", "Suspicious activity report. Unauthorized disclosure of a SAR filing is a federal criminal offense.[4]", "Suspicious activity report. SARs include detailed information about transactions that are or appear to be suspicious. The goal of SAR filings is to help the government identify individuals, groups and organizations involved in fraud, terrorist financing, money laundering, and other crimes.", "Suspicious activity report. Effective July 1, 2012 all SAR Reports must be filed through FinCEN's BSA E-filing System.[8]", "Suspicious activity report. For example, in the United States, suspicious transaction reports[1] must be reported to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), an agency of the United States Department of the Treasury. In Australia the SAR must be reported to Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (AUSTRAC), an Australian government agency. Most countries have laws that require financial institutions to report transactions and will have a designated agency to receive these. The agency to which a report is required to be filed for a given country is typically part of the law enforcement or financial regulatory department of that country.", "Suspicious activity report. A SAR has five sections each containing information about the filing institution or the activity in question:", "Suspicious activity report. Many different types of finance-related industries are required to file SARs. These include:[3]", "Suspicious activity report. To encourage complete candor and cooperation, there are disclosure and evidentiary privileges that protect SAR filers. First, an individual or organization is precluded from discovering the existence or contents of a SAR that includes the individual or organization's name. SARs filers are immune from the discovery process.[5] Second, SAR filers enjoy immunity for all statements made in their SARs, regardless of whether those statements were allegedly made in bad faith.[6][7]", "Bank Secrecy Act. CTRs include an individual's bank account number, name, address, and social security number. SAR reports, required when transactions indicate behavior designed to elude CTRs (or many other types of suspicious activities), include somewhat more detailed information and usually include investigation efforts on the part of the financial institution to assess the validity or nature of the transactions. A single CTR filed for a client's account is usually of no concern to the authorities, while multiple CTRs from varying institutions or a SAR suggest that activity may be suspicious.", "Human rights in the United States. The federal government has set up a data collection and storage network that keeps a wide variety of data on tens of thousands of Americans who have not been accused of committing a crime. Operated primarily under the direction of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the program is known as the Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative or SAR. Reports of suspicious behavior noticed by local law enforcement or by private citizens are forwarded to the program, and profiles are constructed of the persons under suspicion.[109] See also Fusion Center.", "Currency transaction report. When the first version of the CTR was introduced, the only way a suspicious transaction less than $10,000 was reported to the government was if a bank teller called law enforcement. This was primarily due to the financial industry's concern about the right to financial privacy. On October 26, 1986, with the passage of the Money Laundering Control Act, the right to financial privacy was no longer an issue. As part of the Act, Congress had stated that a financial institution could not be held liable for releasing suspicious transactional information to law enforcement. As a result, the next version of the CTR had a suspicious transaction check box at the top. This was in effect until April 1996 when the Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) was introduced.", "Suspicious activity report. There are other forms that FinCEN requires businesses and individuals to file. These include:[3]", "Suspicious activity report. The requirement to file suspicious activity reports (as well as the accompanying implied gag order) was added by Section 1517(b) of the Annunzio-Wylie Anti-Money Laundering Act (part of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, Pub.L. 102–550, 106 Stat. 3762, 4060).", "Currency transaction report. When a transaction involving more than $10,000 in cash is processed, most banks have a system that automatically creates a CTR electronically. Tax and other information about the customer is usually pre-filled by the bank software. CTRs since 1996 include an optional checkbox at the top if the bank employee believes the transaction to be suspicious or fraudulent, commonly called a SAR, or Suspicious Activity Referral. A customer is not directly told about the $10,000 threshold unless they initiate the inquiry. A customer may decline to continue the transaction upon being informed about the CTR, but this would require the bank employee to file a SAR. Once a customer presents or asks to withdraw more than $10,000 in currency, the decision to continue the transaction must continue as originally requested and may not be reduced to avoid the filing of a CTR. For instance, if a customer reneges on their initial request to deposit or withdraw more than $10,000 in cash, and instead requests the same transaction for $9,999, the bank employee should deny such a request and continue the transaction as originally requested by filing a CTR. This sort of attempt is known as structuring, and is punishable by federal law against both the customer and the bank employee.[4][5] Those who habitually run transactions just under the $10,000 threshold will likely subject themselves to scrutiny and/or the filing of a SAR.", "Suspicious activity report. Part I - Subject Information", "Patriot Act, Title III. Section 356 made the U.S. Department of Treasury establish regulations that require brokers and dealers registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to submit Suspicious activity reports (SARs) when they see suspicious activity.[25] Section 355 also specified that a report be produced jointly by the Secretary of Treasury, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Securities and Exchange Commission with recommendations for effective regulations to apply the requirements of the BSA with regards to investment companies. After defining what was meant by \"investment companies\", the final report found that certain types of investment companies were more susceptible to money laundering than other types of investment companies — in particular it found that mutual funds and hedge funds are most vulnerable,\nand that closed-end funds, interval funds, commodity pools, private equity funds, venture capital funds and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), for various reasons, were not as vulnerable to money laundering or particularly attractive to money launderers. The final conclusion FinCEN came to in the report was that as there were so many types of investment companies they should apply the same definition to all investment companies except commodity pools and those funds that only primarily invest in real estate. Due to the broad scope of such a definition it was further narrowed to those investment companies that permit an investor to redeem part of their investment within two years after the investment was made; exclude investment companies with less than US$1,000,000 in assets by the end of the calendar quarter; and exclude funds that were organised in the U.S., that are organised or sponsored by a U.S. person, or that sells ownership interest to U.S. people.[26]", "Gag order. Suspicious activity reports (31 U.S.C. § 5318(g)(2); the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 / Annunzio-Wylie Anti-Money Laundering Act, Pub.L. 102–550, § 1517(b), 106 Stat. 4060) require that \"If a financial institution or any director, officer, employee, or agent of any financial institution [...] reports a suspicious transaction to a government agency—neither the financial institution, director, officer, employee, or agent of such institution (whether or not any such person is still employed by the institution) [...] may notify any person involved in the transaction that the transaction has been reported; and no current or former officer or employee of or contractor for the Federal Government or of or for any State, local, tribal, or territorial government within the United States, who has any knowledge that such report was made may disclose to any person involved in the transaction that the transaction has been reported\".", "Suspicious activity report. Financial institutions and their employees face civil and criminal penalties for failing to properly file suspicious activity reports, including any combination of large[quantify] fines, regulatory restrictions, loss of banking charter, or imprisonment.", "Suspicious activity report. Part II - Suspicious Activity Information", "Bank Secrecy Act. An entire industry has developed around providing software to analyze transactions in an attempt to identify transactions or patterns of transactions called structuring, which requires SAR filing. Financial institutions are subject to penalties for failing to properly file CTRs and SARs, such as heavy fines and regulatory restrictions, including charter revocation.", "Suspicious activity report. The report can start with any employee of a financial service. The employees are generally trained to be alert for suspicious activity, such as situations where people are trying to wire money out of the country without identification, or activity by someone with no job who starts depositing large amounts of cash into an account. Employees are trained to communicate their suspicion up their chain of command where further decisions are made about whether to file a report or not.[citation needed]", "Bank Secrecy Act. A financial institution is not allowed to inform a business or consumer that a SAR is being filed, and all the reports mandated by the BSA are exempt from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.", "Suspicious activity report. Part V - Suspicious Activity Information - Narrative", "Suspicious activity report. Part IV - Filing Institution Contact Information", "Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada. Suspicious transactions are financial transactions that there are reasonable grounds to suspect are related to the commission of a money laundering offence. Since June 12, 2002, suspicious transactions also include financial transactions that there are reasonable grounds to suspect are related to the commission of a terrorist activity financing offence. Suspicious transactions must be reported by financial entities (banks and financial dealers), money services businesses, life insurance companies and agents, certain government agencies that take deposits (such as Canada Post), accountants or accounting firms, real estate agents and brokers, and casinos.", "Money laundering. In an attempt to prevent dirty money from entering the U.S. financial system in the first place, the United States Congress passed a series of laws, starting in 1970, collectively known as the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA). These laws, contained in sections 5311 through 5332 of Title 31 of the United States Code, require financial institutions, which under the current definition include a broad array of entities, including banks, credit card companies, life insurers, money service businesses and broker-dealers in securities, to report certain transactions to the United States Department of the Treasury. Cash transactions in excess of a certain amount must be reported on a currency transaction report (CTR), identifying the individual making the transaction as well as the source of the cash. The law originally required all transactions of US$5,000 or more to be reported, but due to excessively high levels of reporting the threshold was raised to US$10,000. The U.S. is one of the few countries in the world to require reporting of all cash transactions over a certain limit, although certain businesses can be exempt from the requirement.[98] Additionally, financial institutions must report transaction on a Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) that they deem \"suspicious\", defined as a knowing or suspecting that the funds come from illegal activity or disguise funds from illegal activity, that it is structured to evade BSA requirements or appears to serve no known business or apparent lawful purpose; or that the institution is being used to facilitate criminal activity. Attempts by customers to circumvent the BSA, generally by structuring cash deposits to amounts lower than US$10,000 by breaking them up and depositing them on different days or at different locations also violates the law.[99]", "Patriot Act, Title III. Section 365 amends the BSA and makes it a requirement of anyone who does business file to file a report to FinCEN for any coin and foreign currency receipts that are over US$10,000.[28] It also makes it illegal to structure transactions in a manner that evades the BSA's reporting requirements.[29] Section 366 ordered a study into why there were too many Currency Transaction Reports (also known as CTRs). There were so many filed in the 2002 financial year (12.3 million were filed and only 118,678 CTR exemptions were made) that Congress was concerned that it was adversely affecting the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies. The study found that businesses were filing unnecessary reports for several reasons, and made various recommendations that might alleviate the problem. Among them, it recommends that FinCEN should work with the federal bank regulators, as well as banks, to reduce, as appropriate, fear of adverse regulatory consequences from making\nincorrect exemption determinations, including issuing an Advisory encouraging the use of the exemption process.[30]" ]

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[ "The Master (Doctor Who). In the Comic Relief sketch Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death, the Master was played by Jonathan Pryce.[119]", "The Master (Doctor Who). The actors who have played the role of the Master in the series and the dates of their first and last appearances in the role, are:", "The Master (Doctor Who). The role was originated by Roger Delgado in 1971, who portrayed the Master until his death in 1973.[1] From 1976 until the show's cancellation in 1989, the Master was portrayed by a succession of actors: Peter Pratt, Geoffrey Beevers and Anthony Ainley. Eric Roberts then took on the role for the 1996 Doctor Who TV movie. Since the show's revival in 2005, the Master has been portrayed by Derek Jacobi, John Simm and Michelle Gomez.", "The Master (Doctor Who). The Master appeared as a main character of the 1996 Doctor Who television movie, played by American actor Eric Roberts.", "The Master (Doctor Who). The Master, played by Geoffrey Beevers, makes a cameo appearance in series 10 of the Doctor Who spin-off Jago & Litefoot, and later returned for the 11th series.[103]", "The Master (Doctor Who). The Master, played by Geoffrey Beevers, returns in the Fourth Doctor audio plays Trail of the White Worm,[92] The Oseidon Adventure,[93] The Evil One,[94] Requiem for the Rocket Men[95] and Death Match.[96] Beevers also appears in the fiftieth anniversary story The Light at the End[97], where he attempts to erase the Doctor's travels by using an advanced weapon to erase the TARDIS from existence, and in the Companion Chronicle Mastermind[98], which looks at how he stole a new body in the early twentieth century after his essence escaped from the Eighth Doctor's TARDIS, and survived by possessing a series of human hosts until he tricked UNIT into helping him regain access to his TARDIS.", "The Master (Doctor Who). The Master has been played by multiple actors since the character's introduction in 1971. Within the show, this is varyingly explained as the Master taking possession of other characters' bodies, or as a consequence of regeneration, a biological attribute allowing Time Lords to survive fatal injuries.", "The Master (Doctor Who). The Master, played by Roger Delgado, makes his first appearance in Terror of the Autons (1971), where he allies with the Nestene Consciousness to help them invade Earth. The Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee) convinces the Master to stop this plan at the last minute, and the Master subsequently escapes, albeit with his TARDIS, a space-time ship, left non-functioning after the Doctor confiscates the ship's dematerialisation circuit.[8]", "Doctor Who. The Master is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires to rule the universe. Conceived as \"Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes\",[118] the character first appeared in 1971. As with the Doctor, the role has been portrayed by several actors, since the Master is a Time Lord as well and able to regenerate; the first of these actors was Roger Delgado, who continued in the role until his death in 1973. The Master was briefly played by Peter Pratt and Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley took over and continued to play the character until Doctor Who's hiatus in 1989. The Master returned in the 1996 television movie of Doctor Who, and was played by American actor Eric Roberts.", "The Master (Doctor Who). Played by Peter Pratt in his next appearance, with heavy make-up that makes him resemble an emaciated corpse, the Master returns in The Deadly Assassin (1976). Found by Chancellor Goth (Bernard Horsfall) on planet Tersurus, the Master is revealed to be both in his final regeneration and near the end of his final life. The Master attempts to gain a new regeneration cycle by using the artifacts of Rassilon, the symbols of the President of the Council of Time Lords, to manipulate the Eye of Harmony at the cost of Gallifrey. But the Fourth Doctor (Tom Baker) stops the Master, who escapes after his assumed death.[6]", "The Master (Doctor Who). The Master was set to appear in the television story The Hollows of Time, proposed for the show's 23rd season, but ultimately never produced. When the story was adapted by Big Finish for their Lost Stories range, while Colin Baker and Nicola Bryant voiced their original roles as the Sixth Doctor and Peri, rights to the Master could not be obtained (and Anthony Ainley had died), so the role of Professor Stream (originally meant as the Master's alias—another anagram) was played by David Garfield and left ambiguous as to his true identity, the story presented as a semi-flashback with the Doctor and Peri's memories distorted so that they cannot clearly recall certain key details.[91]", "The Master (Doctor Who). Alex MacQueen plays a new incarnation of the Master in the Seventh Doctor boxset UNIT Dominion[99] and later in the Eighth Doctor boxsets Dark Eyes 2,[100] Dark Eyes 3[101] and Dark Eyes 4.[102] Macqueen's Master is revealed to be an incarnation between Eric Roberts' Master and Derek Jacobi's, having been rescued by the Time Lords who believe he is needed for a great purpose (implied to be the Time War) — the event had been referenced in \"The Sound of Drums\".[31][additional citation(s) needed]", "The Master (Doctor Who). The Master later returns in The Keeper of Traken, the role taken over by Geoffrey Beevers.[15] Still dying, the Master came to the Traken Union to renew his life by using the empire's technological Source. Though the plot fails, the Master manages to cheat death by transferring his essence into the body of a Trakenite scientist named Tremas (played by Anthony Ainley) and overwriting his host's mind.[16] From there, through Nyssa (Sarah Sutton), the Master orchestrates the series of events that leads to the Doctor's regeneration into his fifth incarnation (Peter Davison).[citation needed] The Master then appeared on and off for the rest of the series, still seeking to extend his life – preferably with a new set of regenerations. Subsequently, in The Five Doctors, the Time Lords offer the Master a new regeneration cycle in exchange for his help.[17] The Master's final appearance in the classic series is in Survival, having been trapped on the planet of the Cheetah People and under its influence, which drove its victims to savagery. Though the Master manages to escape the doomed planet, he ends up back on the planet prior to its destruction when he attempts to kill the Seventh Doctor (Sylvester McCoy).[18]", "The Master (Doctor Who). One of the most notable of these other appearances is David A. McIntee's \"Master trilogy\" of novels comprising The Dark Path and First Frontier in the Virgin Publishing lines and The Face of the Enemy for BBC Books, and the Doctor Who radio dramas produced by Big Finish Productions, in which Geoffrey Beevers has reprised the role, with a new incarnation being portrayed by Alex Macqueen.", "Doctor Who. On 6 April 2017, the BBC confirmed that John Simm would be returning in his role as the Master in the tenth series.[120]", "The Master (Doctor Who). The Master appears in the Big Finish Productions audio play, Dust Breeding, where Geoffrey Beevers reprised the role. The story reveals that, at some point after Survival, the Master's Trakenite body is damaged when he attempts to take control of a psychic weapon trapped in the painting The Scream, which returns him to his walking corpse state once again. He is presented using the alias Mr Seta, another anagram of Master.[88]", "The Master (Doctor Who). An out-of-continuity Master is heard in the Big Finish audio play Sympathy for the Devil, voiced by Mark Gatiss. In this alternate version of events, the Third Doctor — now voiced by David Warner — does not arrive for his exile on Earth until 1997 and the Master has been trapped on the planet while a series of extraterrestrial disasters occurred over the decades without the Doctor's help to stop them.[90]", "The Master (Doctor Who). On 6 April 2017, the BBC confirmed that Simm would be returning as the Master in the tenth series, appearing alongside his successor in the role, Michelle Gomez, for the first multi-Master story in the programme's history; he appears in the two-part finale.[34] Previously, there have been multi-Master stories in audio dramas, books, and comics.[35]", "Doctor Who (2008–2010 specials). The Doctor learns from the Ood that the Master (John Simm) will be returning soon. A cult of the Master has resurrected him using the ring dropped at the end of \"Last of the Time Lords\", but Lucy Saxon sabotages the process, causing the Master to experience intense hunger and energy expenditure, which also gives him powers beyond those of other Time Lords. In his investigations, the Doctor meets up with Wilfred Mott (Bernard Cribbins) and they both travel to the Naismith Institute where they have enlisted to repair an alien \"Immortality Gate\". However, the Master uses the gate to re-write the DNA of all humans on the planet with his own, creating a planet of Masters. Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) and Wilf are shielded from this. Far across the universe, Rassilon (Timothy Dalton) heralds the return of Gallifrey and the end of time itself.", "The Master (Doctor Who). The Master is a recurring character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its associated spin-off works. The character is a renegade alien Time Lord and the archenemy of the title character the Doctor.", "The Master (Doctor Who). Barry Letts had one man in mind for the role: Roger Delgado, who had a long history of screen villainy and had already made three attempts to break into the series.[3] He had worked previously with Barry Letts and was a good friend of Jon Pertwee.", "Eric Roberts. In 1996, he appeared in the Doctor Who Television film in the role of the Master. When SFX listed previous Masters in Doctor Who, the magazine said of Roberts: \"Out-acted by a CGI snake in the same production.\" In a darkly comic touch, the onscreen wife of Roberts' human character, who is killed by her newly possessed husband (who is taken over by the Master in the form of the above-mentioned CGI snake), is played by his real-life wife. He also co-starred in the 1996 television mini-series version of \"In Cold Blood,\" in the role of Perry Smith; he was nominated as Best Actor in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television. He starred in C-16 for its entire 1997 to 1998 run.[12] He starred opposite John Ritter in the movie Tripfall in 1998.", "The Master (Doctor Who). Beevers, Jacobi, Roberts & Gomez reprised the role for the Big Finish audio dramas, while Alex Macqueen and James Dreyfus portrayed incarnations unique to Big Finish.", "Regeneration (Doctor Who). The Master has only been shown to regenerate once onscreen. However, the Master does change appearance several times, often circumventing the limitations ordinarily placed upon Time Lords. Originally played by Roger Delgado, his decrepit later appearance (following Delgado's death) in The Deadly Assassin (1976) is explained as owing to the fact that he is in his final regeneration. He is driven to acquire a new regeneration cycle, but is ultimately able to circumvent the end of his life by possessing the body of Tremas (Antony Ainley) in The Keeper of Traken (1981). Ainley portrays the Master until the conclusion of the classic series, although still plots at several times to obtain a new regeneration cycle. In the 1996 TV movie, the Master is executed but cheats death by possessing a parasitic creature, which in turn possesses a human named Bruce (Eric Roberts), giving the Master another new form.", "The Master (Doctor Who). The End of Time marked the last appearance of the Master until 2014, when the character was brought back as a woman with no explanation given at the time as to how he escaped Gallifrey or what prompted his regeneration. Four years later, Simm reprised the role for the show's first ever \"multi-Master\" story, \"World Enough and Time\"/\"The Doctor Falls\" (2017), which caught up with Simm's Master shortly before his regeneration. In the story, the Master is posing as a menial worker on the basement floor of a Mondasian colony ship, helping to bring the Cybermen into existence anew. When the Doctor appears aboard the ship with the Master's own future incarnation, he meets his successor, Missy (Michelle Gomez), who is struggling between her nature and a promise to reform her ways. In the second part, the two Masters pair off as friends, but Missy's loyalties remain divided between the Doctor and her old self. The Master explains to the Doctor that the Time Lords \"cured\" his condition from The End of Time and expelled him from Gallifrey; he set himself up as a ruler on the Mondasian colony ship after his TARDIS broke, before being overthrown and hatching a new Cyberman-related plan. He and Missy plan to abandon the Doctor on the ship using Missy's spare dematerialisation circuit to repair his TARDIS, but Missy decided, at the last, to stand alongside the Doctor. She stabs her past self, giving him enough time to reach his TARDIS before he will regenerate. In return, he shoots her with his laser screwdriver to prevent himself from ever siding with the Doctor, promising to have disabled her regenerative abilities. He leaves his future self to die, and returns to his TARDIS, where he will soon forget having met his future self.", "The Master (Doctor Who). The Master returns again in The End of Time (2009–10), when his disciples attempt a resurrection ritual using a surviving piece of the Master's body. However, Lucy interrupts the ritual, bringing the Master back as a manic undead creature, hungry for human flesh and leaking electrical energy. The Master proceeds with a plot to transform the entire human race into his own clones, and using their combined presence, triangulates the \"drumbeat\" in his head to its source: The Time Lord President Rassilon (Timothy Dalton). The Time Lord Chancellor (Joe Dixon) describes the drumming noise in the Master's head as something \"[h]istory says [is] a torment that stayed with him for the rest of his life.\" The Time Lords, having set up the signal back in time in the Master's head as a child as a means to escape the last days of the Time War, return to the universe. Confronted with Rassilon, whose drumbeat is the cause of the Master's insanity, the Master teams up with the Doctor to destroy them. He too is sent back to Gallifrey when the Time Lords are again sealed away in the Time War, trapped once more.[33]", "The Master (Doctor Who). James Dreyfus portrayed the Master's first incarnation opposite David Bradley as the First Doctor in the audio series, Doctor Who: The First Doctor Adventures.[108]. In this audio, the Master has been trapped on the distant colony world known only as 'Destination' after his TARDIS was seriously damaged, manipulating the local populations into a state of war so that the resulting technological development will reach a point where he can repair his TARDIS. When the First Doctor arrives on the planet, the Master tries to steal the Doctor's ship, but his plans fail, resulting in the Master being trapped in his laboratory- the remains of his TARDIS- which is now so low on power that he cannot even open the doors[109].", "The Master (Doctor Who). In December 2017, Derek Jacobi reprised his role as The Master, specifically as the \"War Master\", in the audio play The War Master, after having originally played the role in the 2007 episode \"Utopia\".[107] In the course of these audios, the Master is shown seeking new sources of power for himself, but after he proves unable to control the power of the Heavenly Paradigm, which causes both sides in the Time War to win conflicts they previously lost, the series ends with the Master fleeing in fear to the distant future, setting up his future existence as 'Professor Yana'. Jacobi returns to the role in UNIT: Cyber Reality, in which the modern UNIT- led by Kate Stewart, the Brigadier's daughter- are forced to rely on the aid of the War Master when faced with an invasion of Cybermen.", "The Master (Doctor Who). Chris Finney plays a character named 'Keith Potter' in the story The End of the Line from the audio anthology The Sixth Doctor: The Last Adventure , who is later revealed to be an avatar under the control of the Master.", "The Master (Doctor Who). Having become a main character in the show's eighth season, the Master reappears in The Mind of Evil, where he regains his TARDIS' circuit from the Doctor after attempting to launch a nerve gas missile that would initiate World War III.[9] After another incursion on Earth in The Claws of Axos,[10] and failing to hold the galaxy to ransom using a doomsday weapon on the planet Uxarieus in the year 2472 in Colony in Space,[11] in The Dæmons the Master is finally captured on Earth by the organisation UNIT after Jo Grant (Katy Manning) prevents the alien Azal (Stephen Thorne) from gifting the Master his powers.[12]", "The Master (Doctor Who). In The Sea Devils (1972), the Master is shown to be imprisoned on an island prison off the coast of England. He convinces the governor of the prison, Colonel Trenchard (Clive Morton), to help him steal electronics from HMS Seaspite, the nearby naval base, which helps the Master contact the reptilian Sea Devils, the former rulers of Earth, so he can help them retake the planet from humanity. The Master convinces the Doctor to help him build machinery that would bring the Sea Devils out of their millions of years of hibernation, but the Doctor sabotages the device by overloading it, destroying the Sea Devil base and preventing war between humanity and reptiles. The Master subsequently escapes in a hovercraft. The Doctor reveals in this serial that the Master was once a \"very good friend\" of his.[13]", "The Master (Doctor Who). As well as this, as foreshadowed in \"Gridlock\", the Face of Boe (voice of Struan Rodger) gives the Doctor a message before dying: \"You are not alone\".[30]" ]

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[ "Methodism. There is no single Methodist Church with universal juridical authority; Methodists belong to multiple independent denominations or \"connexions\". The great majority of Methodists are members of denominations which are part of the international World Methodist Council, an association of 80 Methodist, Wesleyan and related united and uniting churches, representing over 80 million people. In 1956, the World Methodist Council established a permanent headquarters in the United States at Lake Junaluska, North Carolina.[75]", "United Methodist Church. The United Methodist Church, with at least 12 million members as of 2014, is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement of approximately 80 million people across the world.[14] In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination, the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention, and the third largest Christian denomination. In 2014, its worldwide membership was distributed as follows: 7 million in the United States,[15] and 4.4 million in Africa, Asia and Europe.[16] In 2015, Pew Research estimated that 3.6% of the US population, or 9 million adult adherents, self-identify with the United Methodist Church revealing a much larger number of adherents than registered membership.[17] The church is a member of the World Council of Churches, the World Methodist Council, and other religious associations.", "United Methodist Church. Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations.[196] In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million for the first time.[196] In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations.[196] Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South. Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million.[197] The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and North Carolina.[197]", "Methodism. There are seven World Methodist Council denominations in the United States: the African Methodist Episcopal Church; the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church; the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church; the Church of the Nazarene; the Free Methodist Church; the Wesleyan Church; and the United Methodist Church. The AME, AMEZ and CME are historically African Methodist denominations. The Church of the Nazarene, Free Methodists and Wesleyans are Wesleyan Holiness churches. Methodist churches in the United States have also strengthened ties with other Christian traditions. In April 2005, bishops in the United Methodist Church approved A Proposal for Interim Eucharistic Sharing. This document was the first step toward full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). The ELCA approved this same document in August 2005.[186] At the 2008 General Conference, the United Methodist Church approved full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.[187] The UMC is also in dialogue with the Episcopal Church for full communion by 2012.[188] The two denominations are working on a document called \"Confessing Our Faith Together.\"", "History of religion in the United States. The \"great Awakenings\" were large-scale revivals that came in spurts, and moved large numbers of people from unchurched to churched. The Methodists and Baptists were the most active at sponsoring revivals. The number of Methodist church members grew from 58,000 in 1790 to 258,000 in 1820 and 1,661,000 in 1860. Over 70 years Methodist membership grew by a factor of 28.6 times when the total national population grew by a factor of 8 times.[60]", "Methodism. Methodism is prevalent in the English-speaking world but it is also organised in mainland Europe, largely due to missionary activity of British and American Methodists. British missionaries were primarily responsible for establishing Methodism across Ireland and Italy. Today the United Methodist Church (UMC)—a large denomination based in the United States—has a presence in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Collectively the European or Eurasian regions of the UMC constitute over 100,000 Methodists.[76][77][78] Other smaller Methodist denominations exist in Europe.", "Southern Methodist Church. In 2017, the Southern Methodist Church had approximately 85 churches and 3,200 members.[1] [2] Over 50% of the churches (47) are located in South Carolina.[3] The denomination describes itself as seeking \"to continue the doctrinal heritage of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South and to spread the message of salvation and Biblical holiness that John Wesley preached.\"[4]", "Alabama. In Alabama, the Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of adherents with 1,380,121; this is followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 220,938 adherents, and the Catholic Church with 150,647 adherents. Many Baptist and Methodist congregations became established in the Great Awakening of the early 19th century, when preachers proselytized across the South. The Assemblies of God had almost 60,000 members, the Churches of Christ had nearly 120,000 members. The Presbyterian churches, strongly associated with Scots-Irish immigrants of the 18th century and their descendants, had a combined membership around 75,000 (PCA – 28,009 members in 108 congregations, PC(USA) – 26,247 members in 147 congregations,[125] the Cumberland Presbyterian Church – 6,000 members in 59 congregations, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America – 5,000 members and 50 congregations plus the EPC and Associate Reformed Presbyterians with 230 members and 9 congregations).[126]", "Missouri. The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 749,685; the Roman Catholic Church with 724,315; and the United Methodist Church with 226,409.[63]", "Ohio. According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), in 2010 the largest denominations by adherents were the Roman Catholic Church with 1,992,567; the United Methodist Church with 496,232; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 223,253, the Southern Baptist Convention with 171,000, the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ with 141,311, the United Church of Christ with 118,000, and the Presbyterian Church (USA) with 110,000.[97] With about 70,000 people in 2015 Ohio had the largest Amish population of all states of the US.[98]", "Methodism. Methodist Church Ghana is one of the largest Methodist denominations, with around 800,000 members in 2,905 congregations, ministered by 700 pastors.[123] It has fraternal links with the British Methodist and United Methodist churches worldwide.", "Methodism. Today, millions belong to Methodist churches, which are present on all populated continents.[73] Although Methodism is declining in Great Britain and North America, it is growing in other places; at a rapid pace in, for example, South Korea.[74]", "Tennessee. The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 1,483,356; the United Methodist Church with 375,693; the Roman Catholic Church with 222,343; and the Churches of Christ with 214,118.[62]", "Louisiana. The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Catholic Church with 1,200,900; Southern Baptist Convention with 709,650; and the United Methodist Church with 146,848. Non-denominational Evangelical Protestant congregations had 195,903 members.[100]", "Texas. The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church (4,673,500); the Southern Baptist Convention (3,721,318); the United Methodist Church with (1,035,168); and Islam (421,972).[238]", "United Methodist Church. Throughout its history, the United Methodist Church has placed great emphasis on the importance of education. As such, the United Methodist Church established and is affiliated with around one hundred colleges and universities in the United States, including American University, Syracuse University, Boston University, Emory University, Duke University, Drew University, University of Denver, University of Evansville, and Southern Methodist University.[166] Most are members of the International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities. The church operates three hundred sixty schools and institutions overseas.", "South Carolina. According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), in 2010 the largest denominations were the Southern Baptist Convention with 913,763 adherents, the United Methodist Church with 274,111 adherents, and the Roman Catholic Church with 181,743 adherents. Fourth largest is the African Methodist Episcopal Church with 564 congregations and 121,000 members and fifth largest is the Presbyterian Church (USA) with 320 congregations and almost 100,000 members.[67]", "Methodism. The Protestant-Methodist Church (German: Evangelisch-methodistische Kirche) is the name of the United Methodist Church in Germany and Austria. The German church had about 52,031 members in 2015[update].[78] Members are organised into three conferences: north, east and south.[78] Methodism is most prevalent in southern Saxony and around Stuttgart.", "Methodism. The influence of Whitefield and Lady Huntingdon on the Church of England was a factor in the founding of the Free Church of England in 1844. At the time of Wesley's death there were over 500 Methodist preachers in British colonies and the United States.[18] Total membership of the Methodist societies in Britain was recorded as 56,000 in 1791, rising to 360,000 in 1836 and 1,463,000 by the national census of 1851.[32]", "United Methodist Church. In the more than 220 years since 1784, Methodism in the United States, like many other Protestant denominations, has seen a number of divisions and mergers. In 1830, the Methodist Protestant Church split from the Methodist Episcopal Church over the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church, insisting that clergy should not be the only ones to have any determination in how the church was to be operated. In 1844, the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church split into two conferences because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination.", "Religion in the United Kingdom. The Methodist movement traces its origin to the evangelical awakening in the 18th century. The British Methodist Church, which has congregations throughout Great Britain, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, Malta and Gibraltar, has around 290,000 members,[93] and 5,900 churches,[93] though only around 3,000 members in 50 congregations are in Scotland. In the 1960s, it made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England, aimed at church unity. Formally, these failed when they were rejected by the Church of England's General Synod in 1972. However, conversations and co-operation continued, leading on 1 November 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the two churches.[94]", "United Methodist Church. By the opening of the 2008 General Conference, total UMC membership was estimated at 11.4 million, with about 7.9 million in the U.S. and 3.5 million overseas. Significantly, about 20% of the conference delegates were from Africa, with Filipinos and Europeans making up another 10%.[198] During the conference, the delegates voted to finalize the induction of the Methodist Church of the Ivory Coast and its 700,000 members into the denomination.[198] Given current trends in the UMC—with overseas churches growing, especially in Africa, and U.S. churches collectively losing about 1,000 members a week[199]—it has been estimated that Africans will make up at least 30% of the delegates at the 2012 General Conference,[198] and it is also possible that 40% of the delegates will be from outside the U.S.[199] One Congolese bishop has estimated that typical Sunday attendance of the UMC is higher in his country than in the entire United States.[199]", "Methodism. In addition to the United Methodist Church, there are over 40 other denominations that descend from John Wesley's Methodist movement. Some, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Free Methodists and the Wesleyan Church (formerly Wesleyan Methodist), are explicitly Methodist. There are also independent Methodist churches, many of which are affiliated with the Association of Independent Methodists.[167] Others do not call themselves Methodist, but grew out of the Methodist movement: for example, The Salvation Army and the Church of the Nazarene. Some of the charismatic or Pentecostal churches such as the Pentecostal Holiness Church and the Assemblies of God also have roots in or draw from Wesleyan thought.", "Methodism. The Italian Methodist Church (Italian: Chiese Metodista Italiana) is a small Protestant community in Italy,[93] with around 7,000 members.[94] Since 1975 it is in a formal covenant of partnership with the Waldensian Church, with a total of 45,000 members.[94] Waldensians are a Protestant movement which started in Lyon, France, in the late 1170s.", "United Methodist Church. The Pew Research Center's 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study concluded that the political preferences of U.S. adult members of The United Methodist Church was 54% Republican/lean Republican, 35% Democrat/lean Democrat, and 11% Independent/no lean/other.[59]", "Methodism. The original body founded as a result of Wesley's work was later known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church. Schisms within the original Church, and independent revivals, led to the formation of a number of separate denominations calling themselves \"Methodist\". The largest of these were the Primitive Methodist church, deriving from a revival at Mow Cop in Staffordshire, the Bible Christians and the Methodist New Connexion. The original church became known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church to distinguish it from these bodies. In 1907, a union of smaller groups with the Methodist New Connexion and Bible Christian Church brought about the United Methodist Church (Great Britain), then the three major streams of British Methodism united in 1932 to form the current Methodist Church of Great Britain.[79] The fourth-largest denomination in the country, the Methodist Church of Great Britain has about 202,000 members in 4,650 congregations.[80]", "History of religion in the United States. Methodist missionaries were also active in the late colonial period. From 1776 to 1815 Methodist Bishop Francis Asbury made 42 trips into the western parts to visit Methodist congregations. In the 1780s itinerant Methodist preachers carried copies of an anti-slavery petition in their saddlebags throughout the state, calling for an end to slavery. At the same time, counter-petitions were circulated. The petitions were presented to the Assembly; they were debated, but no legislative action was taken, and after 1800 there was less and less religious opposition to slavery.[54]", "Methodism. Today, the United Methodist Church in Hungary, known locally as the Hungarian Methodist Church (Hungarian: Magyarországi Metodista Egyház), has 453 professing members in 30 congregations.[103] It runs two student homes, two homes for the elderly, the Forray Methodist High School, the Wesley Scouts and the Methodist Library and Archives.[104] The church has a special ministry among the Roma.", "Missouri. Among the other denominations there are approximately 93,000 Mormons in 253 congregations, 25,000 Jewish adherents in 21 synagogues, 12,000 Muslims in 39 masjids, 7,000 Buddhists in 34 temples, 7,000 Hindus in 17 temples, 2,500 Unitarians in 9 congregations, 2,000 Baha'i in 17 temples, 5 Sikh temples, a Zorastrian temple, a Jain temple and an uncounted number of neopagans.[64]", "Methodism. The Second Great Awakening was a nationwide wave of revivals, from 1790 to 1840. In New England, the renewed interest in religion inspired a wave of social activism among Yankees; Methodism grew and established several colleges, notably Boston University. In the \"burned over district\" of western New York, the spirit of revival burned brightly. Methodism saw the emergence of a Holiness movement. In the west, especially at Cane Ridge, Kentucky and in Tennessee, the revival strengthened the Methodists and the Baptists. Methodism grew rapidly in the Second Great Awakening, becoming the nation's largest denomination by 1820. From 58,000 members in 1790, it reached 258,000 in 1820 and 1,661,000 in 1860, growing by a factor of 28.6 in 70 years, while the total American population grew by a factor of eight.[159] Other denominations also used revivals, but the Methodists grew fastest of all because \"they combined popular appeal with efficient organization under the command of missionary bishops.\"[160]", "United Methodist Church. According to The United Methodist Book of Discipline (set by General Conference every four years), the Church \"affirm[s] that all persons are individuals of sacred worth, created in the image of God\" and encourages United Methodists to be in ministry with and for all people.[89] In accordance with its view of Scripture,[90] the Church considers \"the practice of homosexuality (to be) incompatible with Christian teaching.\" It states that \"self-avowed practicing homosexuals\" cannot be ordained as ministers,[91] and supports \"…laws in civil society that define marriage as the union of one man and one woman.\"[92][93][94] However, this official position remains controversial and hotly debated within the denomination; for instance, the Western Jurisdiction of the UMC voted to elect the denomination's first openly gay bishop.[95] According to polling from Pew Research, the majority of United Methodists in the US support the inclusion of homosexual persons, 60% of United Methodists said \"homosexuality should be accepted,\" and 49% supported same-sex marriage.[96]", "Methodism. Methodism or the Methodist movement[nb 1] is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement. It originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley's death. The movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond because of vigorous missionary work,[3] today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide.[4][nb 2]" ]

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[ "Alana de la Garza. Alana de la Garza (born June 18, 1976) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Connie Rubirosa on the NBC television series Law & Order, Law & Order: LA, and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and as Marisol Delko-Caine on CSI: Miami. In 2014 and 2015, she starred as Detective Jo Martinez in the ABC series Forever. From 2016 to 2017, she starred in Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders as Special Agent Clara Seger.", "Alana de la Garza. In 2006, she joined the cast of NBC's Law & Order during the premiere of Season 17, portraying Assistant District Attorney Connie Rubirosa. Her performance as ADA Rubirosa has been widely praised by critics.[3][4][5] In 2007, she earned a nomination for \"Best Supporting Actress—Television\" by the Imagen Foundation Awards. Following in 2008, she was nominated for an ALMA Award as \"Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Television Series\".[6] Later that year, she garnered an \"Impact Award\" for \"Outstanding Performance in a Dramatic Television Series\" by the National Hispanic Media Coalition.[7]", "Alana de la Garza. De la Garza played Assistant District Attorney (later DDA) Rubirosa for the final four seasons of Law & Order, a role she also played on the short-lived spin-off Law & Order: LA (2011). On January 22, 2014 she guest starred in an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Connie Rubirosa. Rubirosa, who had recently departed the Los Angeles District Attorney's Office, is now a federal prosecutor, heading up a joint task force on underage sex trafficking. Her guest appearance originally aired on January 22, 2014.[8] This is, to date, her final appearance in the franchise.", "Law & Order: LA. Following the show's revamp, Law & Order actress Alana de la Garza reprised her role as Connie Rubirosa, now Dekker's new partner. Rubirosa moves from New York City to Los Angeles to be close to her ailing mother.[28]", "Alexandra Borgia. Borgia was the shortest appearing Assistant District Attorney in the history of the Law & Order franchise, seen only in 33 episodes. In her final episode, while investigating a family's murder, the DA's office focuses on the husband, Frank Andreas, who is supplying killers with fake DEA badges which they use to commit home invasion robberies. Borgia presses Andreas to give up his accomplices, and is later kidnapped from her own apartment. Her body is subsequently found in the trunk of an abandoned car, bound, brutally beaten and dead of asphyxiation after choking on her own vomit. Outraged, McCoy arranges a sham prosecution to make sure her murderers go to prison for life, skirting legal ethics to the point that he almost faced disbarment and was replaced by a special prosecutor.[4] Borgia's position is filled by Connie Rubirosa (Alana de la Garza) in season 17.", "Michael Cutter. He works closely with Connie Rubirosa (Alana de la Garza), the Assistant District Attorney who had previously aided McCoy. Because of this, he has occasionally discussed McCoy with her—usually with complaints—in an attempt to understand his new boss. As evidenced by his first appearance, he is familiar with former District Attorney Arthur Branch, having apparently been in Branch's office on at least one occasion.[2] In the episode \"Executioner\", he reveals that he supports the death penalty. In the L&O episode \"By Perjury\", he is almost murdered in the bathroom of the courthouse before being saved at the last moment by detectives Cyrus Lupo (Jeremy Sisto) and Kevin Bernard (Anthony Anderson).[3]", "Law & Order. By this point, NBC executives believed the series was beginning to show its age, as the ratings had been declining since Orbach's departure.[58] Farina had never been popular with fans when he replaced Orbach, and it was felt that the cast just did not seem to mesh well together anymore.[55] In an effort to revitalize the show, Wolf replaced Parisse with Alana de la Garza as Assistant District Attorney Consuela \"Connie\" Rubirosa, while Martin's character was promoted to senior detective and partnered with Detective Nina Cassady, played by Milena Govich, who had worked with Wolf on the short-lived series Conviction and served as the show's first female detective of the main cast.[58]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 15). In \"Amaro’s One-Eighty\", Cathy Moriarty returned as Captain Toni Howard. In the same episode, Elizabeth Marvel reprises her role as defense attorney Rita Calhoun and Greg Germann returns as ADA Derek Strauss. In \"Jersey Breakdown\", Alana de la Garza returned as her Law & Order character, Connie Rubirosa, now as a Federal Prosecutor heading up a joint task force on underage sex trafficking. In the same episode, Bill Sage, Chazz Palminteri, Stefanie Scott, and Dayton Callie guest star.", "Michael Cutter. In L&O's \"Tango\", he realizes one of the jurors is attracted to his ADA, Connie Rubirosa (Alana de la Garza). He makes no mention of this to her, and encourages her to cross-examine witnesses in his stead. When she learns the truth, she feels Cutter \"pimped [her] out to the jury\". Regardless, subsequent episodes have portrayed a stable working and friendly relationship. In L&O's \"Brilliant Disguise\", Cutter talks about his actions while cross-examining the defendant in an attempt to elicit incriminating testimony, but claimed that he'd ordered her to instead of tricked her, much to her displeasure, by the end of the episode, he apologizes to Connie, she responds naturally and without friction.", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 8). During a six episode absence by Mariska Hargitay, Connie Nielsen was cast to play Stabler's temporary partner, Detective Dani Beck. Dick Wolf said that he was \"thrilled that we have someone of Connie's obvious talent, beauty and stature to come in for these episodes. It doesn't get any better than this.\"[6]", "Alexandra Borgia. Alexandra Borgia is a fictional character, played by Annie Parisse, who appeared on the long-running NBC drama series Law & Order from 2005 to 2006. Appearing in only 33 episodes, she is the shortest serving ADA in the series' history.", "Connie Nielsen. In 2004, Nielsen made her Danish film debut in the drama, Brødre (also known as Brothers), for which she won the Danish Best Actress Award, the Bodil, as well as Best Actress at the San Sebastian International Film Festival. She was also nominated for Best Actress at the European Film Awards. In 2006, Nielsen appeared in several episodes of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Detective Dani Beck. She filled in for Mariska Hargitay, who was on maternity leave at the time of filming.[9]", "Marta DuBois. More recently, she portrayed Dora in the television western Lone Rider (2008, with Mike Starr (actor) and Tom Schanley) and had a guest role as Maria Cordero in the Law & Order: Los Angeles episode \"Ballona Creek\" (2010, with Patrick Fischler, Saxon Trainor, and Tom Virtue).", "Alexandra Borgia. Borgia first appears in the episode \"Fluency\", having been appointed by DA Arthur Branch (Fred Thompson) as a replacement for Serena Southerlyn (Elisabeth Röhm). She principally assists Jack McCoy, but she also conducts detailed investigations, arraignments and hearings independent of McCoy and Branch. Prior to her last appointment, Borgia was engaged in trying many drug cases, which resulted in frequent kudos from police officers and fellow attorneys. She was also respected among her colleagues for her intelligence and adroit manner in preparing a case for prosecution. When asked by Detective Joe Fontana if her name was Italian, she answered that it was from Italy, France and Spain and that she still had relatives in Venice.[1] She is a Christian and regularly goes to church.[2]", "Noelle Beck. She appeared in Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Stephanie Mulroney and in Law & Order: Criminal Intent as Tina Davenport, and returned to Criminal Intent in 2011 to play Debra Brite.", "Laura Gómez (actress). In 2011 she was awarded a IX Screenwriting Developing Grant by the Spanish Fundación Carolina. She has studied film at the University of New York, and screenwriting at the Jacob Krueger Studio. She wrote, directed and produced the short films To Kill A Roach - for which she received the NYU Fall 2012 Technisphere Award for Outstanding Achievement - and Hallelujah. She directed and co-produced The Iron Warehouse, written by the playwright Hilary Bettis. She appeared as a guest actor in Law & Order SVU, and played a recurring role in the HBO miniseries Show Me A Hero, and a minor role in the film Exposed.", "Alexandra Borgia. Parisse is credited in a total of 33 episodes of the Law & Order as Alexandra Borgia.[5]", "Jack McCoy. Entertainment Weekly television critic Ken Tucker has praised Law & Order's creator Dick Wolf for putting McCoy at the center of \"some of the best episodes of the immortal series' 19th season.\"[28] Tucker elaborates how the character, riding \"herd over a couple of stubborn young bucks — assistant DAs Mike Cutter (Linus Roache) and Connie Rubirosa (Alana de la Garza) — McCoy argues, bellows orders, and croaks with outrage when his charges disobey his legal advice.\"[28]", "Angela Robinson (actress). Robinson was born and raised in Jacksonville, Florida.[1] She graduated from William M. Raines High School in Jacksonville and Florida A&M University in Tallahassee, Florida.[1] While in college, she won the crown of Miss Florida A&M University.[1] She moved to New York City in 1992 and began acting career on the stage, appearing on Broadway and Off-Broadway productions.[2][3] On Broadway, she performed in The Color Purple, and later appeared in the national touring production.[1] Robinson also performed on the national tours of Dreamgirls and The Wizard of Oz.[2] On television, she appeared in the episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit in 2005.[2]", "Maria Canals-Barrera. Canals-Barrera co-starred in a number of short-lived sitcoms, worked as a voice actress, and appeared in several films. She is best known for her role as Theresa Russo in the Disney Channel family sitcom, Wizards of Waverly Place (2007–2012). She played the role of Connie Torres in Camp Rock (2008) and Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010) and co-starred as Lala Pinedo in Larry Crowne (2011). As a voice actress, she is known as Shayera Hol/Hawkgirl in Justice League and Justice League Unlimited. She also voiced Sunset Boulevardez in the Disney Channel show, The Proud Family.", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 11). Lee Tergesen and Mischa Barton guest-starred in the episode \"Savior\". Barton played a hooker named Gladys, while Tergesen played a \"deranged religious zealot suspected of murder\".[15][31] This reunited Tergesen with his former Oz co-star Christopher Meloni, who played his lover on the show, for the first time since the show ended in 2003.[32] Lena Olin, Richard Burgi and Russell Jones appeared in \"Confidential\". Olin played Ingrid Block, the high-powered attorney of Richard Morgan (Burgi), a billionaire investment banker and Jones played Morgan's head of security.[33] Despite Sam Waterston's being listed in a press release for the episode to appear as his Law & Order character Jack McCoy, he was only mentioned.[34] Though on April 28 he made an appearance when Sharon Stone's character Jo Marlowe \"makes a major faux pas\". This marked the first time Waterston appeared in the SVU squad room.[35]", "Charlotte Ross. Ross is also known for her role as Connie McDowell in the ABC police procedural drama series NYPD Blue from 2001 to 2004.[5] On February 25, 2003, Ross appeared in an NYPD Blue episode entitled \"Nude Awakening\", which featured shots of her buttocks as she prepared to step into the shower.[2][6] As a result, the FCC fined each of the 52 ABC stations with a $27,500 fine for broadcasting \"indecent material\" between 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. However, on January 4, 2011, the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously revoked the fine, stating that the FCC's enforcement of its indecency rules was \"unconstitutionally vague and chilling.\" ABC, Inc., et al. v. Federal Communications Commission, No. 08-0841-ag(L) (2nd Cir.).", "Judging Amy. On October 21, 2005, 16-year-old Tara Correa-McMullen (who played Graciela Reyes in the show) was shot to death outside an apartment complex in Inglewood, California. Suspected gang member Damien Watts, 20, was charged with her murder on March 1, 2006; he was convicted on January 23, 2009.[2] When charged, Watts was in custody for a separate shooting.[3] Watts was sentenced on February 27, 2009 to life imprisonment, with no chance of parole.[4]", "Katherine LaNasa. Katherine LaNasa (born December 1, 1966)[1][unreliable source?] is an American actress, former ballet dancer and choreographer.[2] She starred in films Jayne Mansfield's Car, The Campaign and The Frozen Ground. On television, LaNasa had a leading role in the NBC sitcom Three Sisters (2001–2002), appeared in recurring roles on Judging Amy, Two and a Half Men, Big Love and Longmire, and also starred in the short-lived dramas Love Monkey (2006) and Deception (2013). In 2014, LaNasa starred as Adrianna, a madam who has a male escort service, in the USA Network drama series, Satisfaction.", "Melinda Dillon. In 1999 she appeared in Magnolia, directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, as Rose Gator, the estranged wife of terminally ill television game-show host Jimmy Gator (Philip Baker Hall). In 2005, she guest-starred in the episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit entitled \"Blood\".[citation needed]", "CSI: Miami. In December 2003, Entertainment Weekly reported that \"there are rumblings that co-creator Anthony Zuiker and company are planning a third franchise, to be set in New York City\".[1] In 2004, CBS commissioned the New York-set CSI series,[162][163] starring Gary Sinise as a detective named Rick Calucci.[163] Calucci, a veteran officer \"who lost his wife during the terror attacks on September 11\", was expected to \"make a guest appearance on CSI: Miami\" in May 2004.[163][164] On March 23, 2004, Melina Kanakaredes was cast as Stella, \"a crime scene unit detective\".[165] Kanakaredes was cast following her signing a talent deal with CBS in August 2003.[166] The Futon Critic noted that Kanakaredes \"was initially set up as the lead of the drama project I.C.E., about the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, a wing of the Dept. of Homeland Security. With I.C.E.'s development stalled, Kanakaredes was free to join NY\"[167] Vanessa Ferlito and Carmine Giovinazzo were also cast in lead roles.[165] The pilot episode for CSI: NY, titled \"MIA/NYC NonStop\" aired on May 17, 2004, and also featured Hill Harper.[168]", "Barbara Stuart. Stuart guest starred as Edith in Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone in the 1960 episode A Thing About Machines. In 1961 she made two appearances on Perry Mason: Violet Ryder in \"The Case of the Guilty Clients,\" and Maizie Freitag in \"The Case of the Brazen Bequest.\" She appeared in various other dramatic series, including M Squad, The Untouchables, Markham, The Blue Angels, 87th Precinct, Adventures in Paradise, The Eleventh Hour, Sam Benedict, Arrest and Trial, 77 Sunset Strip, Hawaiian Eye, Surfside 6, Banyon, Banacek, The Rookies, Barnaby Jones, Cannon, Batman, T.H.E. Cat, Starsky and Hutch, Trapper John, M.D., and Quincy M.E..[4]", "Steel-Eyed Death. Emily Meade as Bonnie/Amanda Evans\nMichael Oberholtzer as Justin Sachs\nKevin O'Rourke as Amanda's Attorney\nFinnerty Steeves as Darlene Evans\nKaren Young as Mrs. Sachs\nRebecca Creskoff as Veronica Masters\nFred Melamed as Judge Bertram Hill\n\nSpecial Guest Star:\nJ. K. Simmons as Dr. Emil Skoda", "Hannibal (film). Other stars subsequently cast included Ray Liotta as U.S. Justice Department official Paul Krendler (the character had appeared in The Silence of the Lambs, but original actor Ron Vawter had died in the interim) and Italian actor Giancarlo Giannini as Detective Rinaldo Pazzi. Francesca Neri played Pazzi's wife, Allegra. Frankie Faison reprised his role as orderly Barney Matthews.", "Irene Ryan. In 1944, she played a ditzy secretary named Polly in a B-movie titled Hot Rhythm with Dona Drake. In 1946, she married Harold E. Knox, who worked in film production. (They divorced in 1961; the couple had no children.) She continued to work in motion pictures of the late 1940s and early 1950s, generally playing fussy or nervous women. In 1946, she joined the cast of The Jack Carson Show on CBS radio. She played \"a neighborhood storekeeper who operates a combination candy shop and lending library.\"[8] In January 1955, Ryan made her first television sitcom appearance in an episode of the CBS series The Danny Thomas Show. She appeared with Walter Brennan in the 1959 episode \"Grandpa's New Job\" on the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys. In the 1960-1961 CBS sitcom Bringing Up Buddy, starring Frank Aletter, she was cast in three episodes as Cynthia Boyle; and she appeared as Rusty Wallace in \"The Romance of Silver Pines\", a 1962 episode of My Three Sons, starring Fred MacMurray.[9]", "Barbara Stuart. She guest starred in numerous television series, including two Rod Cameron syndicated crime dramas, State Trooper and Coronado 9. She appeared in three episodes of the television crime drama Peter Gunn. She appeared as Mrs. Bugsy McKenna in the episode \"Bugsy\" of the CBS crime drama Mr. Lucky, with John Vivyan, who had also appeared on The Lawless Years.[4]", "Law & Order. Season 15 would see the departure of Röhm mid-season. Röhm's final scene on the show, in the episode \"Ain't No Love,\" sparked controversy within the fanbase, as ADA Southerlyn asked Arthur Branch if she was being fired because she was gay, a fact the scripts had never even hinted at until then.[55] Wolf said Röhm's departure was unexpected, and she exited the show in January 2005. Her replacement was Annie Parisse as Assistant District Attorney Alexandra Borgia. Later that season, Martin departed early to film Rent. Ed Green was temporarily written off as being shot in the line of duty and being replaced during his recovery by Detective Nick Falco, played by Michael Imperioli, who had previously guest starred as a murder suspect in the Season 6 episode \"Atonement.\"[56] Parisse left the series at the end of Season 16 (with ADA Borgia written off as being murdered), and Farina announced shortly afterward that he too was leaving Law & Order to pursue other projects. (Detective Fontana was written off as having retired off-screen.)[57]" ]

[ 8.578125, 3.259765625, 5.29296875, 6.18359375, 1.8623046875, 1.8525390625, 3.365234375, 1.1806640625, 1.7431640625, -0.97216796875, -5.30859375, -2.83203125, -6.6484375, -3.07421875, -6.5, -3.76953125, -5.91796875, 4.24609375, -1.5546875, -5.04296875, -4.9140625, -0.66015625, -4.81640625, -0.33935546875, -6.625, -4.56640625, -3.861328125, -4.6171875, -5.81640625, -4.11328125, -5.12890625, -4.671875 ]

[ "Central Bank of India. Central Bank of India, a government-owned bank, is one of the oldest and largest commercial banks in India. It is based in Mumbai which is the financial capital of India and capital city of state of Maharashtra.[2] The bank has 4730 branches, 5319 ATM's and 4 extension counters across 27 Indian states and three Union Territories. At present, Central Bank of India has overseas office at Nairobi, Hong Kong and a joint venture with Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, and the Zambian government. The Zambian government holds 40 per cent stake and each of the banks has 20 per cent. Recently it has also opened a representative office at Nairobi in Kenya.", "Central Bank of India. Central bank of India is one of 20 Public Sector banks in India to get recapitalisation [3] finance from the government over the next 24 months.", "Imperial Bank of India. The Reserve Bank of India, which is the Central bank of India, in the year 1955, acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India, and the Imperial Bank of India was renamed on 30 April 1955 to the State Bank of India. This transformation from the Imperial Bank of India to the State Bank of India was given legal recognition in terms off an Act of the Parliament of India, which came into force from 1 July 1955. The day on which the Imperial Bank of India (IBI) became the State Bank of India, IBI had 480 branches, sub-offices, and three local head offices; and had under its control and command slightly more than a quarter of the resources of the Indian banking industry. The branch network of State Bank of India has since grown to 9093 branches as on 31 March 2004. In 2007 Reserve Bank of India transferred its stake in State Bank of India to Government of India.", "Reserve Bank of India. The central board of directors is the main committee of the central bank. The Government of India appoints the directors for a 4-year term. The Board consists of a governor, and not more than 4 deputy governors; 4 directors to represent the regional boards;[34] 2 — usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary — from the Ministry of Finance and 10 other directors from various fields. RBI wants to create a post of Chief Operating Officer (COO) and re-allocate work between the five of them (4 deputy governor and COO).[35][36]", "Central Bank of India. In 1969, the Indian Government nationalized the bank on 19 July, together with 13 others.", "Central Bank of India. Central Bank of India has approached the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for permission to open representative offices in five more locations - Singapore, Dubai, Doha and London.[4]", "Bank of India. In 1986 BoI acquired Parur Central Bank in (Ernakulam District, Kerala State) in a rescue. Parur Central Bank (or Karur Central Bank, or Paravur Central Bank) had been founded in 1930, and at the time of its failure had 51 branches. BoI amalgamated Parur Central Bank in 1990.", "Central Bank of India. The Central Bank of India was established on 21 December 1911 by Sir [[ Anup thakur with Sir Pherozeshah Mehta as Chairman,f name=\"The Hindu 2007\">\"Central Bank IPO to open on 24 July\". The Hindu. Chennai, Tamil Nadu India. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2008. </ref> and claims to have been the first commercial Indian bank completely owned and managed by Indians.[citation needed]", "Reserve Bank of India. The central bank was an independent apex monetary authority which regulates banks and provides important financial services like storing of foreign exchange reserves, control of inflation, monetary policy report till 2016 August. A central bank is known by different names in different countries. The functions of a central bank vary from country to country and are autonomous or quasi-autonomous body and perform or through another agency vital monetary functions in the country. A central bank is a vital financial apex institution of an economy and the key objects of central banks may differ from country to country still they perform activities and functions with the goal of maintaining economic stability and growth of an economy.[9]", "Central Bank of India. In 1963, the revolutionary government in Burma nationalized Central Bank of India's operations there, which became People's Bank No. 1.[7]", "Central Bank of India. In 1923, it acquired the Tata Industrial Bank in the wake of the failure of the Alliance Bank of Simla. The Tata bank, established in 1917, had opened a branch in Madras in 1920 that became the Central Bank of India, Madras.[citation needed]", "Central Bank of India. As on 31 March 2015, the bank's reserves and surplus stood at ₹ 283030 million. Its total business at the end of the last fiscal amounted to ₹ 45,05,390(approx) million.", "Reserve Bank of India. In 1969, Indira Gandhi-headed government nationalized 14 major commercial banks. Upon Gandhi's return to India in 1980 a further 6 banks were nationalized.[13] The regulation of the economy and especially the financial sector was reinforced by the Government of India in the 1970s and 1980s.[18] The central bank became the central player and increased its policies a lot for a lot of tasks like interests, reserve ratio and visible deposits.[19] These measures aimed at better economic development and had a huge effect on the company policy of the institutes. The banks lent money in selected sectors, like agri-business and small trade companies.[20]", "Central Bank of India. Central Bank of India was one of the first banks in India to issue credit cards in the year 1980 in collaboration with MasterCard. Central Bank of India announces that the financial results for the year ended 2013-Total Business Rs. 402000 Cr. Net Profit-Rs. 1015 Cr.", "Central Bank of India. Central Bank of India was instrumental in the creation of the first Indian exchange bank, the Central Exchange Bank of India, which opened in London in 1936. However, Barclays Bank acquired Central Exchange Bank of India in 1938.[5]", "Central Bank of India. By 1918 it had established a branch in Hyderabad. A branch in nearby Secunderabad followed in 1925.[citation needed]", "Central Bank of India. In the 1980s the managers of the London branches of Central Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, and Union Bank of India were caught up in a fraud in which they made dubious loans to the Bangladeshi jute trader Rajender Singh Sethia. The regulatory authorities in England and India forced all three Indian banks to close their London branches.", "Banking in India. The largest bank, and the oldest still in existence, is the State Bank of India (S.B.I). It originated as the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806. In 1809, it was renamed as the Bank of Bengal. This was one of the three banks founded by a presidency government, the other two were the Bank of Bombay in 1840 and the Bank of Madras in 1843. The three banks were merged in 1921 to form the Imperial Bank of India, which upon India's independence, became the State Bank of India in 1955. For many years the presidency banks had acted as quasi-central banks, as did their successors, until the Reserve Bank of India[5] was established in 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.[6][7]", "Bank of India. The bank has 4,963 branches in India spread over all states/ union territories including specialised branches. These branches are controlled through 54 Zonal Offices. There are 60 branches/ offices and 5 Subsidiaries and 1 joint venture abroad.", "Central bank. The word \"Reserve\" is also often included, such as the Reserve Bank of India, Reserve Bank of Australia, Reserve Bank of New Zealand, the South African Reserve Bank, and Federal Reserve System. Other central banks are known as monetary authorities such as the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority, Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Monetary Authority of Singapore, Maldives Monetary Authority and Cayman Islands Monetary Authority. There is an instance where native language was used to name the central bank: in the Philippines the Filipino name Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas is used even in English.", "Public sector banks in India. The Central Government entered the banking business with the nationalization of the Imperial Bank of India in 1955. A 60% stake was taken by the Reserve Bank of India and the new bank was named as the State Bank of India. The seven other state banks became the subsidiaries of the new bank in 1959 when the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, 1959 was passed under the Nehru government.[2]", "Reserve Bank of India. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central banking institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee. It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.[6] The original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid, which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders.[7] Following India's independence on 15 August 1947, the RBI was nationalised on 1 January 1949.[8]", "Bank of India. The next year, 1987, BoI took over the three UK branches of Central Bank of India (CBI). CBI had been caught up in the Sethia fraud and default and the Reserve Bank of India required it to transfer its branches.", "List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India is the chief executive of India's central bank and the ex-officio chairperson of its Central Board of Directors. Indian Rupee currency notes, issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), bear the governor's signature. Since its establishment in 1935 by the British colonial government, the RBI has been headed by 24 governors. The term of office typically runs for 3 years.", "Reserve Bank of India. The RBI plays an important part in the Development Strategy of the Government of India. It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union. The general superintendence and direction of the RBI is entrusted with the 21-member central board of directors: the governor; 4 deputy governors; 2 finance ministry representatives (usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary); 10 government-nominated directors to represent important elements of India's economy; and 4 directors to represent local boards headquartered at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and New Delhi. Each of these local boards consists of 5 members who represent regional interests, the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks.", "Reserve Bank of India: Working and Functions. Reserve Bank of India is India's central bank, headquartered at Bombay. Central bank of a country execute multiple functions such as overseeing monetary policy, issuing currency, managing foreign exchange, working as a bank of government and as banker of scheduled commercial banks, etc. It also works for overall economic growth of the country. The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 with the provision of Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.[1] Though privately owned initially, it was nationalised in 1949 and since then fully owned by Government of India (GoI). The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes it main functions as:", "State Bank of India. The bank descends from the Bank of Calcutta, founded in 1806, via the Imperial Bank of India, making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian subcontinent. The Bank of Madras merged into the other two \"presidency banks\" in British India, the Bank of Calcutta and the Bank of Bombay, to form the Imperial Bank of India, which in turn became the State Bank of India in 1955.[8] Government of India owned the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with Reserve Bank of India (India's Central Bank) taking a 60% stake, and renamed it the State Bank of India. In 2008, the government took over the stake held by the Reserve Bank of India.[citation needed]", "Reserve Bank of India. The RBI has four zonal offices at Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai.[39] It has 20 regional offices and 11 sub-offices. Regional offices are located in Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Jammu, Kanpur, Kochi, Kolkata, Dewas, Lucknow, Mumbai, Nagpur, Patna, Dehradun and Thiruvananthapuram and sub-offices are located in Agartala, Aizawal, Dehradun, Gangtok, Imphal, Panaji, Raipur, Ranchi, Shillong, Shimla and Srinagar.[40]", "Economy of India. The Indian rupee (₹) is the only legal tender in India, and is also accepted as legal tender in neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan, both of which peg their currency to that of the Indian rupee. The rupee is divided into 100 paisas. The highest-denomination banknote is the ₹2,000 note; the lowest-denomination coin in circulation is the 50 paise coin.[308] Since 30 June 2011, all denominations below 50 paise have ceased to be legal currency.[309][310] India's monetary system is managed by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the country's central bank.[311] Established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949, the RBI serves as the nation's monetary authority, regulator and supervisor of the monetary system, banker to the government, custodian of foreign exchange reserves, and as an issuer of currency. It is governed by a central board of directors, headed by a governor who is appointed by the Government of India.[312] The benchmark interest rates are set by the Monetary Policy Committee.", "Reserve Bank of India. The bank is headed by the governor and the post is currently held by economist Urjit Patel. There are 4 deputy governors BP Kanungo,[37] S S Mundra, N S Vishwanathan and Viral Acharya.[38] Two of the four deputy governors are traditionally from RBI ranks and are selected from the Bank's Executive Directors. One is nominated from among the Chairpersons of public sector banks and the other is an economist. An Indian Administrative Service officer can also be appointed as deputy governor of RBI and later as the governor of RBI as with the case of Y. Venugopal Reddy and Duvvuri Subbarao. Other persons forming part of the central board of directors of the RBI are Dr. Nachiket Mor, Y C Deveshwar, Prof Damodar Acharya, Ajay Tyagi and Anjuly Duggal.", "Central bank. On 23 December 1913 the U.S. Congress created the US Federal Reserve through the passing of The Federal Reserve Act in the Senate and its signing by President Woodrow Wilson on the same day. Australia established its first central bank in 1920, Peru in 1922, Colombia in 1923, Mexico and Chile in 1925 and Canada, India and New Zealand in the aftermath of the Great Depression in 1934. By 1935, the only significant independent nation that did not possess a central bank was Brazil, which subsequently developed a precursor thereto in 1945 and the present Central Bank of Brazil twenty years later. After gaining independence, African and Asian countries also established central banks or monetary unions. The Reserve Bank of India, which had been established during British colonial rule as a private company, was nationalized in 1949 following India's independence.", "National Payments Corporation of India. Presently, there are ten core promoter banks (State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Canara Bank, Bank of Baroda, Union Bank of India, Bank of India, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Citibank and HSBC). The Board consists of Biswamohan Mahapatra as the Non Executive Chairman, Nominees from Reserve Bank of India and Nominees from ten core promoter banks. [6] Dilip Asbe is the current managing director and chief executive officer of NPCI after A. P. Hota, who retired from the post on August 10, 2017.[7]" ]

[ 4.12890625, 3.10546875, -1.2490234375, -1.962890625, 0.759765625, -0.2442626953125, -0.415771484375, -2.99609375, -3.052734375, -1.404296875, -1.7041015625, -2.681640625, 0.05963134765625, -2.263671875, -1.744140625, -3.052734375, 0.2335205078125, 1.4462890625, 1.6240234375, -0.80419921875, 0.88525390625, -0.66845703125, -1.103515625, -3.52734375, -2.828125, -1.5361328125, -1.5986328125, -1.0146484375, -3.90625, -3.6875, -1.8720703125, 1.9501953125 ]

[ "History of technology. The first \"test tube baby\" Louise Brown was born in 1978, which led to the first successful gestational surrogacy pregnancy in 1985 and the first pregnancy by ICSI in 1991, which is the implanting of a single sperm into an egg. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis was first performed in late 1989 and led to successful births in July 1990. These procedures have become relatively common.", "In vitro fertilisation. The second successful birth of a test tube baby occurred in India just 67 days after Louise Brown was born.[83] The girl, named Durga conceived in vitro using the methods of Subhash Mukhopadhyay, a physician and researcher from Kolkata.", "Louise Brown. On 10 November 1977, Lesley Brown underwent a procedure, later to become known as in vitro fertilisation (IVF), developed by Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards. Edwards was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Medicine for this work.[3] Although the media referred to Brown as a \"test tube baby\",[4] her conception actually took place in a Petri dish. Her younger sister, Natalie Brown, was also conceived through IVF four years later, and became the world's fortieth child after conception by IVF. In May 1999, Natalie was the first human born after conception by IVF to give birth herself—without IVF—to daughter Casey.[2]", "In vitro fertilisation. In 1977, Steptoe and Edwards successfully carried out a pioneering conception which resulted in the birth of the world's first baby to be conceived by IVF, Louise Brown on 25 July 1978, in Oldham General Hospital, Greater Manchester, UK.[80][81][82]", "Pregnancy test. Selmar Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek introduced testing based on the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 1928.[13] Early studies of hCG had concluded that it was produced by the pituitary gland. In the 1930s, Georgeanna Jones discovered that hCG was produced not by the pituitary gland, but by the placenta. This discovery was important in relying on hCG as an early marker of pregnancy.[14] In the Aschheim and Zondek test, an infantile female mouse was injected subcutaneously with urine of the person to be tested, and the mouse later was killed and dissected. Presence of ovulation indicated that the urine contained hCG and meant that the person was pregnant. A similar test was developed using immature rabbits. Here, too, killing the animal to check her ovaries was necessary. An improvement arrived with the frog test, introduced by Lancelot Hogben, which still was used in the 1950s and allowed the frog to remain alive and be used repeatedly: a female frog was injected with serum or urine of the patient; if the frog produced eggs within the next 24 hours, the test was positive. This was called the Bufo test, named after the toad genus Bufo, which was originally used for the test. Other species of toads and frogs have been used later on.", "Oldham. The Royal Oldham Hospital, at Oldham's northern boundary with Royton, is a large NHS hospital administrated by Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust. It was opened under its existing name on 1 December 1989.[124] Formerly known as Oldham District and General, and occupying the site of the town's former workhouse (named Oldham Union Workhouse in 1851),[124] the hospital is notable for being the birthplace of Louise Joy Brown – the world's first successful In vitro fertilised \"test tube baby\", on 25 July 1978.[125] The North West Ambulance Service provides emergency patient transport. See also Healthcare in Greater Manchester.", "In vitro fertilisation. Ernestine Gwet Bell supervised the first Cameroonian child born through IVF in 1998.[136]", "Federal Shariat Court. In February 2017, the court issued its ruling on test-tube babies and validated its use conditionally. The Nation reported, \"The Federal Shariat Court yesterday declared the option of using 'test tube baby' method for conceiving babies for the married couples having some medical complications as lawful.\"[7]", "Oldham. Other notable persons with Oldham connections include the composer Sir William Walton, former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, and Louise Brown,[125] the world's first baby to be conceived by in vitro fertilisation.", "Phenylketonuria. PKU was the first disorder to be routinely diagnosed through widespread newborn screening. Robert Guthrie introduced the newborn screening test for PKU in the early 1960s.[53] With the knowledge that PKU could be detected before symptoms were evident, and treatment initiated, screening was quickly adopted around the world. Austria started screening for PKU in 1966[54] and England in 1968.[55]", "Preterm birth. James Elgin Gill (born on 20 May 1987 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) was the earliest premature baby in the world, until that record was broken in 2014. He was 128 days premature (21 weeks and 5 days' gestation) and weighed 1 pound 6 ounces (624 g). He survived.[147][148]", "Dionne quintuplets. Elzire suspected she was carrying twins, but no one was aware that quintuplets were even possible. The quintuplets were born two months premature. In 1938, the doctors had a theory that was later proven correct when genetic tests showed that the girls were identical, meaning they were created from a single egg cell. Elzire reported having had cramps in her third month and passing a strange object which may have been a sixth fetus.[3]", "Multiple birth. Quintuplets occur naturally in 1 in 55,000,000 births.[10] The first quintuplets known to survive infancy were the all-female Canadian Dionne Quintuplets, born in 1934. Quintuplets are sometimes referred to as \"quins\" in the UK and \"quints\" in North America.[11]", "History of animal testing. In 1996 Dolly the sheep was born, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell.[10] The process by which Dolly the sheep was cloned utilized a process known as nuclear transfer applied by lead scientist Ian Wilmut. Although other scientists were not immediately able to replicate the experiment, Wilmut argued that the experiment was indeed repeatable, given a timeframe of over a year.[11]", "Roald Dahl. On 5 December 1960, four-month-old Theo Dahl was severely injured when his baby carriage was struck by a taxicab in New York City. For a time, he suffered from hydrocephalus and, as a result, his father became involved in the development of what became known as the \"Wade-Dahl-Till\" (or WDT) valve, a device to alleviate the condition.[62][63] The valve was a collaboration between Dahl, hydraulic engineer Stanley Wade and London's Great Ormond Street Hospital neurosurgeon Kenneth Till, and was used successfully on almost 3,000 children around the world.[64]", "Lucille Ball. On July 17, 1951, one month before her 40th birthday, Ball gave birth to daughter Lucie Désirée Arnaz.[3] A year and a half later, Ball gave birth to her second child, Desiderio Alberto Arnaz IV, known as Desi Arnaz, Jr.[4] Before he was born, I Love Lucy was a solid ratings hit, and Ball and Arnaz wrote the pregnancy into the show. (Ball's necessary and planned caesarean section in real life was scheduled for the same date that her television character gave birth.)[4]", "History of animal testing. In 1997, innovations in frogs, Xenopus laevis, by developmental biologist Jonathan Slack of the University of Bath, created headless tadpoles, which could allow future applications in donor organ transplantation.[12]", "Blue baby syndrome. On November 29, 1944, the first successful operation for tetralogy of Fallot was performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 1943, the syndrome had been brought to the attention of surgeon Alfred Blalock by pediatric cardiologist Helen B. Taussig. Taussig was trying to figure out a way to treat the hundreds of babies and children who had congenital blue baby syndrome. Blalock's surgical technician, Vivien Thomas, had earlier developed for another purpose a procedure involving the anastomosis, or joining, of the subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery. Adapting this procedure for patients with tetralogy of Fallot gave the blood another chance to become oxygenated. The surgery, which became known as a Blalock-Taussig shunt, rapidly spread worldwide as the treatment of choice for Tetralogy of Fallot.[9] Thomas, an African American, was later recognized as the true developer of the procedure, which is sometimes called the Blalock-Thomas-Taussig shunt. In 1976, Johns Hopkins University presented Thomas with an honorary doctorate.[10]", "Jesse Bennett. Dr. Jesse Bennett (July 10, 1769 —July 13, 1842) was the first American physician to perform a successful Caesarean section, which he performed on his own wife at the birth of their only child on January 14, 1794.[1][2]", "Neonatal heel prick. The classical Guthrie test is named after Robert Guthrie, an American bacteriologist and physician who devised it in 1962. The test has been widely used throughout North America and Europe as one of the core newborn screening tests since the late 1960s. The test was initially a bacterial inhibition assay, but is gradually being replaced in many areas by newer techniques such as tandem mass spectrometry that can detect a wider variety of congenital diseases.", "Newborn screening. Newborn screening originated with an amino acid disorder, phenylketonuria (PKU), which can be easily treated by dietary modifications, but causes severe mental retardation if not identified and treated early. Robert Guthrie introduced the newborn screening test for PKU in the early 1960s.[4] With the knowledge that PKU could be detected before symptoms were evident, and treatment initiated, screening was quickly adopted around the world. Austria started screening for PKU in 1966[5] and England in 1968.[6]", "Louise Brown. Louise Joy Brown was born at Oldham General Hospital, Oldham, by planned Caesarean section delivered by registrar John Webster.[1] She weighed 5 pounds, 12 ounces (2.608 kg) at birth.[2] Her parents, Lesley and John Brown, had been trying to conceive for nine years. Lesley faced complications of blocked fallopian tubes.[2]", "Newborn screening. Robert Guthrie is given much of the credit for pioneering the earliest screening for phenylketonuria in the late 1960s using blood samples obtained by pricking a newborn baby's heel on the second day of life on filter paper.[38] Congenital hypothyroidism was the second disease widely added in the 1970s.[39] Guthrie and colleagues also developed bacterial inhibition assays for the detection of maple syrup urine disease and classic galactosemia.[40] The development of tandem mass spectrometry screening in the early 1990s led to a large expansion of potentially detectable congenital metabolic diseases that can be identified by characteristic patterns of amino acids and acylcarnitines.[41]", "Designer baby. This is not a new technology - the first PGD babies, and thus also the first designer babies were created in 1989 and born in 1990.[4]", "In vitro fertilisation. The first successful birth of a child after IVF treatment, Louise Brown, occurred in 1978. Louise Brown was born as a result of natural cycle IVF where no stimulation was made. Robert G. Edwards was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2010, the physiologist who co-developed the treatment together with Patrick Steptoe; Steptoe was not eligible for consideration as the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously.[1] With egg donation and IVF, women who are past their reproductive years or have reached menopause can still become pregnant. Adriana Iliescu held the record as the oldest woman to give birth using IVF and donated egg, when she gave birth in 2004 at the age of 66, a record passed in 2006. After the IVF treatment many couples are able to get pregnant without any fertility treatments.[2] In 2012 it was estimated that five million children had been born worldwide using IVF and other assisted reproduction techniques.[3]", "Fallopian tube. They are named after their discoverer, the 16th century Italian anatomist Gabriele Falloppio, who thought they resembled tubas, the plural of tuba in Italian being tube.[7]", "Vancouver Aquarium. On July 23, 1995, a beluga whale named Qila was born. She was the first beluga to be both conceived and born in a Canadian aquarium. A second calf, Tuvaq, was born on July 30, 2002, but died unexpectedly with no previous sign of illness on July 17, 2005.", "Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. In 1968, Robert Edwards and Richard Gardner reported the successful identification of the sex of rabbit blastocysts.[5] It was not until the 1980s that human IVF was fully developed, which coincided with the breakthrough of the highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. Handyside, Kontogianni and Winston's first successful tests happened in October 1989, with the first births in 1990[6] though the preliminary experiments had been published some years earlier.[7][8] In these first cases, PCR was used for sex determination of patients carrying X-linked diseases.", "Philadelphia Zoo. On October 2, 2009, the zoo welcomed a baby Sumatran orangutan, subsequently named \"Batu\". Batu, a female, is the first-born child to 15-year-old father Sugi and 18-year-old mother Tua. She is also the first baby orangutan to be born in the PECO Primate Reserve, which opened in 1999. The zoo, however, does have a history of successfully breeding orangutans, being the first zoo in the nation to have a successful birth in 1928.", "Asian Americans. Chien-Shiung Wu was known to many scientists as the \"First Lady of Physics\" and played a pivotal role in experimentally demonstrating the violation of the law of conservation of parity in the field of particle physics. Fazlur Rahman Khan, also known as named as \"The Father of tubular designs for high-rises\",[121] was highlighted by President Barack Obama in a 2009 speech in Cairo, Egypt,[122] and has been called \"Einstein of Structural engineering\".[123] Min Chueh Chang was the co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill and contributed significantly to the development of in vitro fertilisation at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology. David T. Wong was one of the scientists credited with the discovery of ground-breaking drug Fluoxetine as well as the discovery of atomoxetine, duloxetine and dapoxetine with colleagues.[124][125][126] Michio Kaku has popularized science and has appeared on multiple programs on television and radio.", "Karl Landsteiner. After World War I, Vienna and the new republic of Austria as a whole was in a desolate economic state, a situation in which Landsteiner did not see any possibilities to carry on with his research work. He decided to move to The Netherlands and accepted a post as prosector in the small Catholic St. Joannes de Deo hospital (now MCH Westeinde) in The Hague [10] and, in order to improve his financial situation also took a job in a small factory, producing old tuberculin (tuberculinum prestinum).[11]\nHe also published a number of papers, five of them being published in Dutch by the Royal Academy of Sciences. Yet working conditions proved to be not much better than in post-war Vienna. So Landsteiner accepted the invitation that reached him from New York, initiated by Simon Flexner, who was familiar with Landsteiner's work, to work for the Rockefeller Institute. He arrived there with his family in the spring of 1923.[2] Throughout the 1920s Landsteiner worked on the problems of immunity and allergy. In 1927 he discovered new blood groups: M, N and P, refining the work he had begun 20 years before. Soon after Landsteiner and his collaborator, Philip Levine, published the work and in 1927, the types began to be used in paternity suits.", "Rhesus macaque. On 25 October 1999, the rhesus macaque became the first cloned primate with the birth of Tetra. January 2001 had the birth of ANDi, the first transgenic primate; ANDi carries foreign genes originally from a jellyfish.[46]" ]

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[ "Ashley Ward. Ward is married to former model Dawn. Born in Salford, she is a former school friend of Ryan Giggs. Ward proposed to her in the car park of the pub where she worked when they first met.[1][8] The couple have four daughters – Darby, Taylor, Charlie and Aston[11] — and used to live in Mill Lane, Mottram St. Andrew. He bought Warford Hall in late 2014. He also makes an appearance in The Real Housewives of Cheshire in which his wife, Dawn, stars.", "The Real Housewives of Cheshire. On 22 September 2014 ITV announced the cast for Britain's first housewives instalment The Real Housewives of Cheshire. Starring Ampika Pickston, Dawn Ward, Lauren Simon, Leanne Brown, Magali Gorré and Tanya Bardsley, the series follows the cast's intertwining and fast lives in the rich communities of Cheshire and Greater Manchester.[3] ITV had planned to profile the glamorous denizens of London's Knightsbridge in the series, but ITV bosses said \"their homes weren’t quite big enough..\", and so Cheshire was chosen.[4] After the success of the first series, with the premiere becoming ITVBe's second highest rating ever programme behind The Only Way is Essex, on 27 April 2015 it was announced that a second series had been commissioned, with filming to begin in May 2015. The second series aired from 7 September 2015 to 9 November 2015, with the cast from the first series returning.[5]", "List of The Real Housewives of Cheshire episodes. The Real Housewives of Cheshire is a British reality television series that premiered on 12 January 2015 on ITVBe. It chronicles the lives of 8 women — Dawn Ward, Lauren Simon, Tanya Bardsley, Seema Malhotra, Stacey Forsey, Ester Dohnalová, Rachel Lugo and Nermina Pieters-Mekic — in Cheshire as they socialize, work on their careers and spend time with their families.", "Chris O'Dowd. O'Dowd married Scottish writer, director, and television presenter Dawn Porter in 2012. After their marriage, Dawn changed her surname to O'Porter.[23]", "Tanya Bardsley. Tanya Louise Bardsley (née Robinson; born 29 April 1981) is an English model, born in Wigan, Greater Manchester, and grew up in Richmond, North Yorkshire. She is currently starring in the reality television series The Real Housewives of Cheshire. She is also the wife of footballer Phil Bardsley.", "The Real Housewives of Cheshire. The series originally focused on Ampika Pickston, Dawn Ward, Lauren Simon, Leanne Brown, Magali Gorré and Tanya Bardsley. Of the original housewives, Gorré left after the second series, while Pickston confirmed her departure shortly after the fifth. The remaining housewives joined in later seasons: Stacey Forsey and Seema Malhotra in the third, and Ester Dohnalová in the fifth. Other housewives include Missé Beqiri (series 3-4). Rachel Lugo and Nermina Pieters-Mekic joined the cast in the sixth.", "The Real Housewives of Cheshire. On 1 March 2016, it was announced that Magali Gorré would be departing the series, although a return in future hasn’t been ruled out.[6] On 4 March 2016, ITVBe announced that Ward, Simon, Pickston, Brown and Bardsley would be returning for a third series along with three new wives, Missé Beqiri, Seema Malhotra and Stacey Forsey.[7] The third series premiered on 4 April 2016. On 25 April 2016, it was confirmed by cast member Tanya Bardsley, that the third series would have a reunion show, a first since the show's inception.[8] On 19 May 2016, it was announced that Irish television presenter, Brian Dowling, would be hosting the reunion show.[9] The reunion was filmed at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire in late May. The reunion aired on 13 June 2016, concluding the third series.", "What Remains of Edith Finch. At some point during her adulthood, Dawn travels to India for work, and marries a man named Sanjay, with whom she also has three children: Lewis (27 December 1988 – 21 November 2010), Milton (19 May 1992) and Edith Jr. (14 February 1999 – 18 January 2017). After Sanjay's death, Dawn and her children move back into the Finch house.", "Coronation Street. In July 2007, after 34 years in the role of Vera Duckworth, Elizabeth Dawn left the show due to ill health.[61] After conversation between Dawn and producers Kieran Roberts and Steve Frost, the decision was made to kill Vera off.[62] In January 2008, shortly before plans to retire to Blackpool, Vera's husband Jack (William Tarmey) found that she had died in her armchair.", "Jeff Struecker. He is married to his wife Dawn and has five children.[3]", "Jase Dyer. Following a brief fling with Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons), Jase begins a more serious relationship with Dawn Swann (Kara Tointon), whom he later proposes to. He unknowingly begins working for May Wright (Amanda Drew), the woman who had planned to adopt Dawn's daughter, Summer. A violent confrontation occurs when May tries again to abscond with Summer and causes a gas explosion in Dawn's house; Jase saves Summer's life, catching her when she is dropped from a first floor window. With their house burnt down and no money, Dawn begins to fret over their financial future. Wanting to please Dawn, Jase takes a mysterious call saying he will do \"one more job for him.\" The next day Jase brings home a bag full of money. Dawn then spends the money on various things including clothes and rent money for a new flat. Jase adopts Summer and his name is added to her birth certificate, after Dawn had left it blank when Summer was born. Dawn's demands continue, so Jase does more jobs for his associate. When he comes home beaten and bloodied, he is forced to admit to Dawn that he is working for Terry Bates once again. Dawn is initially furious, but despite realising that he is involved in criminal activity, she makes no attempt to stop him as she is desperate to keep the money and get the wedding of her dreams. Jase speaks of leaving Walford to escape Terry, but Dawn announces that they have set a date for their wedding, ensuring that Jase cannot leave.", "Tracy Barlow. On 10 May 2015, it was announced that Tristan Gemmill had been cast as Tracy's ex Robert Preston.[37] Robert (then played by Julian Kay) had previously been married to Tracy when Dawn Acton was playing the role. It was announced that Robert will return to Tracy's life in the summer when he turns up unexpectedly at the funeral of her mother Deirdre (Anne Kirkbride). With Tracy grieving following her mother's sudden death and also newly-single after splitting from Tony Stewart, she quickly seeks comfort by falling back into Robert's arms. However, if Tracy harbours any hopes for a full reunion with Robert, it won't be easy for her as he is still married to his second wife - something he has neglected to tell her. Played by former Girls Aloud singer Sarah Harding, Robert's wife quickly joins him in Weatherfield to fight for her man. Asked what Robert likes about Tracy, Gemmill replied: \"\"Now there's a question! I guess some people are attracted to broken people. I've got friends who have poor relationships by anyone's standards because they keep making the same mistake. Maybe Robert is one of those people who is attracted to danger, maybe he thinks he can fix her. There's an element of thrill being with someone who's unpredictable.\"[38]", "The Real Housewives of Cheshire. On 13 February 2017, it was revealed that the fifth series would premiere on 27 March 2017. It was also announced that Missé Beqiri would not be returning as a main housewife, to take a step back to focus on her relationship, but will appear as a guest housewife.[14] Former housewife Magali Gorré commented on the upcoming season, stating \"I have heard there is a new cast member and she is more Geordie Shore than Golden Triangle.\"[15] On 21 March 2017, Ester Dohnalová was announced to be the new housewife for the fifth series.[16] The fifth series premiered on 27 March 2017, introducing new housewife Ester Dohnalova. On 28 April 2017, Misse Beqiri announced the fifth series would be her last. The fifth series did not have a reunion show, and instead featured host Brian Dowling visiting the housewives' homes in a special titled 'At Home with the Real Housewives of Cheshire'.", "Tony Dow. Dow married Carol Marlow on June 14,1969 and had a son, Christopher Dow, in 1973. They divorced in 1978. Tony Dow married Lauren Shulkind in June of 1980.[9][10] They have one child and two grandchildren.", "Dawn Wells. She married Larry Rosen, a talent agent, in 1962. The couple had no children and were divorced in 1967.[7]", "List of Sons of Anarchy characters. Dawn Trager (Rachel Miner) and Fawn Trager (Lexi Sakowitz) are the daughters of Alex \"Tig\" Trager and his ex-wife Colleen. Dawn first appears in the episode \"With An X.\"", "C. Thomas Howell. In his single days, Howell shared a place with Darren Dalton, with whom he co-starred in The Outsiders, Red Dawn, and The Jailhouse. From 1989 to 1990, he was married to actress Rae Dawn Chong, his Soul Man co-star. He married Sylvie Anderson in 1992. They have three children: Isabelle (born February 17, 1993), Dashiell (born January 2, 1997), and Liam (born April 24, 2001).", "Dawn Steele. In 2010 she returned once more as Alice for a 10-episode run in the fifth season of the popular show Wild at Heart. She returned again for another 10-episode run in the sixth season of Wild at Heart but as Alice Trevanion; Alice and Danny got engaged at the end of season five. She was in episode 1 of the seventh season but was forced to abandon filming of the hit TV drama to return to Britain for the birth of her first child Coco with partner, Dear Green Place actor Paul Nolan.[11] There will be no eighth season, but Dawn returned for the last ever episode, a two-hour special, which was shown on 30 December 2012. She openly admitted to crying throughout the special's six-week filming period.", "The Real Housewives of Cheshire. The Real Housewives of Cheshire (abbreviated RHOCheshire) is a British reality television series broadcast on ITVBe. The show premiered on 12 January 2015 and is based on The Real Housewives franchise.[1] It is produced and distributed by NBCUniversal International Networks, and Monkey Kingdom, one of Britain's leading production companies. The Real Housewives of Cheshire chronicles the lives of several affluent housewives who reside in Cheshire, England.[2]", "List of General Hospital characters (1980s). In 1990, Ned and Dawn became engaged. At the same time, Dawn had a crush on con artist Decker Moss, but still loved Ned. On their wedding day, it was revealed Ned had a one-night stand with Dawn's mother, Monica. Dawn was so angry, she left Port Charles with Decker in Ned's car.", "Lyndsy Fonseca. In late 2007, Fonseca played Dawn in the film Remember the Daze. She joined the cast of ABC's Desperate Housewives as the daughter of Katherine Mayfair (Dana Delany), a character moving onto Wisteria Lane.[6] In 2008 she was nominated for the Actor award at the Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series for Desperate Housewives (2004), shared with the cast.", "Dawn Wells. Wells continues to lend her support to the Denver Foundation, a charity chaired by Dreama Denver, widow of Wells' Gilligan’s Island co-star Bob Denver. In November 2009, she appeared at the Denver Foundation's Christmas Wish Celebrity Auction, helping to raise funds for the disabled and disadvantaged in West Virginia.[18]", "List of General Hospital characters (1980s). Dawn came to Port Charles in 1989 and became a student nurse at General Hospital. It was then learned that Dawn was Monica Quartermaine's long-lost daughter with David Langton. Dawn was excited to be a part of the Quartermaine family and to fall in love with Tracy Quartermaine's son, Ned Ashton. Ned was so happy with Dawn that he bought her Spoon Island.", "Tracy Barlow. Tracy meets carpet fitter, Robert Preston (Julian Kay), and they decide to marry. They intend to tie the knot in London, where they are living but on telling Ken and Deirdre the news, Tracy decides to marry in Weatherfield instead, on the cheap; she books the Registry Office immediately and buys a £14 wedding dress from a charity shop. The wedding is a success and the Prestons return to London. Tracy visits Weatherfield three times over the next few years: she comes to Deirdre and Jon Lindsay's (Owen Aaronovitch) engagement party in 1997 and approves of airline pilot Jon (who is really a confidence man), and then two years later, seeks refuge in Weatherfield after falling out with Robert, who accused Tracy of having an affair with her friend Dan after he saw them kissing. Robert follows Tracy to Weatherfield and they reconcile when he accepts her story that she and Dan are just friends. Tracy is delighted when her parents finally reconcile.", "Alan Halsall. Halsall is married to former Coronation Street and Wild at Heart actress, Lucy-Jo Hudson. They met on set and began dating in 2005.[3] They married on 13 June 2009 in Cheshire.[4] On 18 February 2013, via Twitter, the couple announced they were expecting their first child, a baby girl. On 8 September 2013, Hudson gave birth to their daughter, 9 days after her due date, named Sienna-Rae.[5] The couple announced they were splitting in March 2016, and they got back together after several weeks apart.[6]", "Marc Blucas. On July 25, 2009, Blucas married journalist Ryan Haddon, daughter of Dayle Haddon and is stepfather to her children from her first marriage to actor Christian Slater.[8]", "Bob Hope (Emmerdale). Bob has been married six times to four women. His first wife was Jean (Julie Higginson; Susan Penhaligon), whom he married twice. She is the mother of Dawn (Julia Mallam) and Jamie (Alex Carter), but the marriage ended in divorce when he walked out. His second wife was Barbara Hope. They had two children, Josh (Marc Silcock) and Carly (Rebecca Ryan; Gemma Atkinson), but this marriage ended in divorce when he again walked out. His fourth marriage was to American exotic dancer Vonda Lockhart (Lorelei King). They were married for only 24 hours and divorced. Vonda had a daughter, Roxy (Chloe Procter), whom he only found out about when Viv tracked her down. Bob arrives in Emmerdale as a representative for Naughty Nylons. He and Viv Windsor are immediately attracted to each other and they begin a relationship. Bob moves in with Viv and tries to make friends with her daughter Donna (Verity Rushworth). He proposes while drunk and they marry in February 2001. Bob has one grandson T.J. Woods (Connor Lee), the son of his daughter Dawn.", "Tom Courtenay. Courtenay was married to actress Cheryl Kennedy from 1973 to 1982. In 1988, he married Isabel Crossley, a stage manager at the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester.[3] They have homes in Manchester and Putney in London.", "Sarah Ann Kennedy. Kennedy grew up in Stratford-upon-Avon. She is married to ceramicist Rob Parr. They currently live in Preston, Lancashire, and have one child, a daughter.", "Talk:Colby's Clubhouse. Dawn has to watch her brother at Knotts Farm where they are giving a concert. She is upset at having to watch her brother. He gets lost, and is found later. Dawn gets a change of heart about her brother.", "Ian Curtis. On 23 August 1975, Curtis married Deborah Woodruff, to whom he was introduced to by a friend, Tony Nuttall.[19] Ian and Deborah initially became friends then began dating in December 1972, when both were only 16 years old.[20][n 2] Their wedding service was conducted at St Thomas' Church in Henbury, Cheshire. Curtis was 19 and Woodruff 18. They had one child, a daughter named Natalie, born on 16 April 1979.[21] Initially, the couple lived with Ian's grandparents, although shortly after their marriage, the couple moved to a working-class neighbourhood in Chadderton,[22] where they paid a mortgage while working in jobs neither enjoyed. Before long, the couple became disillusioned with life in Oldham, and remortgaged their house[23] before briefly returning to live with Ian's grandparents. Shortly thereafter, in May 1977, the couple moved into their own house in Barton Street, Macclesfield,[6] with one of the rooms of the property becoming colloquially known between the couple as Curtis's \"song-writing room\".[24]", "Dawn Steele. Dawn Anne Nolan (born 11 December 1975 in Glasgow) is a Scottish actress best known for her portrayals of the characters Alexandra \"Lexie\" MacDonald from the BBC drama Monarch of the Glen, Alice Trevanion in the ITV drama series Wild at Heart and Dr Annie Jandhu in BBC Soap Opera River City." ]

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[ "Downing Street. 14 Downing Street formerly closed off the western end of the street. It was acquired by the Crown in 1798, and was used by the War Office and Colonial Office in the 19th century. Some parts were demolished in the 1860s, and by 1876 it had been removed completely.", "Downing Street. The upper end of the Downing Street cul-de-sac closed access to St James's Park, making the street quiet and private. An advertisement in 1720 described it as \"a pretty open Place, especially at the upper end, where are four or five very large and well-built Houses, fit for Persons of Honour and Quality; each House having a pleasant Prospect into St James's Park, with a Tarras Walk\".[9] The houses had several distinguished residents. The Countess of Yarmouth lived at Number 10 between 1688 and 1689, Lord Lansdowne from 1692 to 1696 and the Earl of Grantham from 1699 to 1703. The diarist James Boswell took rooms in Downing Street during his stay in London during 1762–63 at a rent of £22 per annum. He records having dealings with prostitutes in the adjacent park.", "10 Downing Street. The upper end of the Downing Street cul-de-sac closed off the access to St James's Park, making the street quiet and private. An advertisement in 1720 described it as: \"... a pretty open Place, especially at the upper end, where are four or five very large and well-built Houses, fit for Persons of Honour and Quality; each House having a pleasant Prospect into St James's Park, with a Tarras Walk\".[11] The cul-de-sac had several distinguished residents: the Countess of Yarmouth lived at Number 10 between 1688 and 1689, Lord Lansdowne from 1692 to 1696 and the Earl of Grantham from 1699 to 1703.[11]", "Downing Street. Vehicle access was curtailed in 1973 when metal barriers were placed across the entrance to the street.[16] In 1974, the Metropolitan Police proposed erecting a semi-permanent barrier between the pavement and carriageway on the Foreign Office side to keep pedestrians off the main part of the street. The proposal came with assurances that tourists would still be permitted to take photographs at the door of Number 10. The Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, rejected the proposal, feeling that it would appear to be an unacceptable restriction of the freedom of the public. Wilson's private secretary wrote \"I much regret this further erosion of the Englishman's right to wander at will in Downing Street.\"[17]", "Downing Street. The public right of way along Downing Street has not been extinguished nor subject to a gating order and the road retains the status of a public highway maintained by Westminster City Council. Public access was curtailed by relying on common law powers to prevent breach of the peace[18][19][20] (although its legality has been questioned by a correspondent for New Statesman magazine).[21] In 2005 Westminster City Council used anti-terrorism powers contained in the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 to formalise the restrictions by means of a traffic management order.[21]", "Downing Street. Barriers were erected at the St James's Park end of the street for the unveiling of the Cenotaph on 11 November 1920. They were a public safety measure intended to prevent the crowds in Whitehall becoming too dense.[14]", "Downing Street. 9 Downing Street, named in 2001, is the Downing Street entrance to the Privy Council Office and houses the Department for Exiting the European Union. It was formerly part of Number 10.", "Downing Street. 12 Downing Street, formerly the Chief Whip's Office, houses the Prime Minister's Press Office, Strategic Communications Unit and Information and Research Unit. In the 1820s it was occupied by the Judge Advocate-General, although it remained in private ownership. It entered government hands when purchased by the East India Company in 1863, and was occupied by the marine and railway departments of the Board of Trade. It was originally numbered 13, but was partially re-built and re-numbered following the demolition of Number 14 in 1876. It was badly damaged by fire in 1879, and underwent further changes.", "Downing Street. Downing Street is off Whitehall in central London, a few minutes' walk from the Houses of Parliament and a little further from Buckingham Palace. The street was built in the 1680s by Sir George Downing. The houses on the south side of the street were demolished in the 19th century to make way for government offices now occupied by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.", "Downing Street. The houses between Number 10 and Whitehall were acquired by the government and demolished in 1824 to allow the construction of the Privy Council Office, Board of Trade and Treasury offices. In 1861 the houses on the south side of Downing Street were replaced by purpose-built government offices for the Foreign Office, India Office, Colonial Office, and the Home Office.", "10 Downing Street. Downing Street declined at the turn of the 19th century, becoming surrounded with run-down buildings, dark alleys, crime and prostitution. Earlier, the government had taken over the other Downing Street houses: the Colonial Office occupied Number 14 in 1798; the Foreign Office was at Number 16 and the houses on either side; the West India Department was in Number 18; and the Tithe Commissioners in Number 20. The houses deteriorated from neglect, became unsafe, and one by one were torn down. By 1857, Downing Street's townhouses were all gone except for Number 10, Number 11 (customarily the Chancellor of the Exchequer's residence), and Number 12 (used as offices for Government Whips). In 1879, a fire destroyed the upper floors of Number 12; it was renovated but only as a single-storey structure.[53][54] (See Numbers 10, 11, and 12 Downing Street First Floor Plan[55] and Ground Floor Plan.)[56]", "Downing Street. There used to be a public house, the Rose and Crown, in Downing Street. In 1830 the tenant was a Mr Dixon.[12]", "Downing Street. 15–16 Downing Street, long since demolished, formerly housed the Foreign Office, which also occupied two houses on the south side of the street.", "10 Downing Street. Downing did not live in Downing Street.[12][13] In 1675 he retired to Cambridge, where he died in 1684, a few months after building was completed. Downing's portrait hangs in the entrance foyer of Number 10.[14]", "Downing Street. Since 1989, entering Downing Street has required passing through a security checkpoint. The street is patrolled by armed police from the Diplomatic Protection Group, and there is usually at least one police officer outside the front door of Number 10. Security was tightened after 10 Downing Street was mortar bombed by the IRA in 1991.", "Downing Street. When the movement for Irish independence became increasingly violent, it was decided to retain the barriers, which were raised and strengthened. On 26 November 1920 construction commenced on a wooden barricade, 8 feet (2.4 m) high at the end of the street. They were described as being of a \"substantial character\" mounted on proper foundations and incorporated vehicle gates.[14][15] The barriers were taken down in 1922 when the Irish Free State was created.", "Downing Street. Downing Street is a street in London, United Kingdom, known for housing the official residences and offices of the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. \"Downing Street\" is used as a metonym for the Government of the United Kingdom.", "10 Downing Street. Shortly after moving in, Walpole ordered that a portion of the land outside his study be converted into a terrace and garden. Letters patent issued in April 1736 state that: \"... a piece of garden ground situated in his Majesty's park of St James's, and belonging and adjoining to the house now inhabited by the Right Honourable the Chancellor of His Majesty's Exchequer, hath been lately made and fitted up at the Charge ... of the Crown\".", "10 Downing Street. The arrangement was not an immediate success. Despite its size and convenient location near to Parliament, few early Prime Ministers lived there. Costly to maintain, neglected, and run-down, Number 10 was close to being demolished several times but the property survived and became linked with many statesmen and events in British history. In 1985 Margaret Thatcher said Number 10 had become \"one of the most precious jewels in the national heritage\".[2]", "10 Downing Street. By the middle of the 20th century, Number 10 was falling apart again. The deterioration had been obvious for some time. The number of people allowed in the upper floors was limited for fear the bearing walls would collapse. The staircase had sunk several inches; some steps were buckled and the balustrade was out of alignment. Dry rot was widespread throughout. The interior wood in the Cabinet Room's double columns was like sawdust. Skirting boards, doors, sills and other woodwork were riddled and weakened with disease. After reconstruction had begun, miners dug down into the foundations and found that the huge wooden beams supporting the house had decayed.[64][65]", "10 Downing Street. Another reason was that Number 10 was a hazardous place to live. Prone to sinking because it was built on soft soil and a shallow foundation, floors buckled, walls and chimneys cracked; it became unsafe and frequently required repairs. In 1766, for example, Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, pointed out that the house was in a dilapidated condition. His architect's letter to the Treasury read: \"...we have caused the House in Downing Street belonging to the Treasury to be surveyed, & find the Walls of the old part of the said House next the street to be much decayed, the Floors & Chimneys much sunk from the level\".[45] Townsend ordered extensive repairs, but they were still incomplete eight years later. A note from Lord North to the Office of Works, dated September 1774, asks that the work on the front of the house, \"which was begun by a Warrant from the Treasury dated 9 August 1766\",[46] should be finished. (See Kent's Treasury and No. 10, Downing Street, circa 1754.)[23][47]", "Downing Street. Downing probably never lived in his townhouses. In 1675 he retired to Cambridge, where he died a few months after the houses were completed. His portrait hangs in the entrance foyer of the modern Number 10.[10]", "Downing Street. 10 Downing Street is the official residence of the First Lord of the Treasury, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, as with almost no exceptions, the two roles have been filled by the same person since the 1720s. It has fulfilled this role since 1735.", "Downing Street. The houses at the end of the street were arranged around Downing Square.", "Downing Street. 11 Downing Street has been the official residence of the Second Lord of the Treasury, the Chancellor of the Exchequer since 1828.", "10 Downing Street. The symbol of British government, Number 10 became a gathering place for protesters. Emmeline Pankhurst and other suffragette leaders stormed Downing Street in 1908;[63] anti–Vietnam War protestors marched there in the 1960s, as did anti-Iraq and Afghanistan War protestors in the 2000s. Number 10 became an obligatory stop in every tourist's sightseeing trip to London. Ordinary people, not only British but foreign tourists, posed smiling and laughing in front of its famous door.", "Downing Street. 20 Downing Street was occupied by the Tithe Commission.", "Downing Street. Although the Downing Street government buildings and grounds are a designated site under the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 for criminal trespass, the street was not included in the boundaries of the designated area.[22]", "10 Downing Street. For most of its history, Number 10 was accessible to the public. Early security consisted of two police officers. One stood guard outside the door. The other was stationed inside to open it. Since the door had no keyhole, the inside officer depended upon the lone outside officer.", "Downing Street. In 1982 access was further restricted by railings and a demountable gate. They were replaced by black steel gates in 1989.[18] The increase in security was due to an increase in violence, particularly by the IRA during The Troubles. The Thatcher ministry was particularly moved to increase security after the 1979 assassination of Lord Mountbatten.", "10 Downing Street. 10 Downing Street, colloquially known in the United Kingdom as Number 10, is the headquarters of the Government of the United Kingdom and the official residence and office of the First Lord of the Treasury, a post which, for much of the 18th and 19th centuries and invariably since 1905, has been held by the Prime Minister.", "10 Downing Street. The current tenants of 10 Downing Street are:" ]

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[ "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. The Death Cure will be released on Blu-Ray and DVD on April 24, 2018.[28]", "Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials. The Scorch Trials was released on Blu-Ray and DVD on December 15, 2015.[35]", "The Maze Runner (film). The Maze Runner was released on Region 1 DVD and Blu-ray combo pack December 16, 2014. The combo pack includes two hours of bonus features and extras as well as an exclusive comic book.[17]", "The Maze Runner (film). A sequel, Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials, was released on September 18, 2015 in the United States. A third and final film, Maze Runner: The Death Cure, was released on January 26, 2018.", "Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials. On August 31, 2014, Ball revealed he is hoping \"the movie will be out in about a year\".[18] On September 21, 2014, it was announced the film would be released on September 18, 2015 in the United States.[25] The film was released in Barco's multi-screen immersive movie format Barco Escape in across 25 countries with approximately 20 minutes of the film converted into the format.[26] It was also released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in North America.[27]", "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. Maze Runner: The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17, 2017, in the United States by 20th Century Fox, but the studio rescheduled the film's release for January 26, 2018 in theatres and IMAX, allowing time for O'Brien to recover from injuries he sustained during filming. The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $284 million worldwide, making it the 7th highest-grossing film of 2018.", "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. On April 22, 2017, the studio delayed the release date once again, to February 9, 2018, in order to allow more time for post-production; months later, on August 25, the studio moved the release forward two weeks.[18] The film premiered on January 26, 2018 in theatres and IMAX.[19][20]", "Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials. In March 2015, it was confirmed that Nowlin, who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film, has been set to adapt the third book, The Death Cure.[71] Ball confirmed that, if he returns to direct, the film will not be split into two films.[72] On July 9, 2015, it was revealed that filming is set to begin in February 2016.[73] On September 16, 2015, it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the third film.[74]", "The Maze Runner (film). The film was originally set to be released on February 14, 2014.[9] On October 5, 2013, the film was pushed back.[10] IMAX theaters released the film on September 19, 2014.[11]", "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17, 2017.[15] However, due to Dylan O'Brien's injuries, the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met.[9] On May 27, 2016, 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12, 2018,[16] allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover.[17]", "The Maze Runner (film). A second sequel, Maze Runner: The Death Cure was released on January 26, 2018.", "Maze Runner (film series). The first film, The Maze Runner, was released on September 19, 2014 and became a commercial success grossing over $348 million worldwide. The second film, Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials was released on September 18, 2015, and was also a success, grossing over $312 million worldwide. The film series will conclude with the release of the third film, Maze Runner: The Death Cure on January 26, 2018.", "The Death Cure. Maze Runner: The Death Cure will be released on January 26, 2018. Wes Ball confirmed that, if he returns to direct, the film will not be split into two films.[8] In March 2015, T.S. Nowlin was confirmed to write the script.[9] On July 9, 2015, it was revealed that filming is set to begin in February 2016.[10] On September 16, 2015, it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the third film.[11] The film began principal photography on March 14, 2016 in Cache Creek, British Columbia. On March 19, 2016, Maze Runner star Dylan O'Brien was critically injured on-set when he was struck by a car during a stunt sequence.[12] On March 20, 2016, director Wes Ball announced production was shut down to allow O'Brien time to recuperate from his injuries. Dylan O'Brien, who plays the protagonist, Thomas, has recovered. On April 22, 2017, the studio delayed the release date once again in order to allow more time for post-production.[13]", "Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials. Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials was released in select international territories starting September 9, 2015 in 2D, 3D, 4DX and Barco Escape, and was released on September 18, 2015 in the United States in 2D and Premium Large Format theaters, by 20th Century Fox. It was originally set to be released in IMAX, but this was cancelled, as Everest had all worldwide IMAX screens booked until the release of the film The Walk. The Scorch Trials received mixed reviews, with some critics calling it decent – commending its action sequences and performances – while others criticized the film for its lack of plot and character advancement. Like its predecessor, the film was a commercial success grossing $30.3 million on its opening weekend, making it the ninth-highest grossing debut in September.[5] The film went to the number one spot at the box office during its opening weekend, and has grossed $312 million worldwide.", "Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials. The concluding entry, titled Maze Runner: The Death Cure, was released on January 26, 2018.", "Jeepers Creepers 3. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 26, 2017.[13]", "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction. James Dashner's The Maze Runner trilogy (2009-11) takes place after sun flares have scorched the earth. As a result, the governments of the world released a virus to kill off some of the world's population to save resources. The virus turned out to be highly contagious, and it made you lose control of your mind until you were an animal inside your head. This led to it being nicknamed, \"The Flare\". The series was made into movies by 20th Century Fox, with \"The Maze Runner\" released in 2014 and \"The Scorch Trials\" in 2015. The third in the series, \"The Death Cure\" is set to come out in 2018.", "The Maze Runner (film). On June 26, 2014, Dylan O'Brien tweeted that the original The Maze Runner book would be re-released with a new book cover based on the film's poster.[14] On July 29, 2014, the second trailer for the film was released exclusively on Yahoo! Movies.[15]", "The Maze Runner (film). The film was completed in June 2014.", "The Maze Runner (series). The Death Cure is the third book released in the series, on October 11, 2011.", "The Maze Runner (film). The Maze Runner was released on September 19, 2014 in the United States by 20th Century Fox. Critics considered it to be better than most young adult book-to-film adaptations. The film topped the box-office during its opening weekend with a $32.5 million debut, making it the seventh-highest grossing debut in September. The film earned over $348 million worldwide at the box-office, against its budget of $34 million.", "Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials. On July 25, 2014, Ball announced at San Diego Comic-Con International that the studio wanted to start shooting in fall 2014, should its predecessor become a success when it hit theaters.[17]", "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. Maze Runner: The Death Cure (also known simply as The Death Cure) is a 2018 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Wes Ball and written by T.S. Nowlin, based on the novel The Death Cure written by James Dashner. It is the sequel to the 2015 film Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials and the third and final installment in the Maze Runner film series. The film stars Dylan O'Brien, Kaya Scodelario, Thomas Brodie-Sangster, Dexter Darden, Nathalie Emmanuel, Giancarlo Esposito, Aidan Gillen, Walton Goggins, Ki Hong Lee, Jacob Lofland, Katherine McNamara, Barry Pepper, Will Poulter, Rosa Salazar, and Patricia Clarkson.", "Maze Runner (film series). Principal photography commenced in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in October 2014 and ended in January 2015.[7][8] It was released on September 18, 2015.[9]", "The Maze Runner. The Maze Runner is a 2009 young adult post-apocalyptic dystopian science fiction novel written by American author James Dashner and the first book released in The Maze Runner series, although it is the third in narrative order.[2][3] The novel was published 7 October 2009 by Delacorte Press, an imprint of Random House, and was made into a 2014 major motion picture by 20th Century Fox.", "In Hell. Columbia TriStar released the DVD in the United States on November 25, 2003.[2]", "Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials. The first official trailer was released on April 23, 2015, at 20th Century Fox's CinemaCon.[31] However, it was not released online at the same time, but the 1 minute and 44-second teaser trailer premiered before Pitch Perfect 2 in May 2015.[32] The trailer was released publicly on May 19, 2015.[33][34] On July 10, 2015, a 30-minute sneak peek was screened at San Diego Comic Con International, with Ball, Dashner, and O'Brien also at the screening.", "The Maze Runner. Filming started on 13 May 2013,[13] and ended 12 July 2013.[14]", "Maze Runner (film series). Development for the film began in January 2011 when Fox purchased the film rights to Dashner's novel The Maze Runner.[2] Principal photography began in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in May 2013 and ended in July.[3][4] It was released on September 19, 2014.[5]", "Rules Don't Apply. The film was released on Amazon Video and iTunes on February 14, 2017, and Blu-ray and DVD in the United States on February 28, 2017.[40]", "Who's Minding the Store?. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on March 27, 2012.[3][4]", "Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials. Filming was scheduled to start in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada on March 14, 2016. Following lead Dylan O'Brien's severe accident on set, it was later rescheduled to film between March and June 2017 in South Africa for a January 26, 2018 release.[75][76][77][78]" ]

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[ "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (TV series). Sony Pictures Animation and Canadian family entertainment company DHX Media signed to co-produce the series in 2014, starting with 26 22-minute episodes (52 11-minute segments).[41] DHX Media will handle the global television and non-U.S. home entertainment distribution, along with worldwide merchandising rights, while Sony will distribute home entertainment in the U.S.[6] Turner Broadcasting will handle international distribution via the Cartoon Network.[42]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (TV series). Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (also called Cloudy: The Series[1]) is a Canadian-American animated comedy television series produced by DHX Media and Sony Pictures Animation in association with Corus Entertainment.[2] It is the first television series to be produced by Sony Pictures Animation. Based on the children's book and the film series of the same name,[2] the series was flash animated using Toon Boom Harmony.[3] Originally commissioned by Teletoon,[4] the series premiered in the United States on March 6, 2017, on Cartoon Network, with a sneak peek airing on February 20, 2017.[2] In Canada, the series premiered on April 6, 2017, on YTV.", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2. Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 is a 2013 American computer-animated comic science fiction film produced by Sony Pictures Animation and distributed by Columbia Pictures. The film is the sequel to the 2009 film Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, which was loosely based on Judi and Ron Barrett's book of the same name. It was directed by Cody Cameron and Kris Pearn, produced by Kirk Bodyfelt, and executive produced by the directors of the first film, Phil Lord and Chris Miller.[2] The film was released on September 27, 2013.[8] The film grossed over $274 million worldwide against its budget of $78 million.", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs is a 2009 American computer-animated comic science fiction film loosely based on the 1978 children's book of the same name by Judi and Ron Barrett. It was produced by Sony Pictures Animation and released on September 18, 2009. The film features the voices of Bill Hader, Anna Faris, Bruce Campbell, James Caan, Bobb'e J. Thompson, Andy Samberg, Mr. T, Benjamin Bratt, Neil Patrick Harris, Al Roker, Lauren Graham, and Will Forte. It was written and directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. It earned $243 million worldwide on a budget of $100 million.[4] A sequel, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2, was released on September 27, 2013. A television series based on the film with the same title premiered on February 20, 2017, on Cartoon Network.", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). On May 9, 2003, a year after establishment, Sony Pictures Animation announced its first animated slate, including Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, a film adaptation of the book. The Brizzi brothers were brought to direct the film, with Wayne Rice adapting the screenplay.[5] In 2006, it was reported that the film had been helmed by new directors and writers, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller.[6] On September 18, 2008, Variety announced that Bill Hader and Anna Faris had signed on to voice the two lead characters, with James Caan, Bruce Campbell, Mr. T, Andy Samberg, Neil Patrick Harris, Bobb'e J. Thompson, Benjamin Bratt, Al Roker, Lauren Graham, and Will Forte also in the voice cast.[7] Co-writers and co-directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller said later that year that it would be a homage to, and a parody of, disaster films such as Twister, Armageddon, The Core, and The Day After Tomorrow.[8] Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs is the second film (after Monster House) made using animation rendering software Arnold.[9]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). On October 9, 2014, DHX Media announced that it will develop and produce a television series based on the film franchise, titled Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs: The Series.[33] The series will be traditionally animated and will consist of twenty-six 22-minute episodes.[33] It will take place before the first film, showing Flint Lockwood as a high school student who dreams of becoming a serious scientist.[33] In his adventures, he will be joined by Sam Sparks, a new girl in town and the school's \"wannabe\" reporter, along with Flint's dad Tim, Steve the Monkey, Manny as the head of the school's audiovisual club, Earl as a school gym teacher, Brent as a baby wear model, and mayor Shelbourne.[33] DHX Media will handle the global television and non-US home entertainment distribution, along with worldwide merchandising rights, while Sony will distribute home entertainment in the US.[33] Commissioned by Teletoon in Canada, the series will air on Cartoon Network in the United States,[34] and on the Boomerang channel in other territories.[35]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs is a soundtrack to the film of the same name, released under Sony Pictures Entertainment on September 15, 2009. The music of the film and this album are both credited to be composed and produced by American composer Mark Mothersbaugh of Devo.", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs. Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs is a children's book written by Judi Barrett and illustrated by Ron Barrett. It was first published in 1978 by the Simon & Schuster imprint Atheneum Books, followed by a 1982 trade paperback edition from sister company Aladdin Paperbacks.[1] Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children\".[2] It was one of the \"Top 100 Picture Books\" of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal.[3]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2. The first news of the sequel came out in April 2010, when website io9 reported that the original directors, Phil Lord and Chris Miller, won't return for the sequel.[12] In December 2011, it was reported that Cody Cameron, the story artist on the first film, and Kris Pearn, the head of story on the first, would direct the sequel, with Lord and Miller serving as exec-producers. John Francis Daley, Jonathan Goldstein, and Erica Rivinoja[2] wrote the screenplay, which is based on an original story idea, not on Pickles to Pittsburgh, Ron and Judi Barrett's follow-up book.[13] In February 2012, it was announced that the sequel would be titled Cloudy 2: Revenge of the Leftovers,[14] but it was later retitled Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2.[15]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs. On September 18, 2009, Sony Pictures Animation released an animated film adaptation of the book, and the DVD was released on January 5, 2010. A new cast of characters were created for plot development, while the synopsis was changed from food falling from skies to being made from a machine. Bill Hader and Anna Faris provided the voices of the two lead characters. Hader voices Flint Lockwood, \"a young inventor who dreams of creating something that will improve everyone's life.\" Faris provides the voice for Samantha \"Sam\" Sparks, \"a weathergirl covering the caution who hides her intelligence behind a perky exterior.\" James Caan, Bruce Campbell, Mr. T, Andy Samberg, Neil Patrick Harris, Bobb'e J. Thompson, Benjamin Bratt, Al Roker, Lauren Graham, and Will Forte are also on the voice cast.[5] Co-writers and co-directors Philip Lord and Chris Miller said that it would be a homage to, and a parody of, disaster movies such as Twister, Armageddon, The Core, and The Day After Tomorrow.[6]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (TV series). The series is a prequel, featuring the high school years of Flint Lockwood, the eccentric young scientist in the films.[5] In his adventures, he will be joined by Sam Sparks, a new girl in town and the school's \"wannabe\" reporter, along with Flint's dad Tim, Steve the Monkey, Manny as the head of the school's audiovisual club, Earl as a school gym teacher, Brent as a baby wear model, and Mayor Shelbourne, who wins every election on the pro-sardine platform.[6]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2. In promotional events before the film's release, Sony Pictures Animation partnered with some produce companies to provide more than 200,000 pounds (91 t) of produce for Feeding America's action to help children and families in need. Several food packing events across the country were organized, with Anna Faris and Will Forte attending the main one in Los Angeles.[21] Sony teamed up with marketing partners in the United States to promote the film through Subway Kids Meals with a set of 6 customized bags.[22]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs premiered on September 12, 2009, at the Mann Village Theatre in Los Angeles, California.[3] The film had its wide release on September 18, 2009, along with a digitally re-mastered release to IMAX 3D theatres.[10]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2. Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 28, 2014.[23] The home media was accompanied with four short animated films based on the main feature: Super Manny, Earl Scouts, Steve's First Bath, and Attack of the 50-Foot Gummi Bear.[23] Two of the shorts, Super Manny and Earl Scouts, were already released online before the media release, premiering in October 2013 on Univision[24][25][26] and Fandango,[27][28][29] respectively. David Feiss directed all four shorts,[30] which feature a computer-generated wraparound animation and a hand-drawn animation, provided by Six Point Harness.[31]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). A sequel, titled Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2, was released on September 27, 2013. Directed by Cody Cameron and Kris Pearn, and it is based on an original idea, where Flint and his friends must again save the world from the food machine, this time producing living food beasts.[31] Most of the main cast reprised their roles, with Terry Crews replacing Mr. T. New cast also includes Kristen Schaal as orangutan Barb, and Will Forte in his new role of Chester V.[32]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). Citizens and worldly tourists in Chewandswallow are blissful until suddenly a large tornado formed of spaghetti and meatballs threatens the town. Flint rushes to his lab to turn the FLDSMDFR off and attempts to send a \"kill code\" to stop the machine, but the mayor, while trying to stop him by throwing a giant radish at him, accidentally destroys the communication device. With Flint unable to control the machine, a massive food storm is created which threatens the world. When Flint's father encourages him to fix the mess, Flint gains self-confidence, places the kill code in a USB flash drive, and builds a new flying car to reach and deactivate the FLDSMDFR, with the aid of Sam, her cameraman Manny, Steve and Brent (namesake of the Baby Brent Sardine cannery).", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2. Inventor Flint Lockwood and his friends have saved the world from the food storm created by the \"Flint Lockwood Diatonic Super Mutating Dynamic Food Replicator\" (FLDSMDFR) but this has left their island home town of Swallow Falls covered in food. Super-inventor Chester V, the CEO of Live Corp and Flint's childhood hero, offers his company's services to clean the island and helps to relocate the population to nearby San Franjose, California. Chester also invites Flint to work at Live Corp.", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs. Unlike the book where a grandfather tells his two grandchildren a bedtime story about Chewandswallow, an inventor named Flint Lockwood invents a machine that has regular weather going into it and then having food weather going out of it and having the food weather spreading all over the world, but soon it starts taking a turn for the worse. A sequel to the film, titled Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2, was released on September 27, 2013, however, it is based on an original idea, and not Pickles to Pittsburgh.", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). In August 2009, Insight Editions published a companion book to the film called The Art and Making of Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs.[14][15]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2. A video game titled Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2, published by GameMill Entertainment, was released on September 24, 2013 for Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS.[67] A free mobile game titled Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2: Foodimal Frenzy was developed by PlayFirst and released for both iOS and Android devices.[68]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). All music composed by Mark Mothersbaugh, except where noted.", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2. The screenplay was written by John Francis Daley, Jonathan Goldstein, and Erica Rivinoja,[2] and it is based on an original story idea, not on that of Pickles to Pittsburgh, the Barretts' follow up book.[9] It continues right after the first film, in which Flint's food-making machine gets out of control, but Flint manages to stop it with the help of his friends. In the sequel, Flint and his friends are forced to leave their home town, but when the food machine reawakens—this time producing sentient food beasts—they must return to save the world.", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2. Amy Nicholson of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review, saying \"The Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs franchise takes its comic cues from The Muppets and Pee Wee's Playhouse, kids' shows that ripen as their audience matures.\"[52] Keith Staskiewicz of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B, saying \"While no one was exactly crying out for second helpings of this animated meat-eorology franchise, Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs 2 is charming enough on its own not to feel like just reheated leftovers.\"[53] Steve Davis of The Austin Chronicle gave the film two out of five stars, saying \"For both kids and adults, CWCM2 is little more than a vague memory as soon as it's over.\"[54] Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a positive review, saying \"What Erica Rivinoja, John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein's script lacks in lingering nutritional value, it compensates for with amusing food puns. If nothing else, the pic's zany tone and manic pace are good for a quick-hit sugar high.\"[4] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying \"Honestly, anyone who can pull off a running joke about leeks that does not make you gag, and is in fact a silly delight, deserves props.\"[55] Bill Zwecker of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, saying \"Unlike so many sequels, this fun-filled 3D adventure is sure to entertain younger kids but also charm the adults who will be accompanying them to the multiplexes.\"[56]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2. Jocelyn Noveck of the Associated Press gave the film three out of four stars, saying \"Your enjoyment will probably depend on your tolerance of those countless food-based puns dreamed up by script writers Erica Rivinoja, John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein. Some might find these tiresome, but let's just note here that this is a kid movie, and KIDS LOVE PUNS. So they laugh at 'There's a leek in the boat.' And they laugh even more the second time.\"[47] A.A. Dowd of The A.V. Club gave the film a C, saying \"Like too many sequels, this second helping of Meatballs confuses bigger for better, piling on the action but misplacing much of the original's charm.\"[48] David Hiltbrand of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars, saying \"This scrumptious sequel follows the same recipe as the 2009 original.\"[49] Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film two out of four stars, saying \"Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs 2 is a humorous yet unfocused romp, so unwilling to settle on a single theme that hyperactivity medication should be handed out with the 3-D glasses.\"[50] Matt Patches of Film.com gave the film 7.1 out of 10, saying \"The 2009 original separated itself from the Pixar and Dreamworks competition with a joke-first approach. The sequel quadruples the recipe, with gags on top of gags on top of gags in a way only animation could achieve. Like a foodie Jurassic Park conjured up by Tex Avery, Cloudy 2 is a sight to behold ... as long as your brain hasn't turned to mush by the halfway point.\"[51]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). The film was released on DVD, Blu-ray Disc, and PSP UMD on January 5, 2010 in the United States and Canada.[11][12] A 3D Blu-ray was released on June 22, 2010. It was the first 3D Blu-ray sold individually in the United States.[13]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). Flint Lockwood is a wannabe-scientist who lives in Swallow Falls, a tiny island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that has sardines as the base of its economy. Flint lives with Tim, his widowed technophobic father, and his pet monkey, Steve. Despite Flint's zealous enthusiasm, his inventions, including spray-on shoes, a remote controlled television, rat birds, hair-un-balder, and a flying car, all ended in failure.", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). Flint then invents a machine that transforms water into food, called the \"Flint Lockwood Diatonic Super Mutating Dynamic Food Replicator\" (FLDSMDFR). Flint turns on the FLDSMDFR in his laboratory, but ends up overloading the house's electrical supply. He then decides to power the machine by hooking it up to a nearby power plant. When he turns the machine back on, it ends up rocketing through town, causing widespread damage, ultimately shooting up into the sky. While recovering from his failure, Flint meets Samantha \"Sam\" Sparks, a weather intern whose big break was foiled by Flint's actions. Their conversation is cut short when rainbow colored clouds float over the town and begin to rain cheeseburgers.", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs earned a total of $243 million on a reported budget of $100 million. Of the gross, 51%, or $124,870,275, came from the domestic market, while the rest, $118,135,851, from other territories.[4] For the film's marketing, Sony spent $43.3 million in the United States, and $26 million in other countries.[23] The film earned $8,137,358 on its opening Friday, and ranked #1 at the box office with a total of $30.3 million for the first weekend.[24] On its second weekend, it remained at #1 with a decrease of only 17%.[25] It currently holds the record for third-largest opening weekend in the month of September.[4]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film). Ernest Hardy of LA Weekly stated the film \"is smart, insightful on a host of relationship dynamics, and filled with fast-paced action\". Hardy also applauded the 3-D effects which \"are wonderful, full of witty sight gags that play out both center-screen and on the periphery\".[19] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film a mixed review stating that \"Crazy doesn't always equal funny, and the gigantism of this 3-D offering's second half puts a damper on your enjoyment. But look: This film wasn't made for you, or me. It was made for dangerously, easily distracted 9-year-olds.\"[20] Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film two stars stating that the animated film \"greatly expands on the kids' book on which it's based in a clever and engaging first half. But the second half leaves a foul aftertaste.\"[21] Animator John Kricfalusi, known for his generally negative opinions on modern animation, did a review of the film on his blog, saying that \"It was an optimistic portent of what could be. It's basically an undirected film—but one that allowed many of the artists to take nothing scenes and add some kind of cleverness, design and action to the formulaic events being told by the story.\"[22]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2. Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, saying \"While not as delightfully breezy as the original, an engaging voice cast and hordes of 'Foodimals' still manage to serve up a tasty sequel.\"[34] Linda Barnard of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars, saying \"At its heart, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 is fun, even if it is occasionally so chaotic it tramples the movie's flow like a herd of stampeding Buffaloafs.\"[35] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three out of four stars, saying \"The movie is better in every respect than the original Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs. It's also more fun than all three Ice Ages; Monsters University; Planes; Epic; Despicable Me 2; and though I could go on, I won't.\"[36] Jordan Hoffman of the New York Daily News gave the film four out of five stars, saying \"Cloudy 2 is loud, weird and chaotic — just as kids like it. There's plenty of screaming and running while arms flail about, and even the obligatory message bit is given a healthy dose of 'yeah, yeah, yeah.' Your car ride back from the theater won't be a quiet one, but sometimes it's good to have a sugary treat.\"[37] Dave McGinn of The Globe and Mail gave the film two out of four stars, saying \"Unfortunately, the film promises more fun and laughs than it delivers, and this meal tastes like too many that have gone before it.\"[38] Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film four out of five stars, saying \"It's the rare [sequel] that takes the spirit of the original and runs with it, coming up with something uniquely good in its own right.\"[39]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2. Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 grossed $119,793,567 in North America, and $154,532,382 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $274,325,949.[7] Its budget was reported at $78 million,[7] while Sony spent $48.2 million for the film's marketing in the United States, and $41.3 million in other countries.[57]", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2. Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 was originally scheduled for release on December 20, 2013,[19] then pushed to February 7, 2014,[20] before moving up to September 27, 2013.[8]" ]

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[ "History of baseball team nicknames. Minneapolis – St. Paul is commonly known as the \"Twin Cities\". The formal name of the team, which transferred from Washington, D.C., in 1961, was initially the Twin Cities Baseball Club, now known as Twins Sports, Inc. The Millers caps had featured an \"M\" and the Saints caps an interlaced \"StP\". The newly transferred Minnesota Twins club wore a cap featuring \"TC\" for \"Twin Cities\" to honor both St. Paul and Minneapolis. The shirts included a sleeve patch with an outline of the state and two ballplayers shaking hands across the Mississippi River.", "Minnesota Twins. The name \"Twins\" was derived from the popular name of the region, the Twin Cities. The NBA's Minneapolis Lakers had relocated to Los Angeles in 1960 due to poor attendance which was believed to have been caused in part by the reluctance of fans in St. Paul to support the team.[33] Griffith was determined not to alienate fans in either city by naming the team after one city or the other, so his desire was to name the team the \"Twin Cities Twins\",[33] however MLB objected. Griffith therefore named the team the Minnesota Twins. However, the team was allowed to keep its original \"TC\" (for Twin Cities) insignia for its caps. The team's logo shows two men, one in a Minneapolis Millers uniform and one in a St. Paul Saints uniform, shaking hands across the Mississippi River within an outline of the state of Minnesota. The \"TC\" remained on the Twins' caps until 1987, when they adopted new uniforms. By this time, the team felt it was established enough to put an \"M\" on its cap without having St. Paul fans think it stood for Minneapolis. The \"TC\" logo was moved to a sleeve on the jerseys, and occasionally appeared as an alternate cap design.[34] Both the \"TC\" and \"Minnie & Paul\" logos remain the team's primary insignia. As of 2010, the \"TC\" logo has been reinstated on the cap as their logo.[35]", "History of Minnesota. Minneapolis and Saint Paul are collectively known as the \"Twin Cities\". The cities enjoyed a rivalry during their early years, with Saint Paul being the capital city and Minneapolis becoming prominent through industry. The term \"Twin Cities\" was coined around 1872, after a newspaper editorial suggested that Minneapolis could absorb Saint Paul. Residents decided that the cities needed a separate identity, so people coined the phrase \"Dual Cities\", which later evolved into \"Twin Cities\".[48] Today, Minneapolis is the largest city in Minnesota, with a population of 382,618 in the 2000 census.[49] Saint Paul is the second largest city, with a population of 287,151. Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor a metropolitan area with a population of 2,968,806 as of 2000,[50] with a total state population of 4,919,479.[49]", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul. The cities' mutual antagonism was largely healed by the end of the 1960s, aided by the simultaneous arrival in 1961 of the Minnesota Twins of the American League and the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League, both of which identified themselves with the state as a whole (the former explicitly named for both Twin Cities) and not with either of the major cities (unlike the earlier Minneapolis Lakers). Since 1961, it has been common practice for any major sports team based in the Twin Cities to be named for Minnesota as a whole. In terms of development, the two cities remain distinct in their progress, with Minneapolis absorbing new and avant-garde architecture while St. Paul continues to carefully integrate new buildings into the context of classical and Victorian styles.[15]", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Minneapolis–Saint Paul is a major metropolitan area built around the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix rivers in east central Minnesota. The area is commonly known as the Twin Cities after its two largest cities, Minneapolis, the city with the largest population in the state, and Saint Paul, the state capital. It is an example of twin cities in the sense of geographical proximity. Minnesotans living outside of Minneapolis and Saint Paul often refer to the two together (or the seven-county metro area collectively) as The Cities.", "Twin cities. Twin cities are a special case of two cities or urban centres that are founded in close geographic proximity and then grow into each other over time, losing most of their mutual buffer zone.", "The City & the City. The twin cities are composed of crosshatched, alter, and total areas. Total areas are entirely in one city, the city in which the observer currently resides. Alter areas are completely in the other city, and so must be completely avoided and ignored. Between these are areas of crosshatch. These might be streets, parks or squares where denizens of both cities walk alongside one another, albeit \"unseen\". Areas that exist in both cities usually go under different names in each one. There is also Copula Hall, \"one of the very few\" buildings which exists in both cities under the same name. Rather than being cross-hatched, it essentially functions as a border. It is the only way in which one can legally and officially pass from one city to another. Passing through the border passage takes travellers, geographically (or \"grosstopically\"), to the exact place they started from – only in a different city.", "History of baseball team nicknames. The two adjacent cities have had a long-standing, mostly-friendly rivalry, and each city had high-level minor league clubs, including teams in the American Association for the better part of five decades. The Minneapolis clubs were usually called the Minneapolis Millers, Minneapolis being known as the \"Mill City\". St. Paul, as the state capital, avoided the usual stereotype of teams called \"Senators\", \"Solons\" or \"Capitals\", and instead went for a more direct stereotype. The city's early teams were typically called the St. Paul Saints or Apostles, including the city's short lived Union Association entry in 1884. Later the city's minor league clubs adopted the St. Paul Saints nickname, a self-contained redundancy. The Western League club from the 1890s moved to Chicago in 1900 and became the Chicago White Sox. The revived minor league Saints joined their cross-river rivals in the American Association for much of the first half of the 1900s. The Saints name was revived by an independent minor league club in 1993.", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul. There are several different definitions of the region. Many refer to the Twin Cities as the seven-county region which is governed under the Metropolitan Council regional governmental agency and planning organization. The Office of Management and Budget officially designates 16 counties as the Minneapolis–St. Paul–Bloomington MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area, the 16th largest in the United States. The entire region known as the Minneapolis–St. Paul MN-WI Combined Statistical Area, has a population of 3,866,768, the 14th largest, according to 2015 Census estimates.", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Despite the Twin moniker, both cities are independent municipalities with defined borders. Minneapolis is somewhat younger with modern skyscrapers, while Saint Paul has been likened to an East Coast city, with quaint neighborhoods and a vast collection of well-preserved late-Victorian architecture.[11]", "Minnesota. The word Minnesota comes from the Dakota name for the Minnesota River: The river got its name from one of two words in the Dakota language, 'Mní sóta' which means \"clear blue water\",[7][8] or 'Mnißota', which means cloudy water.[9][10][11] Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota.[11] Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls (\"curling water\" or waterfall), Minneiska (\"white water\"), Minneota (\"much water\"), Minnetonka (\"big water\"), Minnetrista (\"crooked water\"), and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, the Greek word for \"city\".[12]", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul. The Twin Cities is one of thirteen American metropolitan areas to have teams in all four major sports — MLB, NFL, NBA and NHL. Including Major League Soccer (MLS), it is one of ten metro areas to have five major sports. To avoid favoring either of the Twin Cities, most teams based in the area use only the word Minnesota in their name, rather than Minneapolis or St. Paul. In 1992, Minneapolis hosted Super Bowl XXVI. It was the farthest north that a Super Bowl has ever been played. The NFL picked Minneapolis to host Super Bowl LII in 2018.", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Some other sports teams gained their names from being in Minnesota before relocating. The Los Angeles Lakers get their name from once being based in Minneapolis, the City of Lakes. The Dallas Stars also derived their present name from their tenure as a Minnesota team, the Minnesota North Stars.", "Saint Paul, Minnesota. Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center, the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849. The Dakota name for Saint Paul is \"Imnizaska\". Though Minneapolis (Bdeota) is better-known nationally, Saint Paul contains the state government and other important institutions.[8] Regionally, the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center, home of the Minnesota Wild,[9] and for the Science Museum of Minnesota.[10][11] As a business hub of the Upper Midwest, it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab.[12] Saint Paul, along with its Twin City, Minneapolis, is known for its high literacy rate. It was the only city in the United States with a population of 250,000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007.[13]", "Minnesota. Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota's most populous city, Minneapolis; they and their suburbs are known collectively as the Twin Cities metropolitan area, the 13th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and home to about 60 percent of the state's population.[56][57] The remainder of the state is known as \"Greater Minnesota\" or \"Outstate Minnesota\".", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul. The rivalry could occasionally erupt into inter-city violence, as happened at a 1923 game between the Minneapolis Millers and the St. Paul Saints, both baseball teams of the American Association.[citation needed] In the 1950s, both cities competed for a major league baseball franchise (which resulted in two rival stadiums being built), and there was a brief period in the mid-1960s where the two cities could not agree on a common calendar for daylight saving time, resulting in a period of a few weeks where people in Minneapolis were one hour \"behind\" anyone living or traveling in St. Paul.[citation needed]", "Minnesota Twins. In 1960, Major League Baseball granted the city of Minneapolis an expansion team. Washington owner Calvin Griffith, Clark's nephew and adopted son, requested that he be allowed to move his team to Minneapolis-St. Paul and instead give Washington the expansion team. Upon league approval, the team moved to Minnesota after the 1960 season, setting up shop in Metropolitan Stadium, while Washington fielded a brand new \"Washington Senators\" (which later became the Texas Rangers prior to the 1972 season).[12]", "Minnesota Twins. The Minnesota Twins are an American professional baseball team based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Twins compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) Central division. The team is named after the Twin Cities area comprising Minneapolis and St. Paul. They played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 to 1981 and the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 to 2009. They played their inaugural game at the newly completed Target Field on April 12, 2010.[7]", "Twin cities. Examples, sharing names or similar names, across an international border include:", "History of baseball team nicknames. By 1987 the Twins were regionally established, and a cap featuring an \"M\" for \"Minnesota\" was adopted. The \"TC\" logo migrated to the sleeve in place of the previous patch. The team won the World Series that year, so the \"M\" cap became a symbol of success and continued to be used exclusively for a number of years afterward. The \"TC\" cap reappeared in the late 1990s, and is now switched off with the \"M\" cap. (Okkonen) \"TC\" is usually used as the team's home cap, with \"M\" as the road cap, though the cap, as with other elements of the team's uniform, is chosen at the whim of the starting pitcher.", "Twin cities. There are no precise criteria for twin-cityhood, but to be considered twin cities, the cities involved have to have a similar administrative status and somewhat comparable sizes; a suburb of a much larger population center is usually not considered to form a twin city with it. For example, South San Francisco (population about 65,000) is not considered a twin city with San Francisco (population about 850,000). However, cities considered twinned by proximity do not necessarily match demographically, economically, or politically.", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Along with much of Minnesota, the Twin Cities area was shaped by water and ice over the course of millions of years. The land of the area sits on top of thick layers of sandstone and limestone laid down as seas encroached upon and receded from the region. Erosion caused natural caves to develop, which were expanded into mines when white settlers came to the area. In the time of Prohibition, at least one speakeasy was built into these hidden spaces—eventually refurbished as the Wabasha Street Caves in Saint Paul.", "Twin cities. Pairs with unrelated names", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport. The airport came into being when several local groups came together to take control of the former bankrupt Twin City Speedway race track, giving the airport its original name, Speedway Field. Soon after, in 1921, the airport was renamed \"Wold–Chamberlain Field\" for the World War I pilots Ernest Groves Wold and Cyrus Foss Chamberlain. Howard Hughes briefly stopped at Wold–Chamberlain Field on his round the world flight in 1938. In 1944 the site was renamed to \"Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Airport/Wold-Chamberlain Field\", with \"International\" replacing \"Metropolitan\" four years later. Today it is rare to see the Wold–Chamberlain portion of the name used anywhere.", "History of Minnesota. Suburban development intensified after the war, fueled by the demand for new housing. In 1957, the Legislature created a planning commission for the Twin Cities metropolitan area. This became the Metropolitan Council in 1967.[101]", "Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. For Twins baseball, the address of the Metrodome became 34 Kirby Puckett Place, an honor given to one of the most famous Minnesota Twins players.[3] In 1996, a section of Chicago Avenue in front of the Metrodome was renamed Kirby Puckett Place by the city of Minneapolis.[70] The Metrodome Plaza was added along Kirby Puckett Place before the 1996 season.[3] Before that, the address for the Twins was 501 Chicago Avenue South. For baseball, the Metrodome informally has been called \"The House That Puck Built.\"[71]", "Saint Paul, Minnesota. In 1841, Father Lucien Galtier was sent to minister to the Catholic French Canadians and established a chapel, named for his favorite saint, Paul the Apostle, on the bluffs above Lambert's Landing.[25][26] Galtier intended for the settlement to adopt the name Saint Paul in honor of the new chapel.[24] In 1847, a New York educator named Harriet Bishop moved to the area and opened the city's first school.[27] The Minnesota Territory was formalized in 1849 and Saint Paul named as its capital. In 1857, the territorial legislature voted to move the capital to Saint Peter. However, Joe Rolette, a territorial legislator, stole the physical text of the approved bill and went into hiding, thus preventing the move.[28] On May 11, 1858, Minnesota was admitted to the union as the thirty-second state, with Saint Paul as the capital.", "List of Major League Baseball mascots. T. C. is the mascot for the Minnesota Twins. He was first introduced to Minnesota on April 3, 2000. T. C. is loosely modeled[citation needed] after the Hamm's Beer Bear, a mascot used in advertisements for Hamm's Brewery, an early sponsor for the Twins. The \"T. C.\" stands for the \"Twin Cities\", Minneapolis and St. Paul.[23] Prior to T.C., the mascot for the Minnesota Twins 1980–81 was a loon named \"Twinkie\".", "Minnesota Timberwolves. NBA basketball returned to the Twin Cities in 1989 for the first time since the Minneapolis Lakers departed to Los Angeles in 1960. The NBA had granted one of its four new expansion teams on April 22, 1987 (the others being the Orlando Magic, Charlotte Hornets, and the Miami Heat) to original owners Harvey Ratner and Marv Wolfenson to begin play for the 1989–90 season. (There were two American Basketball Association franchises, the Minnesota Muskies, in 1967–68, and the Minnesota Pipers, in 1968–69.) The franchise conducted a \"name the team\" contest[12] and eventually selected two finalists, \"Timberwolves\" and \"Polars\", in December 1986. The team then asked the 842 city councils in Minnesota to select the winner and \"Timberwolves\" prevailed by nearly 2-1.[13][14] The team was officially named the \"Minnesota Timberwolves\" on January 23, 1987. Minnesota is home to the largest population of timberwolves in the lower 48 states.[15]", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Minneapolis and St. Paul have competed since they were founded, resulting in some duplication of effort.[15] After St. Paul completed its elaborate Cathedral in 1915, Minneapolis quickly followed up with the equally ornate Basilica of St. Mary in 1926. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the rivalry became so intense that an architect practicing in one city was often refused business in the other. The 1890 United States Census even led to the two cities arresting and/or kidnapping each other's census takers, in an attempt to keep either city from outgrowing the other.[16][17][18]", "North American Numbering Plan. In 1998 area code 612, which had covered the Minneapolis – Saint Paul Twin Cities, was split to create area code 651 for St. Paul and the eastern metropolitan area. The Minnesota Public Utilities Commission mandated that the new boundary exactly follow municipal boundaries, which were distinctly different from telephone exchange boundaries, and that all subscribers keep their 7-digit numbers. These two goals were directly at odds with the reason for the split, namely to provide additional phone numbers. More than 40 exchanges had territory that straddled the new boundary. As a result, prefixes were duplicated in both area codes, which counteracted much of the benefit of the splitting, with only 200 of 700 prefixes in area 612 moving entirely to area 651. In less than two years area code 612 again exhausted its supply of phone numbers, and required a three-way split in 2000, creating the new area codes 763 and 952. Again, the split followed political boundaries rather than rate center boundaries, resulting in additional split prefixes; a few numbers moved from 612 to 651 and then to 763 in less than two years.", "History of Minnesota. The city of Saint Paul, Minnesota owes its existence to Fort Snelling. A group of squatters, mostly from the ill-fated Red River Colony in what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba, established a camp near the fort. The commandant of Fort Snelling, Major Joseph Plympton, found their presence problematic because they were using timber and allowing their cattle and horses to graze around the fort. Plympton banned lumbering and the construction of any new buildings on the military reservation land. As a result, the squatters moved four miles downstream on the Mississippi River.[46] They settled at a site known as Fountain Cave. This site was not quite far enough for the officers at the fort, so the squatters were forced out again. Pierre \"Pig's Eye\" Parrant, a popular moonshiner among the group, moved downriver and established a saloon, becoming the first European resident in the area that later became Saint Paul. The squatters named their settlement \"Pig's Eye\" after Parrant. The name was later changed to Lambert's Landing and then finally Saint Paul. However, the earliest name for the area comes from a Native American colony Im-in-i-ja Ska, meaning \"White Rock\" and referring to the limestone bluffs nearby.[47]" ]

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[ "Time 100. Barack Obama has appeared on the list 11 times, the most of any person.", "Time 100. Barack Obama Listed eleven times: 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, and 2005 (Finalist in 2018)", "Time 100. Although George W. Bush has been on the list several times, controversy emerged when he was dropped from the list in 2007 in part because of the Democratic victory in the 2006 congressional election.[24] Former Senator Rick Santorum (R–PA) of Fox News said:", "Time 100. George W. Bush 2008, 2006, 2005, and 2004 (Finalist in 2009 and 2007)", "Time 100. Bill Clinton 2010, 2006 (shared with George H. W. Bush); 2005, and 2004 (in 2004 he was included as part of The Clintons) (Finalist in 2015, 2013, and 2007)", "Time 100. Kim Jong-un Listed eight times: 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, and 2011", "Time 100. Vladimir Putin Listed six times: 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2008, and 2004 (Finalist in 2018, 2012, 2011, 2009, and 2007)", "Signing statement. Mr. [George W.] Bush ... broke all records, using signing statements to challenge about 1,200 sections of bills over his eight years in office, about twice the number challenged by all previous presidents combined, according to data compiled by Christopher Kelley, a political science professor at Miami University in Ohio.[10]", "Time 100. Xi Jinping Listed nine times: 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, and 2009", "Time 100. Although each category is given equal weight during any given year, people from some science/political fields and heroes are more likely to make repeat appearances on the list from year to year. Repeat appearances are rare; only the following individuals have appeared more than twice.", "Time Person of the Year. Since the list began, every serving President of the United States has been a Man or Person of the Year at least once with the exceptions of Calvin Coolidge, in office at time of the first issue, Herbert Hoover, the next U.S. president, and Gerald Ford. Most were named Man or Person of the Year either the year they were elected or while they were in office; the only one to be given the title before being elected is Dwight D. Eisenhower, in 1944 as Supreme Commander of the Allied Invasion Force, eight years before his election. He subsequently received the title again in 1959, while in office. Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only person to have received the title three times, first as president-elect (1932) and later as the incumbent president (1934 and 1941).", "List of international trips made by the President of the United States. Presidents Bill Clinton (1993–2001) and George W. Bush (2001–2009) each visited 74 different countries during their respective terms of office. All totaled, they went to 94 different countries with a combined population of 85% of the world total. President Barack Obama (2009–2017) visited 58 different countries. Presidential visits of over 10,000 miles (16,093 km) are common. Round the world trips were first done by Johnson and Nixon and have been done by presidents Bush and Clinton. Trips to Europe and Asia are becoming almost routine in the 21st century.", "Time 100. In its online presentation, Time introduced the list as follows: \"In our annual TIME 100 issue, we name the people who most affect our world\".[15] The overall list was organized with 4 main sub-lists: Leaders, featuring Sarah Palin and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva; Artists, featuring Conan O'Brien and Lady Gaga; and Thinkers, featuring Steve Jobs and Zaha Hadid.[15] The list included 10 Indians.[16] Oprah Winfrey continued her streak of having been included on every Time 100 list and was one of thirty-one women on the list. The list included many expected names and some surprises such as Scott Brown, who The Huffington Post described as a premature selection at that point in his career.[17] Others who were considered surprise selections included Elton John, Ashton Kutcher, and Taylor Swift, according to the Daily Mail.[18]", "Time 100. The Time 100 was cited in a 2008 academic analysis by Craig Garthwaite and Tim Moore, economists at the University of Maryland, College Park. In light of Oprah Winfrey at that time holding the record for most appearances on the Time 100, the economists decided to measure if Winfrey was influential enough to decide a U.S. presidential election by examining the impact of her endorsement of Barack Obama for president. The economists wrote the following:", "List of international trips made by the President of the United States. Ronald Reagan made 25 international trips during his presidency.[45] He made seven trips to continental Europe, three to Asia and one to South America. He is perhaps best remembered for his speeches at the 40th anniversary of the Normandy landings, for his impassioned speech at the Berlin Wall, his summit meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev, and riding horses with the Queen at Windsor Park.", "Time 100. Angela Merkel Listed eight times: 2016, 2015, 2014, 2012, 2011, 2009, 2007, and 2006 (Finalist in 2018, 2017, 2013, 2010, and 2008)", "Time 100. Hillary Clinton Listed ten times: 2016, 2015, 2014, 2012, 2011, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, and 2004 (in 2004 she was included as part of The Clintons) (Finalist in 2013 and 2010)", "Presidency of Donald Trump. As president, Trump has made a large number of false statements in public speeches and remarks.[169][170][171][172] Trump uttered \"at least one false or misleading claim per day on 91 of his first 99 days\" in office according to The New York Times,[169] and 1,628 total in his first 298 days in office according to the \"Fact Checker\" analysis of The Washington Post, or an average of 5.5 per day.[173] The Post fact-checker also wrote, \"President Trump is the most fact-challenged politician that The Fact Checker has ever encountered... the pace and volume of the president's misstatements means that we cannot possibly keep up.\"[174]", "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps. Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only president ever to have served two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) as President and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents.", "Time 100. The fact of the matter is, the president of the United States, I don't care who's in that office, is the most powerful man on the face of the Earth and has more influence over various aspects of lives, not just in this country, but around the world. And for Time magazine to dismiss that just shows you how biased and, I would argue, hateful they are.[25]", "Time 100. John Kerry 2016, 2014, and 2004 (Finalist in 2015 and 2013)", "Donald Trump. As president, Trump has frequently made false statements in public speeches and remarks.[622][623][624] Trump uttered \"at least one false or misleading claim per day on 91 of his first 99 days\" in office according to The New York Times,[622] and 1,318 total in his first 263 days in office according to the \"Fact Checker\" political analysis column of The Washington Post,[625] which also wrote, \"President Trump is the most fact-challenged politician that The Fact Checker has ever encountered... the pace and volume of the president's misstatements means that we cannot possibly keep up.\"[623]", "List of Presidents of the United States by time in office. Franklin Delano Roosevelt\nLongest presidency\n4,422 days\n1933–1945", "List of presidents of the United States by age. Of the 44 persons who have served as president, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any, from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest, from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later.", "List of international trips made by the President of the United States. George H. W. Bush made 26 international trips during his presidency.[46] He initiated the frequent international travel pace that is the hallmark of the post–Cold War presidency. He went to Europe 11 times, Asia twice, and South America once, along with a number of shorter trips during his four years in office.", "Time 100. The list was started with a debate at a symposium in Washington, D.C., on February 1, 1998, with panel participants CBS news anchor Dan Rather, historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, then New York governor Mario Cuomo, then–political science professor Condoleezza Rice, neoconservative publisher Irving Kristol (since deceased), and Time managing editor Walter Isaacson.", "Time 100. Oprah Winfrey is a celebrity of nearly unparalleled influence. She has been named to Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people six times—more than any other individual, including the Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Bill Gates, George Clooney, and Rupert Murdoch. She was named one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, an honor shared with Albert Einstein, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. She was only one of four people who were included on these lists in both the 20th and 21st century. The others included Mandela, Gates, and Pope John Paul II....\nThe scope of Winfrey’s influence creates a unique opportunity to examine the effect of endorsements on political outcomes.", "Time 100. Steve Jobs Listed five times: 2010, 2008, 2007, 2005, and 2004 (Finalist in 2011 and 2009)", "Time 100. Jeff Bezos Listed five times: 2018, 2017, 2014, 2009, and 2008 (Finalist in 2016, 2015, 2013, and 2012)", "List of Presidents of the United States by time in office. This is a list of Presidents of the United States by time in office. The basis of the list is the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater, with the exception of Grover Cleveland, who would receive two days.", "Time 100. The list has generated controversy over who was included in other years as well. In 2005, conservative commentator Ann Coulter was listed, which led Salon to observe:", "Time 100. Bill Gates 2006 (shared with wife Melinda Gates); 2005, 2004 & the 20th century (Finalist in 2018, 2017, 2016, 2014, 2010 (with Melinda); and 2008)" ]

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[ "Waterspout. \"Tornadic waterspouts\", also accurately referred to as \"tornadoes over water\", are formed from mesocyclonic action in a manner essentially identical to traditional land-based tornadoes in connection with severe thunderstorms, but simply occurring over water.[14] A tornado which travels from land to a body of water would also be considered a tornadic waterspout.[15] Since the vast majority of mesocyclonic thunderstorms occur in land-locked areas of the United States, true tornadic waterspouts are correspondingly rarer than their fair-weather counterparts in that country. However, in some areas, such as the Adriatic, Aegean and Ionian seas, tornadic waterspouts can make up half of the total number.[16]", "Tornado. A waterspout is defined by the National Weather Service as a tornado over water. However, researchers typically distinguish \"fair weather\" waterspouts from tornadic waterspouts. Fair weather waterspouts are less severe but far more common, and are similar to dust devils and landspouts. They form at the bases of cumulus congestus clouds over tropical and subtropical waters. They have relatively weak winds, smooth laminar walls, and typically travel very slowly. They occur most commonly in the Florida Keys and in the northern Adriatic Sea.[54][55][56] In contrast, tornadic waterspouts are stronger tornadoes over water. They form over water similarly to mesocyclonic tornadoes, or are stronger tornadoes which cross over water. Since they form from severe thunderstorms and can be far more intense, faster, and longer-lived than fair weather waterspouts, they are more dangerous.[57] In official tornado statistics, waterspouts are generally not counted unless they affect land, though some European weather agencies count waterspouts and tornadoes together.[5][58]", "Thunderstorm. Waterspouts have similar characteristics as tornadoes, characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current that form over bodies of water, connecting to large cumulonimbus clouds. Waterspouts are generally classified as forms of tornadoes, or more specifically, non-supercelled tornadoes that develop over large bodies of water.[70] These spiralling columns of air are frequently developed within tropical areas close to the equator, but are less common within areas of high latitude.[71]", "Severe weather. Waterspouts are generally defined as tornadoes or non-supercell tornadoes that develop over bodies of water.[37]", "Tornado. Various types of tornadoes include the multiple vortex tornado, landspout and waterspout. Waterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current, connecting to a large cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. They are generally classified as non-supercellular tornadoes that develop over bodies of water, but there is disagreement over whether to classify them as true tornadoes. These spiraling columns of air frequently develop in tropical areas close to the equator, and are less common at high latitudes.[6] Other tornado-like phenomena that exist in nature include the gustnado, dust devil, fire whirls, and steam devil.", "Waterspout. A waterspout is an intense columnar vortex (usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud) that occurs over a body of water. Some are connected to a cumulus congestus cloud, some to a cumuliform cloud and some to a cumulonimbus cloud.[1] In the common form, it is a non-supercell tornado over water.[1][2][3]", "Cyclone. A waterspout is a columnar vortex forming over water that is, in its most common form, a non-supercell tornado over water that is connected to a cumuliform cloud. While it is often weaker than most of its land counterparts, stronger versions spawned by mesocyclones do occur.", "Tornado. A landspout, or dust-tube tornado, is a tornado not associated with a mesocyclone. The name stems from their characterization as a \"fair weather waterspout on land\". Waterspouts and landspouts share many defining characteristics, including relative weakness, short lifespan, and a small, smooth condensation funnel which often does not reach the surface. Landspouts also create a distinctively laminar cloud of dust when they make contact with the ground, due to their differing mechanics from true mesoform tornadoes. Though usually weaker than classic tornadoes, they can produce strong winds which could cause serious damage.[5][17]", "Waterspout. Waterspouts that are not associated with a rotating updraft of a supercell thunderstorm are known as \"non-tornadic\" or \"fair-weather waterspouts\", and are by far the most common type. Fair-weather waterspouts occur in coastal waters and are associated with dark, flat-bottomed, developing convective cumulus towers. Waterspouts of this type rapidly develop and dissipate, having life cycles shorter than 20 minutes.[10] They usually rate no higher than EF0 on the Enhanced Fujita scale, generally exhibiting winds of less than 30 m/s (67 mph).[11]", "Landfall. When a tornadic waterspout makes landfall it is reclassified as a tornado,[4] which can subsequently cause damage to areas inland of the coast. When a fair weather waterspout makes landfall it usually dissipates quickly due to friction and a reduction in the amount of warm air supplied to the funnel.[5]", "Waterspout. Waterspouts exist on a microscale, where their environment is less than two kilometers in width. The cloud from which they develop can be as innocuous as a moderate cumulus, or as great as a supercell. While some waterspouts are strong and tornadic in nature, most are much weaker and caused by different atmospheric dynamics. They normally develop in moisture-laden environments as their parent clouds are in the process of development, and it is theorized they spin as they move up the surface boundary from the horizontal shear near the surface, and then stretch upwards to the cloud once the low level shear vortex aligns with a developing cumulus cloud or thunderstorm. Weak tornadoes, known as landspouts, have been shown to develop in a similar manner.[10]", "Natural hazard. A tornado is a natural disaster resulting from a thunderstorm. Tornadoes are violent, rotating columns of air which can blow at speeds between 50 mph (80 km/h) and 300 mph (480 km/h), and possibly higher. Tornadoes can occur one at a time, or can occur in large tornado outbreaks associated with supercells or in other large areas of thunderstorm development. Waterspouts are tornadoes occurring over tropical waters in light rain conditions.", "Waterspout. The ICWR is a non governmental organization of individuals from around the world who are interested in the field of waterspouts from a research, operational and safety perspective.[33] Originally a forum for researchers and meteorologists, the ICWR has expanded interest and contribution from storm chasers, the media, the marine and aviation communities and from private individuals.", "Tornado. A tornado is not necessarily visible; however, the intense low pressure caused by the high wind speeds (as described by Bernoulli's principle) and rapid rotation (due to cyclostrophic balance) usually cause water vapor in the air to condense into cloud droplets due to adiabatic cooling. This results in the formation of a visible funnel cloud or condensation funnel.[19]", "Landfall. Landfall is the event of a storm moving over land after being over water. When a waterspout makes landfall it becomes a regular tornado, which can then cause damage inland. When a fair weather waterspout makes landfall it usually dissipates quickly as it loses the inflow of warm air into the vortex.", "Cyclone. A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Also referred to as twisters, a collequial term in America, or cyclones, although the word cyclone is used in meteorology, in a wider sense, to name any closed low-pressure circulation.", "Waterspout. Incidents of waterspouts causing severe damage and casualties are rare. However, there have been several notable examples. The Malta tornado in 1555 was the earliest record of a deadly waterspout. It struck the Grand Harbour of Valletta, sinking four galleys, numerous boats, and claiming hundreds of lives.[28] The 1851 Sicily Tornadoes were twin waterspouts that made landfall in western Sicily, ravaging the coast and countryside before ultimately dissipating back again over the sea. A waterspout has been proposed as a possible reason for the inexplicable abandonment of the Mary Celeste.", "Tornado. The word tornado is an altered form of the Spanish word tronada, which means \"thunderstorm\". This in turn was taken from the Latin tonare, meaning \"to thunder\". It most likely reached its present form through a combination of the Spanish tronada and tornar (\"to turn\"); however, this may be a folk etymology.[12][13] A tornado is also commonly referred to as a \"twister\", and is also sometimes referred to by the old-fashioned colloquial term cyclone.[14][15] The term \"cyclone\" is used as a synonym for \"tornado\" in the often-aired 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. The term \"twister\" is also used in that film, along with being the title of the 1996 tornado-related film Twister.", "Bottled water. AmeriCares, an international disaster relief non-profit, donated 109,000 bottles of water to residents in and around Moore, Oklahoma following the May 2013 tornadoes.[73] Members of the International Bottled Water Association donated more than 400,000 additional bottles of water to the victims of the tornadoes.[74]", "Tornado. A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. The windstorm is often referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone,[1] although the word cyclone is used in meteorology to name a weather system with a low-pressure area in the center around which winds blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern.[2] Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, and they are often visible in the form of a condensation funnel originating from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud, with a cloud of rotating debris and dust beneath it. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour (180 km/h), are about 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 miles per hour (480 km/h), are more than two miles (3 km) in diameter, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km).[3][4][5]", "Natural disaster. A tornado is a violent and dangerous rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud, or the base of a cumulus cloud in rare cases. It is also referred to as a twister or a cyclone,[17] although the word cyclone is used in meteorology in a wider sense, to refer to any closed low pressure circulation. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the Earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour (177 km/h), are approximately 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than two miles (3 km) across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (perhaps more than 100 km).[18][19][20]", "Tornado. Small, relatively weak landspouts may be visible only as a small swirl of dust on the ground. Although the condensation funnel may not extend all the way to the ground, if associated surface winds are greater than 40 mph (64 km/h), the circulation is considered a tornado.[17] A tornado with a nearly cylindrical profile and relative low height is sometimes referred to as a \"stovepipe\" tornado. Large single-vortex tornadoes can look like large wedges stuck into the ground, and so are known as \"wedge tornadoes\" or \"wedges\". The \"stovepipe\" classification is also used for this type of tornado if it otherwise fits that profile. A wedge can be so wide that it appears to be a block of dark clouds, wider than the distance from the cloud base to the ground. Even experienced storm observers may not be able to tell the difference between a low-hanging cloud and a wedge tornado from a distance. Many, but not all major tornadoes are wedges.[25]", "Tornado. A tornado is \"a violently rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud\".[16] For a vortex to be classified as a tornado, it must be in contact with both the ground and the cloud base. Scientists have not yet created a complete definition of the word; for example, there is disagreement as to whether separate touchdowns of the same funnel constitute separate tornadoes.[5] Tornado refers to the vortex of wind, not the condensation cloud.[17][18]", "Tornado. A multiple-vortex tornado is a type of tornado in which two or more columns of spinning air rotate about their own axis and at the same time around a common center. A multi-vortex structure can occur in almost any circulation, but is very often observed in intense tornadoes. These vortices often create small areas of heavier damage along the main tornado path.[5][17] This is a phenomenon that is distinct from a satellite tornado, which is a smaller tornado which forms very near a large, strong tornado contained within the same mesocyclone. The satellite tornado may appear to \"orbit\" the larger tornado (hence the name), giving the appearance of one, large multi-vortex tornado. However, a satellite tornado is a distinct circulation, and is much smaller than the main funnel.[5]", "Tornado. There is some disagreement over the definition of a funnel cloud and a condensation funnel. According to the Glossary of Meteorology, a funnel cloud is any rotating cloud pendant from a cumulus or cumulonimbus, and thus most tornadoes are included under this definition.[20] Among many meteorologists, the 'funnel cloud' term is strictly defined as a rotating cloud which is not associated with strong winds at the surface, and condensation funnel is a broad term for any rotating cloud below a cumuliform cloud.[5]", "Eye (cyclone). Tornadoes are destructive, small-scale storms, which produce the fastest winds on earth. There are two main types—single-vortex tornadoes, which consist of a single spinning column of air, and multiple-vortex tornadoes, which consist of small \"suction vortices,\" resembling mini-tornadoes themselves, all rotating around a common center. Both of these types of tornadoes are theorized to have calm eyes. These theories are supported by doppler velocity observations by weather radar and eyewitness accounts.[34][35]", "Waterspout. Waterspouts have long been recognized as serious marine hazards. Stronger waterspouts pose threats to watercraft, aircraft and people.[26] It is recommended to keep a considerable distance from these phenomena, and to always be on alert through weather reports. The United States National Weather Service will often issue special marine warnings when waterspouts are likely or have been sighted over coastal waters, or tornado warnings when waterspouts are expected to move onshore.[27]", "Tornado. Associations with various climate and environmental trends exist. For example, an increase in the sea surface temperature of a source region (e.g. Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean Sea) increases atmospheric moisture content. Increased moisture can fuel an increase in severe weather and tornado activity, particularly in the cool season.[89]", "Tornado. Storms that produce tornadoes can feature intense updrafts, sometimes exceeding 150 mph (240 km/h). Debris from a tornado can be lofted into the parent storm and carried a very long distance. A tornado which affected Great Bend, Kansas, in November 1915, was an extreme case, where a \"rain of debris\" occurred 80 miles (130 km) from the town, a sack of flour was found 110 miles (180 km) away, and a cancelled check from the Great Bend bank was found in a field outside of Palmyra, Nebraska, 305 miles (491 km) to the northeast.[108] Waterspouts and tornadoes have been advanced as an explanation for instances of raining fish and other animals.[109]", "Tornado. Tornadoes can have a wide range of colors, depending on the environment in which they form. Those that form in dry environments can be nearly invisible, marked only by swirling debris at the base of the funnel. Condensation funnels that pick up little or no debris can be gray to white. While traveling over a body of water (as a waterspout), tornadoes can turn white or even blue. Slow-moving funnels, which ingest a considerable amount of debris and dirt, are usually darker, taking on the color of debris. Tornadoes in the Great Plains can turn red because of the reddish tint of the soil, and tornadoes in mountainous areas can travel over snow-covered ground, turning white.[24]", "Waterspout. A winter waterspout, also known as a snow devil, an icespout, an ice devil, a snownado, or a snowspout, is an extremely rare instance of a waterspout forming under the base of a snow squall.[17][18] The term \"winter waterspout\" is used to differentiate between the common warm season waterspout and this rare winter season event. Very little is known about this phenomenon and only six known pictures of this event exist to date, four of which were taken in Ontario, Canada. There are a couple of critical criteria for the formation of a winter waterspout. Very cold temperatures need to be present over a body of water warm enough to produce fog resembling steam above the water's surface. Like the more efficient lake-effect snow events, winds focusing down the axis of long lakes enhance wind convergence and likely enhance their development.[19]", "Severe weather. Waterspouts are not known for inflicting much damage because they are not commonly exposed to land, but they are capable of traveling over land. Some waterspouts are known to produce hurricane-strength winds and are capable of producing equivalent damage. Vegetation, weakly constructed buildings, and other infrastructure may be destroyed by waterspouts. Automobiles may be lifted by advancing waterspouts. Heavy precipitation may be noted, developed from the water raised by the wind currents. Waterspouts do not generally last long over terrestrial environments as the friction produced easily dissipates the winds. Strong horizontal winds cause waterspouts to dissipate,[38] destroying the concentration of the updrafts. While not generally as dangerous as \"classic\" tornadoes, waterspouts can overturn boats, and they can cause severe damage to larger ships.[9]" ]

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[ "Middle-earth wars and battles. After being released from his malevolent adviser Gríma Wormtongue's influence by the benevolent Wizard Gandalf, Théoden set out to the Fords of Isen, where his marshal Erkenbrand was fighting Saruman's forces. Théoden found out that they had been scattered. Gandalf advised him to take refuge in the Hornburg fortress of Helm's Deep, an area named after one of their kings. Then Gandalf left on some unexplained errand. Théoden's army went to the area, where local people were commanded by a captain called Gamling the Old. Many of the forces there were too old or too young. The women and children of Théoden's capital Edoras were safe in Dunharrow, led by the King's niece Éowyn.", "Battle of the Hornburg. After being released from the influence of his malevolent adviser, Gríma Wormtongue, by the benevolent Wizard Gandalf, Théoden set out to the Fords of Isen, where his marshal Erkenbrand was fighting Saruman's forces. However, Théoden found out that they had been scattered. Gandalf advised him to take refuge in the Hornburg fortress of Helm's Deep, an area named after one of their kings. Gandalf then left on an unexplained errand. Théoden's army went to the area, where local people were commanded by a captain called Gamling the Old. Many of the forces there were very old or young. The women and children of Théoden's capital Edoras were safe in Dunharrow, led by the King's niece Éowyn.", "Middle-earth wars and battles. The forces of Saruman, common Orcs and Uruk-hai, along with some orc-human hybrids (called \"half-orcs and goblin-men\"—which may have referred to or included the Uruk-hai themselves) and human Dunlendings, arrived at the valley of Helm's Deep in the middle of the night during a storm. Meanwhile, Legolas the Elf and Gimli the Dwarf agreed to compete, to see which one could kill the most orcs.", "War of the Ring. Meanwhile, Gandalf drove Gríma Wormtongue out of Edoras and went to gather Erkenbrand's scattered forces, advising King Théoden to move to the stronghold of Helm's Deep. The king and his forces arrived undisturbed, but soon the fortress was besieged by Saruman's troops. All through the night of 3–4 March a combined force of Orcs and Wild Men from Dunland besieged Helm's Deep, and despite the efforts of the Rohirrim (aided by Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli) hope appeared lost. Believing Rohan was lost, Théoden decided to mount a final, suicidal charge against Saruman's forces. Unexpectedly, however, Gandalf arrived in the nick of time with Erkenbrand and the scattered Rohirrim, along with a forest of Huorns who had been sent to the battle by the Ent leader Treebeard. The orcs were trapped and utterly annihilated. The wild Men taken captive, however, were freed after swearing an oath of loyalty to Rohan and clearing the battlefield of the dead. (The mercy of this act amazed the captives, who had been told by Saruman that the men of Rohan were cruel and burned their captives alive.)", "Middle-earth wars and battles. Elfhelm had been leading four companies towards Helm's Deep, when it was reported to him that two Warg Riders had been spotted. He rode at full speed to the ford and, seeing the situation, ordered his men to charge. Before long his men held the western side of the ford. They then charged on the islet. From this surprise attack most of the Uruk-hai retreated toward Isengard. When they reached the islet they found Grimbold defending Théodred's body against two huge orcs. Elfhelm rushed to his aid and felled one orc while Grimbold slew the other.", "Middle-earth wars and battles. The command of the ford was given to Erkenbrand of the Westfold. Until he arrived from Helm's Deep, Grimbold held the position. Elfhelm did not want to hold the Fords, as he argued that it provided little defence, but Grimbold was not willing to wholly abandon it, partially due to the tradition of Westfold. The two commanders later reached a compromise.", "Théoden. Théoden's decisions leading up to the battle at Helm's Deep are also portrayed in a different light than in the novels. His decision to take his people to the relative safety of the mountain stronghold rather than confront Saruman's army in open battle is presented as a grave strategic misjudgement that is only rectified when Gandalf arrives with Éomer's army and the Huorns to save the day. In the books, Théoden rides forth intending to meet the army of Saruman on the plains of Rohan but reluctantly reroutes to Helm's Deep at the urging of Gandalf after receiving reports that the approaching foes were a vastly superior force. When the fortress seems on the verge of falling after a night of overwhelming attacks, Théoden is near despair in the film until Aragorn (Viggo Mortensen) convinces him to mount his horse and lead a charge out of the Hornburg at sunrise. In the book, this recklessly valiant counter-attack is made at Théoden's initiative.", "Middle-earth armies and hosts. The above first hand eyewitness accounts from the characters are not the only sources of information on the hosts of Saruman. There is an historical essay style analysis of the two battles of the Fords of Isen in Unfinished Tales in which the compositions and organizations of Saruman's forces are further explained. While Grimbold of Rohan's command struggles with one army, \" \"He (Saruman's commander) was now in doubt. He awaited, maybe, some signal from the other army that had been sent down the east side of Isen.\" author's note\".[99] Grimbold did not know that \"a large army had already some hours passed southward\" to Helm's Deep.[100] This army east of Isen is also stated to be \"more than half of Saruman's force...\".[100] The east army also has auxiliaries of wolf riders, a large body that scatters Elfhelm's force on the east bank of Isen.", "Middle-earth wars and battles. Following the battle, Celeborn and Galadriel led the Galadhrim across the Anduin in a fleet of many small elf boats. They entered Mirkwood and attacked Dol Guldur. Then, Galadriel came forth and threw down the walls and cleansed its pits, mirroring the actions of Lúthien in Tol-Sirion, ending the grasp of evil in the forest. As news of the victory of King Elessar in the south reached the Wood Elves, Thranduil (who had recently defeated an army in the Battle of Mirkwood) met with Celeborn on April 6.", "Battle of the Hornburg. The forces of Saruman, common Orcs and Uruk-hai, along with some orc-human hybrids (called \"half-orcs and goblin-men\" – which may have referred to or included the Uruk-hai themselves) and human Dunlendings, arrived at the valley of Helm's Deep in the middle of the night during a storm. Meanwhile, Legolas the Elf and Gimli the Dwarf agreed to compete to see which one could kill the most orcs.", "Middle-earth wars and battles. The battle pitted the forces of the Wizard Saruman against the Rohirrim under King Théoden, who had taken refuge in the mountain fortress of the Hornburg at Helm's Deep.", "The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II. The Grey Havens, an Elven port on the western shores, is attacked by the Corsairs of Umbar, allies of Sauron. The Dwarves, who have been reluctant to ally with the Elves, eventually decide to come to the aid of the Grey Havens. With the Goblins defeated and all of Eriador pacified, the Dwarven-Elven alliance is tested by Sauron's forces. Mordor's overwhelming forces besiege the Lake Town of Esgaroth and the Dwarven city of Erebor. The Dwarven king Dáin leads a small group of Dwarves and men of Dale to defend their homeland and manage to eliminate the Mordor presence in Esgaroth but are forced to retreat back to Erebor to defend themselves against an overwhelming army led by the Mouth of Sauron. After a long battle against the Mouth of Sauron's army, Elven reinforcements from Mirkwood led by the Elven king Thranduil arrive and save the Dwarves, defeating the Mouth of Sauron and his army. Elrond leads the first attack, but later, Thranduil, Glorfindel, Glóin, Arwen, and King Dáin all unite under the Dwarven-Elven alliance for a final battle in Dol Guldur, the stronghold of Sauron in Mirkwood, aided by the Ents and Eagles. The Good forces and its three combined armies overcome the defenses and destroy the fortress, eliminating the last threat in the North.[6]", "Middle-earth wars and battles. The event is sometimes called the Battle of Helm's Deep, a title which was never used by Tolkien but which is often used by readers and other fans, this has led to the misconception that the term \"Helm's Deep\" refers to the fortress. Properly speaking, the fortress is the Hornburg (Anglo-Saxon = horn fortress) and Helm's Deep is the ravine behind it. In one of his letters regarding a proposed film adaptation, Tolkien protested the use of Helm's Deep, stating that, \"the 'defence of the Hornburg' would be a better title, since Helm's Deep, the ravine behind, is not shown\" (Letters, 210).", "Legolas. When the fellowship was trapped by a snowstorm while crossing the dangerous mountain Caradhras, Legolas scouted ahead, and told Aragorn and Boromir that the thick snow they were trying to push through was only a narrow wall, and below it the snow was more shallow.[4] When the attempt to cross Caradhras failed, Gandalf led the fellowship on a journey underground through Moria, an ancient Dwarf-kingdom, though some (including Legolas) did not wish to travel there. Before they reached Moria, Legolas helped fend off an attack by wolves in Hollin. In Moria, he helped fight off orcs and recognized \"Durin's Bane\" as a Balrog of Morgoth.[5] After Gandalf was lost, Aragorn took charge of the fellowship and led them to the Elven realm of Lothlórien, the Golden Wood. Legolas served as the initial spokesperson for the company, speaking with the inhabitants, the Galadhrim, whom he considered close kin.[6]", "The Lord of the Rings. The Hobbits reach the town of Bree, where they encounter a Ranger named Strider, whom Gandalf had mentioned in a letter. Strider persuades the hobbits to take him on as their guide and protector. Together, they leave Bree after another close escape from the Black Riders. On the hill of Weathertop, they are again attacked by the Black Riders, who wound Frodo with a cursed blade. Strider fights them off with fire and leads the hobbits towards the Elven refuge of Rivendell. Frodo falls deathly sick from the wound. The Black Riders nearly overtake Frodo at the Ford of Bruinen, but flood waters summoned by Elrond, master of Rivendell, rise up and overwhelm them.", "Elf (Middle-earth). Oromë led the others over the Misty Mountains and Ered Lindon into Beleriand. There Elwë became lost, and the Teleri stayed behind looking for him. The Vanyar and the Noldor moved onto a floating island that was moved by Ulmo to Valinor.", "Battle of the Hornburg. In the book The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, the size of the initial garrison at Helm's Deep for Rohan was nearly 1,000, but many more were coming into the fort from across Rohan. The estimated number of total Rohirrim defenders was 2,000[1] by the time Saruman's army arrived. Merry says that the force that left Isengard numbered 10,000 at least, most marching towards Helm's Deep and others heading off to the Fords of Isen. This number is later qualified by Gandalf: \"I have about ten thousand Orcs to manage\",[2] so considerably more than 10,000 when the Men of Dunland are added. Though the battle appears severely lopsided, as Uruk-hai were much better in battle than simple orcs, the defenders managed to hold the fort until a force of almost 1,000 men on foot[3] led by Gandalf along with a forest of Huorns arrived at dawn in the rear of the hosts of Isengard and surround the Uruks.", "Elf (Middle-earth). The others were called Eldar, the People of the Stars by Oromë, and they took Ingwë, Finwë and Elwë as their leaders, and became respectively the Vanyar, Noldor and Teleri. On their journey, some of the Teleri feared the Misty Mountains and dared not cross them. They turned back and stayed in the vales of the Anduin, and became the Nandor; these were led by Lenwë.", "Witch-king of Angmar. As the company made for Rivendell, the realm of Elrond Half-elven, they met Glorfindel, who loaned Frodo his horse, Asfaloth. Pursued by all nine Nazgûl, the horse carried Frodo across the Bruinen. From the far bank, Frodo defied the Nazgûl. When the Witch-king rode into the water, Elrond, who controlled the river, released a flood that caught three Nazgûl and their horses. Glorfindel advanced and drove the terrified horses of the remaining Nazgûl into the flood. The horses drowned and all nine Nazgûl were swept away.", "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game). Meanwhile, Gandalf explains there is now an alliance between the two towers of Barad-dûr in Mordor and Orthanc in Isengard, home of Saruman, who has sent out legions of Uruk-hai and orcs to ravage the countryside of Rohan, whose king, Théoden, has been rendered virtually comatose by Saruman's magic. Gandalf, Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli race to Edoras, where Gandalf frees Théoden from Saruman's spell, and it is decided that the inhabitants of Rohan shall make for Helm's Deep, a fortress which has never been breached. Gandalf leaves to get additional help, promising to return \"at the turn of the tide.\" Meanwhile, on the path to Helm's Deep, the travelers are attacked by orcs riding wargs, but Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli are able to fight them off.", "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. As a pivotal part of the story, Helm's Deep was built at Dry Creek Quarry with the Gate, a ramp, and a wall with a removable section and the tower on a second level. Most importantly, there was the 1:4 scale miniature of Helm's Deep that ran 50 feet wide. It was used for forced perspective shots,[23] as well as the major explosion sequence.[22]", "Middle-earth wars and battles. Dale was rebuilt following the siege of the Lonely Mountain, and Thorin and Bard sent their ambassadors to King Elessar's coronation. Later, many dwarves were led south by Gimli, one of the companions of Aragorn in the War of the Ring. They colonised Aglarond, the glittering caves in Helm's Deep.", "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. In the film, all journeys of the companions from Isengard to Minas Tirith are compressed and simplified, as the entire company travels from Isengard to Edoras and arrives there simultaneously to recuperate after the Battle of Helm's Deep. Pippin's looking into the palantír happens in Edoras, and he and Gandalf leave for Minas Tirith from there, but in the book this takes place at Dol Baran with the appearance of a Nazgûl on a winged steed, and they stay at Edoras only one night. In contrast to the film, Aragorn and Théoden march from Dol Baran to Helm's Deep to take a night's rest. It is in the Hornburg where Aragorn looks into the Palantír (as opposed to the film's Extended Edition, in which he does so much later in Minas Tirith after the Battle of the Pelennor Fields) and decides to take the Paths of the Dead. In the film, Aragorn and Theóden depart not before their encampment at Dunharrow, but in the book, Aragorn and the Dúnedain (which are absent in the film) ride from Helm's Deep over the fields to Edoras and then to Dunharrow and the Dimholt, whereas in the book, Théoden takes slower mountain paths and arrives in Dunharrow after Aragorn and his companions have already left. Théoden is seen to set out directly from Dunharrow to Minas Tirith, omitting his brief return to Edoras from Dunharrow to muster all remaining forces there, as told in the book.", "Middle-earth wars and battles. Elrond gathered with Celeborn and the survivors of Eregion and they were almost overwhelmed by Sauron's pursuit, but the Dark Lord's host was unexpectedly assailed in the rear by Elves of Lórien. Elrond managed to escape to the north and established Imladris.", "Battle of the Hornburg. The event is sometimes called the Battle of Helm's Deep, a title which was never used by Tolkien but which is often used by readers and other fans, this has led to the misconception that the term \"Helm's Deep\" refers to the fortress. Properly speaking, the fortress is the Hornburg (Anglo-Saxon = horn fortress) and Helm's Deep is the ravine behind it. In one of his letters regarding a proposed film adaptation, Tolkien protested the use of Helm's Deep, stating that, \"the 'defence of the Hornburg' would be a better title, since Helm's Deep, the ravine behind, is not shown\" (Letters, 210).", "Elf (Dungeons & Dragons). In several campaign settings, elves have their own pantheon often known as the Seldarine; this pantheon usually consists of the leader Corellon Larethian, as well as Aerdrie Faenya, Deep Sashelas, Erevan Ilesere, Fenmarel Mestarine, Hanali Celanil, Labelas Enoreth, Rillifane Rallathil, Sehanine Moonbow, and Solonor Thelandira. Other elven gods may be present in different campaign settings.", "Middle-earth wars and battles. Years later, the Battle of Tumhalad, in which the elven forces under Orodreth and Túrin were defeated by Angband forces under Glaurung, led to the sack of Nargothrond. It was the last battle of the Elves of the kingdom of Nargothrond. It was fought on the plain of Tumhalad between the river Narog and its tributary, the river Ginglith.[3]", "Isildur. Isildur chose the route along the Anduin rather than the safer but longer North-South road. Sauron, however, had deployed an army of orcs east of the Misty Mountains to attack stragglers of the Last Alliance. The orcs did not show themselves when the armies of the Elves and Men passed by, but they were easily more than a match for Isildur's small company.", "Middle-earth wars and battles. Angmar rode west to meet the assault, and seeing this, the cavalry of Gondor under Eärnur rode north into the Hills of Evendim to wait in ambush. As the main army of Gondor met the enemy and the battle began, the cavalry of Gondor attacked Angmar in the rear. Realizing that his forces were being completely destroyed, the Witch-king of Angmar fled away east. Eärnur rode after him, but his horse shied away. Then Glorfindel attacked, and the Witch-king fled east to escape Glorfindel's wrath, disappearing from the north. At this time Glorfindel prophesied the Witch-king would fall not \"by the hand of man\". The Witch-king was later killed in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields by Merry and Éowyn who were a Hobbit and a woman respectively and were as such \"no man.\"", "Elf (Dungeons & Dragons). The deep elves are found in 1996's Monstrous Compendium Annual Volume Three, but originated in the Night Below boxed set campaign published in 1995. In a subplot of Night Below, the player characters can reintroduce the exiled Rockseers to the rest of elvenkind and reconcile them with their god, Corellon Larethian.[31]", "Battle of the Hornburg. In the context of the film, it is referred to as the Battle of Helm's Deep, and like Bakshi, Jackson identifies \"Helm's Deep\" with the fortress itself. As Gríma says to Saruman: \"Théoden will not stay at Edoras ... They will flee to Helm's Deep, the great fortress of Rohan.\"", "Battle of the Hornburg. The Battle of the Hornburg is a fictional battle in J. R. R. Tolkien's epic The Lord of the Rings. The battle pitted the forces of the Wizard Saruman against the Rohirrim under King Théoden, who had taken refuge in the mountain fortress of the Hornburg at Helm's Deep. The engagement is also informally known as Battle of Helm's Deep or simply Helm's Deep after that location. An account of the battle is recorded in the climactic chapter \"Helm's Deep\" of the volume The Two Towers." ]

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[ "Love Boat: The Next Wave. Set aboard the cruise liner Sun Princess, the series starred Robert Urich as Captain Jim Kennedy, a retired and divorced U.S. Navy officer with a teen-aged son, Danny (Kyle Howard). Phil Morris played Chief Purser Will Sanders, and Joan Severance played Security Chief Camille Hunter.[1]", "Ted Lange. Theodore William \"Ted\" Lange (/lændʒ/; born January 5, 1948) is an American actor, director, and screenwriter best known for his role as the bartender, Isaac Washington, in the TV series The Love Boat.", "Ted Lange. During the run of The Love Boat, Lange also served as director and screenwriter on various episodes of the series. In 1977, he wrote the screenplay for the 1977 drama Passing Through, starring Cora Lee Day and Marla Gibbs. In 1999, Lange directed two episodes of Love Boat: The Next Wave, the UPN series based on The Love Boat. He also directed episodes of Moesha, Dharma & Greg, and Eve. In 2008, he directed the drama For Love of Amy.", "Lauren Tewes. In 1977, Tewes appeared in an episode of the TV series Family (\"Mirror, Mirror on the Wall...\") as Jill Redfield, a young woman feeling helpless about being expected to marry a man she doesn't love. A year earlier, she had been cast for the role of cruise director Julie McCoy on The Love Boat. She was selected from more than 100 actresses who auditioned for the role.[7] She was in the third and final pilot of the show, and cast the day before production began.[8]", "Gavin MacLeod. MacLeod's long career began in films in 1957, playing opposite Peter Mann in The Sword of Ali Baba (1965), Anthony Franciosa in A Man Called Gannon (1968), Christopher George in The Thousand Plane Raid, and Clint Eastwood, Telly Savalas along with Carroll O'Connor in Kelly's Heroes (1970). He then achieved continuing television success co-starring opposite Ernest Borgnine on McHale's Navy (1962–1964), as Joseph \"Happy\" Haines, and on The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970–1977) as Murray Slaughter. He is best known for his starring role on The Love Boat (1977–1986), in which MacLeod played Captain Merrill Stubing.", "List of The Love Boat episodes. A cruise-director trainee (Jo Ann Harris) is after Julie's job. A bickering married couple (Polly Bergen, Steve Allen) pose as swinging singles. A childless couple (Sandy Duncan, Jim Stafford) take in a young runaway (James Bond III).", "List of The Love Boat episodes. A tough cruise director Diane Ladd takes charge; A husband Bert Convy dons a dress to spy on his wife Patty Duke; Doc's romance crumbles.", "Gavin MacLeod. MacLeod's breakout role as Murray Slaughter on The Mary Tyler Moore Show won him lasting fame, and two Golden Globe nominations. His starring role as Captain Stubing on The Love Boat, his next TV series, brought laughter to 90 countries worldwide, between 1977 and 1986 (9 seasons). His work on that show earned him three Golden Globe nominations. Co-starring with him was familiar actor and best friend Bernie Kopell as Dr. Adam Bricker and unfamiliar actor and best friend Ted Lange as bartender Isaac Washington. Lange said in a 2017 interview with The Wiseguyz Show of MacLeod that \"Oh yeah, sure, Gavin was wonderful. Gavin lives down here in Palm Springs and we're still tight, all of us, Gavin and Bernie and Jill; we still see each other. Fred lives in a different state, we're still close, we're still good friends.\"[7]", "Bernie Kopell. Before becoming known for his The Love Boat role, Kopell appeared in many television series, often sitcoms. He appeared on Ripcord, That Girl, The Jack Benny Program, Green Acres, Our Man Higgins, The Flying Nun, Ben Casey, McHale's Navy, My Favorite Martian, Petticoat Junction, The Streets of San Francisco, Room 222, The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Kojak.[7]", "List of The Love Boat episodes. The crew is working a special Alaskan cruise, wherein all the passengers are women who are vying for a date with Engelbert Humperdinck (as himself). The Captain informs the crew that Julie (Lauren Tewes) got married and has left. So they get a new cruise director Diane Ladd (as Bernice Bronson), whose a real terror. Julie's sister, Judy McCoy (Pat Klous) who just got divorced, goes on the cruise. Two men Bert Convy (as Harry Fletcher) and Arte Johnson (as Ralph Dooley), one of whom is the husband of the woman Patty Duke (as Jane Fletcher) who organized the ladies' cruise, follows her because he fears that he is inadequate for her, so they pose as women; Doc's romance with Emily (Michelle Phillips) crumbles.", "List of The Love Boat episodes. A couple (Monty Hall and Janis Paige) takes their son (Mark Shera) along on the cruise, hoping he will end a relationship; A couple (Leslie Nielsen and Lynda Day George) rethink their romance; An ex-showgirl (Elaine Joyce) jeopardizes her nursing career.", "Love Boat: The Next Wave. A reunion-themed episode reunited several cast members of the original The Love Boat[2] – Gavin MacLeod (Captain Stubing), Bernie Kopell (Dr. Adam \"Doc\" Bricker), Ted Lange (Isaac Washington), Jill Whelan (Vicki Stubing) and Lauren Tewes (Julie McCoy). This episode revealed that Julie and \"Doc\" had been in love all along.[3]", "The Love Boat. The Love Boat is an American television series set on a cruise ship, which aired on the ABC Television Network from May 5, 1977, until May 24, 1986; three-hour specials aired in 1986–87 and 1990.[1] The series revolves around the ship's captain (played by Gavin MacLeod) and a handful of its crew, with several passengers – played by various guest actors for each episode – having romantic and humorous adventures. It was part of ABC's popular Saturday-night lineup that included Fantasy Island until that series ended in 1984.", "List of The Love Boat episodes. A kleptomaniac (Joan Van Ark) meets a psychiatrist (Stephen Keep Mills) who tries to help her but when they fall for each other, he keeps his distance. A television star (Ron Ely) whom Vicki adores comes on board with his girlfriend-agent (Erin Gray) has to deal with an overbearing passenger (William Boyett). The Captain's brother Marshall (O.D. Warbux) comes on the cruise to introduce the woman he is going to marry (Arlene Dahl) but a woman whom he was involved with (Zsa Zsa Gabor) follows determined to win him back.", "List of The Love Boat episodes. Captain Stubing's ex-wife (Bonnie Franklin) is a passenger with her new husband (Robert Symonds), a cruise line executive. She makes the crew pay for her animosity with the Captain (Gavin MacLeod). A former centerfold model (Meredith Baxter) struggles to hide her past from her fiancé who is a Congressman. A woman is followed by her boyfriend whom she dumped because he won't commit to marriage.", "Lauren Tewes. Lauren Tewes (/ˈtwiːz/; born Cynthia Lauren Tewes; October 26, 1953) is an American actress. She is known for her role on the television comedy anthology series The Love Boat, which originally aired on ABC from 1977 to 1986.", "List of The Love Boat episodes. Guest stars: Ursula Andress as Carole, Susan Anton as Leslie, Michael Constantine as Charlie, Linda Evans as Barbara, John Forsythe as Burt, Lee Horsley as Greg, Pat Klous as Laurie, Lee Majors as Robert, Erin Moran as Joanne", "Gavin MacLeod. On November 5, 2013, MacLeod joined his Love Boat cast mates live on the CBS daytime show The Talk. A full one-hour episode was dedicated to the cast reunion. The Talk co-hosts dressed in costumes to commemorate their special guests' arrivals. Spanish-American actress Charo also appeared on the reunion show. Charo guest starred in eight episodes of The Love Boat. Jack Jones performed the Love Boat theme song, which he introduced in 1977.", "The Boat That Rocked. Additional minor roles were played by Ian Mercer as the transfer boatman, Stephen Moore as the Prime Minister, Michael Thomas and Bohdan Poraj as Dormandy's subordinates Sandford and Fredericks, Olegar Fedoro as the Radio Rock ship's captain, Francesca Longrigg and Amanda Fairbank-Hynes as Dormandy's wife and daughter, and Olivia Llewellyn as Marianne's friend Margaret and Felicity's love interest.", "The Love Boat. The original 1976 made-for-TV movie on which the show was based (also titled The Love Boat) was itself based on the nonfiction book Love Boats by Jeraldine Saunders, a real-life cruise director. Two more TV movies (titled The Love Boat II and The New Love Boat) would follow before the series began its first season in September 1977.", "List of The Love Boat episodes. An advice columnist (Eva Gabor) overlooks her own marital problems. The new chef (Al Molinaro) is outraged by the Captain's tastes. Doc consoles a pregnant woman (Pamela Franklin) who is about to be divorced and unaware that her soon-to-be-ex (Robert Urich) is also on the cruise.", "List of The Love Boat episodes. A man (Robert Reed) and woman (Loretta Swit) who are divorced meet. Two teens (Kristy McNichol, Scott Baio) fall in love. A senior-citizens' guide (Charles Frank) is kept busy by his group and interfering with his romance with Julie.", "Gavin MacLeod. In April 2010, the entire cast of The Love Boat attended the TV Land Awards with the exception of MacLeod, due a back operation to repair a couple of injured discs. Former co-star and long-term friend Ted Lange contacted him and received word his beloved TV friend was doing well.[9] In December, MacLeod appeared as a guest narrator with the Florida Orchestra and Master Chorale of Tampa Bay for three concerts.", "Gavin MacLeod. In January 2015, MacLeod appeared in the 2015 Rose Parade along with several members of the original cast of The Love Boat. [13]", "List of The Love Boat episodes. Guest stars: Raymond Burr, Michael Cole, Kim Darby, Bob Denver, Conchata Ferrell, Christopher George, Lisa Hartman, Michael Lembeck, Kelly Monteith, John Rubinstein, Judi West, David Landsberg.", "Roger Moore. Moore did not act on screen for five years after he stopped playing Bond; in 1990, he appeared in several films and in the writer-director Michael Feeney Callan's television series My Riviera and starred in the film Bed & Breakfast which was shot in 1989;[32] and also had a large role in the 1996 film The Quest; in 1997, he starred as the Chief in Spice World.[33] At the age of 73, he played a flamboyant homosexual man in Boat Trip (2002) with Cuba Gooding Jr.[34]", "List of The Love Boat episodes. An accident victim (Alan Feinstein) and the woman (Britt Ekland) who caused it keep their distance; Vicki tries to look shapely to catch a singer's (Rex Smith) eye; a palimony victim (Steve Kanaly) wants to avoid new relationships.", "List of The Love Boat episodes. The conclusion of a special cruise to Acapulco for a fashion festival, designers Geoffrey Beene, Halston, Bob Mackie, and Gloria Vanderbilt play themselves. Problems of the heart are in store for a husband and wife who are owners of a model agency. Their marriage is in jeopardy when tempers flare over the use of one of the models who has captured the captain's eye. Another heartache involves a cosmetic king who is searching for a unique woman to represent his new product, and finds not just one, but two likely candidates. Cruise director Julie McCoy gets the limelight when she models in place of a model friend who has fallen in love. A couple is in frantic search of some designer clothes that they have misplaced as well as having to keep their marriage secret from the boss – the woman's father.", "List of The Love Boat episodes. On a special cruise to Acapulco for a fashion festival, designers Geoffrey Beene, Halston, Bob Mackie, and Gloria Vanderbilt play themselves. Problems of the heart are in store for a husband and wife who are owners of a model agency. Their marriage is in jeopardy when tempers flare over the use of one of the models who has captured the captain's eye. Another heartache involves a cosmetic king who is searching for a unique woman to represent his new product, and finds not just one, but two likely candidates. Cruise director Julie McCoy gets the limelight when she models in place of a model friend who has fallen in love. A couple is in frantic search of some designer clothes that they have misplaced as well as having to keep their marriage secret from the boss – the woman's father.", "Bernie Kopell. Kopell's longest-running role was as Dr. Adam Bricker on The Love Boat, an Aaron Spelling production. He remained on the series during its entire run, appearing in 250 episodes.[6]", "List of The Love Boat episodes. A stuffy executive loosens up and falls in love with his secretary; a songwriter rekindles a wife's love for her husband; Captain Stubing takes charge of the orphaned child of his former love; a stern Russian cruise director gets a new image, to Doc's delight. (90 minutes)", "Gavin MacLeod. After The Love Boat, MacLeod traveled with Michael Learned of The Waltons in Love Letters. He made several appearances in musicals such as Gigi and Copacabana between 1997 and 2003." ]

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[ "Derek Redmond. However, his career was blighted by a series of injuries. At the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona he tore his hamstring in the 400 metres semi-final but continued the race limping and, with assistance from his father, managed to complete a full lap of the track as the crowd gave him a standing ovation. Although Redmond was disqualified and listed as \"Did Not Finish\" due to the outside assistance finishing the race, the incident has become a well-remembered moment in Olympic history, having been the subject of one of the International Olympic Committee's \"Celebrate Humanity\" videos and been used in advertisements by Visa as an illustration of the Olympic spirit and featured in Nike's \"Courage\" commercials in 2008.", "Derek Redmond. Redmond was in good form by the time of the Barcelona Olympics. He posted the fastest time of the first round, and went on to win his quarter-final. In the semi-final, Redmond started well, but in the back straight about 250 metres from the finish, his hamstring tore. He hobbled to a halt, and then fell to the ground in pain. Stretcher bearers made their way over to him, but Redmond decided he wanted to finish the race. He began to hobble along the track. He was soon joined on the track by his father, Jim Redmond, who barged past security and on to the track to get to his son. Jim and Derek completed the lap of the track together, with Derek leaning on his father's shoulder for support. As they crossed the finish line, the crowd of 65,000 spectators rose to give Derek a standing ovation. However, as his father had helped him finish, Derek was officially disqualified and Olympic records state that he \"Did Not Finish\" the race.[6][7]", "Ken Griffey Jr.. Griffey finished the 2004 season on the disabled list after suffering a rupture of his right hamstring in San Francisco.[31] The play in question occurred at AT&T Park in a game against the San Francisco Giants. Griffey was starting in right field for the first time in his 16-year Major League career when he raced toward the gap to try to cut off a ball before it got to the wall. He slid as he got to the ball, but in the process hyper-extended his right leg, tearing the hamstring completely off the bone. He later came out of the game, complaining of \"tightness\" in the hamstring exacerbated by chilly conditions in San Francisco.[32] However, there was far more to it than anyone realized at the time.", "Usain Bolt. An injury to Bolt's hamstring in March 2014 caused him to miss nine weeks of training. Having recovered from surgery, Bolt competed in the 4 × 100 metres relay of the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Not in peak form Bolt said that he was attending the Games for the fans and to show his progress since the injury.[205] Bolt and his teammates won the 4 × 100 metres relay in 37.58 seconds – a Commonwealth Games record.[206] This was the foremost competition of the year for Bolt, given no Olympics or World Championships in 2014.", "Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon. The event was marked by an incident in which Cornelius Horan, an Irish protester, grappled Vanderlei de Lima of Brazil while de Lima was leading the event with around 7 kilometers remaining. Greek spectator Polyvios Kossivas helped Vanderlei free from Horan's grasp and back into his running. De Lima lost about 15 to 20 seconds of time because of the interruption, and finished third in the event with a time of 2:12:11, winning the bronze medal. De Lima was awarded the rarely awarded Pierre de Coubertin Medal for sportsmanship in addition to his bronze. Despite the fact that the incident had seriously hindered his chances of winning the gold or silver medal, he did not complain and graciously acknowledged the crowd's cheers in the home straight. The protester had a sign on his back that read \"The Grand Prix Priest. Israel Fulfilment of Prophecy Says The Bible. The Second Coming is Near.\" He later apologized for possibly costing de Lima the gold.[4]", "Louis Zamperini. Four days before his 81st birthday in January 1998, Zamperini ran a leg in the Olympic Torch relay for the Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, not far from the POW camp where he had been held. While there, he attempted to meet with his chief and most brutal tormentor during the war, Mutsuhiro Watanabe, also known as \"the Bird\", who had evaded prosecution as a war criminal, but Watanabe refused to see him.[26] However, Zamperini sent him a letter, stating that while he suffered great mistreatment from him, he forgave him. It is unknown if Watanabe even read the letter, and Zamperini received no response. In March 2005, Zamperini returned to Germany to visit the Berlin Olympic Stadium for the first time since he had competed there.[27]", "Iwan Thomas. Thomas' career was hampered by injury including a stress fracture to his ankle in 1999 that required telescopic surgery. He was again injured in 2003 with damage to his Achilles. Further injury in 2004 ruled him out of the 2004 Olympic Games. Thomas was selected in 2006 for the Welsh team for the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia, but was unable to compete due to an injury.", "Hamstring. Imaging the hamstring muscles is usually performed with an ultrasound and/or MRI.[5]  The biceps femoris is most commonly injured, followed by semitendinosus. Semimembranosus injury is rare. Imaging is useful in differentiating the grade of strain, especially if the muscle is completely torn.[6] In this setting, the level and degree of retraction can be determined, serving as a useful roadmap prior to any surgery. Those with a hamstring strain of greater than 60mm in length have a greater risk of recurrence.[7]", "Derek Redmond. Injuries consistently interrupted Redmond's career. At the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, he pulled out of the opening round of the 400 metres 90 seconds before his heat because of an injury to his Achilles tendon. Before the 1992 Summer Olympics, he had undergone eight operations due to injuries.", "Chris Bosh. In June 2012, Bosh withdrew his name from consideration for the 2012 Olympics in London to recover from a lower abdominal strain that kept him out of some playoff games.[101]", "David Akers. Injuries finally got to Akers in 2005 when he tore the hamstring in his non-kicking leg during the opening kickoff against the Oakland Raiders on September 25, 2005. Akers left the game, but returned in the second half with a heavily taped leg to make two extra points and then kick the game-winning 28-yard field goal before collapsing in pain as his teammates mobbed him. He missed the next four games and finished the season 16 for 22.", "Supraventricular tachycardia. After being successfully diagnosed and treated, Bobby Julich went on to place third in the 1998 Tour de France and win a Bronze Medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics. Women's Olympic volleyball player Tayyiba Haneef-Park underwent an ablation for SVT just two months before competing in the 2008 Summer Olympics.[12] Tony Blair, former PM of the UK, was also operated on for atrial flutter. Anastacia was diagnosed with the disease.[13] Women's Olympic gold medalist swimmers, Rebecca Soni and Dana Vollmer have both had heart surgery to correct SVT. In addition, Neville Fields had corrective surgery for SVT in early 2006. Wrestling manager Paul Bearer's heart attack was attributed to SVT, resulting in his death.[14] Nathan Cohen, New Zealand's two-time world champion and Olympic champion rower, was diagnosed with SVT in 2013 when he was 27 years old.[15][16][17]", "Sushil Kumar (wrestler). Kumar won a silver medal after losing the final to Tatsuhiro Yonemitsu.[30] Earlier, he had entered the final amid some controversy by beating Kazakhastan's Akzhurek Tanatarov in the semifinal. The Kazakh athlete claimed that Kumar had bitten his ear, which was denied by the latter.[31] Kumar was the Olympic flag bearer for India at the opening ceremony.[32]", "Dwyane Wade. On June 28, 2012, it was reported that Wade would miss the 2012 Summer Olympics in London because of knee surgery.[123]", "2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay. Medical aid with a wheelchair and his Jamaican teammates surrounded Bolt on the ground. While the British men's and women's relay teams celebrated together, Bolt lay on the ground in pain for a couple of minutes then refused the wheelchair and was helped to his feet by his teammates. With them by his side he limped across the finish line for the final time then went back to the ground wincing in pain.", "2018 FIFA World Cup Group A. Alan Dzagoev limped off with a hamstring injury in the 24th minute. \"Alan Dzagoev damaged the muscles in the back of the thigh,\" Russia said in a brief statement.[6]", "Paavo Nurmi. Nurmi's trip to the 1924 Summer Olympics was endangered by a knee injury in the spring of 1924, but he recovered and resumed training twice a day.[14] On 19 June, Nurmi tried out the 1924 Olympic schedule at the Eläintarha Stadium in Helsinki by running the 1500 m and the 5000 m inside an hour, setting new world records for both distances.[16] In the 1500 m final at the Olympics in Paris, Nurmi ran the first 800 m almost three seconds faster.[16] His only challenger, Ray Watson of the United States, gave up before the last lap and Nurmi was able to slow down and coast to victory ahead of Willy Schärer, H. B. Stallard and Douglas Lowe,[16] still breaking the Olympic record by three seconds.[17] The 5000 m final started in less than two hours, and Nurmi faced a tough challenge from countryman Ville Ritola, who had already won the 3000 m steeplechase and the 10,000 m.[16] Ritola and Edvin Wide figured that Nurmi must be tired and tried to burn him off by running at world-record pace.[18][19] Realizing that he was now racing the two men and not the clock, Nurmi tossed his stopwatch onto the grass.[18] The Finns later passed the Swede as his pace faded and continued their duel.[16] On the home straight, Ritola sprinted from the outside but Nurmi increased his pace to keep his rival a metre behind.[16]", "Paavo Nurmi. At the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam, Nurmi competed in three events. He won the 10,000 m by staying right behind Ritola until sprinting past him on the home straight.[41] Before the 5000 m final, Nurmi injured himself in his qualifying heat for the 3000 m steeplechase.[41] He fell on his back at the water jump, spraining his hip and foot.[41] Lucien Duquesne stopped to help him up, and Nurmi thanked the Frenchman by pacing him past the field and offered him the heat win, which Duquesne gracefully refused.[41] In the 5000 m, Nurmi tried to repeat his move on Ritola but had to watch his teammate pull away instead.[41] Nurmi, looking more exhausted than ever before, only barely managed to keep Wide behind and take silver.[41] Nurmi had little time to rest or nurse his injuries as the 3000 m steeplechase started the next day.[41] Struggling with the hurdles, Nurmi let Finland's steeplechase specialist Toivo Loukola escape into the distance.[41] On the final lap, he sprinted clear of the others and finished nine seconds behind the world-record setting Loukola; Nurmi's time also bettered the previous record.[41] Although Ritola did not finish, Ove Andersen completed a Finnish sweep of the medals.[41]", "Nodar Kumaritashvili. In Bakuriani, the street of Kumaritashvili's childhood home was renamed in his honour.[31] Felix Loch of Germany, who won the gold medal in luge at the Vancouver Olympics, had his medal melted down and refashioned into two disks, giving one, etched with an image of Kumaritashvili and the years of his birth and death, to Kumaritashvili's parents.[5] In spite of several donations of money to the Kumaritashvili family,[32] the tragedy was hard on them; twice in the years afterwards Dodo, who continued to fix a meal for Kumaritashvili every day, tried to kill herself, while David dealt with severe health problems resulting in multiple hospital stays.[1][27]", "Summer Olympic Games. At the end of the 1908 marathon the Italian runner Dorando Pietri was first to enter the stadium, but he was clearly in distress, and collapsed of exhaustion before he could complete the event. He was helped over the finish line by concerned race officials, but later he was disqualified and the gold medal was awarded to John Hayes, who had trailed him by around 30 seconds.", "Usain Bolt. Two days later, Bolt ran as the third leg in the Jamaican 4x100 metres relay team, increasing his gold medal total to three.[103] Along with teammates Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, and Asafa Powell, Bolt broke another world and Olympic record, their 37.10 s finish breaking the previous record by three-tenths of a second.[104] Powell, who anchored the team to the finishing line, lamented the loss of his 100 m record to Bolt but showed no animosity towards his Jamaican rival, stating that he was delighted to help him set his third world record.[105] In January 2017 the Jamaican relay team were stripped of their gold medals after a blood sample taken from Nesta Carter - one of Bolt's teammates in the relay - after the race, was tested again nine years later and tested positive for a banned substance.[106] Following his victories, Bolt donated US$50,000 to the children of Sichuan province in China to help those harmed by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.[107]", "Kokoda Track. In November 2009, Australian paralympian Kurt Fearnley (born without the lower section of his spine [17]) completed the track, crawling north to south, in 11 days. A multiple paralympic gold medalist (T54 Marathon in Athens and Beijing), he used customized shin pads and wrist guards. His journey was to raise awareness of men's health issues and was inspired by the story of Corporal John Metson, who crawled the track for three weeks, refusing the assistance of a stretcher on the grounds it would burden his comrades.[18]", "Paralympic Games. In 2008 Oscar Pistorius, a South African sprinter, attempted to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics. Pistorius had both his legs amputated below the knee and races with two carbon fibre blades manufactured by Ossur. He holds Paralympic world record in the 400 meter event.[43] Pistorius missed qualifying for the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 400 meter race, by 0.70 seconds. He qualified for the 2008 Summer Paralympics where he won gold medals in the 100, 200, and 400 meter sprints.[44] In 2011, Pistorius qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics and competed in two events: he made the semi-final in the 400 metres race; and his team came 8th in the final of the 4 × 400 metres relay race.[45] Even though all athletes are given equal opportunities to participate in these events, such as the 400 meter race, there has been a growing conspiracy that the games may not be fair to all athletes. For example, athletes running a race with a left prosthetic leg may have the disadvantage than those with a right side prosthesis because the races are run in an anticlockwise direction, giving some athletes an advantage. [46]", "Albert Fish. During the night of July 14, 1924, 9-year-old Francis McDonnell was reported missing by his parents. He failed to return home after playing catch with friends in the Port Richmond neighbourhood of Staten Island. A search was organised and his body was found—hanging by a tree—in a wooded area near his home. He had been sexually assaulted, then strangled with his suspenders.[9] According to an autopsy, McDonnell had also suffered extensive lacerations to his legs and abdomen, and his left hamstring had almost entirely been stripped of its flesh. Fish refused to claim responsibility for this, although he later stated that he intended to castrate the boy but fled when he heard someone approaching the area.", "Usain Bolt. Misfortune awaited Bolt at the next major event, the 2005 World Championships in Helsinki. Bolt felt that both his work ethic and athleticism had much improved since the 2004 Olympics, and he saw the World Championships as a way to live up to expectations, stating, \"I really want to make up for what happened in Athens. Hopefully, everything will fall into place\".[50] Bolt qualified with runs under 21 s, but he suffered an injury in the final, finishing in last place with a time of 26.27 s.[46][51] Injuries were preventing him from completing a full professional athletics season, and the eighteen-year-old Bolt still had not proven his mettle in the major world-athletics competitions.[52] However, his appearance made him the youngest ever person to appear in a 200 m world final.[53] Bolt was involved in a car accident in November, and although he suffered only minor facial lacerations, his training schedule was further upset.[54][55] His manager, Norman Peart, made Bolt's training less intensive, and he had fully recuperated the following week.[54] Bolt had continued to improve his performances, and he reached the world top-5 rankings in 2005 and 2006.[1] Peart and Mills stated their intentions to push Bolt to do longer sprinting distances with the aim of making the 400 m event his primary event by 2007 or 2008. Bolt was less enthusiastic, and demanded that he feel comfortable in his sprinting.[54][56] He suffered another hamstring injury in March 2006, forcing him to withdraw from the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, and he did not return to track events until May.[57] After his recovery, Bolt was given new training exercises to improve flexibility, and the plans to move him up to the 400 m event were put on hold.[52]", "Aaron Rodgers. In a Week 12 Monday Night Football game Rodgers appeared to injure his hamstring on a scrambling play against the Philadelphia Eagles.[166] After the play, Rodgers went into an injury tent on the sideline to get his leg taped up.[166] Rodgers, however, did not miss any snaps in the game and finished 30 out of 39 for 313 yards with no sacks or interceptions.[167] His 300-yard performance was his fourth of the season and the first allowed by the Eagles' defense all season.[167] The Packers won, 27–13, snapping their four-game losing streak.", "Gareth Bale. At the end of June 2012, Bale pulled out of the tournament with a back injury. On 29 June, he advised the Team GB football manager, Stuart Pearce, that he would not be available for selection as he had aggravated an old back and hip injury during a training run. In view of the short recovery time between the end of the Olympics and the start of the Premier League season, Bale had decided to withdraw rather than exacerbate the problem.[177][178] Bale recovered from his injury in good time to be included on Spurs' pre-season tour of the United States, scoring against LA Galaxy on 24 July[179][180] and against New York Red Bulls a week later.[181] Between these matches, Bale also played against Liverpool when he was injured in a tackle by Charlie Adam.[182]", "Takeru Kobayashi. On September 16, 2014, he appeared in a YouTube video to be competing with a hamster. The video ends in Kobayashi acknowledging his defeat by putting a medal around the hamster's neck.[73][74]", "Cadel Evans. While recovering from a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament,[15] Evans contested the 245 km men's road race at the Beijing Olympics, finishing 15th, 22 seconds behind Samuel Sánchez.[16] He placed fifth in the road time trial four days later.", "Mo Farah. On 13 August, Farah won a gold medal in the 10,000 metres at the Rio Olympics, making it the first time a Briton had won three athletic gold Olympic medals.[107] After being accidentally clipped on the back of the heel by American Galen Rupp on the 10th lap he fell,[108] but went on to win gold with the time of 27:05.17. Rupp slowed after Farah's fall to check his condition and finished in 5th place with a time of 27:08.92. In the final lap Farah battled Paul Tanui, who took the lead with 300 metres remaining. Farah edged him out with 100 metres to go. Tanui finished in second place with a time of 27:05.64.[108]", "Travis Pastrana. Injuries have often taken Pastrana off the circuit for weeks or months at a time. His medical records include: a dislocated spine, he has torn his ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL and meniscus in his left knee, broken his tibia and fibula, he’s had surgery on his left wrist twice, left thumb once, two surgeries on his back, one on his right elbow, nine on his left knee, six on the right knee, one shoulder surgery which left him with the only piece of metal he has in his body.[45]", "Jaromír Jágr. More injuries struck Jágr in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. He was injured after a hit from Finland's Jarkko Ruutu, requiring stitches to his eyebrow. The injury, however, was not as serious as first anticipated, and Jágr was able to play in the following games, though he was unable to finish the bronze medal game due to muscle injury. Despite the trouble, Jágr won his second-career Olympic medal, the bronze. In 2010, Jágr was his nation's flag bearer at the 2010 Winter Olympics, but in the men's ice hockey tournament, the Czechs finished a disappointing seventh after a defeat in the quarterfinals to Finland. Jágr again represented his country at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, scoring two goals and one assist in five games as the Czech Republic again lost in the quarterfinals." ]

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[ "Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey. Personally picked by director Rob Marshall and producer Jerry Bruckheimer,[7] she made her English language debut in 2011 in the highly anticipated sequel Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides.[5] She landed the role of the mermaid Syrena,[7] after a whirlwind of auditions in France, Hollywood, and the UK.[8] She had to learn to speak English for the role.[4] During filming in Hawaii, she was restricted from going out in daylight in order to keep her skin pale.[9]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. Casting for mermaids required the actresses to have natural breasts—no implants. As Bruckheimer explained to EW, \"I don't think they had breast augmentation in the 1700s, [...] So it's natural for casting people to say, 'We want real people.'\"[43] Marshall invited Spanish-French actress Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey to play Syrena after seeing her in a French magazine article on up-and-coming actresses.[22] Bergès-Frisbey had to take lessons of English, swimming and breath control for the role.[44] The rest of the mermaid portrayers, such as Australian supermodel Gemma Ward,[45] were chosen for having \"exotic sense, an otherworldly sensibility, but also under those layers a deadly quality\", according to Marshall, and had to take swimming lessons to learn movements such as the dolphin and eggbeater kicks.[46]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Syrena, portrayed by Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey, is a mermaid who appears in On Stranger Tides. She is captured by Blackbeard's crew, who need a mermaid's tear in order to activate the Fountain of Youth. When the glass tank Syrena is being carried in shatters, she changes to a human form, causing missionary Philip Swift to remove his shirt and cover her. Philip then carries her due to her inability to walk and names her in an attempt to make Blackbeard realize she is a person and not a creature. Philip and Syrena develop a strong bond.", "Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey. Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey (born 26 May 1986) is a French-Spanish actress and model.[1] She is best known for playing Suzanne in The Sea Wall, the mermaid Syrena in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and Sofi in I Origins. She is the recipient of the Prix Suzanne Bianchetti in 2009 and the Trophée Chopard Award for Female Revelation of the Year at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and a nomination at the 2016 David di Donatello in Rome.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. On Stranger Tides employed 1,112 shots of computer-generated imagery,[17] which were done by ten visual effects companies.[60] Cinesite visual effects supervisor Simon Stanley-Clamp claimed that the most difficult part was doing the effects in 3D: \"Rotoscoping is tricky. Cleaning up plates is double the work, and tracking has to be spot on.\"[50] The lead companies, with over 300 effects each, were Industrial Light & Magic—responsible for, among others, the mermaids and most water effects[61]—and Moving Picture Company, who created digital ships and environment extensions, such as changing weather and designing cliffs and waterfalls.[62] Filming the mermaids involved eight model-actresses, who portrayed them outside the water, as well as 22 synchronized swimming athletes and a group of stuntwomen, both of whom wore motion capture suits to be later replaced by digital mermaids. Mermaid corpses were depicted by plaster models.[33][46] The design tried to avoid the traditional representations of mermaids in paintings and literature, instead going for a scaly body with a translucent membrane inspired by both jellyfish and the fabric employed in ballet tutus. To make the mermaids more menacing underwater, the faces of the actresses had some digital touch-ups on the underwater scenes, adding sharper teeth and a shimmery fish scale quality on the skin.[63] ILM also handled Blackbeard's death, where Ian McShane's actual performance was covered by digital doubles which turned him into a \"boiling mass of blood and clothing\", and a hurricane-like formation that represented \"the waters of the Fountain taking his life\".[59] Cinesite handled the recreation of London and Barbossa's peg leg,[50] CIS Hollywood did 3D corrections and minor shots, and Method Studios created matte paintings.[64]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Philip Swift, portrayed by Sam Claflin, is a missionary who appears in On Stranger Tides. After he was captured by Blackbeard, Philip's life was spared thanks to Angelica's belief that her father's soul can be saved. Along the journey to find the Fountain of Youth, Philip meets a beautiful mermaid and names her Syrena. They develop a close bond. Acting as Syrena's protector, he risks his own life for the mermaid, eventually falling in love with her.", "Sam Claflin. In April 2010, he was cast as Phillip Swift, a missionary that falls in love with the mermaid Syrena (portrayed by Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey), in 2011's Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, the fourth instalment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. For the film, he received a nomination in the 17th Empire Awards for \"Best Male Newcomer.\"[9] In 2012, he appeared as Jack in the six-episode miniseries White Heat. Later that year, he played a supporting role in the 2012 film Snow White and the Huntsman, as William, Snow White's childhood friend. He received a nomination in the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for the category \"Best Movie Breakout.\" Also in 2012, he was cast in the lead role in Hammer Films' The Quiet Ones, which was filmed in mid-2013 and was released in April 2014.[10]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Elizabeth does not appear in On Stranger Tides.[4] She appears in Dead Man Tell No Tales in a cameo scene.[7]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. The Queen Anne's Revenge heads for Whitecap Bay to find and harvest mermaid tears. After managing to lure in a mermaid named Tamara, she summons other mermaids to attack the crew before Jack causes an explosion that scares them away. A mermaid named Syrena is caught, but Philip Swift, a captive missionary, falls in love with her. Reaching Ponce de León's ship on an uncharted island, Angelica and Blackbeard coerce Jack into retrieving both chalices. Jack locates the grounded, decaying vessel, only to find Barbossa there. Both guess that the Spanish have taken the chalices, after they are nowhere to be found on the vessel.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (soundtrack). Many musicians worked with Zimmer in the score. The biggest collaborators were Mexican duo Rodrigo y Gabriela,[3] whose music Zimmer met after being given their album by a friend. Zimmer said they were picked for the soundtrack because the duo \"play rock n' roll with flamenco guitars\".[2] American composer Eric Whitacre helped with choir-based songs, most notably the mermaid theme, and brought along his soprano wife, Hila Plitmann.[2][4] Penélope Cruz's brother Eduardo Cruz wrote a tango song,[5] and Geoff Zanelli contributed to many tracks. Trumpetist Arturo Sandoval is featured throughout the score.[6] The music was recorded at the Sony Scoring Stage in Culver City, California, conducted by Nick Glennie-Smith,[7] with Whitacre's choir being done at Abbey Road Studios.[8]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Angelica, played by Penélope Cruz in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, is the daughter of Blackbeard and a former love interest of Jack Sparrow's.[4][8] She first met Jack just before she was to take a vow of celibacy in a Spanish convent; she later blames Jack for her corruption, although Jack counters this argument citing that she was 'hardly innocent' to begin with.", "Pirates of the Caribbean (film series). Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man's Chest and At World's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film. As Gore Verbinski was unavailable, Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film.[28] Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand-alone film,[29] with a story that would support new characters,[30] and incorporate elements from the novel, such as Blackbeard, the Fountain of Youth and mermaids—the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films.[31] Depp, Rush, Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles,[32] and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica, Blackbeard's daughter and Jack Sparrow's love interest.[33] A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain. After the costly production of two simultaneous films, Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment, giving a lower budget,[34] which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects.[35] It was also filmed in 3D, with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar.[28]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. In a post-credits scene, a voodoo doll of Jack crafted by Blackbeard washes ashore and is found by Angelica, who then smiles.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. New cast members include Ian McShane, who plays the notorious pirate and primary antagonist of the film, Blackbeard, and Penélope Cruz, who plays Angelica, Jack Sparrow's love interest.[21] According to Marshall, McShane was chosen because \"he can play something evil but there's always humor behind it as well\" and the actor accepted the job due to both the \"very funny and charming\" script and the opportunity to work with Marshall.[33] The beard took one hour and a half to get applied, and McShane likened the character's costume to \"a real biker pirate—it's all black leather.”[34] Marshall said Cruz was the only actress considered for the role, as she fit the description as \"an actress who could not only go toe to toe with Johnny and match him, but also needed to be all the things that Jack Sparrow is in a way. She needed to be funny and clever and smart and crafty and beautiful\",[9] and invited her for the role as they wrapped the production of Nine.[23] The actress spent two months working out and learning fencing for the role.[35] During filming, Cruz discovered she was pregnant, leading the costume department to redesign her wardrobe to be more elastic,[23] and the producers to hire her sister Mónica Cruz to double for Penélope in risky scenes.[36] Depp recommended Stephen Graham, who worked with him in Public Enemies, to play Scrum, a Machiavellian pirate and sidekick to Jack Sparrow,[37][38] and Richard Griffiths for the role of King George II, as Depp was a fan of Griffiths' work on Withnail and I.[23] Sam Claflin, a recent drama school graduate with television experience, was chosen to play the missionary Philip,[39] and British actor Paul Bazely also joined the cast.[40] Spanish news website El Pais reported that the film had four Spanish actors: Cruz, Bergès-Frisbey, Óscar Jaenada, and Juan Carlos Vellido.[41] Jaenada was picked for both his work in The Losers and a recommendation by Cruz.[42]", "Jodi Benson. On June 6, 2016, Benson performed the role of Ariel at the Hollywood Bowl's concert performance of The Little Mermaid.[6]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to At World's End (2007). It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, being replaced by Rob Marshall. Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer. The film is technically a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. In the film, which draws its plot loosely from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers, Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) is joined by Angelica (Penélope Cruz) in his search for the Fountain of Youth, confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard (Ian McShane). The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20, 2011. It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3-D and IMAX 3D formats.", "List of The Little Mermaid characters. She is voiced by Tara Strong.", "Mermaids (1990 film). The role of Charlotte was initially cast with Emily Lloyd. She had begun shooting the film when Cher supposedly made a complaint that she couldn’t play her daughter because she was too fair-haired and Winona Ryder replaced her (Cher and director Benjamin both felt Ryder looked more convincing as her daughter.) Cher was also a fan of Ryder's performance in the film Heathers and wanted to work with her. This statement would be rather ironic given that all of Cher's real-life children are blond/fair, and given that Winona Ryder's real hair color is blonde.[3]", "List of The Little Mermaid characters. She is voiced by Cree Summer.", "Ursula (The Little Mermaid). In the musical version of the original film, Sherie Rene Scott originated the live role, which she played until January 25, 2009. Other actresses who have played the role are Heidi Blickenstaff and Faith Prince.", "Zoe Saldana. In Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), she played Anamaria, a female pirate who signs up to join Will Turner and Mr. Gibbs for a chance to confront Jack Sparrow for stealing her ship. As to why she never appeared in any further films in the franchise, Saldana revealed that she almost quit acting following \"disrespectful treatment\" on set of the film.[19] She then appeared in The Terminal as Dolores Torres, an immigration officer and Star Trek fan, a role that would later help Saldana when she came to appear in J. J. Abrams' 2009 film Star Trek.[20] In 2004 she also made appearances in Haven and Temptation, both of which had little to no box office success.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Elizabeth Swann (later Elizabeth Turner) appears in the first three films in the series and is the leading lady of the series, portrayed by Keira Knightley. She appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl, Dead Man's Chest, and At World's End and briefly in Dead Men Tell No Tales. She is the daughter of Governor Weatherby Swann. In the third film, she marries Will Turner.", "Ariel (Disney). Reception for the role has been received positively, with Amy Ratcliffe of IGN saying \"The mermaid was endearing, and Garcia couldn't have done a better job with her. She had terrific chemistry with everyone, too\".[49]", "Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey. Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey was born in Barcelona, Spain, to a Spanish father and a French-American mother. She is the eldest among three daughters. Following her parents' divorce when she was 2 years old, she moved to southwestern France when she was 5. She was raised in a small town near La Rochelle, where she acted in school plays as a hobby, but never saw acting as a possible career path as the countryside where she lived was very different from the movie industry, [2] describing how she thought acting was \"not a profession; it was something abstract\". [3] Her father later moved to the Dominican Republic, where she spent five summers working as a waitress. At age 17, she moved to Paris by herself to pursue a career in Osteopathy, but found herself moving around a lot, without knowing anybody in the area. Shortly after, her father died at age 46. Due to the incident, she describes realizing that life is too short and that her true ambition was acting. After graduation, she went straight to drama school. She is fluent in Catalan, Spanish and French. She started learning English for her role in Pirates of the Caribbean.[4]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Carina Barbossa, known for most of the film as Carina Smyth, is portrayed by Kaya Scodelario in Dead Men Tell No Tales. Left at an orphanage as a child, she uses the diary her father left her to search for the Trident of Poseidon.[9] She is interested in the sciences, particularly astronomy.", "Tia Dalma. Tia Dalma, played by Naomie Harris, is a fictional character from the films Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. It is revealed in At World's End that she is the sea goddess Calypso.", "Ursula (The Little Mermaid). In 2016 Rebel Wilson performed the role of Ursula at a stripped-down concert version of The Little Mermaid at the Hollywood Bowl, which featured the songs from the film and four songs from the Broadway musical.[61] Wilson was praised for her performance, which was described by The Huffington Post as \"pitch perfect\".[62]", "Naomie Harris. Harris has appeared in television and film since she was nine, including a starring role on the remake of the science fiction series The Tomorrow People.[6] In 2000, she played Susan in The Witch of Edmonton at the Southwark Playhouse.[7] In November 2002, she starred in Danny Boyle's post-apocalyptic film 28 Days Later.[1] In the same year, she starred in the television adaptation of Zadie Smith's White Teeth.[1] Since then, Harris has appeared in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End and Michael Mann's Miami Vice.[1] She also did a comic turn in Michael Winterbottom's indie ensemble piece, A Cock and Bull Story.[8] She starred in Channel 4's adaptation of the novel Poppy Shakespeare, which was first shown on 31 March 2008. She also appeared in BBC's historical drama Small Island in December 2009.[9][10]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Anamaria, played by Zoe Saldana, is a pirate whose ship was stolen, some years in the past, by Jack Sparrow. She appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl. She joins Mr. Gibbs and Will Turner in order to get a chance to confront Sparrow. After Anamaria slaps Sparrow and accuses him of stealing her ship, Will intervenes and promises her the Interceptor (the ship Jack had stolen to chase the Pearl) in exchange for her cooperation on the journey. Reluctantly, Anamaria agrees. In the end, she allows Jack to captain the Pearl.", "Pat Carroll (actress). In 1989, Carroll portrayed the sea witch Ursula in Disney's The Little Mermaid and sang \"Poor Unfortunate Souls\".[5] In interviews, Carroll has referred to the role as one of the favorites of her career.[6] She has since reprised the role in other forms of media, including the Kingdom Hearts series of video games,[1] the spinoff television series, and in various Disney theme parks attractions and shows.", "Ursula (Disney). In 2016 Rebel Wilson performed the role of Ursula at a stripped-down concert version of The Little Mermaid at the Hollywood Bowl, which featured the songs from the film and four songs from the Broadway musical.[61] Wilson was praised for her performance, which was described by The Huffington Post as \"pitch perfect\".[62]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Scrum, played by Stephen Graham, is a pirate who appears in On Stranger Tides and Dead Men Tell No Tales.[20]" ]

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[ "Nuremberg trials. Biddle soon changed his mind, as he approved a modified version of the plan on 21 January 1945, likely due to time constraints, since the trial would be one of the main issues discussed at Yalta.[56] At trial, the Nuremberg tribunal ruled that any member of an organization convicted of war crimes, such as the SS or Gestapo, who had joined after 1939 would be considered a war criminal.[57] Biddle managed to convince the other judges to make an exemption for any member who was drafted or had no knowledge of the crimes being committed by these organizations.[54]", "War crimes trial. In May 1993, during the Yugoslav Wars following the massive war crimes, and acts of \"ethnic cleansing\" in the former Yugoslavia by Bosnian-Serb forces, the United Nations established the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, to try war criminals of all nationalities. The crimes indicted included grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. It was the first international tribunal since the Nuremberg Trials to do so. In 1994, the UN opened the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda following the April–June genocide in that country of Hutu nationals. In the ICTY nearly 161 individuals were indicted: 68% of Serb ethnicity. Croatian-Serb, Bosnian-Serb, Serbian, and Bosnian-Croat officials were convicted of crimes against humanity, and Bosnian-Serb leaders of genocide. It was the first tribunal in which sexual assault was prosecuted as a war crime. The tribunals, while effective in prosecution of individuals, proved to be a costly venture, and exposed the need for a permanent tribunal, which was eventually known as the International Criminal Court.", "International Criminal Court. The establishment of an international tribunal to judge political leaders accused of international crimes was first proposed during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 following the First World War by the Commission of Responsibilities. The issue was addressed again at a conference held in Geneva under the auspices of the League of Nations in 1937, which resulted in the conclusion of the first convention stipulating the establishment of a permanent international court to try acts of international terrorism. The convention was signed by 13 states, but none ratified it and the convention never entered into force.", "Nuremberg trials. A precedent for trying those accused of war crimes had been set at the end of World War I in the Leipzig War Crimes Trials held in May to July 1921 before the Reichsgericht (German Supreme Court) in Leipzig, although these had been on a very limited scale and largely regarded as ineffectual. At the beginning of 1940, the Polish government-in-exile asked the British and French governments to condemn the German invasion of their country. The British initially declined to do so; however, in April 1940, a joint declaration was issued by the British, French and Polish. Relatively bland because of Anglo-French reservations, it proclaimed the trio's \"desire to make a formal and public protest to the conscience of the world against the action of the German government whom they must hold responsible for these crimes which cannot remain unpunished.\"[5]", "Commission of Responsibilities. The Commission's recommendations were not carried through at the time. The proposed international tribunal for war crimes was not established, because of the refusal of the German government to cooperate. Instead, a few German individuals accused of war crimes were tried in 1921 at the Leipzig War Crimes Trials by the German authorities themselves. However, the recommendations did bear fruit in the longer term. Following the Second World War, two international Allied tribunals were established in Nuremberg and Tokyo to try German and Japanese leaders accused of war crimes. The demand for a permanent tribunal for crimes against humanity continued even after those tribunals had been dissolved, leading eventually to the establishment of the International Criminal Court in 2002.", "War crimes trial. The trial of Peter von Hagenbach by an ad hoc tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire in 1474, was the first “international” war crimes trials and also of command responsibility.[1][2] Hagenbach was put on trial for atrocities committed during the occupation of Breisach, found guilty, and beheaded.[3] Since he was convicted for crimes, \"he as a knight was deemed to have a duty to prevent\", although Hagenbach defended himself by arguing that he was only following orders from the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, to whom the Holy Roman Empire had given Breisach.", "Nuremberg trials. The definition of what constitutes a war crime is described by the Nuremberg principles, a set of guidelines document which was created as a result of the trial. The medical experiments conducted by German doctors and prosecuted in the so-called Doctors' Trial led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code to control future trials involving human subjects, a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation.", "War crimes trial. The London Charter provided for the establishment of the International Military Tribunal, composed of one judge and one alternate judge from each of the signatory nations, to try war criminals. Under the London Charter, the crimes charged against defendants fell into three categories: crimes against peace, that is, crimes involving the planning, initiating, and waging a war of aggression; war crimes, that is, violations of the laws and customs of war as embodied in the Hague Conventions and generally recognized by military forces of civilized nations; and crimes against humanity, such as the extermination of racial, ethnic, and religious groups and other such atrocities against civilians.", "War crimes trial. The judgment of the International Military Tribunal was handed down on September 30-October 1, 1946. Among notable features of the decision was the conclusion, in accordance with the London Agreement, that to plan or instigate an aggressive war is a crime under the principles of international law. The tribunal rejected the contention of the defense that such acts had not previously been defined as crimes under international law and that therefore the condemnation of the defendants would violate the principle of justice prohibiting ex post facto punishments. As with the Dostler case, it also rejected the contention of a number of the defendants that they were not legally responsible for their acts because they performed the acts under the orders of superior authority, stating that \"the true test . . . is not the existence of the order but whether moral choice (in executing it) was in fact possible.\"", "War crimes trial. The trial began on November 20, 1945. Much of the evidence submitted by the prosecution consisted of original military, diplomatic, and other government documents that fell into the hands of the Allied forces after the collapse of the German government.", "International Criminal Court. Benjamin B. Ferencz, an investigator of Nazi war crimes after the Second World War, and the Chief Prosecutor for the United States Army at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, became a vocal advocate of the establishment of international rule of law and of an international criminal court. In his first book published in 1975, entitled Defining International Aggression: The Search for World Peace, he advocated for the establishment of such a court.[5] A second major advocate was Robert Kurt Woetzel, who co-edited Toward a Feasible International Criminal Court in 1970 and created the Foundation for the Establishment of an International Criminal Court in 1971.", "Schutzstaffel. The Allies commenced legal proceedings against captured Nazis, establishing the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg in 1945.[387] The first war crimes trial of 24 prominent figures such as Hermann Göring, Albert Speer, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, and Kaltenbrunner took place beginning in November 1945. They were accused of four counts: conspiracy, waging a war of aggression, war crimes, and crimes against humanity in violation of international law.[387] Twelve received the death penalty, including Kaltenbrunner, who was convicted of crimes against humanity and executed on 16 October 1946.[388] The former commandant at Auschwitz, Rudolf Höss, who testified on behalf of Kaltenbrunner and others, was tried and executed in 1947.[389]", "Nuremberg trials. The Nuremberg trials initiated a movement for the prompt establishment of a permanent international criminal court, eventually leading over fifty years later to the adoption of the Statute of the International Criminal Court. This movement was brought about because during the trials, there were conflicting court methods between the German court system and the U.S. court system. The crime of conspiracy was unheard of in the civil law systems of the Continent. Therefore, the German defense found it unfair to charge the defendants with conspiracy to commit crimes, while the judges from common-law countries were used to doing so.[66][page needed]", "Nuremberg trials. Henry Morgenthau Jr., US Secretary of the Treasury, suggested a plan for the total denazification of Germany;[13] this was known as the Morgenthau Plan. The plan advocated the forced de-industrialisation of Germany and the summary execution of so-called \"arch-criminals\", i.e. the major war criminals.[14] Roosevelt initially supported this plan, and managed to convince Churchill to support it in a less drastic form. Later, details were leaked generating widespread condemnation by the nation's newspapers[clarification needed]. Roosevelt, aware of strong public disapproval, abandoned the plan, but did not adopt an alternative position on the matter. The demise of the Morgenthau Plan created the need for an alternative method of dealing with the Nazi leadership. The plan for the \"Trial of European War Criminals\" was drafted by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson and the War Department. Following Roosevelt's death in April 1945, the new president, Harry S. Truman, gave strong approval for a judicial process. After a series of negotiations between Britain, the US, Soviet Union and France, details of the trial were worked out. The trials were to commence on 20 November 1945, in the Bavarian city of Nuremberg.[citation needed]", "Nuremberg trials. On 20 April 1942, representatives from the nine countries occupied by Germany met in London to draft the \"Inter-Allied Resolution on German War Crimes\". At the meetings in Tehran (1943), Yalta (1945) and Potsdam (1945), the three major wartime powers, the United Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union, agreed on the format of punishment for those responsible for war crimes during World War II. France was also awarded a place on the tribunal. The legal basis for the trial was established by the London Charter, which was agreed upon by the four so-called Great Powers on 8 August 1945, [15] and which restricted the trial to \"punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis countries\"", "War crimes trial. The Dostler case became precedent for the Nuremberg trials of German generals, officials, and Nazi leaders beginning in November 1945 that using Superior orders as a defense does not relieve officers from responsibility of carrying out illegal orders and liable to be punished in court. This principle was codified in Principle IV of the Nuremberg Principles and similar principle were found in sections of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.", "International Criminal Court. Following the Second World War, the allied powers established two ad hoc tribunals to prosecute axis power leaders accused of war crimes. The International Military Tribunal, which sat in Nuremberg, prosecuted German leaders while the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo prosecuted Japanese leaders. In 1948 the United Nations General Assembly first recognised the need for a permanent international court to deal with atrocities of the kind prosecuted after the Second World War.[3] At the request of the General Assembly, the International Law Commission (ILC) drafted two statutes by the early 1950s but these were shelved during the Cold War, which made the establishment of an international criminal court politically unrealistic.[4]", "1920 in Germany. The question of the war criminals referred to above had been under discussion since the beginning of the year. The Treaty of Versailles had required that certain persons with an especially evil record in the war should be handed over to the Allies. Lists of the chief persons coming under the heading of \"war criminals\" were published by the Allied governments at the end of January. The lists included a number of very well known persons, such as the Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, Field Marshal August von Mackensen, General von Kluck, Admiral von Tirpitz, and Admiral von Capelle. However, the ex-Emperor Wilhelm had fled to the Netherlands, and since the Dutch government definitely declined to hand him over to the Allies, it was generally held, especially in Britain, that it was difficult to press forward very vigorously with the punishment of those who, however important their positions, had only been the emperor's servants. It was therefore subsequently decided that the German government itself should be instructed to proceed with the punishment of the war criminals concerned. But it transpired at Spa that the German government had been extremely dilatory in taking the necessary proceedings.", "Tony Blair. In September 2012, Desmond Tutu suggested that Blair should follow the path of former African leaders who had been brought before the International Criminal Court in The Hague.[206] The human rights lawyer Geoffrey Bindman, interviewed on BBC radio, concurred with Tutu's suggestion that there should be a war crimes trial.[210] In a statement made in response to Tutu's comments, Blair defended his actions.[206] He was supported by Lord Falconer, who stated that the war had been authorised by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441.[210]", "Nuremberg trials. The first and best known of these trials was that of the major war criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT). It was described as \"the greatest trial in history\" by Norman Birkett, one of the British judges who presided over them.[1] Held between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946,[2] the Tribunal was given the task of trying 24 of the most important political and military leaders of the Third Reich – though the proceedings of Martin Bormann was tried in absentia, while another, Robert Ley, committed suicide within a week of the trial's commencement.", "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The Rome Statute is the result of multiple attempts for the creation of a supranational and international tribunal. At the end of the 19th century, the international community took the first steps towards the institution of permanent courts with supranational jurisdiction. With the Hague International Peace Conferences, representatives of the most powerful nations made an attempt to harmonize laws of war and to limit the use of technologically advanced weapons. After World War I and even more after the heinous crimes committed during World War II, it became a priority to prosecute individuals responsible for crimes so serious that needed to be called \"against humanity\". In order to re-affirm basic principles of democratic civilisation, the alleged criminals were not executed in public squares or sent to torture camps, but instead treated as criminals: with a regular trial, the right to defense and the presumption of innocence. The Nuremberg trials marked a crucial moment in legal history, and after that, some treaties that led to the drafting of the Rome Statute were signed.", "War crimes trial. After World War II, the phrase referred usually to the trials of German and Japanese leaders in courts established by the victorious Allied nations.", "United States and the International Criminal Court. Benjamin B. Ferencz, an investigator of Nazi war crimes after World War II and the Chief Prosecutor for the United States Army at the Einsatzgruppen trial, one of the twelve \"subsequent Nuremberg trials\" held by the U.S. authorities, later became a vocal advocate of the establishment of an international rule of law and of an International Criminal Court. In his first book, published in 1975 and entitled Defining International Aggression-The Search for World Peace, he argued for the establishment of an international court.[70]", "War crimes trial. The most important of these trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany, under the authority of two legal instruments. One, the London Charter was signed by representatives of the United States, Great Britain, France, and the USSR in London on August 8, 1945; the other, Law No. 10, was promulgated by the Allied Control Council in Berlin on December 20, 1945.", "Nuremberg trials. Some 200 German war crimes defendants were tried at Nuremberg, and 1,600 others were tried under the traditional channels of military justice. The legal basis for the jurisdiction of the court was that defined by the Instrument of Surrender of Germany. Political authority for Germany had been transferred to the Allied Control Council which, having sovereign power over Germany, could choose to punish violations of international law and the laws of war. Because the court was limited to violations of the laws of war, it did not have jurisdiction over crimes that took place before the outbreak of war on 1 September 1939.", "Nuremberg trials. Three-and-a-half years later, the stated intention to punish the Germans was much more trenchant. On 1 November 1943, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States published their \"Declaration on German Atrocities in Occupied Europe\", which gave a \"full warning\" that, when the Nazis were defeated, the Allies would \"pursue them to the uttermost ends of the earth ... in order that justice may be done. ... The above declaration is without prejudice to the case of the major war criminals whose offences have no particular geographical location and who will be punished by a joint decision of the Government of the Allies.\"[6] This intention by the Allies to dispense justice was reiterated at the Yalta Conference and at Potsdam in 1945.[7]", "Unit 731. Instead of being tried for war crimes after the war, the researchers involved in Unit 731 were secretly given immunity by the U.S. in exchange for the data they gathered through human experimentation.[5] Other researchers that the Soviet forces managed to arrest first were tried at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials in 1949. The Americans did not try the researchers so that the information and experience gained in bio-weapons could be co-opted into the U.S. biological warfare program, as had happened with Nazi researchers in Operation Paperclip.[6] On 6 May 1947, Douglas MacArthur, as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, wrote to Washington that \"additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence.\".[5] Victim accounts were then largely ignored or dismissed in the West as communist propaganda.[7]", "Crimes against humanity. The legal basis for the trial was established by the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (CIMTFE) that was proclaimed on 19 January 1946. The tribunal convened on May 3, 1946, and was adjourned on November 12, 1948.", "War crimes trial. A war crimes trial is the trial of persons charged with criminal violation of the laws and customs of war and related principles of international law committed during armed conflict.", "War crimes trial. On October 8, 1945, Anton Dostler was the first German general to be tried for war crimes by a U.S. military tribunal at the Royal Palace of Caserta in Caserta. He was accused of ordering the killing of 15 captured U.S. soldiers of Operation Ginny II in Italy in March 1944. He admitted into ordering the execution but said that he cannot be held responsible because he was just following orders from his superiors. The execution of 15 U.S. prisoners of war in Italy ordered by Dostler was an implementation of Hitler's Commando Order of 1942 which required the immediate execution of all Allied commandos, whether in proper uniforms or not, without trial if apprehended by German forces. The tribunal rejected the defense of Superior Orders and found Dostler guilty of war crimes. He was sentenced to death and executed by a firing squad on December 1, 1945, in Aversa.", "War crimes trial. On October 18, 1945, the chief prosecutors lodged an indictment with the tribunal charging 24 individuals with a variety of crimes and atrocities, including the deliberate instigation of aggressive wars, extermination of racial and religious groups, murder and mistreatment of prisoners of war, and the murder, mistreatment, and deportation of hundreds of thousands of inhabitants of countries occupied by Germany during the war.", "Nuremberg trials. A number of Germans who agreed with the idea of punishment for war crimes admitted trepidation concerning the trials. A contemporary German jurist said:" ]

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[ "Forbidden City. The common English name \"Forbidden City\" is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zíjinchéng; literally: \"Purple Forbidden City\"). The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in 1576.[6] Another English name of similar origin is \"Forbidden Palace\".[7]", "Forbidden City. The name \"Zijin Cheng\" is a name with significance on many levels. Zi, or \"Purple\", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, and in traditional Chinese astrology was the heavenly abode of the Celestial Emperor. The surrounding celestial region, the Ziwei Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), was the realm of the Celestial Emperor and his family. The Forbidden City, as the residence of the terrestrial emperor, was its earthly counterpart. Jin, or \"Forbidden\", referred to the fact that no one could enter or leave the palace without the emperor's permission. Cheng means a city.[8]", "Forbidden City. The Forbidden City is a rectangle, with 961 metres (3,153 ft) from north to south and 753 metres (2,470 ft) from east to west.[2][3] It consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,886 bays of rooms.[34][35] A common myth states that there are 9,999 rooms including antechambers,[36] based on oral tradition, and it is not supported by survey evidence.[37] The Forbidden City was designed to be the centre of the ancient, walled city of Beijing. It is enclosed in a larger, walled area called the Imperial City. The Imperial City is, in turn, enclosed by the Inner City; to its south lies the Outer City.", "Forbidden City. The Forbidden City is a palace complex in central Beijing, China. The former seat of Imperial Chinese Dragon Throne from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty—the years 1420 to 1912, it now houses the Palace Museum. The Forbidden City served as the home of emperors and their households as well as the ceremonial and political center of Chinese government for almost 500 years.", "History of the Forbidden City. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the \"Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties\",[31] due to its significant place in the development of Chinese architecture and culture.", "Forbidden City. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the \"Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties\",[27] due to its significant place in the development of Chinese architecture and culture. It is currently administered by the Palace Museum, which is carrying out a sixteen-year restoration project to repair and restore all buildings in the Forbidden City to their pre-1912 state.[28]", "History of the Forbidden City. By October 1644, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and prince regent Dorgon proclaimed the Qing Dynasty as the successor to the Ming. A ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China.[14] The Qing rulers largely maintained the Palace's Ming Dynasty scheme, except for the names of some of the principal buildings. The Ming Dynasty names favoured the character ji (simplified Chinese: 极; traditional Chinese: 極), meaning \"supremacy\" or \"extremity\", while the new Qing names favoured names meaning \"peace\" and \"harmony\"; for example, Huangji Dian, the \"Hall of Imperial Supremacy\", was changed to Taihe Dian, the \"Hall of Supreme Harmony\".[15]", "Forbidden City. Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the \"Former Palace\".[9] The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the \"Palace Museum\" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).", "History of the Forbidden City. The history of the Forbidden City begins in the 15th century when it was built as the palace of the Ming emperors of China. It is located in the centre of Beijing, China, and was the Chinese imperial palace from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. It has been a museum since the 1920s.", "History of the Forbidden City. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed at Tiananmen, directly in front of the Forbidden City. Over the next two decades various proposals were made to raze or reconstruct the Forbidden City to create a public park, a transport interchange, or \"places of entertainment\".[28]", "Forbidden City. The Forbidden City, the culmination of the two-thousand-year development of classical Chinese and East Asian architecture, has been influential in the subsequent development of Chinese architecture, as well as providing inspiration for many artistic works. Some specific examples include:", "Forbidden City. By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty.[14] The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings, to emphasise \"Harmony\" rather than \"Supremacy\",[15] made the name plates bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[16] and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace.[17]", "History of the Forbidden City. The site of the Forbidden City was situated on the Imperial city during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty moved the capital from Beijing in the north to Nanjing in the south, and in 1369 ordered that the Yuan palaces be razed. His son Zhu Di was created Prince of Yan with his seat in Beijing. In 1402, Zhu Di usurped the throne and became the Yongle Emperor. He made Beijing a secondary capital of the Ming empire, and construction began in 1406 of what would become the Forbidden City.[3] The Forbidden City's plan was designed by many architects and designers, and then it was examined by the Emperor's Ministry of Work.[4] The chief architects and engineers include Cai Xin,[4][5] Nguyen An, a Vietnamese eunuch,[6] Kuai Xiang, Lu Xiang and others.[4]", "Forbidden City. Traditionally, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts. The Outer Court (外朝) or Front Court (前朝) includes the southern sections, and was used for ceremonial purposes. The Inner Court (内廷) or Back Palace (后宫) includes the northern sections, and was the residence of the Emperor and his family, and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. (The approximate dividing line shown as red dash in the plan above.) Generally, the Forbidden City has three vertical axes. The most important buildings are situated on the central north–south axis.[43]", "History of the Forbidden City. The Forbidden City thus became the power centre of the Qing Dynasty. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[18] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.", "Forbidden City. After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use,[19] until he was evicted after a coup in 1924.[20] The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925.[21] In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City.[22] Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II,[23] but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders by Chiang Kai-shek, whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War. This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965, when it again became public, as the core of the National Palace Museum in Taipei.[24]", "History of the Forbidden City. After being home to twenty-four emperors, fourteen of the Ming Dynasty and ten of the Qing Dynasty, the Forbidden City ceased to be the political centre of China in 1912, with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. However, under an agreement signed between the Qing imperial house and the new Republic of China government, Puyi was allowed, in fact required, to live within the walls of the Forbidden City. Puyi and his family retained the use of the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was handed over to the Republican authorities. A museum was established in the Outer Court in 1914.[19]", "Forbidden City. The Forbidden City is surrounded on three sides by imperial gardens. To the north is Jingshan Park, also known as Prospect Hill, an artificial hill created from the soil excavated to build the moat and from nearby lakes.[67]", "History of the Forbidden City. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming Dynasty. In April 1644, rebel forces led by Li Zicheng captured it, and Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, hanged himself on Jingshan Hill. Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun Dynasty at the Hall of Military Eminence.[12] However, he soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[13]", "Forbidden City. Constructed from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 buildings[1] and covers 72 ha (over 180 acres).[2][3] The palace exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture,[4] and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987,[4] and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.", "Forbidden City. Since 1925 the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artefacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution, but were split after the Chinese Civil War. Since 2012, the Forbidden City has seen an average of 15 million visitors annually, and had 16 million visitors in 2016.[5]", "History of the Forbidden City. In addition, signs and name plates were made bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[16] and the main part of the Empress's official bedchamber, the Hall of Earthly Tranquility, became a Shamanist shrine.[17]", "Forbidden City. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun dynasty.[12] He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[13]", "Forbidden City. While development is now tightly controlled in the vicinity of the Forbidden City, throughout the past century uncontrolled and sometimes politically motivated demolition and reconstruction has changed the character of the areas surrounding the Forbidden City. Since 2000, the Beijing municipal government has worked to evict governmental and military institutions occupying some historical buildings, and has established a park around the remaining parts of the Imperial City wall. In 2004, an ordinance relating to building height and planning restriction was renewed to establish the Imperial City area and the northern city area as a buffer zone for the Forbidden City.[70] In 2005, the Imperial City and Beihai (as an extension item to the Summer Palace) were included in the shortlist for the next World Heritage Site in Beijing.[71]", "Forbidden City. To the south, two nearly identical gatehouses stand along the main axis. They are the Upright Gate (Chinese: 端门; pinyin: Duānmén) and the more famous Tiananmen Gate, which is decorated with a portrait of Mao Zedong in the centre and two placards to the left and right: \"Long Live the People's Republic of China\" and \"Long live the Great Unity of the World's Peoples\". The Tiananmen Gate connects the Forbidden City precinct with the modern, symbolic centre of the Chinese state, Tiananmen Square.", "History of the Forbidden City. Opposition to Puyi staying in the palace grew during the Beiyang government of the Republic of China.[20]", "Forbidden City. The design of the Forbidden City, from its overall layout to the smallest detail, was meticulously planned to reflect philosophical and religious principles, and above all to symbolise the majesty of Imperial power. Some noted examples of symbolic designs include:", "History of the Forbidden City. Built from 1406 to 1420, the palace complex has undergone many changes.[1] After serving as the imperial palace for some five hundred years, the Forbidden City became a museum, the Palace Museum, in 1925. In 1987, it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[2]", "Imperial City, Beijing. The Imperial City (Chinese: 皇城; pinyin: Huángchéng; literally: \"Imperial City\"; Manchu:ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ\nᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ;Möllendorff:dorgi hoton, literally \"the inner city\") is a section of the city of Beijing in the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the Forbidden City at its center. It refers to the collection of gardens, shrines, and other service areas between the Forbidden City and the Inner City of ancient Beijing. The Imperial City was surrounded by a wall and accessed through six gates and it includes historical places such as the Forbidden City, Tiananmen, Zhongnanhai, Beihai Park, Zhongshan Park, Jingshan, Imperial Ancestral Temple, and Xiancantan.[1]", "Forbidden City. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[18] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.[18]", "Forbidden City. The Forbidden City remains important in the civic scheme of Beijing. The central north–south axis remains the central axis of Beijing. This axis extends to the south through Tiananmen gate to Tiananmen Square, the ceremonial centre of the People's Republic of China, and on to Yongdingmen. To the north, it extends through Jingshan Hill to the Bell and Drum Towers.[38] This axis is not exactly aligned north–south, but is tilted by slightly more than two degrees. Researchers now believe that the axis was designed in the Yuan dynasty to be aligned with Xanadu, the other capital of their empire.[39]", "Forbidden City. When Hongwu Emperor's son Zhu Di became the Yongle Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City.[8]" ]

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[ "Traveling Wilburys. The Traveling Wilburys (sometimes shortened to the Wilburys) were a British-American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan, George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison, and Tom Petty. The band recorded two albums, the first in 1988 and the second in 1990, though Orbison died before the second was recorded.", "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1. Masquerading as the Wilbury brothers, the participants would be known as Nelson (Harrison), Otis (Lynne), Lucky (Dylan), Lefty (Orbison), and Charlie T. Jr. (Petty) Wilbury, with drummer Jim Keltner credited as Buster Sidebury. Harrison was no stranger to the use of alternate identities, as he had adopted them with Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and with his plethora of pseudonyms as a session musician, including L'Angelo Misterioso, George O'Hara and Hari Georgeson. During the Beatles's first tour of Scotland, in 1960, he had used the pseudonym \"Carl Harrison\", in reference to one of his favourite musicians, Carl Perkins.[3] With the Traveling Wilburys, this concept was taken a step further, since the participants' real names do not appear anywhere on the album, liner notes, or the songwriting credits.", "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1. The Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 is the debut album by the Anglo-American supergroup Traveling Wilburys, comprising George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Bob Dylan, Roy Orbison and Tom Petty. It was released in October 1988 to commercial success and critical acclaim.[1] Although Harrison had long planned to start such a band, the project came about through happenstance. Harrison was in Los Angeles and in need of a B-side for a single from his Cloud Nine album, which resulted in the participants collaborating informally on the song \"Handle with Care\" at Dylan's home. Adopting alter egos as the five Wilbury brothers, they then recorded a full album, produced by Lynne and Harrison.", "Traveling Wilburys. Inspired by the Traveling Wilburys' success and particularly its benefit to Petty and Orbison as artists, Warner's executive and staff producer Lenny Waronker encouraged American guitarist Ry Cooder to form the band Little Village.[73] The group, comprising Cooder, Keltner, John Hiatt and Nick Lowe, released a self-titled album in 1992.[74] Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune described the Notting Hillbillies' Missing ... Presumed Having a Good Time as a Traveling Wilburys-type side project for Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits.[75] Writing in New York magazine in late 1990, Elizabeth Wurtzel cited the Notting Hillbillies' album and the self-titled debut by Hindu Love Gods (a band consisting of Warren Zevon and members of R.E.M.) as examples of a trend whereby, following the Wilburys' Vol. 1, \"more and more albums seem to be the rock-and-roll equivalents of bowling night.\"[76]", "Traveling Wilburys. In the Rolling Stone Press book The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, the Traveling Wilburys are described as \"the ultimate supergroup\", with a line-up that represented four eras of rock music history and included \"three indisputable gods\" in Dylan, Harrison and Orbison. The editors also recognise the band as \"the antithesis of a supergroup\", however, due to the musicians' adoption of fraternal alter egos and the humour inherent in the project.[70] AllMusic managing editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine has similarly written: \"It's impossible to picture a supergroup with a stronger pedigree than that (all that's missing is a Rolling Stone), but in another sense it's hard to call the Wilburys a true supergroup, since they arrived nearly two decades after the all-star craze of the '70s peaked, and they never had the self-important air of nearly all the other supergroups. That, of course, was the key to their charm …\"[51] Speaking to music journalist Paul Zollo in 2004, Petty agreed that humour and self-effacement had been key factors in the Wilburys' success, adding: \"We wanted to make something good in a world that seemed to get uglier and uglier and meaner and meaner … And I'm really proud that I was part of it. Because I do think that it brought a little sunshine into the world.\"[71]", "Roy Orbison. It was also in 1988 that Orbison began collaborating seriously with Electric Light Orchestra bandleader Jeff Lynne on a new album. Lynne had just completed production work on George Harrison's Cloud Nine album, and all three ate lunch together one day when Orbison accepted an invitation to sing on a song of Harrison's new single.[99] They subsequently contacted Bob Dylan, who, in turn, allowed them to use a recording studio in his home. Along the way, Harrison made a quick visit to Tom Petty's residence to obtain his guitar; Petty and his band had backed Dylan on his last tour.[100] By that evening, the group had written \"Handle with Care\", which led to the concept of recording an entire album. They called themselves the Traveling Wilburys, representing themselves as half-brothers with the same father. They gave themselves stage names; Orbison chose his from his musical hero, calling himself \"Lefty Wilbury\" after Lefty Frizzell.[101] Expanding on the concept of a traveling band of raucous musicians, Orbison offered a quote about the group's foundation in honor: \"Some people say Daddy was a cad and a bounder. I remember him as a Baptist minister.\"[102]", "George Harrison. In 1988 Harrison formed the Traveling Wilburys with Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison, Bob Dylan and Tom Petty. The band had gathered in Dylan's garage to record a song for a Harrison European single release.[145] Harrison's record company decided the track, \"Handle with Care\", was too good for its original purpose as a B-side and asked for a full album. The LP, Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1, was released in October 1988 and recorded under pseudonyms as half-brothers, supposed sons of Charles Truscott Wilbury, Sr.[146] Harrison's pseudonym on the first album was \"Nelson Wilbury\"; he used the name \"Spike Wilbury\" for their second album.[147]", "Traveling Wilburys. In November 2009, Genesis Publications, a company with which Harrison had been associated since the late 1970s,[83] announced the release of a limited edition fine-bound book titled The Traveling Wilburys.[84] Compiled by Olivia Harrison,[85] the book includes rare photographs, recording notes, handwritten lyrics, sketches,[19][86] and first-hand commentary on the band's history, together with a foreword by Lynne.[84] Petty, Lynne, Olivia Harrison, Barbara Orbison, Keltner and Idle were among those who attended the US launch at a Beverly Hills bookshop in March 2010.[87] In an interview to publicise the book, Lynne expressed his sadness at the deaths of Harrison and Orbison, and reflected: \"The Wilburys was such a wonderful band, such a marvellous thing to be part of. They were the best people I could ever wish to work with. Every day was like, 'Wow!' ... it was fun from day one.\"[85]", "Traveling Wilburys. During his Rockline interview, Harrison voiced his support for Dylan,[9] at a time when the latter was experiencing an artistic and commercial low point in his career.[10] Harrison and Lynne became friends with Tom Petty in October 1987, when Petty and his band, the Heartbreakers, toured Europe as Dylan's backing group.[11][12] The friendship continued in Los Angeles later that year. There, Harrison struck up a musical rapport with Petty based on their shared love of 1950s rock 'n' roll,[13] and Lynne began collaborating with Petty on what became the latter's debut solo album, Full Moon Fever,[14] and writing songs with Orbison, Lynne's longtime musical hero,[15] for his comeback album, Mystery Girl.[16][17] According to Petty, Harrison's dream for the Wilburys was to handpick the participants and create \"the perfect little band\", but the criteria for inclusion were governed most by \"who you could hang out with\".[18] The five musicians also bonded over a shared appreciation of the English comedy troupe Monty Python.[19] Harrison, who had worked with the members of Monty Python on various productions by his company HandMade Films since the late 1970s, particularly appreciated Orbison's gift for impersonation and his ability to recite entire sketches by the troupe.[20][21]", "George Harrison. After Orbison's death in December 1988 the group recorded as a four-piece.[148] Their second release, issued in October 1990, was mischievously titled Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3. According to Lynne, \"That was George's idea. He said, 'Let's confuse the buggers.'\"[149] It reached number 14 in the UK, where it went platinum with certified sales of more than 3,000,000 units.[150] The Wilburys never performed live and the group did not record together again following the release of their second album.[151]", "The Weavers. Lee Hays died in 1981, aged 67, and his biography, Lonesome Traveler by Doris Willens, was published in 1988.[8] Erik Darling died August 3, 2008, aged 74, in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, from lymphoma. After a long career in music and activism, Pete Seeger died at the age of 94 on January 27, 2014, in New York City. Ronnie Gilbert died at the age of 88 on June 6, 2015.[9] Last-surviving founding member Fred Hellerman died at the age of 89 on September 1, 2016.[10]", "Traveling Wilburys. The album was released on 18 October 1988.[47] Distributed by Warner Bros., it appeared on the new Wilbury record label rather than on Harrison's Dark Horse label, in the interests of maintaining the group identity.[42] Over the months following the end of recording in the summer, contractual issues had been successfully negotiated between Warner's and the record companies representing Dylan, Petty, Lynne and Orbison. As was the case in 1971 when EMI prepared Harrison's multi-artist live album from the Concert for Bangladesh for release, Columbia, Dylan's label, presented the main stumbling block.[22][nb 3] In the album credits, the \"Wilburys\" joke was extended further, with the band members listed under various pseudonyms and pretending to be half-brothers – sons of a fictional Charles Truscott Wilbury, Sr.[48][49] During promotion for the album, Orbison played along with the mock history, saying: \"Some people say Daddy was a cad and a bounder, but I remember him as a Baptist minister.\"[50][30]", "Tom Petty. In 1988, Petty joined George Harrison's group, the Traveling Wilburys, which also included Bob Dylan, Roy Orbison, and Jeff Lynne. The band's first song, \"Handle with Care\", was intended as a B-side of one of Harrison's singles, but was judged too good for that purpose and the group decided to record a full album, Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1. A second Wilburys album, mischievously titled Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 and recorded without the recently deceased Orbison, followed in 1990. The album was named Vol. 3 as a response to a series of bootlegged studio sessions being sold as Travelling Wilburys Vol. 2. Petty incorporated Traveling Wilburys songs into his live shows, consistently playing \"Handle with Care\" in shows from 2003 to 2006, and for his 2008 tour adding \"surprises\" such as \"End of the Line\" to the set list.[28]", "Traveling Wilburys. In March 1990, Harrison, Lynne, Petty and Dylan reunited to work on a second Wilburys album, which they intentionally misnumbered Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3.[58] It was preceded by a non-album single, a cover of \"Nobody's Child\",[49] which the band recorded for Olivia Harrison's Romanian Angel Appeal charity project.[58][59] The duration of the main album sessions was again dictated by Dylan's touring schedule and limited availability. Having asked Dylan to record a lead vocal for all the songs before his departure, Harrison was then loath to replace many of the parts, resulting in a greater prominence for Dylan as a lead singer.[58] Although he ceded his own role as a lead vocalist to Dylan and to Petty,[60] Harrison took over more of the production and contributed more prominently as a lead guitarist than before.[61] Petty described the album as \"a little more rough and ready, a bit more raucous\" than Vol. 1,[62] while Dylan said the new songs were more developed as compositions relative to the \"scraped up from jam tapes\" approach to the band's debut.[58]", "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1. Most critics said the group's modest ambitions were fresh and relaxing. During 1989 and 1990 the album won many accolades, including a Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group. The album was also nominated for Album of the Year. In his book The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Colin Larkin describes the Traveling Wilburys as \"the last of the great supergroups\" and writes of the band's accidental origins: \"This wonderful potpourri of stars reintroduced 'having a good time' to their vocabulary and the result was not a Harrison solo album but the superb debut of the Traveling Wilburys. The outing proved to be a major success, bringing out the best of each artist; in particular, this [album] proved to be the marvellous swan song for Roy Orbison who tragically died soon afterwards.\"[10]", "Traveling Wilburys. The band members decided to create a full album together, Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1. Video footage of the creative process was partly shot by British photographer NJ Latham and later edited by Harrison. The album was recorded primarily over a ten-day period in May 1988[30] to allow for Dylan's limited availability as he prepared for his upcoming US tour.[31][32] These sessions were held in the house of Eurythmics member Dave Stewart, in Los Angeles.[33] The five band members sat in a circle playing acoustic guitars in Stewart's kitchen;[34] once each song's basic track had been written and recorded there (with accompaniment from a drum machine), the group recorded their vocals in another room, usually after dinner each night.[35][36] Petty recalled that, as a friend but also an avowed fan of Dylan's, Harrison felt the need to clear the air on the first day by saying to him: \"We know that you're Bob Dylan and everything, but we're going to just treat you and talk to you like we would anybody else.\" Dylan replied: \"Well, great. Believe it or not, I'm in awe of you guys, and it's the same for me.\"[37] While most of the songs had a primary composer,[38] all of the band members were creative equals.[31] Petty later described Harrison as the Wilburys' \"leader and manager\",[39] and credited him with being a bandleader and producer that had a natural instinct for bringing out the best in people and keeping a recording session productive.[40][nb 2] As the group's producers, Harrison and Lynne directed the sessions, with Harrison often auditioning each member to decide who should sing a particular lead vocal part.[43][44] The two producers then flew back to England; Lynne recalls that, throughout the flight, he and Harrison enthused about how to turn the sparse, acoustic-based tracks into completed recordings.[45] Overdubs and further recording took place at Harrison's studio, FPSHOT,[28] with \"Sideburys\" Jim Keltner (drums), Jim Horn (saxophones) and Ray Cooper (percussion).[22] Harrison described the band's sound as \"skiffle for the 1990s\".[46]", "Traveling Wilburys. – Tom Petty in The True History of the Traveling Wilburys", "Traveling Wilburys. Roy Orbison died of a heart attack on 6 December 1988.[55] In tribute to him, the music video for the band's second single, \"End of the Line\", shows Orbison's guitar rocking in a chair as the rest of the group play, along with a photo of him in the background.[56] Although there was speculation in the press that Del Shannon or Roger McGuinn might join the Wilburys, the remaining members never considered replacing Orbison.[39][57][nb 5] Lynne later said: \"We'd become this unit, we were all good pals … We always knew we were going to do another one, and now it's just the four of us.\"[57]", "Traveling Wilburys. George Harrison first mentioned the Traveling Wilburys publicly during a radio interview with Bob Coburn on the show Rockline in February 1988.[2] When asked how he planned to follow up the success of his Cloud Nine album, Harrison replied: \"What I'd really like to do next is ... to do an album with me and some of my mates ... It's this new group I got [in mind]: it's called the Traveling Wilburys, I'd like to do an album with them and then later we can all do our own albums again.\"[3][nb 1] According to Jeff Lynne, who co-produced Cloud Nine, Harrison introduced the idea of the two of them starting a band together around two months into the sessions for his album,[5] which began in early January 1987.[6] When discussing who the other members might be, Harrison chose Bob Dylan and Lynne opted for Roy Orbison.[5][7] The term \"Wilbury\" also originated during the Cloud Nine sessions. Referring to recording errors created by faulty equipment, Harrison jokingly remarked to Lynne, \"We'll bury 'em in the mix.\"[8] Thereafter, they used the term for any small error in performance. Harrison first suggested \"the Trembling Wilburys\" as the group's name; at Lynne's suggestion, they amended it to \"Traveling Wilburys\".[2]", "Traveling Wilburys. Working on a song that Harrison had recently started writing, the ensemble completed the track, which they titled \"Handle with Care\" after a label on a box in Dylan's garage.[4] When Harrison presented the recording to Warner Bros., the executives insisted that the song was too good to be used as \"filler\" on a European single. In Petty's recollection, Harrison and Lynne then decided to realise their idea of forming a Wilburys band, and first invited him to join before phoning Dylan, who also agreed to join.[28] That night, Harrison, Lynne and Petty drove to Anaheim to see Orbison perform at the Celebrity Theatre and recruited him for the group shortly before he went on stage. In Petty's description, Orbison performed an \"unbelievable show\", during which \"we'd punch each other and go, 'He's in our band, too.' ... We were all so excited.\"[28]", "Traveling Wilburys. Harrison said the project was an opportunity to \"put a finger up to the rules\" by challenging the norms associated with the music industry.[19] Discussing the Wilburys in Peter Bogdanovich's 2007 documentary Runnin' Down a Dream, Petty said that one of the strengths behind the concept was that it was free of any intervention from record company, management or marketing concerns, and instead developed naturally from a spirit of co-operation and mutual admiration among five established artists.[35] Author Simon Leng recognises the venture as primarily a channel through which Harrison and Dylan could escape the restrictions of their serious media images, but also, in its guise as a \"phantom band\", a development by Harrison of the Rutles' satirical approach to the Beatles' legacy, in this case by \"de-mythologizing\" rock history.[72]", "Traveling Wilburys. The project's work received much anticipation given the diverse nature of the singer-songwriters. Their debut album Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 proved an enduring critical success, in 1989 and 1990 winning accolades such as a Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group.", "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1. According to statements by Harrison in the documentary The True History of the Traveling Wilburys (filmed in 1988 about the making of the album and re-released on the bonus DVD included in The Traveling Wilburys Collection), the whole band gave various contributions to all songs, although each song was mainly written by a single member; the joint songwriting credit came from the fact that giving individualized credits looked egotistical.[4]", "Traveling Wilburys. According to Jim Keltner, the Wilburys' drummer, the decision on the group's future after Vol. 3 lay with Harrison. Keltner said that from his conversations with Lynne, Petty and Dylan, they were all keen to reunite, whereas Harrison wavered in his enthusiasm.[68] While Harrison was against the idea of touring, Petty recalled: \"I kept getting down on my knees in front of George, saying, 'Please, it's so much money!\"[68]", "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1. The Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1989 and helped revitalise the careers of Dylan, Orbison and Petty. It has been certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.", "Jim Keltner. Keltner played drums on both albums released by the 1980s supergroup the Traveling Wilburys, playing under the pseudonym \"Buster Sidebury\".[3]", "Traveling Wilburys. Writing in The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Colin Larkin cites the Wilburys' contemporary skiffle as evidence of Lonnie Donegan's continued influence on popular music long after the early 1960s.[77] In his book Lonnie Donegan and the Birth of British Rock & Roll, Patrick Humphries describes the Wilburys as \"a makeshift quintet whose roots were firmly and joyously planted in low-key, low-tech skiffle music\". He credits the band with inspiring a brief revival of Donegan's \"DIY skiffle\", which included Knopfler's Notting Hillbillies.[78]", "Tom Petty. Thomas Earl Petty (October 20, 1950 – October 2, 2017) was an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, and actor. He was the lead singer of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, formed in 1976. He previously led the band Mudcrutch. He was also a co-founder of the late 1980s supergroup the Traveling Wilburys.", "Traveling Wilburys. The Wilburys tour never came about. Petty said about the Wilburys touring:", "Traveling Wilburys. Vol. 1 was a critical and commercial success, and revitalised the careers of Dylan, Orbison and Petty.[51] As Harrison had intended, the album defied contemporary musical trends such as hip hop, acid house and synthesised pop; author Alan Clayson likens its release to \"a Viking longship docking in a hovercraft terminal\".[52][nb 4] The album produced two successful singles and went on to achieve triple-platinum certification for sales in the United States. It was nominated for several awards and won the 1990 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group. Liner notes on the album cover were written by Monty Python's Michael Palin under a pseudonym.[30] Palin's essay was based on an idea by Derek Taylor,[49] who wrote an extensive fictional history of the Wilburys family that otherwise went unused.[39] Harrison planned a feature film about the band, to be produced by HandMade and directed by David Leland, but contractual problems ended the project.[54]", "Traveling Wilburys. – Jeff Lynne", "Traveling Wilburys. Vol. 3 was released on 29 October 1990.[63] It was dedicated to Orbison, as \"Lefty Wilbury\", the pseudonym that Orbison had used in 1988 in honour of his hero Lefty Frizzell.[64] The album met with less success than the previous one. According to Warner Bros. head Mo Ostin, the choice of album title came about through \"George being George\";[8] apparently Harrison was making a wry reference to the appearance of a bootleg that served as a sort of Volume 2.[65] The album's liner notes were written by Eric Idle, another Python member, who again adopted a pseudonym. For the band's final single, \"Wilbury Twist\", they filmed a video in which Idle, John Candy and other comedic actors attempt to master the song's eponymous dance style. The clip was filmed in Los Angeles and completed on 28 February 1991.[66][nb 6]" ]

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[ "Central West End, St. Louis. The Central West End is a neighborhood in St. Louis, Missouri, stretching from Midtown's western edge to Union Boulevard and bordering on Forest Park with its outstanding array of free cultural institutions. It includes the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis (the New Cathedral) on Lindell Boulevard at Newstead Avenue, which houses the largest collection of mosaics in the world. The Central West End is represented by three aldermen as it sits partially in the 17th, 18th, and 28th Wards.[1]", "Central West End, St. Louis. The CWE's commercial district is mainly along Euclid Avenue and stretches from Forest Park Parkway on the south to Delmar Boulevard on the north. Restaurants are primarily clustered in the Euclid/McPherson area, the Euclid/Laclede area and in Maryland Plaza. Unusual, elaborate turn of the 20th century lamp posts and cobblestone streets add to the atmosphere of this neighborhood, which first grew in popularity with the coming of the 1904 World's Fair which was held in adjacent Forest Park. Some residential areas of the Central West End are included in the National Register of Historic Places. One example is Fullerton's Westminster Place, whose large, architect-designed homes, most of which were built in the period 1890–1910, were described in the NRHP nomination as one of the finest turn of the 20th century streetscapes in the United States. Another is the private place called Washington Terrace, laid out in 1892.", "Central West End, St. Louis. The neighborhood's boundaries are Union Boulevard and the eastern portion of Forest Park on the west, I-64/US 40 on the south, Delmar Boulevard on the north, and Vandeventer Ave[3] on the east.", "Central West End, St. Louis. Playwright Tennessee Williams grew up in the neighborhood, and the house of the renowned poet T. S. Eliot is located in the Central West End. Beat writer William S. Burroughs's childhood home sits on Pershing Avenue (formerly Berlin Avenue) in the neighborhood. And though, often mistaken as the location of Sally Benson's home, the setting of the stories which were adapted into the movie Meet Me in St. Louis, 5135 Kensington Avenue was actually located in the Academy neighborhood just across Delmar Boulevard to the north.", "Central West End, St. Louis. CWE Business Community Improvement District (CWEScene.com)", "Central West End, St. Louis. George Julian Zolnay (Gyula Zsolnay) (July 4, 1863 – May 1, 1949) the Hungarian and American sculptor known as the \"Sculptor of the Confederacy\" lived in the Central West End in the early 1900s at 4384 Maryland Avenue.[2]", "Architecture of St. Louis. Some of the more opulent residential architecture of the 1920s and 1930s was among these apartments and hotels. The Central West End neighborhood features several examples, including the Chase Park Plaza Hotel (built in 1931 in the Art Deco style) and Hampden Hall (built in 1925 in Neo-Renaissance style).", "Architecture of St. Louis. Early in the 20th century (and during the years before and after the 1904 World's Fair), several churches moved to the Central West End neighborhood, near Forest Park and the fairgrounds. The neighborhood features the Holy Corners Historic District, which is a concentration of several historic religious structures, such as the First Church of Christ, Scientist (1904).", "Central West End, St. Louis. In 2010 the neighborhood's population was 58.0% White, 28.0% Black, 0.2% Native American, 11.1% Asian, 2.2% Two or More Races, and 0.5% Some Other Race. 2.7% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino origin.[4]", "St. Louis. Several neighborhoods are lumped together in categories such as \"North City,\" \"South City,\" and \"The Central West End.\"", "Streets of St. Louis. Chestnut Street runs east-west street in downtown St Louis and is the northern boundary of the Gateway Mall.", "Streets of St. Louis. St. Charles Street runs east-west in three segments in the Downtown, and Downtown West neighborhoods. It was formerly a continuous street, but has been interrupted by development. Its first segment is between Fourth Street and Broadway in where it is interrupted for three blocks by Stiffel, Nicolas and Co., the Merchandise Exchange Building, and the US Bank building, respectively. It appears again between Eighth Street and Ninth Street, where it runs alongside the Renaissance Hotel on the north and the Orpheum Theater and the Roberts Mayfair Hotel on the south. It is interrupted here by the parking garage for the Renaissance Hotel. St. Charles Street's final segment runs from 10th Street to Jefferson Avenue. The Mayfair Hotel is also notable for the creation of Mayfair salad dressing.", "St. Louis. The Gateway Arch marks downtown St. Louis and a historic center that includes the Federal courthouse where the Dred Scott case was first argued, a newly renovated and expanded public library, major churches and businesses, and retail. An increasing downtown residential population has taken to adapted office buildings and other historic structures. In nearby University City is the Delmar Loop, ranked by the American Planning Association as a \"great American street\" for its variety of shops and restaurants, and the Tivoli Theater, all within walking distance.", "Streets of St. Louis. Laclede Avenue runs from east to west starting in Midtown, through the Central West End, and stopping at Forest Park. Laclede Avenue demarcates the official division line between north and south St. Louis. Named in honor of St. Louis' founder Pierre Laclede Liguest.", "Streets of St. Louis. Carr Street runs east-west in Downtown St. Louis from the Mississippi River to Jefferson Avenue, between the neighborhoods of Carr Square and JeffVanderLou.\nIt is named after Judge William C. Carr, who in 1813 built the first brick dwelling in St Louis.[1] In 1822, Carr Street formed part of the northern boundary of the city.[2]", "Architecture of St. Louis. During the 1990s, St. Louis saw the construction of the largest United States courthouse by area, the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse (completed in 2000). The Eagleton Courthouse is home to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. The most recent high-rise buildings in St. Louis include two residential towers: the Park East Tower in the Central West End and the Roberts Tower located in downtown.", "Streets of St. Louis. Cole Street runs east-west from near the intersection of Martin Luther King Drive and Jefferson Avenue in the neighborhoods of Grand Center and Midtown St. Louis, to North Broadway near Downtown St. Louis and the Near North Riverfront.", "Upper West Side. From west to east, the avenues of the Upper West Side are Riverside Drive, West End Avenue (11th Avenue), Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue (10th Avenue), Columbus Avenue (9th Avenue), and Central Park West (8th Avenue). The 66-block stretch of Broadway forms the spine of the neighborhood and runs diagonally north/south across the other avenues at the south end of the neighborhood; above 78th Street Broadway runs north parallel to the other avenues. Broadway enters the neighborhood at its juncture with Central Park West at Columbus Circle (59th Street), crosses Columbus Avenue at Lincoln Square (65th Street), Amsterdam Avenue at Verdi Square (71st Street), and then merges with West End Avenue at Straus Park (aka Bloomingdale Square, at 107th Street).", "St. Louis. During the 1990s, St. Louis saw the construction of the largest United States courthouse by area, the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse (completed in 2000). The Eagleton Courthouse is home to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. The most recent high-rise buildings in St. Louis include two residential towers: the Park East Tower in the Central West End and the Roberts Tower located in downtown.", "Streets of St. Louis. Named in honor of Clement Delor deTreget who founded the settlement which later became Carondelet, Missouri in 1767. Prior to 1893 a section was called Termination Street as it marked out the northern border of the Carondelet Commons.", "List of neighborhoods of St. Louis. The north side of the city is defined as north of Delmar Boulevard, the central corridor as between Delmar and I-44, and the south side as south of I-44.", "Streets of St. Louis. Olive Street runs east–west from Downtown St. Louis to the northern part of the Central West End. In 1821 this road was first named \"North C Street\", in 1826 it was renamed after the hardy Mediterranean tree and its well-known fruit, the olive. During the 1850s, the road's extension west of Eighteenth Street was called the Olive Street Plank road due to its wooden construction.", "Streets of St. Louis. Locust Street runs east-west from Downtown St. Louis to Grand Center and Midtown St. Louis.", "List of neighborhoods of St. Louis. Also, several neighborhood names extend to areas well beyond their technical borders. For example, Downtown St. Louis is generally thought to include the St. Louis Union Station and the Scottrade Center, even though Downtown technically ends at Tucker Avenue (12th Street). Additionally, the Fox Theatre and Powell Symphony Hall are popularly considered a part of Midtown St. Louis even though they are in Grand Center. Dogtown is an area south of Forest Park that includes at least 4 distinct neighborhoods.", "Streets of St. Louis. Pestalozzi runs east–west from Soulard through Benton Park and Tower Grove East to Tower Grove Park in the South Grand area. The street is named in honor of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi the Swiss educational reformer whose theory and practices influenced modern elementary education.", "Streets of St. Louis. Meramec Street runs east-west from S. Broadway in the Mount Pleasant neighborhood near the Mississippi River to Chippewa Street in the neighborhoods of Tower Grove South and Dutchtown. Named for the Meramec River the name in turn comes from a Native American term referring to the range of catfish in the waters, and a more unusual fish species, the very large and ancient Paddlefish sometimes called a \"Spoonbill Catfish\" for its long and flat snout.", "St. Louis. The city operates more than 100 parks, with amenities that include sports facilities, playgrounds, concert areas, picnic areas, and lakes. Forest Park, located on the western edge of city, is the largest, occupying 1,400 acres of land, making it almost twice as large as Central Park in New York City.[26] The park is home to five major institutions, including the St. Louis Art Museum, the St. Louis Zoo, the St. Louis Science Center, the Missouri History Museum, and the Muny amphitheatre.[26] Another significant park in the city is the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, a National Memorial located on the riverfront in downtown St. Louis. The centerpiece of the park is the 630 feet (190 m) tall Gateway Arch, designed by noted architect Eero Saarinen and completed on October 28, 1965. Also part of the historic park is the Old Courthouse, where the first two trials of Dred Scott v. Sandford were held in 1847 and 1850.", "St. Louis. The African-American population is concentrated in the north side of the city (the area north of Delmar Boulevard is 94.0% black, compared with 35.0% in the central corridor and 26.0% in the south side of St. Louis[45]). Among the Asian-American population in the city, the largest ethnic group is Vietnamese (0.9%), followed by Chinese (0.6%) and Indians (0.5%). The Vietnamese community has concentrated in the Dutchtown neighborhood of south St. Louis; Chinese are concentrated in the Central West End.[46][not in citation given] People of Mexican descent are the largest Latino group, and make up 2.2% of St. Louis's population. They have the highest concentration in the Dutchtown, Benton Park West (Cherokee Street), and Gravois Park neighborhoods.[44]", "Streets of St. Louis. Pine Street runs east–west from Memorial Drive in Downtown St. Louis to Jefferson Avenue in Downtown West, where it turns into a service entrance at the Wells Fargo campus. It then runs for another block Beaumont Street and Leffingwell Avenue, before being interrupted again. Formerly, it connected to West Pine Boulevard in the Central West End (which runs from Vandeventer Avenue to Forest Park). Between Pine Street and West Pine Boulevard are the campuses of Harris-Stowe State University and Saint Louis University. The former path of Pine Street is preserved as the West Pine Mall, the major pedestrian route through the campus of Saint Louis University.", "St. Louis. Four interstate highways connect the city to a larger regional highway system. Interstate 70, an east-west highway, runs roughly from the northwest corner of the city to downtown St. Louis. The north-south Interstate 55 enters the city at the south near the Carondelet neighborhood and runs toward the center of the city, and both Interstate 64 and Interstate 44 enter the city on the west, running parallel to the east. Two of the four interstates (Interstates 55 and 64) merge south of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and leave the city on the Poplar Street Bridge into Illinois, while Interstate 44 terminates at Interstate 70 at its new interchange near N Broadway and Cass Ave.", "Streets of St. Louis. Palm Street runs north–south from the neighborhood of Near North Riverfront on the east to the intersection near Parnell Street and Natural Bridge Avenue in the west near the Hyde Park and St. Louis Place.", "Architecture of St. Louis. In Midtown St. Louis, a group of theaters and skyscraper office buildings was constructed between the Central West End and downtown, such as the Gothic Revival Continental-Life Building (1929) and the Neo-Renaissance Fox Theatre (1929). The Fox, designed by C. Howard Crane, was an exuberant movie palace that once seated more than 5,000 and was the second-largest cinema in the United States. Since 1982, it has been used as a performance hall. Another venue in Midtown built in the 1920s is the Neo-classical Powell Symphony Hall (1925), formerly a cinema and vaudeville theater, now the home of the St. Louis Symphony." ]

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[ "Dermis. The papillary dermis is the uppermost layer of the dermis. It intertwines with the rete ridges of the epidermis and is composed of fine and loosely arranged collagen fibers.[2]", "Dermis. The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue. This is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae, that extend toward the epidermis and contain either terminal networks of blood capillaries or tactile Meissner's corpuscles.[4]", "Human skin. The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue. It is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae, that extend toward the epidermis. The papillae provide the dermis with a \"bumpy\" surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin.", "Skin. The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue.This is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae that extend toward the epidermis. The papillae provide the dermis with a \"bumpy\" surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin.", "Dermis. The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the papillary dermis, and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis. Because the main function of the dermis is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers. Additionally, the increase in surface area prevents the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each other by strengthening the junction between them. With age, the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in number. [7]", "Human skin. The dermis is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region, and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region.", "Skin. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane and is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region, and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region.", "Dermis. The reticular dermis is the lower layer of the dermis, found under the papillary dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue featuring densely packed collagen fibers. It is the primary location of dermal elastic fibers.[2]", "Dermis. The dermal papillae (DP) (singular papilla, diminutive of Latin papula, 'pimple') are small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis. At the surface of the skin in hands and feet, they appear as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints).", "Integumentary system. The dermis is the middle layer of skin, composed of dense irregular connective tissue and areolar connective tissue such as a collagen with elastin arranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern. The dermis has two layers. One is the papillary layer which is the superficial layer and consists of the areolar connective tissue. The other is the reticular layer which is the deep layer of the dermis and consists of the dense irregular connective tissue. These layers serve to give elasticity to the integument, allowing stretching and conferring flexibility, while also resisting distortions, wrinkling, and sagging.[5] The dermal layer provides a site for the endings of blood vessels and nerves. Many chromatophores are also stored in this layer, as are the bases of integumental structures such as hair, feathers, and glands.", "Dermis. The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. It is divided into two layers, the superficial area adjacent to the epidermis called the papillary region and a deep thicker area known as the reticular dermis.[1] The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and extrafibrillar matrix.[2] It also contains mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and thermoreceptors that provide the sense of heat. In addition, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels are present in the dermis. Those blood vessels provide nourishment and waste removal for both dermal and epidermal cells.", "Cutaneous condition. The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis.[24] The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone.[24] Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and ground substance also called extra fibrillar matrix.[24] Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and the eccrine and apocrine glands.[21] The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface—one superficial and one deep plexus—which are connected by vertical communicating vessels.[21][25] The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing.[26][27]", "Oral mucosa. The lamina propria, like all forms of connective tissue proper, has two layers: papillary and dense. The papillary layer is the more superficial layer of the lamina propria. It consists of loose connective tissue within the connective tissue papillae, along with blood vessels and nerve tissue. The tissue has an equal amount of fibers, cells, and intercellular substance. The dense layer is the deeper layer of the lamina propria. It consists of dense connective tissue with a large amount of fibers. Between the papillary layer and the deeper layers of the lamina propria is a capillary plexus, which provides nutrition for the all layers of the mucosa and sends capillaries into the connective tissue papillae.[7]", "Dermis. In mucous membranes, the equivalent structures to dermal papillae are generally termed \"connective tissue papillae\", which interdigitate with the rete pegs of the superficial epithelium.", "Integumentary system. The human skin (integument) is composed of at least two major layers of tissue: the epidermis and dermis. (The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is not part of the skin[citation needed].) The epidermis is the outermost layer, providing the initial barrier to the external environment. Beneath this, the dermis comprises two sections, the papillary and reticular layers, and contains connective tissues, vessels, glands, follicles, hair roots, sensory nerve endings, and muscular tissue.[5] The deepest layer, the hypodermis, is primarily made up of adipose tissue. Substantial collagen bundles anchor the dermis to the hypodermis in a way that permits most areas of the skin to move freely over the deeper tissue layers.[6]", "Integumentary system. The hypodermis, otherwise known as the subcutaneous layer, is a layer beneath the skin. It invaginates into the dermis and is attached to the latter, immediately above it, by collagen and elastin fibres. It is essentially composed of a type of cell known as adipocytes specialised in accumulating and storing fats. These cells are grouped together in lobules separated by connective tissue.", "Dermis. Blood vessels in the dermal papillae nourish all hair follicles and bring nutrients and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are partly genetically determined features that develop before birth. They remain substantially unaltered (except in size) throughout life, and therefore determine the patterns of fingerprints, making them useful in certain functions of personal identification. [6]", "Skin. The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity. Also located within the reticular region are the roots of the hair, sweat glands,sebaceous glands receptors, nails, and blood vessels.", "Lingual papillae. The circumvallate papillae (or vallate papillae) are dome-shaped structures on the human tongue that vary in number from 8 to 12. They are situated on the surface of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum and sulcus terminalis, forming a row on either side; the two rows run backward and medially, and meet in the midline. Each papilla consists of a projection of mucous membrane from 1 to 2 mm. wide, attached to the bottom of a circular depression of the mucous membrane; the margin of the depression is elevated to form a wall (vallum), and between this and the papilla is a circular sulcus termed the fossa. The papilla is shaped like a truncated cone, the smaller end being directed downward and attached to the tongue, the broader part or base projecting a little above the surface of the tongue and being studded with numerous small secondary papillæ and covered by stratified squamous epithelium. Ducts of lingual salivary glands, known as Von Ebner's glands empty a serous secretion into the base of the circular depression, which acts like a moat. The function of the secretion is presumed to flush materials from the base of circular depression to ensure that taste buds can respond to changing stimuli rapidly.[4] The circumvallate papillae get special afferent taste innervation from cranial nerve IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, even though they are anterior to the sulcus terminalis. The rest of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue gets taste innervation from the chorda tympani of cranial nerve VII, distributed with the lingual nerve of cranial nerve V.", "Human skin. Skin is composed of three primary layers: the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis.[10]", "Human skin. The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity.", "Head and neck anatomy. The head and neck is covered in skin and its appendages, termed the integumentary system. These include hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and sensory nerves. The skin is made up of three microscopic layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and is divided into the following five sublayers or strata, listed in order from outer to inner:", "Pattern hair loss. These observations have led to study at the level of the mesenchymal dermal papillae.[11][12] Types 1 and 2 5α reductase enzymes are present at pilosebaceous units in papillae of individual hair follicles.[13] They catalyze formation of the androgens testosterone and DHT, which in turn regulate hair growth.[6] Androgens have different effects at different follicles: they stimulate IGF-1 at facial hair, leading to growth, but can also stimulate TGF β1, TGF β2, dickkopf1, and IL-6 at the scalp, leading to catagenic miniaturization.[6] Hair follicles in anaphase express four different caspases.", "Tactile corpuscle. They are distributed on various areas of the skin, but concentrated in areas especially sensitive to light touch, such as the fingers and lips.[3][4][5][6][7] More specifically, they are primarily located in glabrous skin just beneath the epidermis within the dermal papillae.[8]", "Seed. As the cells enlarge, and starch is deposited in the outer layers of the pigmented zone below the outer epidermis, this zone begins to lignify, while the cells of the outer epidermis enlarge radially and their walls thicken, with nucleus and cytoplasm compressed into the outer layer. these cells which are broader on their inner surface are called palisade cells. In the inner epidermis the cells also enlarge radially with plate like thickening of the walls. The mature inner integument has a palisade layer, a pigmented zone with 15-20 layers, while the innermost layer is known as the fringe layer. (Kozlowski 1972)", "Dermis. Dermal papillae also play a pivotal role in hair formation, growth and cycling. [8]", "Transdermal. There are two important layers to the human skin: (1) the Epidermis and (2) the Dermis. For transdermal delivery, drugs must pass through the two sublayers of the epidermis to reach the microcirculation of the dermis.", "Lingual papillae. Lingual papillae (singular papilla) are the small, nipple-like structures on the upper surface of the tongue that give it its characteristic rough texture. The four types of papillae on the human tongue have different structures and are accordingly classfied as circumvallate (or vallate), fungiform, filiform, and foliate. All except the filiform papillae are associated with taste buds.[1]", "Papillary duct. The cells that comprise the duct itself are similar to rest of the collecting system. The duct is lined by a layer of simple columnar epithelium resting on a thin basement membrane. The epithelium is composed primarily of principle cells and α-intercilated cells.383[3]", "Human skin. The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as from the Stratum basale of the epidermis.", "Subcutaneous tissue. A layer of tissue lies immediately below the dermis of vertebrate skin. It is often referred to as subcutaneous tissue though this is a less precise and anatomically inaccurate term. The hypodermis consists primarily of loose connective tissue and lobules of fat. It contains larger blood vessels and nerves than those found in the dermis.", "Epidermis. The epidermis is composed of 4 or 5 layers depending on the region of skin being considered.[8] Those layers in descending order are:[2]" ]

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[ "Fountain Hills, Arizona. Fountain Hills is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. Known for its impressive fountain, once the tallest in the world, it borders on the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, and Scottsdale, Arizona. The population is 22,489, as of the 2010 census.[3] Between the 1990 and 2000 censuses it was the eighth-fastest-growing place among cities and towns in Arizona.", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. As of the census of 2010, there were 22,489 people, 10,339 households, and 7,121 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,113.8 inhabitants per square mile (430.0/km2). There were 13,167 housing units at an average density of 577.5 per square mile (223.0/km2). The ethnic makeup of the town was 94.1% White, 1.0% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 1.1% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race make up 4.1% of the population.", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. In the town, the population was spread out with 14.4% under the age of 18, 85.6% 18 years and over, and 27.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53.9 years. There were 47.8% males and 52.2% females.", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 18.2 square miles (47.1 km2), of which 18.1 square miles (46.9 km2) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.26 km2) (0.55%) is water.", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. The per capita income for the town was $47,441. About 3.0% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.6% of those under age 18 and 0.7% of those age 65 or over.", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. According to a 2010 Census American Community Survey 3-year estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $75,038, and the median income for a family was $91,585.[10]", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. Fountain Hills Public Schools are part of the Fountain Hills Unified School District #98. The district has two elementary schools, one middle school and one high school. StudentsFountain Hills High School.[14]", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. There were 10,339 households out of which 18.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% were non-families. Householders living alone make up 25.7% of all households and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.56.", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. Fountain Hills is in Arizona's 6th Congressional District, served by Representative David Schweikert and Arizona's 23rd State Legislative District served by Representatives Jay Lawrence and Michelle R. Ugenti and Senator John Kavanagh, all Republicans.", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. The Fountain Hills Times is the town's weekly newspaper and is published in Fountain Hills.[15] The paper has a weekly circulation of about 3,000.[16]", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. To the southwest and northwest regions of Fountain Hills are the McDowell Mountains, a chain of extinct volcanic mountains. The highest mountains in the range are East End (4,033 ft (1,229 m)) and Thompson Peak (3,910 ft (1,190 m)).", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. Fountain Hills was developed by C. V. Wood, president of McCulloch Oil, and was named after the towering man-made fountain in the center of town.[5][6] It was incorporated in 1989.[7]", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. Fountain Hills has four sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International: [18]", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. Fountain Hills has a council-manager system. The current mayor of Fountain Hills is Linda Kavanagh, elected in Mar 2012 after running in an uncontested election for the seat vacated by Jay Schlum. The current Town Council consists of the mayor and six councilmembers: Councilmembers Henry Leger, Dennis Brown, Alan Magazine, Cecil Yates, Nick DePorter and Art Tollis. Grady Miller is the Town Manager. Among other council appointed staff are Town Attorney Andrew McGuire and Town Magistrate Robert Melton.", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. This area has a large amount of sunshine year round due to its stable descending air and high pressure. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Fountain Hills has a hot desert climate, abbreviated \"Bwh\" on climate maps.[8]", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. Fountain Hills has the world's fourth-tallest fountain. It was built in 1970, by Robert P. McCulloch, the year before the reconstruction of the London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, another of McCulloch's projects. The fountain sprays water for about 15 minutes every hour between 9am and 9pm. The plume rises from a concrete water-lily sculpture in the center of a large man-made lake. The fountain, driven by three 600 horsepower (450 kW) turbine pumps, sprays water at a rate of 7,000 US gallons (26,000 l; 5,800 imp gal) per minute through an 18-inch (460 mm) nozzle. With all three pumps under ideal conditions, the fountain reaches 560 feet (170 m) in height,[11] though in normal operation only two of the pumps are used, with a fountain height of around 300 feet (91 m). When built it was the world's tallest fountain, a record it held for over a decade.[12]", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. Fountain Hills' Fire Department has two fire stations and contracts with Rural Metro for staffing of its fire department. Dave Ott is the Fire Chief.", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. The town contracts its law enforcement services with the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office.", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. The town has three annual fairs—a local art fair, the Fountain Hills Great Fair, which incorporates arts and a carnival, and the Thunderbird Artists' Fountain Hills Fine Art & Wine Affaire. Each year the town's fountain is dyed green in celebration of St. Patrick's day.[13]\nFountain Hills Theater is an award-winning performing arts venue entering its 28th season and offering over 16 productions a year to local communities as well as performing an arts education year round for youth.", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. To the east of the town is the Verde River, a tributary to the Salt River. Inside the town there are many washes that run through Fountain Hills into the Verde River. Some of these washes include the Ashbrook, Balboa, Legend, and Colony Washes. During times of rain the washes flood with water and can sometimes block roads with their water.", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. The parent company of the Times, Western States Publishers, Inc., also publishes the Fountain Hills/Rio Verde Telephone Directory, Fountain Hills Community Guide, Fountain Hills HOME.[17]", "Fountain Hills, Arizona. The Stoneman Road, established by Colonel George Stoneman, was an important supply road between Fort McDowell and Fort Whipple in Prescott between 1870 and 1890 on what is today the Yavapai Reservation near Fountain Hills. The trail passed through the McDowell Mountains. The McDowell Mountains is a chain of extinct volcanic mountains in Fountain Hills.[19]", "Maricopa County Sheriff's Office. District 7 – covers the unincorporated areas of Fountain Hills, Tonto Verde and Rio Verde. It also provides contract law enforcement services on a contract basis to the Town of Fountain Hills.", "Arizona. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Arizona was 6,828,065 on July 1, 2015, a 6.82% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[39]", "Phoenix metropolitan area. Places with 30,000 to 74,999 inhabitants", "Phoenix metropolitan area. Over 10,000 inhabitants", "Phoenix metropolitan area. Places with 75,000 to 149,999 inhabitants", "Phoenix, Arizona. Phoenix (/ˈfiːnɪks/) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arizona. With 1,615,017 people (as of 2016[update]), Phoenix is the fifth most populous city nationwide, the most populous state capital in the United States, and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents.[5][6]", "Phoenix metropolitan area. Under 10,000 inhabitants", "Chandler, Arizona. Chandler is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, and a prominent suburb of the Phoenix, Arizona, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). It is bordered to the north and west by Tempe, to the north by Mesa, to the west by Phoenix, to the south by the Gila River Indian Community, and to the east by Gilbert. As of July 2015, the population was 260,828 according to the United States Census Bureau,[4] According to the city's official website, Chandler's Transportation & Development Department estimated the population, as of May 2016, to be 247,328. It also has satellite locations for many technology companies, including Intel and Orbital ATK.", "Flagstaff, Arizona. Flagstaff is a city in and the county seat of Coconino County[6] in northern Arizona, in the southwestern United States. In 2015, the city's estimated population was 70,320.[7] Flagstaff's combined metropolitan area has an estimated population of 139,097. The city is named after a ponderosa pine flagpole made by a scouting party from Boston (known as the \"Second Boston Party\") to celebrate the United States Centennial on July 4, 1876.[8]", "List of cities and towns in Arizona. Arizona is a state located in the Western United States. There are 91 incorporated cities and towns in the U.S. state of Arizona as of 2010. Incorporated places in Arizona are those that have been granted home rule, possessing a local government in the form of a city or town council. The 2010 census put 5,021,810 of the state's 6,392,017 residents within these cities and towns, accounting for 78.56% of the population. Most of the population is concentrated within the Phoenix metropolitan area, with an 2010 census population of 4,192,887 (65.60% of the state population)." ]

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[ "Walk Through This World with Me (song). \"Walk Through This World with Me\" is a song written by Sandy Seamons and Kaye Savage and recorded by American country music artist George Jones. It was released in January 1967 as the title track of his twenty-fourth album. The single was George Jones' fifty-seventh release on the country chart and his fourth number one. \"Walk Through This World With Me\" stayed at number one for two weeks and spent a total of nineteen weeks on the country chart.[1]", "Walk Through This World with Me. Walk Through This World with Me is an album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1967 (see 1967 in country music) on the Musicor Records label.", "Walk Through This World with Me. Walk Through This World With Me features two songs associated with a couple of people who would soon figure prominently in Jones's life: singer Tammy Wynette and producer Billy Sherrill. \"Apartment No. 9\" had been co-written by former Jones Boy Johnny Paycheck and had been a minor hit for Wynette in 1966, a new singer in the country music world who would eventually become Jones's third wife. Wynette was discovered by Sherrill, who co-wrote the sentimental country standard \"Almost Persuaded\" and would eventually produce Jones throughout the 1970s and 1980s.", "Walk Through This World with Me (song). Jones was less than enthusiastic about the musically middle-of-the-road love ballad that was almost inspirational in its unabashedly optimistic and romantic sentiments, and it was only at his producer H.W. \"Pappy\" Daily's insistence that he recorded the song at all.[2] In the 1994 retrospective Golden Hits, Jones states that he was unhappy with his singing on the LP version and, after the song started getting heavy airplay in Chicago, he told his manager Pappy Daily that he wanted to recut it. \"The single record on it was different,\" he asserted in the documentary, \"even though it was almost the same. I did a little better job singing the single than I did on the album.\" Two years later he elaborated in his autobiography I Lived to Tell It All:", "Walk Through This World with Me. The song \"Walk Through This World With Me\" would become a number one hit for Jones in 1967, his first chart topper in five years. According to Bob Allen's book George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, Jones was less than enthusiastic about the \"musically middle-of-the-road love ballad that was almost inspirational in its unabashedly optimistic and romantic sentiments - a far cry from 'The Window Up Above,'\" and it was only at his producer H.W. \"Pappy\" Daily's insistence that he recorded the song at all. In the 1994 retrospective Golden Hits, Jones states that he was unhappy with his singing on the LP version and, after the song started getting heavy airplay in Chicago, he told his manager Pappy Daily that he wanted to recut it. \"The single record on it was different, even though it was almost the same, I did a little better job singing the single than I did on the album.\" Jones would perform the song in concert throughout his career, often as part of an \"oldies\" medley.", "Walk Through This World with Me. Album – Billboard (North America)", "Walk Through This World with Me (song). For all his dominance of the country charts for most of his career, Jones would only score nine solo #1 hits in his lifetime, with \"Walk Through This World with Me\" being his first since \"She Thinks I Still Care\" in 1962. Jones would not score another #1 until \"The Grand Tour\" in 1974.", "Walk Through This World with Me. Buoyed by the popularity of the title track, Walk Through This World With Me would rise to number two on the country music album chart.", "George Jones. In 1964, Pappy Daily secured a new contract with Musicor records. For the rest of the 1960s, Jones would score only one number one (1967's \"Walk Through This World With Me\") but he practically owned the country music charts throughout the decade. Significant hits include \"Love Bug\" (a nod to Buck Owens and the Bakersfield sound), \"Things Have Gone to Pieces\", \"The Race Is On\", \"My Favorite Lies\", \"I'll Share My World with You\", \"Take Me\" (a song he co-wrote and would later record with Tammy Wynette), \"A Good Year for the Roses,\" and \"If My Heart Had Windows\". By this point, Jones' singing style had evolved from the full-throated, high lonesome sound of Hank Williams and Roy Acuff on his early Starday records to the more refined, subtle style of Lefty Frizzell. In a 2006 interview with Billboard, Jones acknowledged the fellow Texan's influence on his idiosyncratic phrasing: \"I got that from Lefty. He always made five syllables out of one word.\"", "Living in the Material World. Rather than revisit compositions left over from the All Things Must Pass sessions, Harrison's material for Living in the Material World was drawn from the 1971–72 period,[38] with the exception of \"Try Some, Buy Some\", which he wrote in 1970 and recorded with former Ronette Ronnie Spector in February 1971.[39] The songs reflected his spiritual devotion[40] – in the case of \"The Lord Loves the One (That Loves the Lord)\", \"Living in the Material World\", \"Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)\" and \"Try Some, Buy Some\"[41][42] – as well as his feelings before and after the Bangladesh benefit concerts, with \"Miss O'Dell\" and \"The Day the World Gets 'Round\".[43]", "U2. Aside from musical collaborations, U2 have worked with several authors. American author William S. Burroughs had a guest appearance in U2's video for \"Last Night on Earth\" shortly before he died.[361] His poem \"A Thanksgiving Prayer\" was used as video footage during the band's Zoo TV Tour. Other collaborators include William Gibson and Allen Ginsberg.[362] In early 2000, the band contributed three songs to The Million Dollar Hotel movie soundtrack, including \"The Ground Beneath Her Feet\", whose lyrics are taken from Salman Rushdie's book of the same name.[363]", "Ordinary World. The lyrics to \"Ordinary World\" were written by Simon Le Bon as the second of a trilogy of songs for his late friend David Miles; the others being \"Do You Believe in Shame?\" (1988) and \"Out of My Mind\" (1997).", "Meja. Meja left Legacy of Sound and in 1995 teamed up with Swedish manager Lasse Karlsson (Ace of Base) and writer/producer Douglas Carr. The first solo album \"Meja\", was released in 1996, with songs like \"How Crazy Are You\", \"I'm Missing You\" and \"Rainbow\" co-written by Billy Steinberg. In 1997 she had her first official concert tour in Japan, \"The Flower Girl Jam Tour\".", "Matt Monro. At the 1964 Eurovision Song Contest, singing \"I Love the Little Things,\" Monro finished second behind Italy's 16-year-old Gigliola Cinquetti, despite an \"excellent performance of the only English language song of the night.\"[9] The Austrian entry \"Warum nur warum?\", performed by songwriter Udo Jürgens, caught Monro's ear, despite its sixth-place finish, and he recorded an English version titled \"Walk Away\" (lyric by Monro's manager Don Black), earning him another hit single late in 1964. He also had a hit with the Beatles' \"Yesterday\" in 1965, releasing the first single of the most recorded song of all time, predating even the Beatles' own.", "Spanish Steps. Marc Cohn's song \"Walk Through the World\", released in 1993 on the album The Rainy Season, includes the lyric \"From the Spanish Steps to the Liberty Bell, I know the angels have seen us.\"", "David Allan Coe. Early in 1970, Coe released his debut album, Penitentiary Blues, followed by a tour with Grand Funk Railroad.[1] In October 1971, he signed as an exclusive writer with Pete and Rose Drake's publishing company Windows Publishing Company, Inc. in Nashville, Tennessee, where he remained until 1977. Although he developed a cult following with his performances, he was not able to develop any mainstream success, but other performers achieved charting success by recording songs Coe had written, including Billie Jo Spears' 1972 recording \"Souvenirs & California Mem'rys\" and Tanya Tucker's 1973 single \"Would You Lay With Me (In a Field of Stone),\" which was a number-one hit, and responsible for Coe becoming one of Nashville's hottest songwriters and Coe himself being signed by Columbia Records.[1] Coe recorded his own version of the song for his second Columbia album, Once Upon a Rhyme, released in 1975.[7] AllMusic writer Thom Jurek said of the song, \"The amazing thing is that both versions are definitive.\"[7] Johnny Cash covered the song in his album American III: Solitary Man in 2000.The album also contained a cover of Steve Goodman and John Prine's \"You Never Even Called Me by My Name\", which was a top-10 Billboard hit, and was followed by a string of moderately successful hits.[1]", "These Eyes. Michael Bolton, then known as Michael Bolotin, covered the song on his 1976 sophomore solo album Everyday of My Life.", "John Stewart (musician). Stewart continued to write songs and record for Capitol, while touring as a solo act. It was during this time that he composed the hit \"Daydream Believer\" for The Monkees, which was a hit for Anne Murray as well, and the closest Stewart came to writing a \"standard\". He later toured with Robert F. Kennedy's ill-fated 1968 presidential campaign and met and married fellow folk singer Buffy Ford (with whom he remained until his death) and began recording a string of albums, including his signature album, California Bloodlines, as well as Willard, Cannons in the Rain, and Wingless Angels [1].", "Rich Mullins. In the early 1990s, Mullins released a pair of albums entitled The World As Best As I Remember It, Volume One and Volume Two.[38] These featured a more stripped-back, acoustic feel than his earlier work, with nods to Irish music. \"Step By Step\", a song written by his friend Beaker and included on volume one, and incorporated into \"Sometimes By Step\" with additional lyrics by Mullins on volume two, became an instant hit on Christian radio, and, like \"Awesome God\", it became a popular praise chorus. Both during and after Mullins' college years, Beaker was a substantial influence on Mullins and his music. Beaker co-wrote, performed, and toured with Mullins for several years. The first song they wrote together was \"Boy Like Me, Man Like You\", a 1991 hit for Mullins. Mullins wrote his hit song \"Let Mercy Lead\" for Beaker's son Aiden.", "Living in the Material World (song). As reproduced in I, Me, Mine, Harrison wrote the lyrics to \"Living in the Material World\" on portions of a torn-up envelope, which was previously addressed to Terry Doran at Apple Corps in central London, its postmark dated 7 November 1971.[15] The song contrasts the world of material things against spiritual concerns.[16][17] The verses describing the material world are set to rock music, over what Harrison biographer Simon Leng terms \"George's favourite 'Get Back' rhythm\".[18] The two sections describing the spiritual world – serving as the song's middle eights[19] – use a more gentle melody backed by Indian instrumentation[20][21] and so recall Harrison's 1967 composition \"Within You Without You\", in Leng's view.[18] While admiring how other Harrison lyrics from this period \"resembled Vedic sutras\", author Joshua Greene writes that in \"Living in the Material World\" he \"condensed a lengthy passage from the Bhagavad Gita into a dozen simple words\".[22]", "Frank Sinatra. Sinatra started 1967 with a series of recording sessions with Antônio Carlos Jobim. He recorded one of his most famous collaborations with Jobim, the Grammy-nominated album Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim, which was one of the best-selling albums of the year, behind the Beatles's Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.[250] According to Santopietro the album \"consists of an extraordinarily effective blend of bossa nova and slightly swinging jazz vocals, and succeeds in creating an unbroken mood of romance and regret\".[251] Writer Stan Cornyn noted that Sinatra sang so softly on the album that it was comparable to the time that he suffered from a vocal hemorrhage in 1950.[252] Sinatra also released the album The World We Knew, which features a chart-topping duet of \"Somethin' Stupid\" with daughter Nancy.[241][253] In December, Sinatra collaborated with Duke Ellington on the album Francis A. & Edward K..[254] According to Granata, the recording of \"Indian Summer\" on the album was a favorite of Riddle's, noting the \"contemplative mood [which] is heightened by a Johnny Hodges alto sax solo that will bring a tear to your eye\".[255] With Sinatra in mind, singer-songwriter Paul Anka wrote the song \"My Way\", using the melody of the French \"Comme d'habitude\" (\"As Usual\"), composed by Claude François and Jacques Revaux.[256] Sinatra recorded it just after Christmas 1968.[257] \"My Way\", Sinatra's best-known song on the Reprise label, was not an instant success, charting at #27 in the US and #5 in the UK,[258] but it remained in the UK charts for 122 weeks, including 75 non-consecutive weeks in the Top 40, between April 1969 and September 1971, which was still a record in 2015.[259][260] Sinatra told songwriter Ervin Drake in the 1970s that he \"detested\" singing the song, because he believed audiences would think it was a \"self-aggrandizing tribute\", professing that he \"hated boastfulness in others\".[261]", "All Along the Watchtower. \"All Along the Watchtower\" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. The song initially appeared on his 1967 album John Wesley Harding, and it has been included on most of Dylan's subsequent greatest hits compilations. Since the late 1970s, he has performed it in concert more than any of his other songs. Different versions appear on four of Dylan's live albums.[1]", "Walk This Way. At the Hyde Park Calling festival in London on June 24, 2007 (a date on Aerosmith's 2007 world tour), D.M.C. joined Aerosmith on stage for their encore performance of \"Walk This Way\".", "Jackie DeShannon. Jackie DeShannon (born August 21, 1941/1944)[1][2] is an American singer-songwriter with a string of hit song credits from the 1960s onwards, as both singer and composer. She was one of the first female singer-songwriters of the rock 'n' roll period. She is best known as the singer of \"What the World Needs Now Is Love\" and \"Put a Little Love in Your Heart\", and as the composer of \"When You Walk in the Room\" and \"Bette Davis Eyes\", which were hits for The Searchers and Kim Carnes, respectively. DeShannon is currently[when?] an entertainment broadcast correspondent reporting Beatles band members' news for the radio program Breakfast with the Beatles.", "Welcome to My World (Jim Reeves song). \"Welcome to My World\" is a popular music standard written by Ray Winkler and John Hathcock (1919-2000)[2] and recorded by many artists, most notably Jim Reeves. Though the song is credited to Winkler and Hathcock, the melody was likely written by Eddie McDuff rather than Winkler.[3] A traditional love song, the bridge includes lyrics taken from Matthew 7:7–8 (\"Knock and the door will open; seek and you will find; ask and you'll be given ... ,\" from the Sermon on the Mount).", "Walkin' in the Rain with the One I Love. Walkin' in the Rain with the One I Love was an R&B single in 1972 for the soul trio Love Unlimited, a studio group created by singer/producer Barry White. The main vocalists were female singers Glodean James, her sister, Linda James, and their cousin Diane Taylor. Glodean would eventually become White's wife in 1974; the couple would split up in 1988, though they never divorced.", "George Harrison. George Harrison,[nb 1] MBE (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001) was an English guitarist, singer-songwriter, and producer who achieved international fame as the lead guitarist of the Beatles. Often referred to as \"the quiet Beatle\",[3][4] Harrison embraced Hinduism and helped broaden the horizons of his fellow band mates as well as their American audience by incorporating Indian instrumentation in their music.[5] Although most of the Beatles' songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, most Beatles albums from 1965 onwards contained at least two Harrison compositions. His songs for the group included \"Taxman\", \"Within You Without You\", \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\", \"Here Comes the Sun\" and \"Something\", the last of which became the Beatles' second-most covered song.", "The Man Who Stepped into Yesterday. The Man Who Stepped into Yesterday (often abbreviated as TMWSIY) is a 1987 concept album written by Trey Anastasio, the guitarist and lead vocalist of the American rock band Phish, as his senior thesis while attending Goddard College. Composed in 1987, the thesis included an essay piece and collection of songs (recorded by Phish) relating an epic tale from the band's fictional land of Gamehendge.[1][2]", "The Day the World Gets 'Round. An avowed fan of the Material World album,[35] and a vocal supporter of Harrison's humanitarian legacy,[112][113] Klaus Voormann had established himself as an in-demand session musician during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s before recording his first solo album in 2008.[114][115] Titled A Sideman's Journey, it included cover versions of Harrison's \"The Day the World Gets 'Round\" and \"All Things Must Pass\",[116] both recorded in London with singer Yusuf Islam and credited to Yusuf & Klaus.[31] Islam said that he came across the song while looking through albums by Harrison, whom he described as being \"more responsible than any other artist for initiating Pop music's movement to aid people and countries stricken by wars and calamities\".[117] Besides Voormann and Islam, the musicians on the recording include Luke Potashnick and Cassiano De Sa (guitars), Nikolaj Torp (keyboards) and Kristoffer Soone (drums).[118]", "Cakewalk. Born in 1871 James Weldon Johnson made observations of a cakewalk at a ball in his novel The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.", "Paul Williams (songwriter). Williams began his professional songwriting career with Biff Rose in Los Angeles. The two men first met while working together on a television comedy show. Together, they wrote the song \"Fill Your Heart\" which was recorded by Rose on his first album, The Thorn in Mrs. Roses Side. Soon thereafter Tiny Tim covered it as the B-side of his hit \"Tiptoe Through the Tulips\" (1968). David Bowie also recorded a faithful version of the song on his album Hunky Dory (1971). Rose and Williams also wrote \"I'll Walk Away\" (recorded by Rose on his third, eponymous album). Rose was instrumental in getting Williams his break with A&M Records which resulted in Williams working with songwriter Roger Nichols. Williams and Nichols were responsible for a number of successful pop hits from the 1970s, including several hits for Three Dog Night (the aforementioned \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\", as well as \"The Family of Man\" and \"Out in the Country\"), Helen Reddy (\"You and Me Against the World\"), and the Carpenters, most notably \"Rainy Days and Mondays\", \"I Won't Last a Day Without You\", and \"We've Only Just Begun\", originally a song for a Crocker National Bank television commercial featuring newlyweds, and which has since become a cover-band standard and de rigueur for weddings throughout North America. An early collaboration with Roger Nichols, \"Someday Man\", was covered by The Monkees (a group for which he auditioned but was not chosen)[8] on a 1969 single, and was the first Monkees' release not published by Screen Gems. He also auditioned for, but was not selected to be, a Mouseketeer. Bobby Sherman also sang \"Cried Like a Baby\". Anne Murray sang \"Talk It Over in the Morning\". He also wrote the cantata Wings with music by Michel Colombier.", "Eric Clapton. Using the Bramletts' backing group and an all-star cast of session players (including Leon Russell and Stephen Stills), Clapton recorded his first solo album during two brief tour hiatuses, titled Eric Clapton. Delaney Bramlett co-wrote six of the songs with Clapton, also producing the LP,[40] and Bonnie Bramlett co-wrote \"Let It Rain\".[41] The album yielded the unexpected US No. 18 hit, J. J. Cale's \"After Midnight\". Clapton also worked with much of Delaney and Bonnie's band to record George Harrison's All Things Must Pass in spring 1970. During this busy period, Clapton recorded with other artists including Dr. John, Leon Russell, Plastic Ono Band, Billy Preston, Ringo Starr and Dave Mason. Other notable recordings from this period include Clapton's guitar work on \"Go Back Home\" from Stephen Stills' self-titled first solo album." ]

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[ "To Kill a Mockingbird. After the \"Watchman\" title was rejected, it was re-titled Atticus but Lee renamed it To Kill a Mockingbird to reflect that the story went beyond a character portrait. The book was published on July 11, 1960.[7] The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies.[8] In 1964, Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said, \"I never expected any sort of success with 'Mockingbird.' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected.\"[9] Instead of a \"quick and merciful death\", Reader's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part, which gave it a wide readership immediately.[10] Since the original publication, the book has never been out of print.[11]", "Harper Lee. Published July 11, 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird was an immediate bestseller and won great critical acclaim, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1961. It remains a bestseller, with more than 30 million copies in print. In 1999, it was voted \"Best Novel of the Century\" in a poll by the Library Journal.[19]", "To Kill a Mockingbird. To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee's only published book until Go Set a Watchman, an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964.", "To Kill a Mockingbird. To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the six-year-old Jean Louise Finch.", "Harper Lee. In the spring of 1957, a 31-year-old Lee delivered the manuscript for Go Set a Watchman to her agent to send out to publishers, including the now-defunct J. B. Lippincott Company, which eventually bought it.[17] At Lippincott, the novel fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey—known professionally as Tay Hohoff. Hohoff was impressed. \"[T]he spark of the true writer flashed in every line\", she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott.[17] But as Hohoff saw it, the manuscript was by no means fit for publication. It was, as she described it, \"more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel\".[17] During the next couple of years, she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird.[17]", "To Kill a Mockingbird. An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, titled Go Set a Watchman, was controversially released on July 14, 2015.[161][162][163] This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative.[6][161] This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it, but this claim has been widely disputed.[161][162][163] Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird.[164] According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: \"They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and a shorter connecting novel between the two.\"[165] This assertion has been discredited, however,[166] by rare-books expert James S. Jaffe, who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee's attorney and found them to be only another draft of To Kill a Mockingbird.[166] Nurnberg's statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler's description of how Watchman was seen as just the first draft of Mockingbird.[6] Instances where many passages overlap between the two books, in some case word for word, also refutes this assertion.[167]", "Harper Lee. On February 3, 2015, it was announced that HarperCollins would publish Go Set a Watchman,[51] which includes versions of many of the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird. According to a HarperCollins press release, it was originally thought that the Watchman manuscript was lost.[52] According to Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: \"They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and a shorter connecting novel between the two.\"[53]", "Harper Lee. Nelle Harper Lee (April 28, 1926 – February 19, 2016), better known by her pen name Harper Lee, was an American novelist widely known for To Kill a Mockingbird, published in 1960. Immediately successful, it won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize and has become a classic of modern American literature. Though Lee had only published this single book, in 2007 she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her contribution to literature.[1] Additionally, Lee received numerous honorary degrees, though she declined to speak on those occasions. She was also known for assisting her close friend Truman Capote in his research for the book In Cold Blood (1966).[2] Capote was the basis for the character Dill in To Kill a Mockingbird.[3]", "To Kill a Mockingbird. During the years immediately following the novel's publication, Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her, granting interviews, visiting schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee.[136] It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962.[84][137] Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought.[138] Since then, she declined talking with reporters about the book. She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction, writing in 1995: \"Introductions inhibit pleasure, they kill the joy of anticipation, they frustrate curiosity. The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come. Mockingbird still says what it has to say; it has managed to survive the years without preamble.\"[139]", "Go Set a Watchman. Go Set a Watchman is a novel by Harper Lee published on July 14, 2015, by HarperCollins in the United States and Willam Heinemann in the United Kingdom. Although written before her first and only other published novel, the Pulitzer Prize-winning To Kill a Mockingbird—and initially promoted by its publisher as a sequel—it is now more widely accepted as being a first draft of the famous novel.[2][3][4] The title comes from Isaiah 21:6: \"For thus hath the Lord said unto me, Go, set a watchman, let him declare what he seeth.\"[5] It alludes to Jean Louise Finch's view of her father, Atticus Finch, as the moral compass (\"watchman\") of Maycomb,[6] and has a theme of disillusionment, as she discovers the extent of the bigotry in her home community.", "Go Set a Watchman. The papers of Harper Lee's literary agents in the 1950s, Annie Laurie Williams and Maurice Crain, are held by Columbia University's Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Their records show that Go Set a Watchman was an early draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, and underwent significant changes in story and characters during the revision process. Harper Lee was writing Go Set a Watchman in January 1957, and sold the manuscript to the publisher J. B. Lippincott in October 1957. She then continued to work on the manuscript for the next two years, submitting revised manuscript to her literary agents. At some point in that two-year period, Lee renamed her book To Kill a Mockingbird. Some of these records have been copied and posted online.[15]", "List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters. To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was instantly successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature, widely read in US high schools and middle schools.[1] The story takes place during three years of the Great Depression in the fictional Maycomb, Alabama.", "To Kill a Mockingbird. Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education, literary analysis of it is sparse. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures, calls the book \"an astonishing phenomenon\".[2] In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\".[3] It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown.", "Go Set a Watchman. Although promoted by its publisher and initially described in media reports as a sequel to Lee's best-selling novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, which was published in 1960, Go Set a Watchman is actually that novel's first draft.[2][13] The novel was finished in 1957[13] and purchased by the J.B. Lippincott Company. Lee's editor, Tay Hohoff, although impressed with elements of the story, saying that \"the spark of the true writer flashed in every line\",[13] thought it was by no means ready for publication. It was, as she described it, \"more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel\". As Jonathan Mahler recounts in his Times article on Hohoff, she thought the strongest aspect of Lee's novel was the flashback sequences featuring a young Scout, and thus requested that Lee use those flashbacks as a basis for a new novel. Lee agreed, and \"during the next couple of years, Hohoff led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird\".[13]", "To Kill a Mockingbird. One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages. In the years since, it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages.[89] The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback, and has become part of the standard literature curriculum. A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9–12 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades.[90] A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that To Kill a Mockingbird was rated behind only the Bible in books that are \"most often cited as making a difference\".[91][note 1] It is considered by some to be the \"Great American Novel\".[92]", "Harper Lee. Another novel, Go Set a Watchman, was written in the mid-1950s and published in July 2015 as a \"sequel\", though it was later confirmed to be To Kill a Mockingbird's first draft.[4][5][6]", "Harper Lee. In 1966, Lee wrote a letter to the editor in response to the attempts of a Richmond, Virginia, area school board to ban To Kill a Mockingbird as \"immoral literature\":", "Harper Lee. From the time of the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird until her death in 2016, Lee granted almost no requests for interviews or public appearances and, with the exception of a few short essays, published nothing further, until 2015. She did work on a follow-up novel—The Long Goodbye—but eventually filed it away unfinished.[22] During the mid-1980s, she began a factual book about an Alabama serial murderer, but also put it aside when she was not satisfied.[22] Her withdrawal from public life prompted unfounded speculation that new publications were in the works.", "Harper Lee. The plot and characters of To Kill a Mockingbird are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The novel deals with the irrationality of adult attitudes towards race and class in the Deep South of the 1930s, as depicted through the eyes of two children. The novel was inspired by racist attitudes in her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama.", "To Kill a Mockingbird. The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed \"the spirit-corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro\".[34] In the years following its release, many reviewers considered To Kill a Mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations.[57] Claudia Durst Johnson considers it \"reasonable to believe\" that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama: Rosa Parks' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person, which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted (Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled, but reinstated in 1980).[58] In writing about the historical context of the novel's construction, two other literary scholars remark: \"To Kill a Mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict-ridden social change in the South since the Civil War and Reconstruction. Inevitably, despite its mid-1930s setting, the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts, tensions, and fears induced by this transition.\"[59]", "To Kill a Mockingbird. To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963. The book's racial slurs, profanity, and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States. The American Library Association reported that To Kill a Mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000–2009.[109] Following parental complaints about the racist language it contains, the novel was removed from classrooms in Virginia in 2016[110][111] and Biloxi in 2017,[112][113] where it was described as making people \"uncomfortable.\"[114] In the Mississippi case, the novel was removed from the required reading list but subsequently made available to interested students with parental consent.[115] Such decisions have been criticised: the American Civil Liberties Union noted the importance of engaging with the novel's themes in places where racial injustice persists.[116] Becky Little of The History Channel and representatives of the Mark Twain House pointed out the value of classics lies in their power to \"challenge the way we think about things\"[117] (Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has attracted similar controversy).[118] Arne Duncan, who served as Secretary of Education under President Obama, noted that removal of the book from reading lists was evidence of a nation with \"real problems.\"[119] In 1966, a parent in Hanover, Virginia protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral. Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers, which ranged from amusement to fury; those letters expressing the most outrage, however, complained about Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape.[120] Upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book's appropriateness for the classroom, Harper Lee sent $10 to The Richmond News Leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of \"the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice\".[53] The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations—after Little Black Sambo.[121]", "Atticus Finch. In July 2015, days before Lee's highly anticipated second novel Go Set a Watchman, was officially published, the first chapter was released on The Guardian for public viewing. On that day, a New York Times review of the book (which is set about twenty years after the time period depicted in Mockingbird but is not a chronological sequel)[14] revealed that Atticus, depicted in this version as being in his early seventies, is portrayed as a far less-progressive character. He makes comments that favor segregation and has attended a Citizens’ Council meeting. This has proved controversial to many readers, unaware perhaps that although To Kill a Mockingbird was published first, Watchman is the first draft of the text that later became Mockingbird and the characterizations and key plot details between the two books are not only different but sometimes contradictory.[15]", "To Kill a Mockingbird (film). The 1962 softcover edition of the novel opens with the following: The Southern town of Maycomb, Alabama, reminds me of the California town I grew up in. The characters of the novel are like people I knew as a boy. I think perhaps the great appeal of the novel is that it reminds readers everywhere of a person or a town they have known. It is to me a universal story – moving, passionate and told with great humor and tenderness. Gregory Peck.", "To Kill a Mockingbird. Despite her editors' warnings that the book might not sell well, it quickly became a sensation, bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles, in her hometown of Monroeville, and throughout Alabama.[83] The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader's Digest Condensed Books.[84]", "To Kill a Mockingbird (film). To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout.", "Harper Lee. After completing To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee accompanied Capote to Holcomb, Kansas, to assist him in researching what they thought would be an article on a small town's response to the murder of a farmer and his family. Capote expanded the material into his best-selling book, In Cold Blood, published in 1966.", "To Kill a Mockingbird. The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel. It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville, a town that labels itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\". The play runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast. White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury. During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated.[152] Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel (and the annual performance): \"It becomes part of the town ritual, like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras. With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse, it's part of a central, civic education—what Monroeville aspires to be.\"[153]", "To Kill a Mockingbird. Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944–45), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945–49). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time.[4] In 1950, Lee moved to New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. Hoping to be published, Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote. An editor at J. B. Lippincott, who bought the manuscript, advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing.", "To Kill a Mockingbird. Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography, but rather an example of how an author \"should write about what he knows and write truthfully\".[13] Nevertheless, several people and events from Lee's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee's father, Amasa Coleman Lee, was an attorney, similar to Atticus Finch, and in 1919, he defended two black men accused of murder. After they were convicted, hanged and mutilated,[14] he never tried another criminal case. Lee's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper. Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus, he gradually became more liberal in his later years.[15] Though Scout's mother died when she was a baby, Lee was 25 when her mother, Frances Cunningham Finch, died. Lee's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent.[16] Lee's older brother Edwin was the inspiration for Jem.", "Harper Lee. The book was controversially[4] published in July 2015 as a sequel to To Kill a Mockingbird, though it has been confirmed to be the first draft of the latter, with many narrative incongruities, repackaged and released as a completely separate work.[4] The book is set some 20 years after the time period depicted in Mockingbird, when Scout returns as an adult from New York to visit her father in Maycomb, Alabama.[55] It alludes to Scout's view of her father, Atticus Finch, as the moral compass (\"watchman\") of Maycomb,[56] and, according to the publisher, how she finds upon her return to Maycomb, that she \"is forced to grapple with issues both personal and political as she tries to understand her father's attitude toward society and her own feelings about the place where she was born and spent her childhood.\"[57]", "To Kill a Mockingbird. The story takes place during three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression in the fictional \"tired old town\" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise Finch (nicknamed Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jeremy (nicknamed Jem), and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified yet fascinated by their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur \"Boo\" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and few of them have seen him for many years. The children feed one another's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, he never appears in person.", "To Kill a Mockingbird (film). In 1995 To Kill a Mockingbird was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".[16] It is also Robert Duvall's big-screen debut, as the misunderstood recluse Boo Radley. Duvall was cast on the recommendation of screenwriter Horton Foote, who met him at Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City where Duvall starred in a 1957 production of Foote's play, The Midnight Caller.[17]" ]

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[ "List of players who have won multiple FIFA World Cups. Below is a list of players who have won multiple FIFA World Cups. Brazil's Pelé is the only player to have won three World Cup winners' medals, with 20 other players who have won two World Cup medals. Cafu is the only player who has appeared in 3 World Cup finals (winning 2 of them).", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most consecutive second-place finishes", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most second-place finishes", "List of FIFA World Cup winners. Zagallo (twice), Beckenbauer and France's Didier Deschamps also won the title as players.", "FIFA World Cup. With five titles, Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup (20) to date.[79] Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third (1970), fourth (1994) and fifth (2002) time. Italy (1934 and 1938) and Brazil (1958 and 1962) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles. West Germany (1982–1990) and Brazil (1994–2002) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals. Germany has made the most top-four finishes (13), medals (12), as well as the most finals (8).", "List of FIFA World Cup winners. 20 different coaches have won the World Cup, Italy's Vittorio Pozzo being the only one to win twice.", "Germany at the FIFA World Cup. Miroslav Klose, who is only one match behind, also holds the record for most victories at FIFA World Cups (17).", "FIFA World Cup. Brazil's Mário Zagallo and West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach. Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach.[93] Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach.[94] Italy's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups (1934 and 1938).[95] All World Cup winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory.", "FIFA World Cup. The 20 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina and inaugural winner Uruguay, with two titles each; and England, France and Spain, with one title each.", "South America. South America shares with Europe supremacy over the sport of football as all winners in FIFA World Cup history and all winning teams in the FIFA Club World Cup have come from these two continents. Brazil holds the record at the FIFA World Cup with five titles in total. Argentina and Uruguay have two titles each. So far four South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first edition in Uruguay (1930). The other three were Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile (1962), and Argentina (1978).", "List of players who have won multiple FIFA Women's World Cups. Below is a list of players who have won multiple FIFA Women's World Cups. Germany's Birgit Prinz is the only player who has appeared in 3 World Cup finals (winning 2 of them).[1]", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most finishes in the top two without ever being champion", "List of FIFA World Cup winners. The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different nations. Brazil has won the most titles, five. The current champion is France, who won the title in 2018.", "FIFA Club World Cup. Seven players have won the FIFA Club World Cup on three occasions: Dani Alves,[160] Sergio Busquets,[161] Andrés Iniesta,[162] Lionel Messi,[101] Gerard Piqué,[163] Cristiano Ronaldo[164] and Toni Kroos.[165]", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most titles won", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most finishes in the top twoÂ", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most wins by non-champion (excluding third-place playoff)[z]", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most finishes in the top two", "France at the FIFA World Cup. Goalkeeper Fabien Barthez also shares the FIFA World Cup record for most matches without conceding a goal, which he achieved ten times. The only other player to have reached that number is England's Peter Shilton.", "FIFA World Cup. Two players share the record for playing in the most World Cups; Mexico's Antonio Carbajal (1950–1966) and Germany's Lothar Matthäus (1982–1998) both played in five tournaments.[87] Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall, with 25 appearances.[88] Brazil's Djalma Santos (1954–1962), West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer (1966–1974) and Germany's Philipp Lahm (2006–2014) are the only players to be named to three Finals All-Star Teams.[89]", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most consecutive finishes in the top two", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most won in one tournament", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most tournaments won", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most titles won by a confederation", "Italy at the FIFA World Cup. Paolo Maldini is the player with the third-most matches at FIFA World Cups, trailing only behind the Germans Lothar Matthäus (25) and Miroslav Klose (24). This also makes him the player with the most World Cup matches who has never won the trophy.", "List of FIFA World Cup winners. A total of 445 players have been in the winning team in the World Cup. Brazil's Pelé is the only one to have won three times, while another 20 have won twice.", "2002 FIFA World Cup. The tournament had several upsets and surprise results, which included the defending champions France being eliminated in the group stage after earning a single point and second favourites Argentina also being eliminated in the group stage. South Korea managed to reach the semi-finals, beating Spain, Italy and Portugal en route. However, the most potent team at the tournament, Brazil, prevailed, winning the final against Germany 2–0, making them the first and only country to have won the World Cup five times.[1] The victory qualified Brazil for the 2003 and subsequently 2005 FIFA Confederations Cups, its fourth and fifth Confederations Cup appearance in a row. In the third place play-off match against South Korea, Turkey won 3–2, taking third place in only their second ever FIFA World Cup.[2]", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most consecutive wins", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most consecutive wins", "List of Cricket World Cup records. Adam Gilchrist, Glenn McGrath and Ricky Ponting share the record of three World Cup titles. Each was a member of Australia's winning team in 1999, 2003 and 2007.", "List of FIFA World Cup records. Most consecutive matches conceding at least two goals", "Southern Cone. Besides sharing languages and colonial heritage, the residents of the states of the Southern Cone are avid players and fans of football, with top-notch teams competing in the sport. Argentina and Uruguay have both won the FIFA World Cup twice; they are the only national teams along with Brazil outside Europe to have won the cup. Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Brazil have all hosted the World Cup. Additionally, national teams from the region have won several Olympic medals in football. Also, football clubs from the Southern Cone countries have won large numbers of club competitions in South-American competitions, Pan-American competitions, and world-FIFA Club World Cup-level competitions." ]

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[ "Our Souls at Night (film). Principal photography on the film began on September 12, 2016 in Colorado Springs, Colorado, while it would also be shot in Florence.[4][2] Filming was completed on November 2, 2016.[5]", "Our Souls at Night (film). Our Souls at Night is a 2017 American drama film directed by Ritesh Batra and written by Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber. It is based on the novel of same name by Kent Haruf. The film stars Jane Fonda, Robert Redford, Matthias Schoenaerts, and Judy Greer. It had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2017. It was released on September 29, 2017 by Netflix. It marked the fourth collaboration between Fonda and Redford having previously starred in The Chase, Barefoot in the Park, and The Electric Horseman.", "Our Souls at Night (film). The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2017.[6] It was released on September 29, 2017.[7]", "Our Souls at Night (film). On July 7, 2016, Netflix hired Ritesh Batra to direct the film adaptation of Kent Haruf's novel Our Souls at Night, scripted by Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber.[3]", "Heart and Souls. The film was shot on-location in San Francisco, California.[1] from December 1, 1992 to March 18, 1993. Parts of the film were also shot at Greenfield Ranch in Thousand Oaks, California.[4]", "Our Souls at Night (film). Louis Waters is a widower. One evening he is visited by Addie, a widow who lives next door. She invites him to sometimes sleep over - platonically - talking in bed to combat loneliness. They try it out, and like it. The community finds out, but assume it's a sexual relationship.", "Our Souls at Night (film). Addie falls down and ends up in the hospital, and her son wants her to move in with him and Jamie. She does, and both she and Louis sleep alone. So Louis sends her a phone, and they start talking to each other after getting into bed. And the movie ends.", "It Comes at Night. Principal photography began in August 2016 in New York.[10]", "Our Souls at Night (film). Addie's son dumps his child Jamie with her. Louis helps her care for him, and gets him a dog. After Jamie's father picks him up, Louis and Addie go on a trip and have sex.", "Our Souls at Night (film). The film received acclaim from critics on its release with appreciation to the film's direction, adaptation from the novel and performances, with critics widely praised the casting of Fonda and Redford who were appreciated for the respective performances and their chemistry.", "Shot at the Night. The Las Vegas Review Journal ranked it as the #2 Best Music Video Filmed in Las Vegas.", "In the Night Garden.... The Tittifers' Tree is where the Tittifers sing in a certain section and together and at the end. But no one knows where this program is filmed", "Night at the Museum. The building featured in the film, which was constructed on a sound stage in Burnaby, British Columbia, is based on the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, external shots of which were used in the movie.[2]", "My Soul to Take. Although many of the main scenes were filmed in multiple rural Massachusetts towns, with the majority of outdoor scenes by the river and covered bridge being shot in Kent, CT at Bull's Bridge, many of the high school scenes were shot in the then-vacant Tolland High School (now Tolland Middle School) in Tolland, Connecticut.[15] Other scenes were filmed in New Milford, CT and Gaylordsville, CT and Westhill High School in Stamford, CT.", "The Strangers: Prey at Night. Filming began in June 2017 in Covington, Kentucky,[22] and concluded on July 10, 2017.", "Father Brown (2013 TV series). Filming has also taken place at Ashdown WW2 Camp, Evesham, Worcestershire where the TV series the Land Girls was also filmed. Laid out as a WW2 camp, Ashdown Camp is made up of 11 nissen huts, air raid shelters, and outbuildings.[13] Also used were the 1930s portion of Shire Hall, Warwick, headquarters of Warwickshire County Council, Bloxham School in Oxfordshire[14] and Worcester Guildhall.[15]", "The World Is Not Enough. The interior (and single exterior shot) of L'Or Noir casino in Baku, Azerbaijan, was shot at Halton House, the Officers' Mess of RAF Halton. RAF Northolt was used to depict the airfield runway in Azerbaijan.[12] Zukovsky's quayside caviar factory was shot entirely at the outdoor water tank at Pinewood.", "Sleeping with Other People. The principal photography of the film began on June 26, 2014 in New York City near the area of Essex and Stanton Streets.[5] On July 2, Sudeikis and Brie were spotted filming a scene.[6] On July 8, both actors were filming some arguing scenes for the film around Central Park.[7]", "A Home of Our Own. Parts of the film were shot in Heber, Wasatch Mountain State Park and Midvale, Utah.[1]", "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging. Most of the scenes were filmed on location in Brighton and Eastbourne.[2] Others, such as the gig scene and some interiors and exteriors for Georgia's house, were filmed in and around Ealing Studios, London. Areas in nearby west London like Bishopshalt school in Hillingdon and the Liquid nightclub in Uxbridge were used as well.[3] Other sites include locations in Teddington and Twickenham. Costumes included green blazers and kilts borrowed from St. Bede's Prep School in Eastbourne, and props included Eastbourne's signature blue bins to add to the effect and continuity when filming in multiple locations.", "John Bishop: In Conversation With.... The show is filmed at The Hospital Club in London.", "After the Sunset. With the majority of the script set on an island in the Caribbean, the filmmakers decided to shoot in The Bahamas, Basing their production out of the Atlantis resort in Nassau, cast and crew flew in from Los Angeles, Miami and New York City to commence filming.", "Rough Night. Principal photography began in August 2016 in Saddle Rock, New York.[15] On September 26, 2016, filming was taking place in Mount Vernon, New York.[16]", "Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries). At a church in Guatemala, a man and a boy, Ben Mears (David Soul) and Mark Petrie (Lance Kerwin), are filling small bottles with holy water. When one of the bottles begins to emit an eerie supernatural glow, Mears tells Mark that \"they've found us again.\" Knowing an evil presence is nearby, they decide to stay to fight it.", "Night School (2018 film). Principal photography on the film began in Atlanta, Georgia in September 2017.[14]", "Mr. Young. The series was created and is executive produced by Dan Signer. The series is filmed in front of a live studio audience at 5828 Byrne Road, in Burnaby, British Columbia.[9]", "Wire in the Blood. Filming for this series took place between January 15 and April 20, 2007. Prayer of the Bone was filmed in and around Austin and La Grange, Texas.", "Creepshow. In keeping with Romero's tradition of filming in and around the Pittsburgh area, most of the film was shot in an empty all-girls school located outside Greensburg, Pennsylvania. The school was converted into a film studio, and the episodes \"The Lonesome Death of Jordy Verrill\", and \"They're Creeping Up on You\", as well as the prologue and epilogue, were filmed in their entirety at the former school. Filming took place at the Greensburg location throughout 1981.", "The Night Manager (miniseries). Filming began on 19 March 2015 in Zermatt, Switzerland.[7][8] Production then moved to London, UK. From 13–17 April 2015, location filming took place at Blackpool Mill Cottage, Hartland Abbey, and in and around Hartland, Devon.[9] On 20 April 2015, production moved to Marrakesh, Morocco. The Es Saadi Resort was used as the location for the fictional Nefertiti Hotel in Cairo.[10] At the end of May, production moved to Majorca, Spain; principal photography wrapped in Majorca on 3 July 2015.[11][12] Notable places include Port de Sóller, luxury property La Fortaleza in Port de Pollença and several locations in Palma.[13]", "11.22.63. Filming began on June 9, 2015, in Hespeler, Ontario.[20] Filming during June 2015 also took place in Guelph, Ontario, as well as in Ayr, Ontario, at the Queen's Tavern,[21][22] Hamilton, Ontario, and in Knowles Restaurant in Dunnville, Ontario during September 2015. In early October, the production moved to Dallas to film exterior locations at Dealey Plaza.[23] During this time, the filming of various scenes during rush hour caused bumper to bumper traffic in the surrounding streets.[24]", "Bay Minette, Alabama. Portions of the movie Close Encounters of the Third Kind were filmed near the town's Louisville and Nashville Railroad depot,[16] and Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood was filmed in rural portions of Baldwin County near Bay Minette.[17]", "Hilarie Burton. In January 2009, Burton was cast in the drama Bloodworth opposite Hilary Duff and Val Kilmer. The film is an adaptation of the novel Provinces of Night by William Gay. Filming also took place in Wilmington, North Carolina in April and May that same year. The film premiered at the 2010 Santa Barbara International Film Festival in February 2010. The film had a limited release on May 20, 2011 to positive reviews from critics and over $12,971 worldwide." ]

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[ "List of Naruto characters. Rin Nohara (のはら リン, Nohara Rin) is a member of Team Minato and the teammate of Kakashi Hatake and Obito Uchiha, appearing only in person during the Kakashi Gaiden act.[ch. 239] Rin acts as a medical ninja and she has a crush on Kakashi, though she is unaware that she herself has the affection of Obito. When Team Minato is sent to sabotage Kannabi Bridge during the Third Great Ninja War, Rin is kidnapped by the Iwagakure ninja before the resulting rescue mission ends with Obito's apparent death.[ch. 241, 243] Sometime afterward, Rin is captured by the Kirigakure ninja and made into Isobu's Jinchuriki as part of a Trojan horse scheme to destroy Konoha. Rin realized the scheme while being rescued and jumped in the way of Kakashi's Lightning Blade to save the village at the cost of her life, which is later revealed to have been orchestrated by Madara to break Obito's spirit.[ch. 604, 630] Obito later learns upon his death that Rin's spirit has always been waiting for him, and later guides him to the other side after he metaphysically helps Kakashi one last time in his team's battle against Kaguya. In the Japanese anime, Rin's voice actress is Haruhi Nanao, and her English voice actress is Stephanie Sheh.", "Rin (given name). Rin (written: 倫, 凛, 臨, 琳, 燐, りん in hiragana or リン in katakana) is a unisex Japanese given name, sometimes transliterated as Lin or Lynn. Notable people with the name include:", "Kirarin Revolution. Rin Ibuki (伊吹 リン, Ibuki Rin)", "List of Naruto characters. Obito Uchiha (うちは オビト, Uchiha Obito), also known under his alias Tobi (トビ) is the true leader of Akatsuki and the primary antagonist for most of Part II. As a child during the Third Great Ninja War, being Kakashi's teammate in Team Minato, Obito was similar to Naruto in both wanting to become Hokage and unrequited love for his teammate Rin. When he and Kakashi rescue Rin when she was kidnapped by Hidden Stone Ninja during a mission, Obito's right side got crushed in a landslide. Obito believed his death was certain and had Rin transplant his left Sharingan into Kakashi to replace the latter's original left eye. But Obito finds himself saved at the second by Madara and outfitted with Zetsu prosthetics while conditioning him to become his apprentice, the ninja arranging Obito to witness Rin's death as a casualty of war by a reluctant Kakashi to break his spirit. Coming to the conclusion that he can use the Tailed Beasts to destroy the current reality and create a utopia, Obito takes up Madara's name following the latter's death while masking his voice. Obito would then arrange similar events for Nagato with Yahiko's death to create the current incarnation of the Akatsuki.[ch. 602, 606] Obito serves a behind-the-scenes role throughout the first half of Part II while revealed to have caused tragic prior to the series, including Kurama's attack on the Hidden Leaf as revenge on his sensei Minato for not supporting Kakashi to protect Rin[ch. 501] Other than being able to use his right Sharingan to manipulate Kamui in a fashion that made it seem he is intangible and teleport over great distances, Obito can use Wood Style attacks as his prosthetics possess Hashirama's cells.[ch. 310, 395]", "Kakashi Hatake. Kakashi's background is explored in Kakashi Gaiden, a six chapter series that divides the gap between Part I and II of the manga. Following his father's suicide, Sakumo Hatake aka the White Fang, Kakashi adopted the philosophy that the success of a mission must always come first rather than comrades in contrast to his father.[24] Kakashi is assigned by his teacher, Minato Namikaze, to lead a mission that would turn the current war in Konoha's favor.[25] When his teammate, Rin Nohara, is captured by enemy ninja, his other teammate, Obito Uchiha, convinces him to rescue her despite the mission's ending.[26][27] After finding Rin, an enemy-induced cave-in crushed Obito's right half. With his dying wish and the possibility of enemy reinforcements, Obito has Rin implant his newly acquired Sharingan into Kakashi's recently damaged eye socket as a parting gift.[28] His new eye in place, Kakashi flees with Rin as the cave collapsed, eventually completing their mission.[29] Shortly after this event, Kakashi has to rescue Rin again who is kidnapped by Kirigakure; however, he learns that the Kiri, under the influence of Madara Uchiha, has made Rin as the host of the Three Tails, Isobu. Rin requests Kakashi to kill her so she may not be used by the Hidden Mist ninja as part of a Trojan Horse scheme against Konoha, but Kakashi is reluctant. She eventually forces herself on the way of Kakashi's Lightning Blade that he originally directed at the pursuing Hidden Mist ninja, killing her. An anime exclusive flashback arc in Naruto Shippuden covered Kakashi coping with what he endured during the war as he becomes an ANBU operative during Minato's time as Hokage and influences Yamato into becoming a member of the ANBU as well. Once relieved of duty in the ANBU, Kakashi becomes a Genin instructor prior to the events of Part I.", "New Game!. Rin Tōyama (遠山 りん, Tōyama Rin)", "List of Naruto characters. Nagato (長門), primarily known under the alias of Pain (ペイン, Pein), is the recognized leader of Akatsuki and partner of Konan, with Obito acting as his benefactor.[ch. 510] The \"Pain\" that is most often seen in the series and used is the Deva Path, which is actually Nagato's deceased friend, Yahiko (弥彦), one of six animated corpses collectively known as \"The Six Paths of Pain\" (ペイン六道, Pein Rikudō), that are all controlled by Nagato and use one sixth of his full power.[ch. 378, 419] The Pain Paths are all outfitted with a number of body piercings that serve as a means for Nagato to control them and to give them a \"more dangerous\" appearance in relation to their name's installation.[38] Through Nagato's Rinnegan, they can also share visual information and coordinate attacks.[ch. 378] At a young age, Nagato was secretly visited by Madara Uchiha who implanted his Rinnegan (輪廻眼, lit. \"Saṃsāra Eye\") into the child's body, giving him the ability to use powerful abilities. Orphaned from the war-torn country of Amegakure, the Village Hidden in Rain, Nagato meets fellow orphans Konan and Yahiko before they are all trained by Jiraiya. Like Naruto, he is a descendant of the Uzumaki clan.[ch. 510] Nagato desires peace for the world, aiding Yahiko to create the Akatsuki to achieve that shared dream.[ch. 373] But Yahiko's death in a fight against Hanzo, the former leader of Amegakure, causes Nagato to rethink that peace can only be attained by teaching the world suffering caused by war. For this, Nagato adopted the name of \"Pain\" and killed Hanzo, taking over as the new leader of Amegakure and becoming a \"god\" by its citizens. Crippled from both Hanzo's attack and his link with the Gedo Statue, Nagato found a way to overcome his weakness by remotely controlling the corpses of deceased people as if they were their own. Besides Yahiko, Nagato created the Six Paths of Pain from the corpses of five ninja that Jiraiya encountered in the past. After this, unaware that Tobi is manipulating him, Pain began leading the Akatsuki to force the world into peace using any means necessary.[ch. 369]", "Fate/Extra Last Encore. Rin Tohsaka (遠坂 リン, Tōhsaka Rin)", "Fist of the North Star: The Legends of the True Savior. Rin (リン, Rin)", "List of Fate/stay night characters. Rin Tōsaka (遠坂 凛, Tōsaka Rin, Rin Tohsaka in anime)", "List of Naruto characters. Toneri Ōtsutsuki (大筒木 トネリ, Ōtsutsuki Toneri) is the antagonist of The Last: Naruto the Movie, a descendant of Hamura Ōtsutsuki whose family left the world and live on the moon to maintain the imprisonment of the Gedo Statue. But the Gedo Statue was eventually removed from the moon's core by Madara and Toneri, bearing a hatred towards the people of the world for weaponising chakra, acts what he believed to be a millennium-long decision to deliver judgment on them by wiping them out with the moon. Needing to obtain the Tenseigan to carry out his clan's judgment, and as he was born without a Byakugan, Toneri targets Hinata as the Hyuga Clan are the only other surviving members of Hamura's bloodline. But he ends up abducting Hanabi and uses her eyes to obtain the Tenseigan his clan was preparing for the world's destruction, later capturing Hinata to have as his bride. But once defeated by Naruto and Hinata, Toneri realizes what his ancestor's decree of observation meant and resigns himself on the moon after it returns to orbit. Many years later, sensing the dojutsu possessed by Naruto and Hinata's son Boruto and warning the boy of an upcoming danger, Toneri is attacked and frozen by Urashiki Ōtsutsuki. Toneri is voiced by Jun Fukuyama in Japanese and by Robbie Daymond in English.[49]", "List of Naruto characters. Ino Yamanaka (山中 いの, Yamanaka Ino) is a member of Team 10. She is a childhood friend of Sakura Haruno, helping her to develop her own identity. When they discovered that they both liked Sasuke Uchiha, their friendship was ended.[ch. 71] The two eventually make amends and rekindle their friendship, but still maintain a competitive attitude toward each other.[ch. 73] In the anime, when Sakura begins to excel in healing techniques, Ino becomes her surrogate apprentice, hoping to be more useful to her friends and teammates as an able medical ninja.[61] In terms of combat abilities, Ino specializes in mind-altering techniques. To use these techniques, Ino transfers her consciousness to her target's mind, gaining control over their body which she can then use to attack others.[ch. 55] In the series' epilogue, Ino ended up marrying Sai and they have a son, Inojin. In the Japanese anime, her voice actress is Ryōka Yuzuki, and her voice actress in the English adaptation is Colleen O'Shaughnessey.[15][62]", "A Place Further than the Universe. Rin Tamaki (玉木 リン, Tamaki Rin)", "List of Naruto characters. After being defeated in the Chunin Exams by Naruto Uzumaki, who defied his own \"fate\" by strengthening, Neji has a change of heart once uncle Hiashi reveals the full story of his father's death, Hizashi, as an act of self-sacrifice in place of his twin brother. Since then, Neji abandons his belief in determinism and resolves to get strong enough to never lose a battle and change the fates of his loved ones.[ch. 197] As the series progressed, Neji refined his Gentle Fist and devised original variations that either increase their potency or fix flaws such as the blind spot in his Byakugan.[ch. 197] Neji also remedies the estranged relations between himself and the members of the main house, resulting in his training with Hiashi and Hinata at the end of Part I.[ch. 238] Neji is killed during the Fourth Great Ninja War as he sacrifices himself to protect Naruto and Hinata from Obito Uchiha's attack, telling Naruto that he made the choice to die protecting those dear to him as his father had. Following the war's conclusion, a memorial is held in Neji's honor. Years after the war, Naruto pays tribute to Neji by naming his son Boruto whose names means \"bolt\" while Neji's name means \"screw\". In the Japanese anime, his voice actor is Kōichi Tōchika, and when he is featured as a child, he is voiced by Keiko Nemoto.[58][63] His voice in the English anime is provided by Steve Staley, and Wendee Lee provides his child voice.[64][65]", "List of Naruto characters. Udon Ise (伊勢ウドン, Ise Udon) is a member of Team Ebisu, consisting of himself, Konohamaru Sarutobi, and Moegi, with whom they form the \"Konohamaru Ninja Squad\". The team is still academy students in Part 1, but has graduated to genin by Part 2. In the Boruto: Naruto Next Generation manga series, the now adult Udon has been promoted to jonin and is leading Metal Lee, Iwabi and Denki as part of his team. He is voiced by Tomo Shigematsu in the Japanese anime and Kate Higgins in the English version.", "List of Naruto characters. Taking up the identity of the spiral-patterned Zetsu that served as his bodysuit during his recuperation, Tobi, Obito posed as a carefree flunky of the Akatsuki before becoming Sasori's replacement and Deidara's partner. After Deidara's death, Obito takes a special interest in Sasuke Uchiha and takes him under his wing by revealing the truth of their clan's massacre.[ch. 364] After Nagato's death, presenting himself as his Madara, Obito reveals Project Tsuki no Me to (tsukuyomi) the Kage while explaining his intent to become the Ten-Tails Jinchuriki to subjugate all life with the Infinite Tsukuyomi. After the Kage refuse to surrender to him, Obito declares the Fourth Great Ninja War and ends up forming a reluctant alliance with Kabuto Yakushi when blackmailed with a reanimated Madara.[ch. 467, 490] After retrieving Nagato's Rinnegan and using one to replace a sacrificed Sharingan, Obito converts the reanimated corpses of the captured Jinchuriki into his personal Six Paths of Pain so he can use the captured Tailed Beasts' power through them.[ch. 510, 544] During the ensuing war, Madara is revealed and Obito's true identity is eventually exposed by one of Naruto's Rasengan.[ch. 560] Mortally wounded by Minato, Obito becomes the Ten Tails host himself.[ch. 637] From there, Obito is defeated by Naruto and Sasuke with the support of Allied Shinobi Forces, the former extracting the Tailed Beasts from the Shinju while reminding Obito of who he was.[ch. 654,655] A guilt-driven Obito attempts to redeem himself by reviving everyone who died in the war, only to be possessed by Black Zetsu and forced to resurrect Madara instead. Now on the verge of death, Obito opposes Madara while mustering the will to restrain Black Zetsu and keep the parasite from returning to Madara with the Rinnegan.[ch. 656, 665] But Obito's defiance is short-lived; he ends up in a comatose state after Madara uses the eye he gave Kakashi to reach him and forcefully exchange left eyes, with Black Zetsu leaving him soon after.[ch. 674] Naruto uses his power to restore Obito back to life as he uses his full Sharingan abilities to help Sakura find Sasuke, before Obito dies shielding Naruto and Kakashi from Kaguya's attack while thanking the former for reminding him of his true self.[ch. 682, 685][ch. 686, 687] But Obito's spirit remains among the living long enough to aid Kakashi by momentarily giving him his chakra and Sharingan, passing on to the next life once Kaguya has been defeated.", "List of Naruto characters. During most of the Naruto series, Obito uses the name of \"Madara\", until Kabuto Yakushi finds the real Madara and reanimates him to force Obito into an alliance. Despite their agreement, Kabuto summons Madara to fight against the Shinobi Alliance.[ch. 562] Madara manages to sever his connection to Kabuto's technique by using the hand signs of the Reanimation Jutsu, defeating most of the Ninja Alliance forces. Madara manages to fully resurrect as planned by sacrificing Obito, becoming the Ten Tails's host once he regains one of his Rinnegan.[ch. 658, 669, 673] After regaining his other eye, Madara is able to complete the Eye of the Moon Plan before finding himself betrayed by Black Zetsu who proceeds to turn him into a vessel for Kaguya's spirit. [ch. 658, 669, 673] Though freed upon Kaguya being resealed, the ordeal placed a regretful Madara on the verge of death and dies being able to finally make peace with Hashirama. In the Japanese anime, Madara (and Obito in his Madara guise) is voiced by Naoya Uchida while Gou Inoue voices him as a child. In the English version, Madara's voice is supplied by Neil Kaplan, with Xander Mobus voicing him as a child.", "List of Naruto characters. Iruka Umino (うみの イルカ, Umino Iruka) is a Konohagakure chunin and instructor at the Ninja Academy, a school for prospective ninja. Masashi Kishimoto's initial design of Iruka featured \"evil\" eyes and sharper cheekbones, but this was abandoned in favor of a more relaxed appearance.[vol. 2:126] When Iruka was a child, his parents were killed by Kurama, the Nine-Tailed fox which was later sealed into Naruto Uzumaki. At the start of the series, he often found it awkward around Naruto, but after Naruto was targeted for death by Iruka's friend Mizuki, Iruka became the first person who acknowledged Naruto, and they ultimately saved each other against Mizuki.[ch. 1] The Third Hokage chose Iruka as Naruto's sensei on purpose because of their similar backgrounds.[91] Naruto thinks of Iruka as a father-figure because of the fight against Mizuki,[ch. 232] and Iruka, in turn, has immense faith in Naruto's potential to be a great ninja. During the Fourth Great Ninja War, Iruka is dispatched by the Allied Shinobi Forces to stop Naruto from leaving the island where he and Killer Bee are being kept safe. However, upon finding out that he was deceived, Naruto abandons Iruka, but Iruka slips Naruto a good luck note into his headband, restoring their mutual faith.[ch. 535] In the final episode of Naruto: Shippuden, Naruto asks Iruka to stand in as his father for his wedding.[92] In Boruto: Naruto Next Generations Iruka has become the headmaster of the Leaf Village Ninja Academy. In the Japanese anime, his voice actor is Toshihiko Seki, and his English voice actor is Quinton Flynn.[44][62]", "List of Naruto characters. Inojin Yamanaka (山中 いのじん, Yamanaka Inojin) is the son of Sai and Ino Yamanaka who attends Konoha's ninja academy.[ch. 700]. Inojin uses the Super Beast Scroll technique, following his father, but is also being trained in using his clan's mind-altering techniques by his mother.[79] Inojin is voiced by Atsushi Abe in Japanese and by Spike Spencer in the English dub.[25]", "Love Live!. Rin Hoshizora (星空 凛, Hoshizora Rin)", "Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel. Rin Tohsaka (遠坂 凛, Tōsaka Rin)", "Rowan of Rin (series). Three-hundred years later, the Zebak devise a plan to invade Rin via the air, using flying creatures called grach, then taking the Travelers and Maris-folk by surprise through a land attack. Rowan of Rin travels to the Zebak city to find his sister, and returns with Norris and Shaaran as well, the last two descendants of the original Rin slaves. Shaaran brings the silks with her to the new Rin, causing the leader of the Travelers, Ogden, to suspect that the people of Rin and the people of the Valley of Gold are one and the same.", "List of My Hero Academia characters. Hiryu Rin (鱗 飛竜, Rin Hiryū)", "List of Naruto characters. Chocho Akimichi (秋道 チョウチョウ, Akimichi Chōchō) is the daughter of Choji Akimichi and Karui who attends Konoha's ninja academy.[ch. 700] Like her father, inheriting the Akimichi's clan fighting style, she never turns down an invitation when it comes to food and is quite confident and self-assured about herself, a trait she perhaps inherited from her mother. But during the events of Naruto: The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring, Chocho becomes conscious of her weight while starting to think that she might be an adopted child.[19] Chocho accompanies her friend Sarada in search of her father, Sasuke, believing the trip to be in search of her \"real\" father instead.[19] When she witnesses her father's slender figure, she becomes eager to learn the technique. Chocho is voiced by Ryoko Shiraishi in Japanese and by Colleen Villard in the English dub.", "List of Naruto characters. Madara Uchiha (うちは マダラ, Uchiha Madara) is one of the co-founders of the Hidden Leaf Village along with Hashirama Senju, the two later revealed to be reincarnations of their clans' founding ancestors Indra and Asura prior to Sasuke and Naruto.[ch. 385, 671] Madara is a cynical and vengeful man who holds grudges against the Senju Clan for slaughtering his brothers in the War. He is very arrogant about his immense battle prowess. Though he was a childhood friend of Hashirama amidst the conflicts of their respective clan, their friendship ends as a result of the war. As the leader of the Uchiha clan, Madara's overuse of Mangekyo Sharingan blinds him, forcing him to take the eyes of his late younger brother Izuna. This allows Madara to use his newly awakened Eternal Mangekyo Sharingan to continue the ongoing war between the Uchiha and the Senju.[ch. 386] In later years, Hashirama comes forth with a peace offering between the two clans. Though he agrees to have peace with his former rival, Madara feels he would never be accepted by the Senju and loses hope in Hashirama. While working towards this goal, Madara captures Kurama the Nine-Tails and uses him in a scheme to destroy Konoha.[ch. 399, 621] Madara is believed to have been killed by Hashirama's hand, but he survives and goes into hiding while taking a blood sample of Hashirama with him to awake his Rinnegan.[ch. 560] During this time, Madara takes Obito Uchiha as his agent and transplants his Rinnegan into Nagato to be preserved for his eventual revival years later.[ch. 605]", "List of Naruto characters. A (エー, Ē) is the Fourth Raikage (四代目雷影, Yondaime Raikage). A fierce man with extreme conviction, A's only somewhat soft spot is his love for his younger adoptive brother, Killer Bee. He is the son of the Third Raikage, groomed especially to succeed him, and believes that ninja must always show resolve even when they are defeated. He is also considered by many to be the fastest ninja in the world following Minato's death, up until when Naruto is able to dodge his attacks. A would later fight in the Third Shinobi World War, where he would frequently fight with Minato Namikaze, only for all of their battles to create stalemates.[ch. 542] After Killer Bee is seemingly abducted by Taka, A resolves to kill Sasuke and ridicules Naruto for trying to defend him. He and Sasuke later fight at the Five Kage Summit, during which A loses his left arm;[ch. 464] after learning the truth about Killer Bee, he helps him defeat Kisame.[ch. 473] A eventually becomes the Supreme Commander of the Allied Shinobi Forces, and after allowing Naruto and Killer Bee to fight in the war once they defeat him, fights and loses against Madara. A is voiced by Hideaki Tezuka in Japanese and by Beau Billingslea in English.", "List of Naruto characters. Jiraiya (自来也) was a Konohagakure ninja, being not only Naruto's teacher but also his godfather. Kishimoto has commented that out of all the master-pupil relationships he has created in the Naruto series, the bond between Naruto and Jiraiya is his favorite, noting that it makes drawing them \"worthwhile\".[68] As a child, Jiraiya was under the tutelage of Hiruzen Sarutobi, along with his teammates, Tsunade and Orochimaru.[ch. 170] Jiraiya is known throughout the Naruto world as the \"Toad Sage\" (蝦蟇仙人, Gama Sennin) due to his toad-related jutsu and knowledge of Sage Jutsu. Prior to Naruto, Jiraiya also trained other pupils like Minato and Nagato due to a prophecy he heard that his pupil would be great man. Although still affiliated with Konoha, Jiraiya is usually traveling to watch over potential threats to his home. Jiraiya's personality is openly lecherous, proudly describes himself as a \"super pervert\" while authoring a series of best-selling adult romance novels.[ch. 91] He also wrote the epic \"Tale of the Gutsy Ninja\", with Naruto named after its protagonist. During Part I, he takes Naruto as his student, and returns him to Konoha in Part II before leaving to investigate the Akatsuki. However, finding Nagato leading the organization, Jiraiya dies fighting his former student's Paths of Pain while sending a message of them to the village, believing to have done enough for Naruto.[ch. 245] In the Japanese anime, Jiraiya is voiced by Hōchū Ōtsuka, with Toru Nara voicing him as a child. His English voice actor is David Lodge, with Brad MacDonald voicing him as a child; Richard Cansino and Wally Wingert also voice him in some video games.[39][71]", "List of Naruto characters. Team Moegi (モエギ班, Moegi-Han) is a group of Konohagakure ninja led by Moegi who appears in Boruto: Naruto Next Generations. The three members are the newest generation of the Ino-Shika-Cho, a generational team encompassing members of the Akimichi, Nara, and Yamanaka clans.", "Brothers Conflict. Rintaro Hinata (日向 麟太郎, Hinata Rintarō)", "List of Naruto characters. The protagonists of the Boruto: Naruto Next Generations series are Naruto and Hinata's son Boruto Uzumaki, Sasuke and Sakura's daughter Sarada Uchiha, Orochimaru's son Mitsuki, and Konohamaru Sarutobi who form \"Team Konohamaru\" (木ノ葉丸班, Konohamaru-Han). Prior to their series, Konohamaru was a supporting character in the Naruto series while Boruto, Sarada, and Mitsuki were introduced in the Naruto epilogue[ch. 700].", "List of Naruto characters. Karin (香燐) is the second member of Taka and a member of the Uzumaki Clan that Naruto belongs to. She was originally from Kusagakure and later another unnamed village, but after the latter was destroyed she was taken in by Orochimaru, eventually becoming a loyal servant to him. After briefly encountering Sasuke during the Chunin Exams, she became addicted to him and decided to join Taka to be at his side.[ch. 482] Karin was critically wounded by Sasuke during his battle against Danzo, and after he left her behind, Karin was arrested by Kakashi, in turn meeting Naruto for the first time[ch. 486]. She later met up with Sasuke to confront him, but instead immediately forgave him. Sometime after, she moved on from Sasuke due to wanting him to be happy and helped deliver Sasuke and Sakura's daughter, Sarada. Karin is a Sensor Type, able to sense other's chakra and feel a person's aura that way, such as seeing Naruto's chakra as \"bright and warm\". She also can heal people if they bite her, which causes them to absorb chakra, leaving permanent marks all over her body, but due to the risks involved she can only use it once per day. In Japanese, Karin is voiced by Kanako Tōjō up until Episode 485, when Toa Yukinari takes over. In English, she is voiced by Ali Hillis except in Rock Lee and His Ninja Pals, where she is voiced by Michelle Ruff.", "List of Naruto characters. The eponymous character of the second series is Boruto Uzumaki, the son of Naruto and Hinata Hyuga who is assigned to Team Konohamaru also known as Team 7, which includes Sasuke and Sakura's daughter — Sarada Uchiha, Orochimaru's artificially created son — Mitsuki and the group's leader — Konohamaru, the Third Hokage's grandson whom Naruto befriended as a child." ]

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[ "Eye in the Sky (song). \"Eye in the Sky\" is a 1982 song by the British rock band The Alan Parsons Project from the album Eye in the Sky. It hit #3 on the Billboard charts in the U.S. in October 1982,[1] #1 in both Canada and Spain, and #6 in New Zealand and was their most successful release. The instrumental piece entitled \"Sirius\" segues into \"Eye in the Sky\"' on the original recording.", "Eye in the Sky (album). Eye in the Sky is the sixth studio album by the British rock band The Alan Parsons Project, released in June 1982 by Arista label. It was recorded in London's Abbey Road Studios.", "Eye in the Sky (album). Vocal performers are Eric Woolfson, David Paton, Chris Rainbow, Lenny Zakatek, Elmer Gantry and Colin Blunstone.", "From First to Last. In 2011, Matt Manning and Blake Steiner formed the band Eye in the Sky. The band's members include Matt Simpson (drums), Blake Steiner (guitar) and Matt Manning (vocals and bass).[29]", "Eye in the Sky (album). Eye in the Sky contains the Project's biggest hit, the title track with lead vocals by Eric Woolfson. The album itself was a major success, reaching the Top 10 (and sometimes the #1) in numerous countries.[4]", "Eye in the Sky (album). All tracks written by Alan Parsons and Eric Woolfson except where noted.", "Eye in the Sky (2015 film). Mark Kilian and Paul Hepker, who scored Hood's films Tsotsi (2005) and Rendition (2007), reteamed to score Eye in the Sky[20] as did editor Megan Gill.", "Eye in the Sky (song). Critics in Europe and North America have pointed to similarities between the melody of Lady Antebellum's 2010 single \"Need You Now\" and Eye in the Sky.[17][18]", "Eye in the Sky (album). This album is the first of three the Project recorded on analogue equipment and mixed directly to the digital master tape (a fact not widely known until the liner notes of Vulture Culture, where this trick was revealed).[citation needed]", "Eye in the Sky (album). Songs on this album are in a number of different styles, from cool and funky to lyrical and heavily orchestrated. The Hipgnosis-designed sleeve is green with an image of the Eye of Horus, which was gold-foil stamped for early pressings of the LP. It is variously reported as The Alan Parsons Project's best-selling album, and was the last platinum record in the United States from the band (joining I Robot and The Turn of a Friendly Card).[3]", "Eye in the Sky (song). The 1:54 minute instrumental piece entitled \"Sirius\" immediately precedes \"Eye in the Sky\"' on the original recording, which then segues into \"Eye in the Sky.\". On the single release, \"Eye In The Sky\" appears on its own, with \"Sirius\" edited out; this is the version that was usually played on pop radio at the time. However, album-oriented rock and classic rock stations almost exclusively include the \"Sirius\" intro.", "Alan Parsons. During 2010, several media reports,[6][7] one of which included a quote from a representative of Parsons,[8] alleged that the song \"Need You Now\" by country music group Lady Antebellum used the melody and arrangement of \"Eye in the Sky.\"", "Eye in the Sky (2015 film). Eye in the Sky is a 2015 British thriller film starring Helen Mirren, Aaron Paul, Alan Rickman, and Barkhad Abdi.[3] Directed by Gavin Hood and based on a screenplay by Guy Hibbert, the film explores the ethical challenges of drone warfare. Filming began in South Africa in September 2014.", "This Is for the White in Your Eyes. This Is for the White in Your Eyes is the debut studio album by Copenhagen-based Danish chamber pop band Choir of Young Believers, released in Denmark on September 1, 2008 on Tigerspring, in the United States and Europe on August 18, 2009 on Ghostly International, and in Japan on December 16, 2009 on art union.[1]", "Eye in the Sky (2015 film). Eye in the Sky is directed by Gavin Hood based on a screenplay by Guy Hibbert. The screenplay was a project initially being developed at BBC Films, and FilmNation Entertainment acquired Hibbert's screenplay from BBC in September 2011 for Oliver Hirschbiegel to direct.[11] Production did not happen as anticipated, and Hood sent the screenplay to Xavier Marchand, president of Entertainment One. Marchand decided to develop it to produce a film with Hood directing.[12] Entertainment One partnered with Raindog Films in April 2014 to produce Eye in the Sky with Colin Firth as one of the producers.[13] Actors Helen Mirren and Aaron Paul joined the cast the following month.[14]", "Sirius (instrumental). \"Sirius\" is a 1982 song by the British rock band The Alan Parsons Project from the album Eye in the Sky. It is a 1:54 minute instrumental piece that segues into \"Eye in the Sky\" on the original recording. From the 1990s onward, \"Sirius\" has become a staple of many big-time college and professional sporting arenas throughout North America.", "Eye in the Sky (album). The album features the instrumental piece \"Sirius\", which has become a staple of many big-time college and professional sporting arenas throughout North America. It is best known for its use by the Chicago Bulls to introduce its starting line-up (including Michael Jordan) during its championship years of the 1990s[5] (and continued to the present).[citation needed] \"Sirius\" segues into \"Eye in the Sky\". The former is almost always[citation needed] followed by the latter on airplay, though not always in live performances — at the 1995 World Liberty Concert \"Sirius\" was played as the introduction to \"Breakaway\" (from the Alan Parsons solo album Try Anything Once), with Candy Dulfer on saxophone.", "Morten Harket. Before Morten joined Pål and Magne, he was the lead singer of a soul band called \"Souldier Blue\".[14] In 1993, Harket performed a cover of \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\" by Crewe/Gaudio on the Coneheads movie soundtrack in 1993.[15] After A-ha went on a hiatus in 1994, Harket pursued a solo career, and has so far released six studio albums. Two of those albums were sung in Norwegian, but his 1995 album, Wild Seed, became more of an international success because of its English lyrics. Harket worked with Håvard Rem, a Norwegian poet, to write most of the songs. \"A Kind of Christmas Card\" and \"Spanish Steps\" were the most successful numbers. The rest were either easy listening songs, or more profound songs, such as \"East Timor\" and \"Brodsky Tune\" which had political messages in them.[citation needed]", "Eye in the Sky (2015 film). Gavin Hood, speaking on the film's subject matter.[10]", "Eye in the Sky (2015 film). Eye in the Sky premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on 11 September 2015.[21] The film had its United States premiere on 7 January 2016 at the Palm Springs International Film Festival.[22]", "Alan Parsons. Legacy Recordings, the catalog division of Sony Music Entertainment, celebrated the 35th anniversary of Eye in the Sky, with the worldwide release of a definitive deluxe collector’s box set, featuring rare and unreleased material, on November 17, 2017.", "Eye in the Sky (2015 film). The film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on 11 September 2015. Bleecker Street distributed the film in cinemas in the United States with a limited release on 11 March 2016 and then a wide release on 1 April. It is the last live action film to feature Alan Rickman, who died in January 2016. The film was dedicated to his memory.", "Eye for an Eye (Corrosion of Conformity album). Eye for an Eye is the first studio album by American heavy metal band Corrosion of Conformity released in 1984. In 2012, it was re-released by Candlelight Records with the entire \"Six Songs With Mike Singing EP\" included as bonus tracks.[2]", "Eye of the Storm (Ryan Stevenson song). \"Eye of the Storm\" is a song recorded by Christian musician Ryan Stevenson for his 2015 studio album Fresh Start. It peaked at number one on both the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Christian Airplay charts, his first single to reach such feat.[1]", "Spirit in the Sky. Bauhaus covered \"Spirit In the Sky\" on their 1983 single \"Sanity Assassin\".[30] In 1986 the group Doctor and the Medics reached No. 1 in the UK singles chart with their version of the song, while the same year punk band Fuzzbox released their own less successful version.", "Eye in the Sky (2015 film). Entertainment One distributed the film in the United Kingdom on 8 April 2016 and Malta in May 2016.[3] It will also distribute the film in Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Spain, Australia, and New Zealand.[14]", "Eye in the Sky (2015 film). The film opens in Nairobi, Kenya, where Alia Mo'Allim, a young girl, twirls a hula hoop made by her father in their backyard.", "Eye in the Sky (2015 film). Hood, who was born in South Africa, chose to film Eye in the Sky in his home country.[15] Filming began in South Africa in September 2014.[12] Since the South African Civil Aviation Authority did not grant filmmakers permission to fly real drones in the country's airspace for the production, they used visual effects to display the drones.[16] Hood found practical locations throughout South Africa that substituted for settings in the film: an area that looked like Surrey for Mirren's character, clubs that looked located in Las Vegas, and Beaufort West which was a backdrop for the state of Nevada in the United States. Filming concluded on 4 November 2014.[17] None of the four lead actors—Mirren, Rickman, Paul, and Abdi—met one another during production, instead filming alone with Hood due to their characters' separate locations in the film.[18] For example, despite the two costarring in a pair of films (Eye in the Sky and the animated feature Help! I'm a Fish), Aaron Paul and Alan Rickman had never met each other in person, according to Paul himself in an interview with The Guardian.[19]", "Spirit in the Sky. In 1991, The Kentucky Headhunters covered \"Spirit In the Sky\" on their album, Electric Barnyard.[31] The song was covered by DC Talk for Jesus: Music from & Inspired by the Epic Mini Series soundtrack and was released as a B side with LeAnn Rimes' song \"I Need You\".[32][33]", "In the Air Tonight. Also in 2007, German guitarist Axel Rudi Pell and his band made power metal version of the song with Johnny Gioeli on vocals on their cover album Diamonds Unlocked.", "Paul Kaye. Kaye formed and sang in many bands, notably the dark psychedelic outfit We Are Pleb, who played extensively on the Camden scene of 1988–89 (which spawned Blur and Suede) and had a penchant for setting the stage on fire. Kaye was signed to Go Discs in 1992 with a group called TV Eye (formed with ex-members of the band Eat), which released two singles, \"Killer Fly\" and \"Eradicator\".", "Spirit in the Sky. Elton John covered \"Spirit in the Sky\" in 1969.[28]" ]

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[ "Lucknow Pact. The Lucknow Pact also established cordial relations between the two prominent groups of the Indian National Congress – the \"hot faction\" garam dal led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal, the Lal Bal Pal and the moderates or the \"soft faction\", the naram dal led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.It also paved way to the Home Rule League led by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.", "Lucknow Pact. Lucknow Pact refers to an agreement reached between the moderates and extremists of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League at the joint session of both the parties, held in Lucknow, in December 1915. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then a member of the Congress as well as the League, made both the parties reach an agreement to pressure the British government to adopt a more liberal approach to India and give Indians more authority to run their country, besides safeguarding basic Muslim demands. Jinnah is seen as the mastermind and architect of this pact.", "Lucknow Pact. The Lucknow Pact is seen as a beacon of hope of Hindu-Muslim unity. It established cordial relations between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress. Before the pact, both parties were viewed as rivals who opposed each other and worked in their own interests. However, the pact brought a change in that view.", "Lucknow Pact. The British had announced, in order to satisfy the Indians, that they will be considering a series of proposals that would lead to at least half of the members of the Executive Council being elected and the Legislative Council having a majority of elected members. Both the Congress and the Muslim League supported these . Both had realized that for further concessions to be gained, greater cooperation was required.[1]", "Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Jinnah's moderate faction in the Congress was undermined by the deaths of Mehta and Gokhale in 1915; he was further isolated by the fact that Naoroji was in London, where he remained until his death in 1917. Nevertheless, Jinnah worked to bring the Congress and League together. In 1916, with Jinnah now president of the Muslim League, the two organisations signed the Lucknow Pact, setting quotas for Muslim and Hindu representation in the various provinces. Although the pact was never fully implemented, its signing ushered in a period of co-operation between the Congress and the League.[55][43]", "Lucknow Pact. Both the parties presented some common demands to the British. The demanded:", "British Raj. The 1916 Lucknow Session of the Congress was also the venue of an unanticipated mutual effort by the Congress and the Muslim League, the occasion for which was provided by the wartime partnership between Germany and Turkey. Since the Turkish Sultan, or Khalifah, had also sporadically claimed guardianship of the Islamic holy sites of Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem, and since the British and their allies were now in conflict with Turkey, doubts began to increase among some Indian Muslims about the \"religious neutrality\" of the British, doubts that had already surfaced as a result of the reunification of Bengal in 1911, a decision that was seen as ill-disposed to Muslims.[188] In the Lucknow Pact, the League joined the Congress in the proposal for greater self-government that was campaigned for by Tilak and his supporters; in return, the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in the provincial legislatures as well as the Imperial Legislative Council. In 1916, the Muslim League had anywhere between 500 and 800 members and did not yet have its wider following among Indian Muslims of later years; in the League itself, the pact did not have unanimous backing, having largely been negotiated by a group of \"Young Party\" Muslims from the United Provinces (UP), most prominently, two brothers Mohammad and Shaukat Ali, who had embraced the Pan-Islamic cause;[188] however, it did have the support of a young lawyer from Bombay, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who was later to rise to leadership roles in both the League and the Indian independence movement. In later years, as the full ramifications of the pact unfolded, it was seen as benefiting the Muslim minority élites of provinces like UP and Bihar more than the Muslim majorities of Punjab and Bengal, nonetheless, at the time, the \"Lucknow Pact\", was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen so by the British.[188]", "Partition of India. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, seated, third from the left, was a supporter of the Lucknow Pact, which, in 1916, ended the three-way rift between the Extremists, the Moderates and the League.", "Lucknow. Lucknow witnessed some of the pivotal moments in the history of India. One is the first meeting of the stalwarts Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru & Mohd Ali Jinnah during the Indian National Congress session of 1916 (Lucknow pact was signed and moderates and extremists came together through the efforts of Annie Besant during this session only).\nThe Congress President for that session, Ambica Charan Majumdar in his address said that \"If the Congress was buried at Surat, it is reborn in Lucknow in the garden of Wajid Ali Shah\".", "Indian independence movement. The pre-war nationalist movement revived as moderate and extremist groups within the Congress submerged their differences in order to stand as a unified front. They argued their enormous services to the British Empire during the war demanded a reward, and demonstrated the Indian capacity for self-rule. In 1916, the Congress succeeded in forging the Lucknow Pact, a temporary alliance with the Muslim League over the issues of devolution of political power and the future of Islam in the region.", "Partition of India. The 1916 Lucknow Session of the Congress was also the venue of an unanticipated mutual effort by the Congress and the Muslim League, the occasion for which was provided by the wartime partnership between Germany and Turkey. Since the Turkish Sultan, or Khalifah, had also sporadically claimed guardianship of the Islamic holy sites of Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem, and since the British and their allies were now in conflict with Turkey, doubts began to increase among some Indian Muslims about the \"religious neutrality\" of the British, doubts that had already surfaced as a result of the reunification of Bengal in 1911, a decision that was seen as ill-disposed to Muslims.[18] In the Lucknow Pact, the League joined the Congress in the proposal for greater self-government that was campaigned for by Tilak and his supporters; in return, the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in the provincial legislatures as well as the Imperial Legislative Council. In 1916, the Muslim League had anywhere between 500 and 800 members and did not yet have its wider following among Indian Muslims of later years; in the League itself, the pact did not have unanimous backing, having largely been negotiated by a group of \"Young Party\" Muslims from the United Provinces (UP), most prominently, two brothers Mohammad and Shaukat Ali, who had embraced the Pan-Islamic cause;[18] however, it did have the support of a young lawyer from Bombay, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who was later to rise to leadership roles in both the League and the Indian independence movement. In later years, as the full ramifications of the pact unfolded, it was seen as benefiting the Muslim minority élites of provinces like UP and Bihar more than the Muslim majorities of Punjab and Bengal; nonetheless, at the time, the \"Lucknow Pact\", was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen so by the British.[18]", "Indian Home Rule movement. The move created considerable excitement at the time, and attracted many members of the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League, who had been allied since the 1916 Lucknow Pact. The leaders of the League gave fiery speeches, and petitions with hundreds of thousands of Indians as signatories were submitted to British authorities. Unification of moderates and radicals as well as unity between Muslim League and Indian National Congress was a remarkable achievement of Annie Besant.", "Lucknow Pact. The Congress agreed to separate electorates for Muslims in electing representatives to the Imperial and Provincial Legislative Councils. Although the Muslims were given this right in the Indian Councils Act of 1909, the Indian National Congress opposed it. The Congress also agreed to the idea of one-third seats for the Muslims in the Councils despite the fact that the Muslim population represented less than a third. Apart from that, the Congress agreed that no act affecting a community should be passed unless three-quarters of that community's members on the council supported it.[1]", "Lucknow. Lucknow has had an influence on the Hindi film industry as the birthplace of poet, dialogue writer and script writer K. P. Saxena, Suresh Chandra Shukla born 10 February 1954[181] along with veteran Bollywood and Bengali film actor Pahari Sanyal, who came from the city's well known Sanyal family.[182][183]\nSeveral movies have used Lucknow as their backdrop including Shashi Kapoor's Junoon, Muzaffar Ali's Umrao Jaan and Gaman, Satyajit Ray's Shatranj ke khiladi. Ismail Merchant's Shakespeare Wallah, PAA and Shailendra Pandey's JD.[184][185][186] In the movie Gadar: Ek Prem Katha Lucknow was used to depict Pakistan,[187] with locations including Lal Pul, the Taj Hotel and the Rumi Darwaza used in Tanu Weds Manu.[188] Some parts of Ladies vs Ricky Bahl, Bullett Raja,[189] Ishaqzaade[190] Ya Rab and Dabangg 2 were shot in Lucknow or at other sites nearby.[191] A major section of the Bollywood movie, Daawat-e-Ishq starring Aditya Roy Kapur and Parineeti Chopra was shot in the city[192] as was Baawre, an Indian TV drama, airing on the Life OK channel. The government has announced to develop two film cities in Lucknow.[193] Here are some newspaper companies working and give online news services to the news readers including Amar Ujala,[194] Dainik Jagran and Dainik Bhaskar.", "Lucknow. The city has produced several national and world-class sporting personalities. Lucknow sports hostel has produced international-level cricketers Mohammad Kaif, Piyush Chawla, Suresh Raina, Gyanendra Pandey, Praveen Kumar and R. P. Singh. Other notable sports personalities include hockey Olympians K. D. Singh, Jaman Lal Sharma, Mohammed Shahid and Ghaus Mohammad, the tennis player who became the first Indian to reach the quarter finals at Wimbledon.[209]", "A. K. Fazlul Huq. In 1916, Huq was elected president of the All India Muslim League. Huq was one of those who were instrumental behind formulating the Lucknow Pact of 1916 between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. In 1917 Huq was a Joint Secretary of the Indian National Congress and from 1918-1919 he served as the organization’s General Secretary. He is the only person in history to concurrently hold the presidency of the League and the general secretary's position in the Congress. In 1918, Huq presided over the Delhi Session of the All India Muslim League.[2]", "Jawaharlal Nehru. The influence of the moderates on Congress politics began to wane after Gokhale died in 1915.[18] Anti-moderate leaders such as Annie Beasant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak took the opportunity to call for a national movement for Home Rule. But, in 1915, the proposal was rejected because of the reluctance of the moderates to commit to such a radical course of action. Besant nevertheless formed a league for advocating Home Rule in 1916; and Tilak, on his release from a prison term, had in April 1916 formed his own league.[18] Nehru joined both leagues but worked especially for the former.[27] He remarked later: \"[Besant] had a very powerful influence on me in my childhood... even later when I entered political life her influence continued.\"[27] Another development which brought about a radical change in Indian politics was the espousal of Hindu-Muslim unity with the Lucknow Pact at the annual meeting of the Congress in December 1916. The pact had been initiated earlier in the year at Allahabad at a meeting of the All India Congress Committee which was held at the Nehru residence at Anand Bhawan. Nehru welcomed and encouraged the rapprochement between the two Indian communities.[27]", "Lucknow. The classical Indian dance form Kathak took shape in Lucknow.[156] Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a great patron and a passionate champion of Kathak. Lachhu Maharaj, Acchchan Maharaj, Shambhu Maharaj, and Birju Maharaj have kept this tradition alive.[157][158]", "Lucknow. Many independent kingdoms, such as Awadh, were established as the Mughal Empire disintegrated. The third Nawab, Shuja-ud-Daula (r. 1753–1775), fell out with the British after aiding the fugitive Nawab of Bengal, Mir Qasim. Roundly defeated at the Battle of Buxar by the East India Company, he was forced to pay heavy penalties and surrender parts of his territory.[24] Awadh's capital, Lucknow rose to prominence when Asaf-ud-Daula, the fourth Nawab, shifted his court to the city from Faizabad in 1775.[25] The British East India Company appointed a resident (ambassador) in 1773 and by early 19th century gained control of more territory and authority in the state. They were, however, disinclined to capture Awadh outright and come face to face with the Maratha Empire and the remnants of the Mughal Empire. In 1798, the fifth Nawab Wazir Ali Khan alienated both his people and the British and was forced to abdicate. The British then helped Saadat Ali Khan take the throne.[26] He became a puppet king, and in a treaty of 1801, yielded large part of Awadh to the East India Company while also agreeing to disband his own troops in favour of a hugely expensive, British-controlled army. This treaty effectively made the state of Awadh a vassal of the East India Company, although it continued to be part of the Mughal Empire in name until 1819. The treaty of 1801 proved a beneficial arrangement for the East India Company as they gained access to Awadh's vast treasuries, repeatedly digging into them for loans at reduced rates. In addition, the revenues from running Awadh's armed forces brought them useful returns while the territory acted as a buffer state. The Nawabs were ceremonial kings, busy with pomp and show. By the mid-nineteenth century, however, the British had grown impatient with the arrangement and demanded direct control over Awadh.[27]", "Lucknow. Lucknow is also the birthplace of musicians including Naushad, Talat Mahmood, Anup Jalota, and Baba Sehgal as well as British pop celebrity Sir Cliff Richard.[163]", "Lucknow. Lucknow was one of the major centres of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and actively participated in India's independence movement, emerging as a strategically important North Indian city. During the Rebellion (also known as the First War of Indian Independence and the Indian Mutiny), the majority of the East India Company's troops were recruited from both the people and nobility of Awadh. The rebels seized control of the state, and it took the British 18 months to reconquer the region. During that period, the garrison based at the Residency in Lucknow was besieged by rebel forces during the Siege of Lucknow. The siege was relieved first by forces under the command of Sir Henry Havelock and Sir James Outram, followed by a stronger force under Sir Colin Campbell. Today, the ruins of the Residency and the Shaheed Smarak offer an insight into Lucknow's role in the events of 1857.[30]", "Abul Kalam Azad. With the end of the war, the British agreed to transfer power to Indian hands. All political prisoners were released in 1946 and Azad led the Congress in the elections for the new Constituent Assembly of India, which would draft India's constitution. He headed the delegation to negotiate with the British Cabinet Mission, in his sixth year as Congress president. While attacking Jinnah's demand for Pakistan and the mission's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged the partition of India, Azad became a strong proponent of the mission's earlier proposal of 16 May. The proposal advocated a federal system with a limited central government and autonomy for the provinces. The central government would have Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communication while the provinces would win all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished selected subjects to the Central Government. Additionally, the proposal called for the \"grouping\" of provinces on religious lines, which would informally band together the Muslim-majority province in the West as Group B, Muslim-majority provinces of Bengal and Assam as Group C and the rest of India as Group A. While Gandhi and others expressed scepticism of this clause, Azad argued that Jinnah's demand for Pakistan would be buried and the concerns of the Muslim community would be assuaged.[19] Under Azad and Patel's backing,[citation needed] the Working Committee approved the resolution against Gandhi's advice. Azad also managed to win Jinnah's agreement to the proposal citing the greater good of all Indian Muslims.[20][page needed]", "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country's first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL, even though he had not participated in its development. In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two projects, Project Devil and Project Valiant, which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme.[28] Despite the disapproval of the Union Cabinet, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace projects through her discretionary powers under Kalam's directorship.[28] Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified aerospace projects.[28] His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship.[28] Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister, R. Venkataraman on a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another.[29] R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating ₹388 crores for the mission, named Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as the chief executive.[29] Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under the mission including Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tactical surface-to-surface missile, although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time overruns.[29][30]", "Abul Kalam Azad. Azad occupied the time playing bridge and acting as the referee in tennis matches played by his colleagues. In the early mornings, Azad began working on his classic Urdu work, the Ghubhar-i-Khatir. Sharing daily chores, Azad also taught the Persian and Urdu languages, as well as Indian and world history to several of his companions. The leaders would generally avoid talking of politics, unwilling to cause any arguments that could exacerbate the pain of their imprisonment. However, each year on 26 January, which was then considered Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Day, the leaders would gather to remember their cause and pray together. Azad, Nehru and Patel would briefly speak about the nation and the future. Azad and Nehru proposed an initiative to forge an agreement with the British in 1943. Arguing that the rebellion had been mistimed, Azad attempted to convince his colleagues that the Congress should agree to negotiate with the British and call for the suspension of disobedience if the British agreed to transfer power. Although his proposal was overwhelmingly rejected, Azad and a few others agreed that Gandhi and the Congress had not done enough. When they learnt of Gandhi holding talks with Jinnah in Mumbai in 1944, Azad criticised Gandhi's move as counter-productive and ill-advised.[18]", "Lucknow. Lucknow is also the home city of the eminent ghazal singer Begum Akhtar. A pioneer of the style, \"Ae Mohabbat Tere anjaam pe rona aaya\" is one of her best known musical renditions.[159] Bhatkande Music Institute University at Lucknow is named after the musician Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande[160] Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts (BNA), also known as Bhartendu Natya Academy, is a theatre training institute situated at Gomti Nagar. It is a deemed university and an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Culture, Government of Uttar Pradesh. It was set up in 1975 by the Sangeet Natak Akademy (Government of Uttar Pradesh), and became an independent drama school in 1977.[161] Apart from government institutes, there are many private theatre groups including IPTA, Theatre Arts Workshop (TAW), Darpan, Manchkriti and the largest youth theatre group, Josh. This is a group for young people to experience theatre activities, workshops and training.[162]", "Treaty of Allahabad. The Nawab of Awadh, Shuja ud Daulah, was made to pay a war indemnity of 5 million rupees to the Company. Moreover, the two signed an alliance by which the Company promised to support the Nawab against an outside attack provided he paid for services of the troops sent to his aid. This alliance made the Nawab dependent on the Company. This was a turning point in Indian history.", "Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma. Among the Indian leaders, Mahatma Gandhi emphatically insisted on maintaining a united India and for a while successfully rallied people to this goal. During his meeting with Mountbatten, Gandhi asked Mountbatten to invite Jinnah to form a new Central government, but Mountbatten never uttered a word of Gandhi's ideas to Jinnah.[55] And when Mountbatten's timeline offered the prospect of attaining independence soon, sentiments took a different turn. Given Mountbatten's determination, Nehru and Patel's inability to deal with the Muslim League and lastly Jinnah's obstinacy, all Indian party leaders (except Gandhi) acquiesced to Jinnah's plan to divide India,[56] which in turn eased Mountbatten's task. Mountbatten also developed a strong relationship with the Indian princes, who ruled those portions of India not directly under British rule. His intervention was decisive in persuading the vast majority of them to see advantages in opting to join the Indian Union.[57] On one hand, the integration of the princely states can be viewed as one of the positive aspects of his legacy.[58] But on the other, the refusal of Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, and Junagadh to join one of the dominions led to future tension between Pakistan and India.[59]", "Siege of Lucknow. The state of Oudh/Awadh had been annexed by the British East India Company and the Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was exiled to Calcutta the year before the rebellion broke out. This high-handed action by the East India Company was greatly resented within the state and elsewhere in India. The first British Commissioner (in effect the governor) appointed to the newly acquired territory was Coverley Jackson. He behaved tactlessly, and Sir Henry Lawrence, a very experienced administrator, took up the appointment only six weeks before the rebellion broke out.", "Lucknow. From 1350 onwards, Lucknow and parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, Sharqi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Nawabs of Awadh, the British East India Company and the British Raj.", "Billy Connolly. His maternal great-great-great-grandfather, John O'Brien, fought at the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was wounded during the long siege by a severe gunshot to the left shoulder. He married a local 13-year-old Indian girl called Matilda. They had four children and settled in Bangalore after his military service.[8][9]", "The Legend of Bhagat Singh. The British re-opened the Saunders' murder case, which led to death sentences being imposed on Bhagat, Shivram, and Sukhdev. The entire nation rose up in protest, including the Congress party — with the ball in Gandhi's court — for he was due to sign the Irwin Pact, and Indians hoped that he would use this as a bargaining chip to save the lives of the heroic trio. But as Gandhi agreed with the clause of \"Release of political prisoners except for the ones involved in violence\", the hopes of the nation dashed to the ground. Bhagat, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in utmost secrecy, during the early hours of 23 March 1931.", "Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. Many members of the British East India Company believed that Umdat Ul-Umra, the Nawab of Carnatic, secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War; and they immediately sought his deposition after the end of the conflict." ]

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[ "Quakers in North America. In 1681, King Charles II granted William Penn, a Quaker, a charter for the area that was to become Pennsylvania. Penn guaranteed the settlers of his colony freedom of religion. He advertised the policy across Europe so that Quakers and other religious dissidents would know that they could live there safely. On November 10, 1681, Robert Wade established the first Monthly Meeting in the colony at his home, which eventually became the Chester Monthly Meeting.", "Quakers in North America. Quakers (or Friends) are members of a Christian religious movement that started in England in the 17th century, and has spread throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Central America. Some Quakers originally came to North America to spread their beliefs to the British colonists there, while others came to escape the persecution they experienced in Europe. The first known Quakers in North America arrived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1656 via Barbados, and were soon joined by other Quaker preachers who converted many colonists to Quakerism. Many Quakers settled in Rhode Island, due to its policy of religious freedom, as well as the British colony of Pennsylvania which was formed by William Penn in 1681 as a haven for persecuted Quakers.", "Quakers. Some Friends immigrated to what is now the Northeastern region of the United States in the early 1680s in search of economic opportunities and a more tolerant environment in which to build communities of \"holy conversation\".[34] They were able to establish thriving communities in the Delaware Valley, although they continued to experience persecution in some areas, such as New England. The three colonies that tolerated Quakers at this time were West Jersey, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania, where Quakers established themselves politically. In Rhode Island, 36 governors in the first 100 years were Quakers. West Jersey and Pennsylvania were established by affluent Quaker William Penn in 1676 and 1682 respectively, with Pennsylvania as an American commonwealth run under Quaker principles. William Penn signed a peace treaty with Tammany, leader of the Delaware tribe,[35] and other treaties followed between Quakers and Native Americans.[36] This peace endured almost a century, until the Penn's Creek Massacre of 1755.[37] Early colonial Quakers also established communities and meeting houses in North Carolina and Maryland, after fleeing persecution by the Anglician Church in Virginia.[38]", "Quakers in North America. Mary Fisher and Ann Austin are the first known Quakers to set foot in the New World. They traveled from England to Barbados in 1655 and then went on to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to spread the beliefs of the Friends among the colonists.", "Quakers. The first Quakers lived in mid-17th-century England. The movement arose from the Legatine-Arians and other dissenting Protestant groups, breaking away from the established Church of England. The Quakers, especially the ones known as the Valiant Sixty, attempted to convert others to their understanding of Christianity, travelling both throughout Great Britain and overseas, preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ. Some of these early Quaker ministers were women.[14] They based their message on the religious belief that \"Christ has come to teach his people himself\", stressing the importance of a direct relationship with God through Jesus Christ, and a direct religious belief in the universal priesthood of all believers.[15] They emphasized a personal and direct religious experience of Christ, acquired through both direct religious experience and the reading and studying of the Bible.[16] Quakers focused their private life on developing behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity and the light of God.[17]", "History of Protestantism in the United States. The Religious Society of Friends formed in England in 1652 around leader George Fox. Quakers were severely persecuted in England for daring to deviate so far from Anglicanism. This reign of terror impelled Friends to seek refuge in New Jersey in the 1670s, formally part of New Netherland, where they soon became well entrenched. In 1681, when Quaker leader William Penn parlayed a debt owed by Charles II to his father into a charter for the Province of Pennsylvania, many more Quakers were prepared to grasp the opportunity to live in a land where they might worship freely. By 1685, as many as 8,000 Quakers had come to Pennsylvania. Although the Quakers may have resembled the Puritans in some religious beliefs and practices, they differed with them over the necessity of compelling religious uniformity in society.", "History of the Quakers. William Penn, the Quaker founder of Pennsylvania, who had a Dutch mother, visited the Netherlands in 1671 and saw, firsthand, the persecution of the Emden Quakers.[15] He returned in 1677 with George Fox and Robert Barclay and at Walta Castle, their religious community at Wieuwerd in Friesland, he unsuccessfully tried to convert the similarly-minded Labadists to Quakerism. They also journeyed on the Rhine to Frankfurt, accompanied by the Amsterdam Quaker Jan Claus who translated for them. His brother, Jacob Claus, had Quaker books translated and published in Dutch and he also produced a map of Philadelphia, the capital of Penn's Holy Experiment.", "History of Christianity in the United States. The Religious Society of Friends formed in England in 1652 around leader George Fox. Quakers were severely persecuted in England for daring to deviate so far from Anglicanism. This reign of terror impelled Friends to seek refuge in New Jersey in the 1670s, formally part of New Netherland, where they soon became well entrenched. In 1681, when Quaker leader William Penn parlayed a debt owed by Charles II to his father into a charter for the Province of Pennsylvania, many more Quakers were prepared to grasp the opportunity to live in a land where they might worship freely. By 1685, as many as 8,000 Quakers had come to Pennsylvania and Delaware. Although the Quakers may have resembled the Puritans in some religious beliefs and practices, they differed with them over the necessity of compelling religious uniformity in society.", "History of religion in the United States. The colony was owned by William Penn, a leading Quaker, and his agents encouraged German emigration to Pennsylvania by circulating promotional literature touting the economic advantages of Pennsylvania as well as the religious liberty available there. The appearance in Pennsylvania of so many religious groups made the province resemble \"an asylum for banished sects.\"", "History of the Quakers. In 1657 some Quakers were able to find refuge to practice in Providence Plantations established by Roger Williams.[21] Other Quakers faced persecution in Puritan Massachusetts. In 1656 Mary Fisher and Ann Austin began preaching in Boston. They were considered heretics because of their insistence on individual obedience to the Inner Light. They were imprisoned and banished by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Their books were burned, and most of their property was confiscated. They were imprisoned in terrible conditions then deported.[22]", "William Penn. Ironically, the tolerant Penn transformed himself almost into a Puritan, in an attempt to control the fractiousness that had developed in his absence, tightening up some laws.[115] Another change was found in Penn's writings, which had mostly lost their boldness and vision. In those years, he did put forward a plan to make a federation of all English colonies in America. There have been claims that he also fought slavery, but that seems unlikely, as he owned and even traded slaves himself and his writings do not support that idea. However, he did promote good treatment for slaves, including marriage among slaves (though rejected by the Council). Other Pennsylvania Quakers were more outspoken and proactive, being among the earliest fighters against slavery in America, led by Daniel Pastorius, founder of Germantown, Pennsylvania. Many Quakers pledged to release their slaves upon their death, including Penn, and some sold their slaves to non-Quakers.[116]", "Thirteen Colonies. Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker William Penn. The main population elements included Quaker population based in Philadelphia, a Scotch Irish population on the Western frontier, and numerous German colonies in between.[15] Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location, excellent port, and a population of about 30,000.[16]", "Puritan migration to New England (1620–40). Roger Williams preached religious toleration, separation of church and state, and a complete break with the Church of England. He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded Providence Plantations, which became the Rhode Island Colony and provided a haven for others such as Anne Hutchinson.[7] Quakers were also expelled from Massachusetts, but they were welcomed in Rhode Island.[8] Years later, four Quakers known as the Boston martyrs remained in Massachusetts and were executed by hanging for practicing their religion.", "Holy Experiment. William Penn, a son of an admiral in the Royal Navy, also William Penn, was an early convert to Quakerism, and a friend of the religion's founder, George Fox. Like many early members of the Society of Friends, Penn faced imprisonment and persecution for his beliefs, although he was spared harsh treatment in the British judicial system due to his family's stature.", "Colonial history of New Jersey. Quakers first settled in what is now Monmouth County as early as 1664. They established the first Quaker meeting in Shrewsbury (now Little Silver) in 1665. A meeting house built in 1672 was visited by George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends, the same year. (This meeting house was replaced by the present meeting house in 1816) Much of West Jersey was settled by Quakers who established congregations and founded towns throughout the region, including eponymous Quakertown in 1744. Among the meeting houses built in the colonial era are:", "Colonial history of the United States. Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker William Penn. The main population elements included Quaker population based in Philadelphia, a Scotch Irish population on the Western frontier, and numerous German colonies in between.[57] Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location, excellent port, and a population of about 30,000.[58]", "History of Massachusetts. The Puritans came to Massachusetts to establish a society according to their religious principles. They were not tolerant of religious views significantly different from their own. Quakers, Baptists, and other religious Nonconformists were banned, and in 1660 four Quakers were hanged on Boston Common. In addition to the banished Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams, Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts because of the Puritans' lack of religious tolerance, founding the Connecticut Colony.", "Timothy Matlack. In 1781, Matlack was among the founders of the Religious Society of Free Quakers, which consisted mostly of Quakers disowned for their support of or participation in the armed conflict with Great Britain during the American war for independence. One of the earliest opponents of slavery in British colonies in America, Matlack felt the Quakers were not moving quickly enough on abolition. Along with Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris and others, Matlack helped raise a substantial sum of money to construct the Free Quaker Meeting House at the corner of Fifth and Arch streets in downtown Philadelphia, where he and other members of the society, including his brothers Josiah and White, openly worshiped.[6] Matlack has been attributed with the architectural design of the Free Quaker Meeting House and its masonry vaults. He was also hired in 1794 by Philadelphia merchant and politician Anthony Morris to design a late Georgian style mansion in the countryside just outside Philadelphia. The estate is known today as the Highlands.", "Thirteen Colonies. Providence Plantation was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams on land provided by Narragansett sachem Canonicus. Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance, separation of Church and State, and a complete break with the Church of England. He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements, and he and other settlers founded Providence Plantation based on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule \"in civil things\" and \"liberty of conscience\" in religious matters.[4][10] In 1637, a second group including Anne Hutchinson established a second settlement on Aquidneck Island, also known as Rhode Island.", "History of the Quakers. In 1657 a group of Quakers from England landed in New Amsterdam. One of them, Robert Hodgson, preached to large crowds of people. He was arrested, imprisoned, and flogged. Governor Peter Stuyvesant issued a harsh ordinance, punishable by fine and imprisonment, against anyone found guilty of harboring Quakers. Some sympathetic Dutch colonists were able to get him released. Almost immediately after the edict was released, Edward Hart, the town clerk in what is now Flushing, New York, gathered his fellow citizens on Dec. 27, 1657 and wrote a petition to Stuyvesant, called the Flushing Remonstrance, citing the Flushing town charter of 1645, which promised liberty of conscience. Stuyvesant arrested Hart and the other official who presented the document to him, and he jailed two other magistrates who had signed the petition, and also forced the other signatories to recant. But Quakers continued to meet in Flushing. Stuyvesant arrested a farmer, John Bowne, in 1662 for holding illegal meetings in his home and banished him from the colony; Bowne immediately went to Amsterdam to plead for the Quakers. Though the Dutch West India Company called Quakerism an \"abominable religion\", it nevertheless overruled Stuyvesant in 1663 and ordered him to \"allow everyone to have his own belief\".[24]", "History of the Quakers. Quakerism pulled together groups of disparate Seekers that formed the Religious Society of Friends following 1647. This time of upheaval and social and political unrest called all institutions into question, so George Fox and his leading disciples—James Nayler, Richard Hubberthorne, Margaret Fell, as well as numerous others—targeted \"scattered Baptists\", disillusioned soldiers, and restless common folk as potential Quakers. Confrontations with the established churches and its leaders and those who held power at the local level assured those who spoke for the new sect a ready hearing as they insisted that God could speak to average people, through his risen son, without the need to heed churchmen, pay tithes, or engage in deceitful practices. They found fertile ground in northern England in 1651 and 1652, building a base there from which they moved south, first to London and then beyond. In the early days the groups remained scattered, but gradually they consolidated in the north—the first meeting being created in Durham in 1653—to provide financial support to the missionaries who had gone south and presently abroad. Before long they seemed a potential threat to the dignity of the Cromwellian state. Even arresting its leaders failed to slow the movement, instead giving them a new audience in the courts of the nation.[2]", "History of the Quakers. Quakers in Britain and the Eastern United States embarked on efforts in the field of adult education, creating three schools with term-long courses, week-end activities, and summer programs. Woodbrooke College began in 1903 at the former home of chocolate magnate George Cadbury in Birmingham, England, and later became associated with the University of Birmingham, while Pendle Hill, in the Philadelphia suburb of Wallingford, did not open until 1930. Earlier, beginning in 1915 and continuing for about a decade, the Woolman School had been created by Philadelphia Hicksites near Swarthmore College; its head, Elbert Russell, a midwestern recorded minister, tried unsuccessfully to maintain it, but it ended in the late 1920s. All three sought to educate adults for the kind of lay leadership that the founders Society of Friends relied upon. Woodbrooke and Pendle Hill still maintain research libraries and resources.[citation needed]", "History of the Quakers. During the Second Great Awakening after 1839 Friends began to be influenced by the revivals sweeping the United States. Robert Pearsall Smith and his wife Hannah Whitall Smith, Quakers from New Jersey, had a profound effect. They promoted the Wesleyan idea of Christian perfection, also known as holiness or sanctification, among Quakers and among various denominations. Their work inspired the formation of many new Christian groups. Hannah Smith was also involved in the movements for women's suffrage and for temperance.", "History of the Quakers. William Penn, a favorite of King Charles II, received ownership of Pennsylvania in 1681, which he tried to make a \"holy experiment\" by a union of temporal and spiritual matters. Pennsylvania made guarantees of religious freedom, and kept them, attracting many Quakers and others. Quakers took political control but were bitterly split on the funding of military operations or defenses; finally they relinquished political power. They created a second \"holy experiment\" by extensive involvement in voluntary benevolent associations while remaining apart from government. Programs of civic activism included building schools, hospitals and asylums for the entire city. Their new tone was an admonishing moralism born from a feeling of crisis. Even more extensive philanthropy was possible because of the wealth of the Quaker merchants based in Philadelphia.[19]", "Middle Colonies. Welsh Quakers, Baptists and Methodists settled in the Welsh Tract of Pennsylvania. While some Welsh colonists like Roger Williams, left to found Rhode Island, Anne Hutchinson founded a seed settlement in New York. Rhode Island was not initially counted as part of New England, having been excluded from the New England Confederation, but later joined the Dominion of New England. Thus, the definition of the Middle Colonies sometimes changed and overlapped with Rhode Island's colonial boundaries. After joining the Dominion of New England, however, Rhode Island was permanently thought of as a New England colony. New York's initial possession of parts of Maine ensured a close relationship with other New England colonies like Vermont and a continuing New England influence in the colony.[20]", "History of the Quakers. The Religious Society of Friends began as a movement in England in the mid 17th century in Lancashire. Members are informally known as Quakers, as they were said \"to tremble in the way of the Lord\". The movement in its early days faced strong opposition and persecution, but it continued to expand across the British Isles and then in the Americas and Africa.", "List of colonial governors of New Jersey. West Jersey was largely a Quaker colony due to the influence of Pennsylvania founder William Penn and its prominent Quaker investors. Many of its early settlers were Quakers who came directly from England, Scotland, and Ireland to escape religious persecution.[6] Although a number of the East Jersey proprietors in England were Quakers and First Governor Robert Barclay of Aberdeenshire Scotland (Ury served by proxy) was a leading Quaker theologian, the Quaker influence on the East Jersey government was insignificant. Many of East Jersey's early settlers came from other colonies in the Western Hemisphere, especially New England, Long Island, and the West Indies. Elizabethtown and Newark in particular had a strong Puritan character.[7][8] East Jersey's Monmouth Tract, south of the Raritan River, was developed primarily by Quakers from Long Island.[9][10]", "Roger Williams. Williams was expelled by the Puritan leaders from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for spreading \"new and dangerous ideas\", and he established the Providence Plantations in 1636 as a refuge offering what he called \"liberty of conscience\". In 1638, he founded the First Baptist Church in America, also known as the First Baptist Church of Providence.[4][5] He was a student of Indian languages, and he organized the first attempt to prohibit slavery in any of the American colonies.[3]", "History of religion in the United States. This reign of terror impelled Friends to seek refuge in Rhode Island in the 1670s, where they soon became well entrenched. In 1681, when Quaker leader William Penn parlayed a debt owed by Charles II to his father into a charter for the province of Pennsylvania, many more Quakers were prepared to grasp the opportunity to live in a land where they might worship freely. By 1685, as many as 8,000 Quakers had come to Pennsylvania from England, Wales, and Ireland.[citation needed] Although the Quakers may have resembled the Puritans in some religious beliefs and practices, they differed with them over the necessity of compelling religious uniformity in society.", "Quakers. The persecution of Quakers in North America began in 1656 when English Quaker missionaries Mary Fisher and Ann Austin began preaching in Boston. They were considered heretics because of their insistence on individual obedience to the Inner light. They were imprisoned and banished by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Their books were burned, and most of their property was confiscated. They were imprisoned in terrible conditions, then deported.[31]", "Colonial history of the United States. Providence Plantation was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams on land provided by Narragansett sachem Canonicus. Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance, separation of Church and State, and a complete break with the Church of England. He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements, and he and other settlers founded Providence Plantation based on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule \"in civil things\" and \"liberty of conscience\" in religious matters.[43][52] In 1637, a second group including Anne Hutchinson established a second settlement on Aquidneck Island, also known as Rhode Island.", "Quakers. In 1660, English Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged on Boston Common for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony.[32] She was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs. In 1661, King Charles II forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism.[33] In 1684, England revoked the Massachusetts charter, sent over a royal governor to enforce English laws in 1686 and, in 1689, passed a broad Toleration Act.[33]" ]

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[ "Eddie and the Cruisers. In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, \"Some of the details ring uncannily true, like the slick oldies nightclub act that one of the Cruisers is still doing nearly 20 years after Eddie's supposed death. Other aspects of the film are inexplicably wrong. Eddie's music sounds good, but it also sounds a lot like Bruce Springsteen's, and it would not have been the rage in 1963.\" However, she did praise Paré's performance: \"Mr. Paré makes a fine debut; he captures the manner of a hot-blooded young rocker with great conviction, and his lip-synching is almost perfect.\"[19]", "Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives!. The band is about to take the stage when Rick's earlier ploy pays off. Satin Records' two executives appear and recognize Eddie. Confronted by one of the two men who once told him his music was unfit for release, Eddie flies into a frenzy and runs out to his car. His girlfriend, Diane, runs after him and shouts that maybe they can find another bridge for him to jump over. She convinces him that although the world will discover who Joe West really is tomorrow, Eddie can still claim today for himself. Eddie takes the stage and is caught up by the thrill of performing live again and the audience's acclaim for their first song, \"Running Through the Fire\". Eddie introduces his bandmates one by one, then pauses. Diane nods to him and Eddie joyfully proclaims, \"and me. I'm Eddie Wilson.\" A breathless silence greets his announcement, then the audience begins to chant \"Eddie! Eddie!\" Eddie grins, shouts, \"Now let's play some rock and roll!\" The band launches into their next song as the ending credits roll.", "Eddie and the Cruisers. After successful screenings on HBO in 1984, the album suddenly climbed the charts, going quadruple platinum. The studio re-released the soundtrack in the fall of 1984.[11] Nine months after the film was released in theaters, the main song in the film, \"On the Dark Side,\" was the number one song in the country on Billboard's Mainstream, Rock, and Heatseeker charts;[12] and #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[13][14] Another single from the film, \"Tender Years\", peaked at #31 on the Billboard Hot 100.[15]", "Eddie and the Cruisers. Eddie and the Cruisers is a 1983 American film directed by Martin Davidson with the screenplay written by the director and Arlene Davidson, based on the novel by P. F. Kluge. The film was marketed with the tagline \"Rebel. Rocker. Lover. Idol. Vanished.\"", "Eddie and the Cruisers. Davidson met the band and realized that they closely resembled the band as described in the script, right down to a Cape Verdean saxophone player, whom he cast in the film.[10] Initially, Cafferty was only hired to write a few songs for the film, but he did such a good job of capturing the feeling of the 1960s and 1980s that Davidson asked him to score the entire film.[6]", "John Cafferty and the Beaver Brown Band. They first achieved success with a 1980 self-released single pairing two of their songs, \"Wild Summer Nights\" and \"Tender Years\", which sold over 10,000 copies and had radio play up and down the Atlantic seaboard. Despite their success, the act was ignored by the major labels due to persistent critical comparisons to Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band. They finally achieved international success when producer Kenny Vance, a longtime fan, offered them the score to a movie soundtrack he was helming based on a best-selling novel about a legendary bar band, Eddie and the Cruisers. Thanks to frequent airings of the film on HBO and the purchase of the soundtrack album by their established fanbase as well as hundreds of thousands of new converts, Eddie and the Cruisers: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack reached the top 10 on the Billboard 200 chart and produced a number 7 hit single (\"On the Dark Side\") on the Billboard Hot 100. \"On the Dark Side\" also held number-one on the Album Rock Tracks chart for five weeks. The album was eventually certified triple Platinum by the RIAA.", "Eddie and the Cruisers. The band gets its start at a Somers Point, New Jersey club called Tony Mart's. Not adept at writing lyrics, Eddie hires Frank Ridgeway (Tom Berenger) aka \"Wordman\" to be the band's keyboard player and lyricist, over the protests of band manager Doc Robbins (Joe Pantoliano) and bassist Sal Amato (Matthew Laurance). Rounding out the Cruisers are saxophonist Wendell Newton (Michael \"Tunes\" Antunes), background singer and Eddie's girlfriend Joann Carlino (Helen Schneider), and drummer Kenny Hopkins (David Wilson).", "Eddie and the Cruisers. Davidson had the actors who played in Eddie's band rehearse as if they were getting ready for a real concert. Pare remembers, \"The first time we played together - as a band - was a college concert. An odd thing happened. At first, the extras simply did what they were told. Then, as the music heated up, so did the audience. They weren't play-acting anymore. The screaming, stomping and applause became spontaneous.\"[6] Davidson recalls, \"One by one, kids began standing up in their seats, screaming and raising their hands in rhythmic applause. A few girls made a dash for the stage, tearing at Michael's shirt. We certainly hadn't told them to do that. But we kept the cameras rolling.\"[6] Additionally, New Jersey musician Southside Johnny was hired as a technical advisor for the film.[7]", "Eddie and the Cruisers. In order to get a credible looking and sounding band for the film, Davidson hired Kenny Vance, one of the original members of Jay and the Americans.[4] He showed Davidson his scrapbook, the places the band performed, the car they drove in, and how they transported their instruments. Vance also told Davidson stories about the band, some of which he incorporated into the script.[4] Tom Berenger has said that he did not try to learn piano for the film but did practice keyboards for hours in his trailer.[5] Matthew Laurance actually learned how to play the bass through rehearsals. Only Michael \"Tunes\" Antunes, the tenor saxophone player for John Cafferty and the Beaver Brown Band, and Helen Schneider were professional musicians in the cast.[6]", "Eddie and the Cruisers. Vance asked Davidson to describe his fictitious band and their music. Initially, Davidson said that the Cruisers sounded like Dion and the Belmonts, but when they meet Frank, they have elements of Jim Morrison and The Doors.[4] However, Davidson did not want to lose sight of the fact that the Cruisers were essentially a Jersey bar band, and he thought of Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. The filmmaker told Vance to find him someone that could produce music that contained elements of these three bands.[4] Davidson was getting close to rehearsals when Vance called him and said that he had found the band--John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band from Providence, Rhode Island.", "Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives!. Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives! is the 1989 sequel to the 1983 cult film Eddie and the Cruisers, and despite being a failure at the box office, has since joined its predecessor as a cult favorite. It is directed by Jean-Claude Lord, and based on literary characters created by author P. F. Kluge. Michael Paré and Matthew Laurance reprise their roles as Eddie Wilson and Sal Amato, respectively. The film was marketed with the tagline \"The legend. The music. The man.\"", "Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives!. The soundtrack was released on December 13, 1990.", "Eddie and the Cruisers. In the fall of 1984, the single \"On the Dark Side\" from the soundtrack album suddenly climbed the charts, as the film was rediscovered on cable television and home video, prompting the studio to briefly re-release the album.", "Eddie and the Cruisers. Almost 20 years later, Satin re-releases the band's first album, which charts even higher than it did originally. A television documentary is soon in the works, exploring the mystery of the band's second album, which had disappeared from the vaults of Satin Records the day after Eddie's disappearance. All of the original Cruisers are set to participate in it except Eddie and Wendell Newton, who had died of an overdose in August 1963 at age 37. The others are now living ordinary lives: Sal Amato fronts a Cruisers tribute band. Ridgeway is a high school English teacher in Vineland. Doc works as a radio disc jockey in Asbury Park. Joann is a stage choreographer in Wildwood, and Hopkins works in an Atlantic City casino.", "Eddie and the Cruisers. Only two cast members, Michael \"Tunes\" Antunes, the tenor saxophone player for John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band, and backup singer Helen Schneider were professional musicians in the fictional band.", "Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives!. Director Lord and several members of the film's supporting cast (Marina Orsini, Vlasta Vrána, and Mark Brennan) had previously worked together on the French-Canadian television series Lance et Compte. Additionally, cast members Harvey Atkin and Kate Lynch had earlier co-starred in the comedy film Meatballs (1979).", "Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives!. Satin Records rejected rock and roll band Eddie and the Cruisers' last album A Season in Hell twenty years earlier. Now Satin launches an \"Eddie Lives!\" campaign to make more money off Eddie's image as a publicity stunt, despite their belief that Eddie is dead. The record label re-releases the band's first album, which becomes an even bigger hit than its first release. The \"lost recordings\" from A Season in Hell that were discovered in the previous film are released and become a major hit album.", "Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives!. During the tour Eddie, still known to his band as Joe, begins to have more frequent flashbacks to his former life. His anger and pride peak when lead guitarist Rick Diesel calls a woman they met at gig who wants the band to audition for an upcoming music festival. Eddie's angry tirade is soothed by sax player Hilton Overstreet's cool demeanor and Rick's fast talking. Eddie caves into the band's desire to do the large public he so fears. He agrees under the condition that they lock themselves away in a cabin, where there are \"no distractions\" so they can get back to the music. The band begins to lose its momentum and Eddie's wrath finally explodes. He smashes his guitar into pieces and storms off. Hilton confronts him and says, \"It's a shame to destroy all those songs by Eddie Wilson.\" In one of the movie's defining moments, Hilton says, \"I knew who you were from the moment I heard you play. The way a man plays—he's born with it; like fingerprints.\" He suggests that Eddie has no destiny but musician Eddie Wilson and not Joe West, construction worker.", "Eddie and the Cruisers. In 1984, Eddie and the Cruisers was discovered by additional audiences during its first pay cable run on HBO.[12] Embassy Pictures re-released the film for one week based on successful summer cable screenings and a popular radio single, but it once again failed to perform at the box office.[21] Looking back, Davidson said, \"that picture should have been a theatrical success. There was an audience for it. People still watch it and still tell me about it.\"[12]", "Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives!. Satin Records has been upping the ante for anyone who can provide proof that Eddie lives. A few scenes before, an expert proved that legendary Bo Diddley had played on the mystery tapes before the death of Cruisers sax player Wendell Newton and Eddie's presumed demise in the river. In seclusion for over a month, Rick is unaware of the mounting tension around the mystery of Eddie's whereabouts. He decides to send a tape to Satin Records with a note that contains the line, \"I have a band and my lead singer sure sounds a lot like Eddie Wilson.\"", "Eddie and the Cruisers. During the documentary interviews, the band expresses a desire to relive the past, even though many of their memories are humiliating. For example, during a concert at Benton College, where Frank was once a student, Eddie ridicules Frank repeatedly by referring to him as \"Toby Tyler\". The other Cruisers members share similar stories.", "Eddie and the Cruisers. A television reporter named Maggie Foley (Ellen Barkin) investigates the mysterious disappearance of legendary rock star Eddie Wilson (Michael Paré). Flashbacks dramatize Eddie's life and the rise and fall of his rock and roll band, Eddie and the Cruisers.", "Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives!. The band auditions for the Music Festival and wins a spot in it. Eddie's doubts return. His life and true identity are about to go public. In desperation, he turns to his longtime friend and confidant Sal Amato. Sal and Eddie meet on a New Jersey beach and hash out twenty years of anger and grief. Sal demands to know where these \"so-called-mystery tapes were recorded\". Eddie takes Sal back to the old abandoned church where in 1963, he and former sax player Wendell Newton had a jam session with a large group of black musicians, including Bo Diddley. Eddie confesses that the whole affair, combined with what seemed to be a lukewarm reaction from the industry he had admired and aspired to join, made him feel inadequate. In one of his deeper moments, Sal tells Eddie a simple truth: it's not about setting the world on fire, it's about playing the music. Armed and primed with that sentiment in mind, Eddie returns to Montreal, ready to play the festival.", "Eddie and the Cruisers. The band's first album, Tender Years, became a major hit album. But recording their next album, A Season in Hell, turns out to be a nightmare. Inspired by the bleak, fatalistic poetry of Arthur Rimbaud, Eddie pushes his bandmates beyond their limits, musically and personally. Eddie wants to be great, but bassist Sal replies, \"We ain't great. We're just some guys from Jersey.\" Eddie makes this clear that if the band cannot be great, there is no reason to ever play music again. A Season in Hell is ultimately rejected by Satin Records on the grounds that it is \"dark and strange\". In the early morning hours, Eddie's car crashes through the railing and over the Stainton Memorial Causeway. Eddie vanishes without a trace, his body never found.", "Eddie and the Cruisers. Martin Davidson has said that the inspiration for the film came from a desire to \"get all my feelings about the music of the last 30 years of rock music into it.\"[2] He optioned P. F. Kluge's novel with his own money and at great financial risk.[3] He wrote the screenplay with Arlene Davidson and decided to use a Citizen Kane-style story structure. He remembered, \"That was in my head: the search.\"[4]", "Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives!. Special guest appearances by:", "Eddie and the Cruisers. Michael Paré was discovered in a New York City restaurant working as a chef. He said of his role in the film that it was \"a thrill I've never experienced. It's a really weird high. For a few moments, you feel like a king, a god. It's scary, a dangerous feeling. If you take it too seriously ...\"[5]", "Care Bears. All of the albums from 1983 (except for \"Birthday Party\") featured writing, production, and performance credits from Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan (who were the lead singers of The Turtles, also known as Flo & Eddie; former Mothers of Invention from Frank Zappa's 1970–1972 period). The soundtrack album from The Care Bears Movie featured songs by Carole King and John Sebastian, who sang lead for The Lovin' Spoonful.", "Eddie and the Cruisers. Eddie and the Cruisers was originally intended to open during the summer, but a scheduling error resulted in a September release, when its target audience - teenagers - were back in school.[10] The film had its world premiere at Deauville.[16] Embassy Pictures threw a promotional party for the film at a West Hollywood dance club in September, 1983 where Cafferty and his band played.[2]", "Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives!. Eddie gets involved with a struggling bar band, and his passion for music—along with his desperate anger—resurface. He decides to confront Eddie's talents once and for all. Eddie (\"Joe West\") challenges the bar band's talent, accepts an invitation to play and quickly dazzles the audience and the band's members. Eddie abruptly leaves the stage, disturbed by memories of Wendall Newton while Hilton plays a brief sax solo. Guitarist Rick Diesel pursues Eddie and badgers him about joining the band. Eddie finally begins to play again and the two circulate through Montreal's music scene, hand-picking musicians for a new band, Rock Solid. One of the recruits, saxophone player Hilton Overstreet, remarks at his audition that you can always identify a guitarist by the way he plays. His eyes widen when he hears Eddie on guitar, but he says nothing about his suspicions.", "Eddie and the Cruisers. Gary Arnold, in the Washington Post, wrote, \"At any rate, it seemed to me that what Eddie and the Cruisers aspired to do was certainly worth doing. The problem is that it finally lacks the storytelling resources to tell enough of an intriguing story about a musical mystery man.\"[20]", "Beach Blanket Bingo. Guy Hemric and Jerry Styner wrote seven songs for the film: “Beach Blanket Bingo” sung by Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello with the cast; the duet “I Think You Think” performed by Avalon and Funicello; “These Are the Good Times” sung by Avalon; “It Only Hurts When I Cry” sung by Donna Loren; “Follow Your Leader” sung by Harvey Lembeck with the “Rat Pack;” and the two songs “New Love” and “Fly Boy” – both of which were sung by studio call vocalist Jackie Ward off-screen – and lip-synched by Linda Evans onscreen." ]

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[ "Winter Olympic Games. The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics, is Beijing in northern China, elected on 31 July 2015, at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur. Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The 2022 Winter Olympics will take place between 4 and 20 February 2022.", "2022 Winter Olympics. The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIVème Jeux olympiques d'hiver;[1] Chinese: 第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会; pinyin: Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì), and commonly known as Beijing 2022, is an international winter multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 4 to 20 February 2022, in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province, People's Republic of China.[2]", "2022 Winter Olympics. Beijing was selected as host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics after beating Almaty by four votes on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.", "2022 Winter Olympics. In Beijing, five ice events will be held at the Olympic Sports Centre, the Capital Indoor Stadium and the Beijing Wukesong Sports Center, which were some of the main venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics. Competitions for luge, bobsleigh and alpine skiing will be held in Xiaohaituo Mountain area in Yanqing, northwest of Beijing, 90 kilometres (56 miles) away from the city center, using artificial snow because of the rarity of natural snow in this region.[8][9] All other skiing events will be held in Taizicheng Area in Chongli, Zhangjiakou, 220 km (140 mi) from downtown Beijing and 130 km (81 mi) away from Xiaohaituo Mountain Area.[10]", "2022 Winter Olympics. Beijing was elected as the host city in July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. These Games will be the first Winter Olympics ever to be held in China, and the last of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics, having previously hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics. There are plans to utilize many of the same indoor venues that were used in 2008, as well as using the Beijing National Stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies.", "2022 Winter Olympics. The 2022 Winter Olympics are tentatively scheduled to include events in at least 15 sports.", "Beijing. In November 2013, Beijing made a bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics.[156] On 31 July 2015, the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics to the city.[157]", "2008 Summer Olympics. Beijing has been selected to host the 2022 Winter Olympics; it will be the first city ever to host both the Summer and Winter Games.", "Oslo. Oslo was bidding to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, but later withdrew on 2 October 2014.", "Winter Olympic Games. The Winter games has the added problem of the alpine events requiring a mountain location; the men's downhill needs an 800 meter altitude difference along a suitable course. As this is a focal event that is central to the Games, the IOC will not agree to it taking place a great distance from the main host city.[111] The requirement for a mountain location also means that venues such as hockey arenas often have to be built in sparsely populated areas with little future need for a large arena. Due to cost issues, the only candidate cities for the 2022 Winter Olympics were in dictatorship countries, and a number of European countries declined due to political doubt over costs. Both the 2006 and 2010 Games, which were hosted in countries where large cities are located close to suitable mountain regions, had lower costs since more venues and transport infrastructure already existed.", "Winter Olympic Games. The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries. The Games have been held four times in the United States (in 1932, 1960, 1980 and 2002); three times in France (in 1924, 1968 and 1992); and twice each in Austria (1964, 1976), Canada (1988, 2010), Japan (1972, 1998), Italy (1956, 2006), Norway (1952, 1994), and Switzerland (1928, 1948). Also, the Games have been held just once each in Germany (1936), Yugoslavia (1984), Russia (2014) and South Korea (2018). The IOC has selected Beijing, China, to host the 2022 Winter Olympics and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected in September 2019. As of 2018[update], no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold-weather-dependent Winter Olympics, which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer.", "2022 Winter Olympics. Critics questioned the Beijing bid, citing that the proposed outdoor venue sites do not have reliable snowfall in winter for snow sports. Concerns have been raised that snow may need to be transported to the venues at great cost and with uncertain environmental consequences.[44][45]", "2022 Winter Olympics. The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC in October 2012, with the application deadline set for 14 November 2013. The IOC Executive Board reviewed the bids from all applicant cities on 7 July 2014, and selected three cities, Oslo (Norway), Almaty (Kazakhstan) and Beijing (China) as the final candidate cities.", "2022 Winter Olympics. Olympic Green venues", "2022 Winter Olympics. The town of Chongli in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, will stage most of the skiing events during the 2022 Winter Olympics. The ski resort earned over 1.54 billion yuan (US$237.77 million) in tourism during the 2015–16 snow season for a 31.6% growth over the previous season. In 2016, it was announced that Chongli received 2.185 million tourists, an increase of 30% from the previous season, during the first snow season after the winning the Olympic bid. The snow season lasted for five months from November, during which Chongli has hosted 36 competitions and activities, such as Far East Cup and Children Skiing International Festival. A total of 23 skiing camps have also been set up, attracting the participation of 3,800 youths. All venue construction started in November 2016 and will be finished by the end of 2020 to enable the city to hold test events.[14]", "2008 Summer Olympics. Seven years after the 2008 Games, Beijing was awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics. It will thus be the first city to host both the Summer and Winter Games.", "2022 Winter Olympics. The Big Air snowboarding events will be held in a new area of urban development in Shijingshan District.[11]", "2018 Winter Olympics. Munich also launched a bid to host these Games. Prior to Beijing's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid, Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games, having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics, but received 25 votes. Annecy (in southeastern France) launched a bid, but failed to secure public support from local citizens. Their bid received seven votes.", "Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan's city of Almaty submitted twice bid for the Winter Olympics: In 2014 and again for the 2022 Winter Olympics. Astana and Almaty hosted the 2011 Asian Winter Games.[198]", "Olympic Games. In addition to the United States, nations hosting multiple Winter Games are France with three, while Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Japan, Canada and Italy have hosted twice. Among host cities, Lake Placid, Innsbruck and St. Moritz have played host to the Winter Olympic Games more than once, each holding that honour twice. The most recent Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang in 2018, South Korea's first Winter Olympics and second Olympics overall (including the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul).", "Winter Olympic Games. Sochi, Russia, was selected as the host city for the 2014 Winter Olympics over Salzburg, Austria, and Pyeongchang, South Korea. This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics.[90] The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014.[91] A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events. The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the Black Sea coast. All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres (31 miles) away in the alpine region known as Krasnaya Polyana.[90] The Games were the most expensive so far, with a cost of £30 billion (USD 51 billion).", "2026 Winter Olympics. The 2026 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXV Olympic Winter Games, is a sports event to be organized in a city designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The host city will be selected at the 134th IOC Session in July 2019 in Milan, Italy.", "2022 Winter Olympics. The environmental impact of hosting the games near Beijing has been questioned. Some of the proposed venues will be adjacent to the Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve and part of the same mountain system, and the environmental impact on the nature reserve of construction, and artificially covering parts of the mountain with snow, is uncertain.[46][47] The Chinese government responded to these concerns by expanding the adjacent Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve by 31% of its original size.[48]", "2014 Winter Olympics. Sochi was elected on 4 July 2007 during the 119th International Olympic Committee (IOC) session held in Guatemala City, Guatemala, defeating bids from Salzburg, Austria; and Pyeongchang, South Korea.[9] This is the first time that the Russian Federation has hosted the Winter Olympics. The Soviet Union was the host of the 1980 Summer Olympics held in and around Moscow.", "Winter Olympic Games. On 6 July 2011, Pyeongchang, South Korea, was selected to host the 2018 Winter Olympics over Munich, Germany, and Annecy, France.[98] This was the first time that South Korea had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018. More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events. The Olympic Stadium and many of the sports venues were situated in the Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang, while a number of other sports venues were located in the Gangneung Olympic Park in Pyeongchang's neighboring city of Gangneung.", "2022 Winter Olympics. Several cities withdrew their applications during the bidding process, citing the high costs or the lack of local support to host the Games.[3] Oslo, which had been considered a frontrunner, withdrew its bid after the Norwegian parliament voted against an IOC-mandated government funding package. Public reception to the bid had been negative due to cost concerns, especially after the cost overruns of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, and an exposé by the Norwegian tabloid Verdens Gang that allegedly revealed hospitality demands made by the IOC. They included a cocktail reception with the royal family with drinks paid for by them or the organizing committee, the provision of road lanes exclusively for use by IOC members, and priority treatment at airports and hotels being used by IOC members. Several commentators pointed out that such demands were unheard of in a western democracy, while Slate described them as being \"diva-like\".[4][5][6][7]", "Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur hosted the 128th IOC Session in 2015 where the IOC elected Beijing as the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics[159] and Lausanne as the host city of the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics.[160]", "Thomas Bach. The first bidding process over which Thomas Bach presided over as President was the bidding process for the 2022 Winter Olympics. Bids were due in November 2013 and the host city, Beijing, was elected at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in July 2015. Lausanne was elected to host the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics during that same session.", "Salt Lake City. Salt Lake City was selected to host the 2002 Winter Olympics in 1995. The games were plagued with controversy. A bid scandal surfaced in 1998 alleging bribes had been offered to secure the city for the 2002 games location. During the games, other scandals erupted over contested judging scores and illegal drug use. Despite the controversies, the games were heralded as a financial success, being one of the few in recent history to profit. In preparation major construction projects were initiated. Local freeways were expanded and repaired, and a light rail system was constructed. Olympic venues are now used for local, national, and international sporting events and Olympic athlete training.[28] Tourism has increased since the Olympic games,[29][not in citation given] but business did not pick up immediately following them.[30] Salt Lake City expressed interest in bidding for the 2022 Winter Olympics.[31][32] However, Beijing was selected to host the 2022 Winter Olympics.[33]", "China at the Olympics. The People's Republic of China has hosted the Games on one occasion, with a second Games scheduled for 2022. Beijing will be the first city to host both Summer and Winter Olympics.", "Sport in South Korea. The 2018 Winter Olympics took place in Pyeongchang between 9 and 25 February 2018. Pyeongchang won on its third consecutive bid. After a series of large cities (Nagano to Sochi), for the first time since Lillehammer 1994 the Winter Olympics returned to a mountain resort.", "2014 Winter Olympics medal table. The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXII Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event held in Sochi, Russia, from 7 to 23 February. A total of 2,873 athletes from 88 nations participated in 98 events in 7 sports across 15 different disciplines.[1][2]" ]

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[ "Feral parakeets in Great Britain. The British parakeet population is mostly concentrated in suburban areas of London and the Home Counties of South-East England, and for this reason the birds are sometimes known as \"Kingston parakeets\" or \"Twickenham parakeets\", after the London suburbs of Kingston upon Thames and Twickenham. The parakeets, which breed rapidly, have since spread beyond these areas, and flocks have been sighted in other parts of Britain. Other separate parakeet populations exist around other European cities.", "Feral parakeets in Great Britain. British parakeets are most common in the south-east of England, including London suburbs, Surrey, Kent and Sussex. Parakeet populations have also been reported further north in Manchester, Birmingham, Oxford and Edinburgh.[10][3]", "Kingston parakeets. The Kingston parakeets, also known as the Twickenham parakeets, are feral rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) that live in the suburbs around Kingston and Twickenham, South West London, England. Other populations exist around other European cities. The origins of the flocks are subject to speculation.", "Kingston parakeets. Escaped parakeets have been spotted in Britain since the 19th century, the first recorded sighting being in 1855. Parakeets continued to escape captivity, but populations repeatedly died out until 1969, when the species began to breed and persist in London. The numbers remained very low, however, until the mid-1990s, when the population appeared to start increasing rapidly. The population was estimated at 500 in 1983, tallied at 1,500 by 1996, and counted as 5,800 in the London area in 2002 (in up to 5 roosts).[2] While parakeets have been spotted as far north as Manchester, they are most common in the south east of England, and the largest population (6,000 in three separate roosts in 2006[3]) is believed to exist in the South London suburbs where, until 2007, the birds nested principally in Esher Rugby Ground, Esher. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) estimated that there was a population of 30,000 in 2007, and would be a population of 50,000 wild parakeets in Britain by 2010[4], which have proven to be somewhat of an exaggeration. There were an estimated 32,000 ring-necked parakeets in Britain at the last count in 2012[5].", "Feral parakeets in Great Britain. Escaped parakeets have been spotted in Britain since the 19th century. The earliest recorded sighting was in 1855 in Norfolk, and parakeets were also seen in Dulwich in 1893 and Brixton in 1894. Parakeets continued to escape captivity, but populations repeatedly died out until 1969, when the species began to breed and persist in London. Beginning in Croydon, they spread to Wraysbury, Bromley and Esher.[5] The numbers remained very low, however, until the mid-1990s, when the population appeared to start increasing rapidly. The population was estimated at 500 in 1983, reached 1,500 by 1996, and 5,800 in the London area in 2002 (in up to 5 roosts).[9]", "Feral parakeets in Great Britain. Because parakeets are spreading and breeding so quickly, estimates of parakeet numbers vary. According to the London Natural History Society in the early 2000s, the largest population was believed to exist in the South London suburbs where, until 2007, the birds nested principally in Esher Rugby Ground, Esher (Esher Rugby Club named its women's team \"The Parakeets\" in a tribute to the birds).[1][11] The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) estimates that there are around 8,600 breeding pairs in Britain.[10] Other scientific counts in 2012 have placed the number at around 32,000 birds.[4]", "Feral parakeets in Great Britain. Feral parakeets in Great Britain are feral parakeets that are an introduced species into Great Britain. The population consists of rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri), a non-migratory species of bird that is native to central Africa. The origins of these birds are subject to speculation, but they are generally thought to have bred from birds that escaped from captivity.", "Feral parakeets in Great Britain. In terms of geographic origin, the British birds are considered a hybrid population of two Asian subspecies, P.k. borealis and P.k. manillensis.[8]", "Feral parakeets in Great Britain. How exactly the parakeet population first came to exist and thrive in wild in England is not known. Consistent with the first widespread photographs of the birds in the mid-1990s are multiple theories that a pair or more breeding parakeets escaped and/or were released. More specific introduction theories have been published such as that:[1]", "Kingston parakeets. How exactly the parakeet population first came to exist and thrive in wild in England is not known. Consistent with the first widespread photographs of the birds in the mid-1990s are multiple theories that a pair or more breeding parakeets escaped and/or were released. More specific introduction theories have been published such as that:", "Feral parakeets in Great Britain. Concerns have been raised over the impact of the growing numbers of parakeets in south-east England. Scientific research programmes have analysed the behaviour of parakeets and found that they compete with native bird species and bats for food and nesting sites. Although not aggressive, parakeets deter smaller birds with noisy gregarious behaviour. The detrimental effect of competitive exclusion has been likened to the impact of the introduction of grey squirrel on the red squirrel. However, British parakeets are not without natural predators; ornithologists have observed an increase in the population of birds of prey in London, and have reported sparrowhawks, peregrine falcons and hobbies predating on parakeets.[6]", "Feral parakeets in Great Britain. Parakeets are considered a pest in many countries such as Israel, where large swarms of parakeets can have a devastating effect on certain crops, and there is concern that the rapidly growing parakeet population could have unforeseen environmental impact in Britain.[3][4] In 2009, Governmental wildlife organisation Natural England added feral parakeets to the “general licence”, a list of wild species that can be lawfully culled without the need for specific permission.[12]", "Feral parakeets in Great Britain. There is mention of them in George Orwell's 'A Clergyman's Daughter', first published 1935, in a conversation between homeless people in Trafalgar Square, though coconut palms are mentioned too.[7]", "Feral parakeets in Great Britain. Romantic theories associated with film studios and rock stars are considered fanciful, however, and most ornithologists believe that the original birds probably escaped from aviaries before 1971.[6]", "Trafalgar Square. The square was once famous for feral pigeons and feeding them was a popular activity. Pigeons began flocking to the square before construction was completed and feed sellers became well known in the Victorian era.[54] The desirability of the birds' presence was contentious: their droppings disfigured the stonework and the flock, estimated at its peak to be 35,000, was considered a health hazard.[55][56] A stall seller, Bernie Rayner, infamously sold bird seed to tourists at inflated prices.[57]", "Jackson Park (Chicago). Jackson Park is home to over two dozen species of birds, including a well-studied population of feral monk parakeets, descendants of pet birds that escaped in the 1960s.[14]", "Harris's hawk. Trained Harris's hawks have been used to remove an unwanted pigeon population from London's Trafalgar Square.[41] and from the tennis courts at Wimbledon.[42][full citation needed]", "Environmental issues in New York City. The city is home to several thriving non-native species of plants and animals. Populations of wild South American monk parakeets, also known as the Quaker parrot, live in Greenwood Cemetery, Marine Park, Bensonhurst, and Bay Ridge in Brooklyn, and in the East Bronx.", "Fauna of Louisiana. Monk parakeets tend to be restricted to urban areas where they feed and nest in ornamental palm trees, occupying a niche that no indigenous bird holds. So far, their distribution in Louisiana has been limited almost exclusively to the City of New Orleans, where they have had no adverse effects on local wildlife. If their numbers increase, however, monk parakeets could pose a serious threat to agricultural areas, possibly becoming as much of a pest here as they already are in their native range.", "St James's Park. The park has a small lake, St James's Park Lake, with two islands, West Island, and Duck Island, named for the lake's collection of waterfowl. A resident colony of pelicans has been a feature of the park since pelicans were donated by a Russian ambassador in 1664 to Charles II.[5] While most of the time the wings are clipped, there is a pelican who can be seen flying to the London Zoo in hopes of another meal.[6] The Blue Bridge across the lake affords a view west towards Buckingham Palace framed by trees. Looking east the view includes the Swire Fountain to the north of Duck Island and, past the lake, the grounds of Horse Guards Parade, with Horse Guards, the Old War Office and Whitehall Court behind. To the south of Duck Island is the Tiffany Fountain on Pelican Rock, and past the lake is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, with the London Eye, the Shell Tower, and the Shard behind.[2] The park has a children's playground including a large sandpit.[7]", "Rosella. Early European settlers encountered the eastern rosella at Rose Hill, New South Wales, now Parramatta, and so they called it the Rosehill parakeet which became \"Rosehiller\", and eventually \"rosella\".[1] Nicholas Aylward Vigors defined the genus Platycercus in 1825, based on the distinctive architecture of the feathers in the tail and wing, and designated the crimson rosella (as Platycercus Pennantii) as the type species.[2]", "London Zoo. The Snowdon Aviary was designed by Cedric Price, Frank Newby and Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon, and was built in 1964.[26] A variety of birds have been kept in the aviary since it was opened, and it currently houses green peafowl, sacred ibis, little egrets, cattle egrets, northern bald ibis and grey-headed gulls.", "Neverland. In Barrie's Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, birds have a far more prominent role on a proto-Neverland called the Birds' Island. On the island, the various birds speak bird-language, described as being related to fairy language which can be understood by young humans, who used to be birds. The birds are responsible for bringing human babies into the Mainland, whose human parents send folded paper boats along the serpentine \"with 'boy' or 'girl' and 'thin' or 'fat' (and so on) written\", indicating to the official birds which species to send back to transform into human children, who are described as having an \"itch on their backs where their wings used to be\" and that their warbles are fairy/bird talk.", "Bill Sikes. Sikes lives in Bethnal Green and later moves to the squalid rookery area of London then called Jacob's Island, east of present-day Shad Thames.", "Common wood pigeon. In the colder northern and eastern parts of Europe and western Asia the common wood pigeon is a migrant, but in southern and western Europe it is a well distributed and often abundant resident. In Great Britain wood pigeons are commonly seen in parks and gardens[5] and are seen with increasing numbers in towns and cities.", "Trafalgar Square. In February 2001, the sale of bird seed in the square was stopped[55] and other measures were introduced to discourage the pigeons including the use of birds of prey.[58] Supporters continued to feed the birds but in 2003 the mayor, Ken Livingstone, enacted bylaws to ban feeding them in the square.[59] In September 2007 Westminster City Council passed further bylaws banning feeding birds on the pedestrianised North Terrace and other pavements in the area.[60] Nelson's column was repaired from years of damage from pigeon droppings at a cost of £140,000.[57]", "London. From the 1940s onwards, London became home to a large number of immigrants, primarily from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan,[107] making London one of the most diverse cities worldwide. In 1951, the Festival of Britain was held on the South Bank.[108] The Great Smog of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956, which ended the \"pea soup fogs\" for which London had been notorious.[109]", "Fauna of Louisiana. An agricultural pest in its native South American range, the monk parakeet was first brought to the U.S. as a cage bird. They were so popular that over 60,000 were imported between 1969 and 1972. By the 1980s it had already been released in many parts of the country and had established small breeding colonies. Twenty years later, monk parakeet numbers have increased exponentially but their distribution remains spotty.", "Griffin. The statues that mark the entrance to the City of London are sometimes mistaken for griffins, but are in fact (Tudor) dragons, the supporters of the city's arms.[21] They are most easily distinguished from griffins by their membranous, rather than feathered, wings.", "London Zoo. The Blackburn Pavilion is a rainforest-themed tropical bird aviary that opened in March 2008, as a refurishment of the zoo's out-of-date bird house.[42] The building was originally constructed in 1883, as a reptile house. The pavilion houses fifty different species of exotic birds, including Socorro doves, Mindanao bleeding-hearts, scarlet ibis, toco toucans, splendid sunbirds, pied avocets and blue-winged kookaburras. Outside the entrance is one of the pavilion's prominent features, a large elaborate clock by Tim Hunkin.[43] It gives a bird-themed display every thirty minutes throughout the day.[44]", "East End of London. A traditional definition is that to be a Cockney, one had to be born within the sound of Bow Bells, situated in Cheapside. In general, the sound pattern would cover most of the City, and parts of the near East End such as Aldgate and Whitechapel, but it is unlikely that the bells would have been heard in the docklands. In practice, with Royal London the only maternal hospital nearby, few would today be born within earshot.", "Ravens of the Tower of London. Historically, wild ravens were common throughout Britain, even in towns, the tower being within their natural range. When they were exterminated from much of their traditional range, including London, they could only exist at the tower in captivity and with official support. Local legend puts the origin of the captive raven population at the time of King Charles II (reigned 1660–85). Some historians believe the \"tower's raven mythology is likely to be a Victorian flight of fantasy\".[6] Some of the ravens at the tower were specially bred in Somerset.[1][7]" ]

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[ "Olive ridley sea turtle. The olive ridley turtle has a circumtropical distribution, living in tropical and warm waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans from India, Arabia, Japan, and Micronesia south to southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. In the Atlantic Ocean, it has been observed off the western coast of Africa and the coasts of northern Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, and Venezuela. Additionally, the olive ridley has been recorded in the Caribbean Sea as far north as Puerto Rico. A female individual was found alive on an Irish Sea beach on the Isle of Anglesey, British Isles in November 2016, giving this species its northernmost appearance. It was taken in by the nearby Anglesey Sea Zoo while its health was being assessed.[11] The olive ridley is also found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Galapagos Islands and Chile north to the Gulf of California, and along the Pacific coast to at least Oregon Migratory movements have been studied less intensely in olive ridleys than other species of marine turtles, but they are believed to use the coastal waters of over 80 countries.[12] Historically, this species has been widely regarded as the most abundant sea turtle in the world.[6] More than one million olive ridleys were commercially harvested off the coasts of Mexico in 1968 alone.[13]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. The olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), also known as the Pacific ridley sea turtle, are smallest[3] and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world, species of sea turtle found in warm and tropical waters, primarily in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. They can also be found in warm waters of Atlantic ocean.[4]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Historically, the olive ridley has been exploited for food, bait, oil, leather, and fertilizer. The meat is not considered a delicacy; the egg, however, is esteemed everywhere. Egg collection is illegal in most of the countries where olive ridleys nest, but these laws are rarely enforced. Harvesting eggs has the potential to contribute to local economies, so the unique practice of allowing a sustainable (legal) egg harvest has been attempted in several localities.[15] Numerous case studies have been conducted in regions of arribadas beaches to investigate and understand the socioeconomic, cultural, and political issues of egg collection. Of these, the legal egg harvest at Ostional, Costa Rica, has been viewed by many as both biologically sustainable and economically viable. Since egg collection became legal in 1987, local villagers have been able to harvest and sell around three million eggs annually. They are permitted to collect eggs during the first 36 hours of the nesting period, as many of these eggs would be destroyed by later nesting females. Over 27 million eggs are left unharvested, and villagers have played a large role in protecting these nests from predators, thereby increasing hatching success.[6]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. The olive ridley is classified as vulnerable according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), and is listed in Appendix I of CITES. These listings were largely responsible for halting the large scale commercial exploitation and trade of olive ridley skins.[1] The Convention on Migratory Species and the Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles have also provided olive ridleys with protection, leading to increased conservation and management for this marine turtle. National listings for this species range from Endangered to Threatened, yet enforcing these sanctions on a global scale has been unsuccessful for the most part. Conservation successes for the olive ridley have relied on well-coordinated national programs in combination with local communities and nongovernment organizations, which focused primarily on public outreach and education. Arribada management has also played a critical role in conserving olive ridleys.[15] Lastly, enforcing the use of turtle excluder devices in the shrimp trawling industry has also proved effective in some areas.[1] Globally, the olive ridley continues to receive less conservation attention than its close relative, the Kemp's ridley (L. kempii). Also, many schools arrange trips for students to carry out the conservation project, especially in India.", "Olive ridley sea turtle. The genus name is derived from the Greek words lepidos, meaning scale, and chelys, which translates to turtle. This could possibly be a reference to the supernumerary costal scute counts characteristic of this genus.[6] The etymology of the English vernacular name \"olive\" is somewhat easier to resolve, as its carapace is olive green in color.[7] However, the origin of \"ridley\" is still somewhat unclear, perhaps derived from \"riddle\".[8] Lepidochelys is the only genus of sea turtles containing more than one extant species: L. olivacea and the closely related L. kempii (Kemp's ridley).[9]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Growing to about 2 feet in length, the Olive ridley gets its name from its olive-colored carapace, which is heart-shaped and rounded. Males and females grow to the same size; however, females have a slightly more rounded carapace as compared to the male.[4] The heart-shaped carapace is characterized by four pairs of pore-bearing inframarginal scutes on the bridge, two pairs of prefrontals, and up to 9 lateral scutes per side. Olive ridleys are unique in that they can have variable and asymmetrical lateral scute 6 to 8 counts ranging from five to 9 plates on each side, with six to eight being most commonly observed.[6] Each side of the carapace has 12–14 marginal scutes.", "Olive ridley sea turtle. The olive ridley sea turtles are considered the most abundant, yet globally they have declined by more than 30% from historic levels.[citation needed] These turtles are considered endangered because of their few remaining nesting sites in the world. The eastern Pacific turtles have been found to range from Baja California, Mexico, to Chile. Pacific olive ridleys nest around Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, and the northern Indian Ocean; the breeding colony in Mexico was listed as endangered in the US on July 28, 1978.[16]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Most observations are typically within 15 km of mainland shores in protected, relatively shallow marine waters (22–55 m deep).[10] Olive ridleys are occasionally found in open waters. The multiple habitats and geographical localities used by this species vary throughout its life cycle.[5] More research is needed to acquire data on and use of pelagic habitats.[6]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. The olive ridley was first described as Testudo mydas minor, Suckhow, 1798. It was later renamed Chelonian olivacea, Eschscholtz, 1829, and eventually Lepidochelys olivacea Fitzinger, 1843.[5] Because Eschscholtz was the first to propose the specific epithet olivacea, though, he was credited with the valid name Lepidochelys olivacea Eschscholtz, 1829.", "Olive ridley sea turtle. The olive ridley is predominantly carnivorous, especially in immature stages of the life cycle. Animal prey consists of protochordates or invertebrates, which can be caught in shallow marine waters or estuarine habitats. Common prey items include jellyfish, tunicates, sea urchins, bryozoans, bivalves, snails, shrimp, crabs, rock lobsters, and sipunculid worms. Additionally, consumption of jellyfish and both adult fish (e.g. Sphoeroides) and fish eggs may be indicative of pelagic (open ocean) feeding.[10] The olive ridley is also known to feed on filamentous algae in areas devoid of other food sources. Captive studies have indicated some level of cannibalistic behavior in this species.[6]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Several projects worldwide seek to preserve the olive ridley sea turtle population. For example, in Nuevo Vallarta, Mexico, when the turtles come to the beach to lay their eggs, some of them are relocated to a hatchery, where they have a much better chance to survive. If the eggs were left on the beach, they would face many threats such as getting washed away with the tide or getting poached. Once the eggs hatch, the baby turtles are carried to the beach and released.", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Olive ridleys rarely weigh over 50 kg (110 lb). A study in Oaxaca, Mexico, reported a sample of adults ranged from 25 to 46 kg; adult females weighed an average of 35.45 kg (n=58), while adult males weighed significantly less, averaging 33.00 kg (n=17). Hatchlings usually weigh between 12.0 and 23.3 g.", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Another major project, in India involved in preserving the olive ridley sea turtle population was carried out in Chennai, where the Chennai wildlife team collected close to 10,000 Olive Ridley turtle eggs along the Marina coast, of which 8,834 hatchlings were successfully released into the sea in a phased manner.[20]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Olive ridley sea turtles migrate in huge numbers from the beginning of November, every year, for mating and nesting along the coast of Orissa. Gahirmatha coast has the annual nesting figure between one hundred to five hundred thousand, each year. There has been decline in the population of these turtles in the recent past due to mass mortality. The olive ridley sea turtle has been listed on Schedule – I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (amended 1991). Olive Ridley Sea Turtles are listed as vulnerable under IUCN[1]. The sea turtles are protected under the 'Migratory Species Convention' and CITES (Convention of International Trade on Wildlife Flora and Fauna). India is a signatory nation to all these conventions. The 'Homing' characteristics of the Ridley sea turtles make them more prone to mass casualty. The voyage to the natal nesting beaches is the dooming factor for the sea turtles. Since Gahirmatha coast serves as the natal nesting beach for millions of turtles, it has immense importance on turtle conservation.", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Some of the olive ridley's foraging grounds near southern California are contaminated due to sewage, agricultural runoff, pesticides, solvents, and industrial discharges. These contaminants have been shown to decline the productivity of the benthic community, which negatively affects these turtles, which feed from these communities.[6] The increasing demand to build marinas and docks near Baja California and southern California are also negatively affecting the olive ridleys in these areas, where an increase in oil and gas will be released into these sensitive habitats. Another threat to these turtles are power plants, which have documented juvenile and subadult turtles becoming entrained and entrapped within the saltwater cooling intake systems.[6]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Olive ridley turtles are best known for their behavior of synchronized nesting in mass numbers, termed arribadas.[10] Interestingly, females return to the very same beach from where they first hatched, to lay their eggs. They lay their eggs in conical nests about one and a half feet deep which they laboriously dig with their hind flippers.[4] In the Indian Ocean, the majority of olive ridleys nest in two or three large groups near Gahirmatha in Odisha. The coast of Odisha in India is the largest mass nesting site for the olive ridley, followed by the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica.[4] In 1991, over 600,000 turtles nested along the coast of Odisha in one week. Nesting occurs elsewhere along the Coromandel Coast and Sri Lanka, but in scattered locations. However, olive ridleys are considered a rarity in most areas of the Indian Ocean.[15]", "Ocean fisheries. An endangered species, the olive ridley sea turtle can survive because of the nesting grounds made available at the Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, Gahirmatha Beach, Orissa, India.", "Olive ridley sea turtle. These turtles, along with their cousin the Kemps ridley turtle, are best known for their unique mass nesting called Arribada, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.[3]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Although olive ridleys are famed for their arribadas, many of the nesting grounds can only support relatively small to moderate-sized aggregations (about 1,000 nesting females). The overall contribution and importance of these nesting beaches to the population may be underestimated by the scientific community.[6]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. The carapace is flattened dorsally and highest anterior to the bridge. It has a medium-sized, broad head that appears triangular from above. The head's concave sides are most obvious on the upper part of the short snout. It has paddle-like forelimbs, each having two anterior claws. The upperparts are grayish green to olive in color, but sometimes appear reddish due to algae growing on the carapace. The bridge and hingeless plastron of an adult varies from greenish white in younger individuals to a creamy yellow in older specimens (maximum age is up to 50 years).[6][10]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. They are also rare in the western and central Pacific, with known arribadas occurring only within the tropical eastern Pacific, in Central America and Mexico. In Costa Rica, they occur at Nancite and Ostional beaches. Two active arribadas are in Nicaragua, Chacocente and La Flor, with a small nesting ground in Pacific Panama. Historically, several arribadas were in Mexico, yet only one remains at Playa Escobilla in Oaxaca.[15]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. However, the greatest single cause of olive ridley egg loss results from arribadas, in which the density of nesting females is so high, previously laid nests are inadvertently dug up and destroyed by other nesting females.[6] In some cases, nests become cross-contaminated by bacteria or pathogens of rotting nests. For example, in Playa Nancite, Costa Rica, only 0.2% of the 11.5 million eggs produced in a single arribada successfully hatched. Although some of this loss resulted from predation and high tides, the majority was attributed to conspecifics unintentionally destroying existing nests. The extent to which arribadas contribute to the population status of olive ridleys has created debate among scientists. Many believe the massive reproductive output of these nesting events is critical to maintaining populations, while others maintain the traditional arribada beaches fall far short of their reproductive potential and are most likely not sustaining population levels.[6] In some areas, this debate eventually led to legalizing egg collection.", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Known predators of olive ridley eggs include raccoons, coyotes, feral dogs and pigs, opossums, coatimundi, caimans, ghost crabs, and the sunbeam snake.[10] Hatchlings are preyed upon as they travel across the beach to the water by vultures, frigate birds, crabs, raccoons, coyotes, iguanas, and snakes. In the water, hatchling predators most likely include oceanic fishes, sharks, and crocodiles. Adults have relatively few known predators, other than sharks, and killer whales are responsible for occasional attacks. On land, nesting females may be attacked by jaguars. It is notable that the jaguar is the only cat with a strong enough bite to penetrate a sea turtle's shell, thought to be an evolutionary adaption from the Holocene extinction event. In observations of jaguar attacks, it was noted that the cats consumed the neck muscles of the turtle and occasionally the flippers, but left the remainder of the turtle carcass for scavengers as most likely, despite the strength of its jaws, a jaguar still cannot easily penetrate an adult turtle's shell to reach the internal organs or other muscles. In recent years, increased predation on turtles by jaguars has been noted, perhaps due to habitat loss and fewer alternative food sources. Sea turtles are comparatively defenseless in this situation as they cannot pull their head into their shell like freshwater and terrestrial turtles.[6][17] Females are often plagued by mosquitos during nesting. Humans are still listed as the leading threat to L. olivacea, responsible for unsustainable egg collection, slaughtering nesting females on the beach, and direct harvesting adults at sea for commercial sale of both the meat and hides.[10]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Most participating households reported egg harvesting as their most important activity, and profits earned were superior to other forms of available employment, other than tourism. The price of Ostional eggs was intentionally kept low to discourage illegal collection of eggs from other beaches. The Ostional project retained more local profits than similar egg collection projects in Nicaragua,[15] but evaluating egg harvesting projects such as this suffers from the short timeline and site specificity of findings. In most regions, illegal poaching of eggs is considered a major threat to olive ridley populations, thus the practice of allowing legal egg harvests continues to attract criticism from conservationists and sea turtle biologists. Plotkin's Biology and Conservation of Ridley Sea Turtles, particularly the chapter by Lisa Campbell titled \"Understanding Human Use of Olive Ridleys\", provides further research on the Ostional harvest (as well as other harvesting projects). Scott Drucker's documentary, Between the Harvest, offers a glimpse into this world and the debate surrounding it.", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Other major threats include mortality associated with boat collisions, and incidental takes in fisheries. Trawling, gill nets, ghost nests, longline fishing, and pot fishing, have significantly affected olive ridley populations, as well as other species of marine turtles.[1][6] Between 1993 and 2003, more than 100,000 olive ridley turtles were reported dead in Odisha, India from fishery-related practices.[18] In addition, entanglement and ingestion of marine debris is listed as a major threat for this species. Coastal development, natural disasters, climate change, and other sources of beach erosion have also been cited as potential threats to nesting grounds.[6] Additionally, coastal development also threatens newly hatched turtles through the effects of light pollution.[19] Hatchlings which use light cues to orient themselves to the sea are now misled into moving towards land, and die from dehydration or exhaustion, or are killed on roads.", "Olive ridley sea turtle. The population of Pacific Mexico was estimated to be at least 10 million prior to the era of mass exploitation. More recently, the global population of annual nesting females has been reduced to about two million by 2004,[14] and was further reduced to 852,550 by 2008.[1][15] This indicated a dramatic decrease of 28 to 32% in the global population within only one generation (i.e., 20 years).[12]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. The Gahirmatha Beach in Kendrapara district of Odisha (India), which is now a part of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, is the largest breeding ground for these turtles. The Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, which bounds the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary to the east, was created in September 1997, and encompasses Gahirmatha Beach and an adjacent portion of the Bay of Bengal. Bhitarkanika Mangroves were designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance in 2002. It is the world's largest known rookery of olive ridley sea turtles. Apart from Gahirmatha rookery, two other mass nesting beaches have been located which are on the mouth of rivers Rushikulya and Devi. The spectacular site of mass congregation of olive ridley sea turtles for mating and nesting enthralls both the scientists and the nature lovers throughout the world.", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Olive ridleys generally begin to aggregate near nesting beaches about two months before nesting season, although this may vary throughout its range. In the eastern Pacific, nesting occurs throughout the year, with peak nesting events (arribadas) occurring between September and December. Nesting beaches can be characterized as relatively flat, midbeach zone, and free of debris.[5] Beach fidelity is common, but not absolute. Nesting events are usually nocturnal, but diurnal nesting has been reported, especially during large arribadas.[6] Exact age of sexual maturity is unknown, but this can be somewhat inferred from data on minimum breeding size. For example, the average carapace length of nesting females (n = 251) at Playa Nancite, Costa Rica was determined to be 63.3 cm, with the smallest recorded at 54.0 cm.[6] Females can lay up to three clutches per season, but most will only lay one or two clutches.[10] The female will remain near shore for the internesting period, which is about one month. Mean clutch size varies throughout its range and decreases with each nesting attempt.[15]", "Gahirmatha Beach. Olive Ridley sea turtles feed on marine snails, smaller forms of fish, fish eggs, crustaceans and jellyfish. Algal material is also used as food by the Ridleys. Ridleys generally crush and grind the food materials before intaking.", "Gahirmatha Beach. Olive Ridley sea turtles migrate in huge numbers from the beginning of November, every year, for mating and nesting along the coast of Odisha. Gahirmatha coast has the annual nesting figure between one hundred to five hundred thousand, each year. there has been decline in the population of these turtles in the recent past due to mass mortality. Olive Ridley sea turtle has found place in Schedule - I of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (amended 1991). All the species of sea turtles in the coastal water of Odisha are listed as \"endangered\" as per IUCN Red Data Book. The sea turtles are protected under the 'Migratory Species Convention' and CITES (Convention of International Trade on Wildlife Flora and Fauna). India is a signatory nation to all these conventions. The 'Homing' characteristics of the Ridley sea turtles make them more prone to mass casualty. The voyage to the natal nesting beaches is the dooming factor for the sea turtles. Since Gahirmatha coast serves as the natal nesting beach for millions of turtles, it has immense importance on turtle conservation.", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Hatchlings are dark gray with a pale yolk scar, but appear all black when wet.[6] Carapace length ranges from 37 to 50  mm. A thin, white line borders the carapace, as well as the trailing edge of the fore and hind flippers.[10] Both hatchlings and juveniles have serrated posterior marginal scutes, which become smooth with age. Juveniles also have three dorsal keels; the central longitudinal keel gives younger turtles a serrated profile, which remains until sexual maturity is reached.[6]", "Olive ridley sea turtle. Mating is often assumed to occur in the vicinity of nesting beaches, but copulating pairs have been reported over 1,000 km from the nearest beach. Research from Costa Rica revealed the number of copulating pairs observed near the beach could not be responsible for the fertilization of the tens of thousands of gravid females, so a significant amount of mating is believed to have occurred elsewhere at other times of the year.[6]" ]

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[ "All-India Muslim League. The formation of a Subhan political party on national level was seen as essential by 1901. The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906, with participation of representatives from all over India. The decision for re-consideration to form the all Indian Muslim political party was taken and further proceedings were adjourned until the next meeting of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The Simla Deputation reconsidered the issue in October 1906 and decided to frame the objectives of the party on the occasion of the annual meeting of Educational Conference; that was later, scheduled to be held at Dhaka. Meanwhile, Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All-India Muslim Confederacy. Pursuant upon the decisions taken earlier in Lucknow meeting and later in Simla; the annual meeting of the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at Dhaka that continued from 27 December, until 30 December 1906. that was headed by both Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk and Nawab Muhasan-ul-Mulk (the Secretary of the Muhammaden Educational Conference); in which he explained its objectives and stressed the unity of the Muslims under the banner of an association.[12] It was formally proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Zafar Ali Khan, Syed Nabiullah Bar at Law Lucknow and Syed Zahur Ahmad an eminent lawyer and several others. The political party was established at the end of the conference.[1] The Founding meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah and attended by three thousand delegates, while Ameer Ali, Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi were also the founding fathers who attended this meeting. The name \"All-India Muslim League\" was proposed by Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi. Sir Agha Khan III was appointed its first president. Fifty eight delegates from all over the Subcontinent were the founding members of League.[13] The League's constitution was framed in 1907 in Karachi. In 1910, Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda selected as the president of the party.[14]", "Muhammad Iqbal. Ideologically separated from Congress Muslim leaders, Iqbal had also been disillusioned with the politicians of the Muslim League owing to the factional conflict that plagued the League in the 1920s. Discontent with factional leaders like Muhammad Shafi and Fazl-ur-Rahman, Iqbal came to believe that only Jinnah was a political leader capable of preserving unity and fulfilling the League's objectives of Muslim political empowerment. Building a strong, personal correspondence with Jinnah, Iqbal was an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London, return to India and take charge of the League. Iqbal firmly believed that Jinnah was the only leader capable of drawing Indian Muslims to the League and maintaining party unity before the British and the Congress:", "All-India Muslim League. Until 1937 the Muslim League had remained an organisation of elite Indian Muslims. The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilisation and the League then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s, especially after the Lahore Resolution.[3][32] Under Jinnah's leadership its membership grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook.[33][34]", "All-India Muslim League. Aga Khan III (1877–1957) played a leading role in founding AIML; his goal was the advancement of Muslim agendas and protection of Muslim rights in India. He shared Ahmad Khan's belief that Muslims should first build up their social capital through advanced education before engaging in politics. Agha Khan boldly told the British Raj that Muslims must be considered a separate nation within India. Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912, he still exerted major influence on its policies and agendas.[16] in 1913 Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim league.", "All-India Muslim League. The All-India Muslim League (popularised as Muslim League) was a political party established during the early years of the 20th century in the British Indian Empire. Its strong advocacy for the establishment of a separate Muslim-majority nation-state, Pakistan, successfully led to the partition of British India in 1947 by the British Empire.[1] The party arose out of a literary movement begun at The Aligarh Muslim University in which Syed Ahmad Khan was a central figure.[2][page needed] Sir Syed had founded, in 1886, the Muhammadan Educational Conference, but a self-imposed ban prevented it from discussing politics. In December 1906 conference in Dhaka, attended by 3,000 delegates, the conference removed the ban and adopted a resolution to form an All Indian Muslim League political party.[citation needed] Its original political goal was to define and advance the Indian Muslim's civil rights and to provide protection to the upper and gentry class of Indian Muslims. It remained an elitist organisation until 1937, when the leadership began mobilising the Muslim masses and the League then became a popular organisation.[3][4]", "All-India Muslim League. In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaid-e-Azam (lit. Great Leader). In the Constituent Assembly of India's elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 425 out of 476 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted. Congress, led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India.[citation needed]", "All-India Muslim League. Following in the 1930s, the idea of a separate nation-state and influential philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal's vision of uniting the four provinces in North-West British India further supported the rationale of two-nation theory. Constitutional struggle of Jinnah and political struggle of founding fathers, the Muslim League played a decisive role in World War II in the 1940s and as the driving force behind the division of India along religious lines and the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in 1947.[5][6][page needed] The events leading the World War II, the Congress effective protest against the United Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with the Indian people; the Muslim League went on to support the British war efforts, and later agitated against the Congress with the cry of \"Islam in Danger\".[7]", "All-India Muslim League. Muhammad Ali Jinnah became disillusioned with politics after the failure of his attempt to form a Hindu-Muslim alliance, and he spent most of the 1920s in Britain. The leadership of the League was taken over by, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, who in 1930 first put forward the demand for a separate Muslim state in India. The \"Two-Nation Theory\", the belief that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations who could not live in one country, gained popularity among Muslims. The two-state solution was rejected by the Congress leaders, who favoured a united India based on composite national identity. Congress at all times rejected \"communalism\"—that is, basing politics on religious identity.[21] Iqbal's policy of uniting the North-West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Punjab, and Sindh into a new Muslim majority state became part of the League's political platform.[22]", "Pakistan Movement. By the 1930s, Muhammad Iqbal had joined the party whose writings, speeches, philosophical ideas, and his British education training played a crucial role in the expansion of the Muslim League.[38] Furthermore, Muslim League's pro-British stance, Jinnah, Ali Khan, and many other leaders constitutional struggle for Muslim rights made it an extremely popular party in the Muslim dominated areas of the Subcontinent.[39] Furthermore, the success of Muslim League in 1934 elections in the Muslim dominated areas played a crucial role in the split between the Muslim League and Congress became apparent when Congress refused to join coalition administrations with the Muslim League in areas with mixed religion.[39] The political scene was set that was to lead to post-1945 violence in India.[39]", "All-India Muslim League. After the partition and subsequent establishment of Pakistan, the Muslim League continued as a minor party in India where it was often part of the government. In Bangladesh, the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced, rendering it insignificant in the political arena. In India Indian Union Muslim League and in Pakistan, the Pakisthan Muslim League became the original successors of the All-India Muslim League. Under the leadership Of Qaede millath Muhammad Ismail Sahib Muslim league is reconstituted in India.The founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah (and after Jinnah's death by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan), but suffered with ill-fate following the military intervention in 1958. One of its faction remained to supportive of President Ayub Khan until 1962 when the all factions decided to reform into the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin supporting Fatima Jinnah in the presidential elections in 1965. Furthermore, it was the only party to have received votes from both East and West Pakistan during the elections held in 1970. During the successive periods of Pakistan, the Muslim League continued to be a ruling party in the different periods of Pakistan.", "Indian nationalism. In 1906–1907, the All India Muslim League was founded, created due to the suspicion of Muslim intellectuals and religious leaders with the Indian National Congress, which was perceived as dominated by Hindu membership and opinions. However, Mahatma Gandhi's leadership attracted a wide array of Muslims to the independence struggle and the Congress Party. The Aligarh Muslim University and the Jamia Millia Islamia stand apart – the former helped form the Muslim league, while the JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic and Gandhian values and thought.", "All-India Muslim League. From 1947–51, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan spearheaded the Muslim League's government until 1955 when Awami League came to power with Huseyn Suhrawardy becoming the Prime Minister. After Jinnah and Ali Khan, Nazimuddin struggled to lead the party, primarily due to lack of its social programmes. During this time, the Republican Party, led by Iskander Mirza, had taken over the credibility and prestige of Muslim League in all over the country. In 1958, the Muslim League nearly lost its influence when General Ayub Khan, army chief at that time, imposed martial law to with the support of Republican President Iskander Mirza against Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon, a leader of Muslim League.[citation needed]", "British Raj. While the Muslim League was a small elite group in 1927 with only 1300 members, it grew rapidly once it became an organisation that reached out to the masses, reaching 500,000 members in Bengal in 1944, 200,000 in Punjab, and hundreds of thousands elsewhere.[212] Jinnah now was well positioned to negotiate with the British from a position of power.[213] With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, declared war on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders, leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest. The Muslim League, in contrast, supported Britain in the war effort and maintained its control of the government in three major provinces, Bengal, Sind and the Punjab.[214]", "British Raj. Jinnah repeatedly warned that Muslims would be unfairly treated in an independent India dominated by the Congress. On 24 March 1940 in Lahore, the League passed the \"Lahore Resolution\", demanding that, \"the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign.\" Although there were other important national Muslim politicians such as Congress leader Ab'ul Kalam Azad, and influential regional Muslim politicians such as A. K. Fazlul Huq of the leftist Krishak Praja Party in Bengal, Sikander Hyat Khan of the landlord-dominated Punjab Unionist Party, and Abd al-Ghaffar Khan of the pro-Congress Khudai Khidmatgar (popularly, \"red shirts\") in the North West Frontier Province, the British, over the next six years, were to increasingly see the League as the main representative of Muslim India.[215]", "All-India Muslim League. Politically there was a degree of unity between Muslim and Hindu leaders after World War I, as typified by the Khilafat Movement. Relationships cooled sharply after that campaign ended in 1922. Communalism grew rapidly, forcing the two groups apart. Major riots broke out in numerous cities, including 91 in U.P. alone.[18][19] At the leadership level, the proportion of Muslims among delegates to Congress fell sharply, from 11% in 1921 to under 4% in 1924.[20]", "Muhammad Ali Jinnah. By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that Muslims of the Indian subcontinent should have their own state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation. During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula for the subcontinent to be united as a single state, leading all parties to agree to the independence of a predominantly Hindu India, and for a Muslim-majority state of Pakistan.", "Mohammad Ali Jouhar. Now accorded the respectful title of Maulana, Ali formed, in 1921, a broad coalition with Muslim nationalists like Shaukat Ali, Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari and Indian nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi, who then enlisted the support of the Indian National Congress and many thousands of Hindus, who joined the Muslims in a demonstration of unity against the British government. Jouhar also wholeheartedly supported Gandhi's call for a national civil resistance movement, and inspired many hundreds of protests and strikes all over India. He was arrested by British authorities and imprisoned for two years for what was termed as a seditious speech at the meeting of the Khilafat Conference.", "Pakistan. The Muslim League slowly rose to mass popularity in the 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of British Muslims in politics. In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal called for \"the amalgamation of North-West Muslim-majority Indian states\" consisting of Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh, and Balochistan.[104] The perceived neglect of Muslim interests by Congress led British provincial governments during the period of 1937–39 convinced Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan to espouse the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940 presented by Sher-e- Bangla A.K. Fazlul Haque, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.[93] In World War II, Jinnah and British-educated founding fathers in the Muslim League supported the United Kingdom's war efforts, countering opposition against it whilst working towards Sir Syed's vision.[105]", "All-India Muslim League. Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III) was appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League. The headquarters were established at Lucknow. There were also six vice-presidents, a secretary and two joint secretaries initially appointed for a three-years term, proportionately from different provinces.[15] The principles of the League were espoused in the \"Green Book,\" which included the organisation's constitution, written by Maulana Mohammad Ali. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence.", "Lahore Resolution. Therefore, by 1938-39, for most of the Muslim Leaders, in or out of Muslim League, the idea of separation was strongly gaining the ground. The Sindh Provincial Muslim League Conference held its first session at Karachi in October 1938, adopted a resolution which recommended to the All India Muslim League to devise a scheme of constitution under which Muslims may attain full independence. The Premiers of other Muslim majority provinces e.g. A. K. Fazal-ul-Haque (Bengal) and Sir Sikander Hayat Khan (Punjab), who were not in Muslim League, also were quite convinced towards the idea of separation. The idea was more vividly expressed by M. A. Jinnah in an article in a London Weekly Time and Tide on 9 March 1940.[4] Jinnah wrote:", "Muhammad Iqbal. Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in Allahabad in the United Provinces, as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his presidential address on 29 December 1930 he outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India:[8]", "Partition of India. The Muslim League conducted its own investigation into the conditions of Muslims under Congress-governed provinces.[41] The findings of such investigations increased fear among the Muslim masses of future Hindu domination.[41] The view that Muslims would be unfairly treated in an independent India dominated by the Congress was now a part of the public discourse of Muslims.[41] With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, declared war on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders, leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest.[41] The Muslim League, which functioned under state patronage,[42] in contrast, organized \"Deliverance Day\", celebrations (from Congress dominance) and supported Britain in the war effort.[41] When Linlithgow, met with nationalist leaders, he gave the same status to Jinnah as he did to Gandhi, and a month later described the Congress as a \"Hindu organization.\"[42]", "Muhammad Ali Jinnah. In 1933, Indian Muslims, especially from the United Provinces, began to urge Jinnah to return and take up again his leadership of the Muslim League, an organisation which had fallen into inactivity.[76] He remained titular president of the League,[c] but declined to travel to India to preside over its 1933 session in April, writing that he could not possibly return there until the end of the year.[77]", "Muhammad Ali Jinnah. With the British and Muslims to some extent co-operating, the Viceroy asked Jinnah for an expression of the Muslim League's position on self-government, confident that it would differ greatly from that of the Congress. To come up with such a position, the League's Working Committee met for four days in February 1940 to set out terms of reference to a constitutional sub-committee. The Working Committee asked that the sub-committee return with a proposal that would result in \"independent dominions in direct relationship with Great Britain\" where Muslims were dominant.[112] On 6 February, Jinnah informed the Viceroy that the Muslim League would be demanding partition instead of the federation contemplated in the 1935 Act. The Lahore Resolution (sometimes called the \"Pakistan Resolution\", although it does not contain that name), based on the sub-committee's work, embraced the Two-Nation Theory and called for a union of the Muslim-majority provinces in the northwest of British India, with complete autonomy. Similar rights were to be granted to the Muslim-majority areas in the east, and unspecified protections given to Muslim minorities in other provinces. The resolution was passed by the League session in Lahore on 23 March 1940.[113][114]", "Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Field Marshal Viscount Wavell succeeded Linlithgow as Viceroy in 1943. In June 1945, following the release of the Congress leaders, Wavell called for a conference, and invited the leading figures from the various communities to meet with him at Simla. He proposed a temporary government along the lines which Liaquat and Desai had agreed. However, Wavell was unwilling to guarantee that only the League's candidates would be placed in the seats reserved for Muslims. All other invited groups submitted lists of candidates to the Viceroy. Wavell cut the conference short in mid-July without further seeking an agreement; with a British general election imminent, Churchill's government did not feel it could proceed.[127]", "Indian independence movement. The All-India Muslim League was founded by the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference at Dhaka (now Bangladesh), in 1906, in the context of the circumstances that were generated over the partition of Bengal in 1905.[citation needed] Being a political party to secure the interests of the Muslim diaspora in British India, the Muslim League played a decisive role behind the creation of Pakistan in the Indian subcontinent.[43]", "Mohammad Ali Jouhar. Jouhar had attended the founding meeting of the All India Muslim League in Dehli in 1906, and served as its president in 1918. He remained active in the League till 1928. Mohammad Ali Jouhar \"had the unique distinction of having directed the affairs of the three most important political parties in the country—The Indian National Congress, the All India Muslim League and the Khilafat movement.\"[1]", "Jawaharlal Nehru. During the period where all of the Congress leadership were in jail, the Muslim League under Jinnah grew in power. In April 1943, the League captured the governments of Bengal and, a month later, that of the North West Frontier Province. In none of these provinces had the League previously had a majority – only the arrest of Congress members made it possible. With all the Muslim dominated provinces except the Punjab under Jinnah's control, the artificial concept of a separate Muslim State was turning into a reality. However, by 1944, Jinnah's power and prestige were on the wane. A general sympathy towards the jailed Congress leaders was developing among Muslims, and much of the blame for the disastrous Bengal famine of 1943–44 during which two million died, had been laid on the shoulders of the province's Muslim League government. The numbers at Jinnah's meetings, once counted in thousands soon numbered only a few hundreds. In despair, Jinnah left the political scene for a stay in Kashmir. His prestige was restored unwittingly by Gandhi, who had been released from prison on medical grounds in May 1944 and had met Jinnah in Bombay in September. There he offered the Muslim leader a plebiscite in the Muslim areas after the war to see whether they wanted to separate from the rest of India. Essentially, it was an acceptance of the principle of Pakistan – but not in so many words. Jinnah demanded that the exact words be said; Gandhi refused and the talks broke down. Jinnah, however, had greatly strengthened his own position and that of the League. The most influential member of Congress had been seen to negotiate with him on equal terms. Other Muslim League leaders, opposed both to Jinnah and to the partition of India, lost strength.", "All-India Muslim League. During the 1940s, the Muslim League had a United Kingdom section active in the British politics. After the establishment of Pakistan, the Pakistani community's leaders took over the UK branch, making Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola as president of party to continue to serve its purpose in the United Kingdom.[49] As of current, the Muslim League's UK branch is taken over by the PML-N, with Zubair Gull its president, and Nawaz Sharif serving its patron-in-chief.[49]", "History of Pakistan. The All-India Muslim League was founded by Shaiiq-e-Mustafa in 30 December 1906, in the aftermath of division of Bengal, on the sidelines of the annual All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in Shahbagh, Dhaka East Bengal.[103] The meeting was attended by three thousand delegates and presided over by Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk. It addressed the issue of safeguarding interests of Muslims and finalised a programme. A resolution, moved by Nawab Salimullah and seconded by Hakim Ajmal Khan. Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk(conservative), declared:", "British Raj. The 1916 Lucknow Session of the Congress was also the venue of an unanticipated mutual effort by the Congress and the Muslim League, the occasion for which was provided by the wartime partnership between Germany and Turkey. Since the Turkish Sultan, or Khalifah, had also sporadically claimed guardianship of the Islamic holy sites of Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem, and since the British and their allies were now in conflict with Turkey, doubts began to increase among some Indian Muslims about the \"religious neutrality\" of the British, doubts that had already surfaced as a result of the reunification of Bengal in 1911, a decision that was seen as ill-disposed to Muslims.[188] In the Lucknow Pact, the League joined the Congress in the proposal for greater self-government that was campaigned for by Tilak and his supporters; in return, the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in the provincial legislatures as well as the Imperial Legislative Council. In 1916, the Muslim League had anywhere between 500 and 800 members and did not yet have its wider following among Indian Muslims of later years; in the League itself, the pact did not have unanimous backing, having largely been negotiated by a group of \"Young Party\" Muslims from the United Provinces (UP), most prominently, two brothers Mohammad and Shaukat Ali, who had embraced the Pan-Islamic cause;[188] however, it did have the support of a young lawyer from Bombay, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who was later to rise to leadership roles in both the League and the Indian independence movement. In later years, as the full ramifications of the pact unfolded, it was seen as benefiting the Muslim minority élites of provinces like UP and Bihar more than the Muslim majorities of Punjab and Bengal, nonetheless, at the time, the \"Lucknow Pact\", was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen so by the British.[188]", "History of Pakistan. The League gradually became the leading representative body of Indian Muslims. Jinnah became its president in 1916, and negotiated the Lucknow Pact with the Congress leader, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, by which Congress conceded the principle of separate electorates and weighted representation for the Muslim community.[108] However, Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a law violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which a temperamentally law-abiding barrister Jinnah disapproved of. Jinnah also became convinced that the Congress would renounce its support for separate electorates for Muslims, which indeed it did in 1928. In 1927, the British proposed a constitution for India as recommended by the Simon Commission, but they failed to reconcile all parties. The British then turned the matter over to the League and the Congress, and in 1928 an All-Parties Congress was convened in Delhi. The attempt failed, but two more conferences were held, and at the Bombay conference in May, it was agreed that a small committee should work on the constitution. The prominent Congress leader Motilal Nehru headed the committee, which included two Muslims, Syed Ali Imam and Shoaib Quereshi; Motilal's son, Pt Jawaharlal Nehru, was its secretary. The League, however, rejected the committee's report, the so-called Nehru Report, arguing that its proposals gave too little representation (one quarter) to Muslims – the League had demanded at least one-third representation in the legislature. Jinnah announced a \"parting of the ways\" after reading the report, and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour." ]

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[ "Arabian Peninsula. The most prominent feature of the peninsula is desert, but in the southwest there are mountain ranges, which receive greater rainfall than the rest of the Arabian Peninsula. Harrat ash Shaam is a large volcanic field that extends from the northwestern Arabian Peninsula into Jordan and southern Syria.[12]", "Arabian Peninsula. The Arabian Peninsula is located in the continent of Asia and bounded by (clockwise) the Persian Gulf on the northeast, the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman on the east, the Arabian Sea on the southeast and south, the Gulf of Aden on the south, the Bab-el-Mandeb strait on the southwest and the Red Sea, which is located on the southwest and west.[11] The northern portion of the peninsula merges with the Syrian Desert with no clear border line, although the northern boundary of the Arabian Peninsula is generally considered to be the northern borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.[11]", "Arabian Peninsula. It is the largest peninsula in the world, at 3,237,500 km2 (1,250,000 sq mi).[5][6][7][8][9] The Arabian Peninsula consists of the countries Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, and parts of Jordan and Iraq.[10] The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west and southwest, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, the Levant to the north and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. The Arabian Peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Middle East and the Arab world due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas.", "Arabian Peninsula. A plateau more than 2,500 feet (760 m) high extends across much of the Arabian Peninsula. The plateau slopes eastwards from the massive, rifted escarpment along the coast of the Red Sea, to the shallow waters of the Persian Gulf. The interior is characterised by cuestas and valleys, drained by a system of wadis. A crescent of sand and gravel deserts lies to the east.", "Arabian Peninsula. Before the modern era, it was divided into four distinct regions: Hejaz (Tihamah), Najd (Al-Yamama), Southern Arabia (Hadhramaut) and Eastern Arabia. Hejaz and Najd make up most of Saudi Arabia. Southern Arabia consists of Yemen and some parts of Saudi Arabia (Najran, Jizan, Asir) and Oman (Dhofar). Eastern Arabia consists of the entire coastal strip of the Persian Gulf.", "Arabian Peninsula. The Arabian Peninsula, simplified Arabia[1] (Arabic: شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة‎ shibhu l-jazīrati l-ʿarabiyyah, ‘Arabian island’ or Arabic: جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب‎ jazīratu l-ʿarab, ‘Island of the Arabs’),[2] is a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate. From a geographical perspective, it is considered a subcontinent of Asia.[3][4]", "Arabian Peninsula. Arabia has few lakes or permanent rivers. Most areas are drained by ephemeral watercourses called wadis, which are dry except during the rainy season. Plentiful ancient aquifers exist beneath much of the peninsula, however, and where this water surfaces, oases form (e.g. Al-Hasa and Qatif, two of the world's largest oases) and permit agriculture, especially palm trees, which allowed the peninsula to produce more dates than any other region in the world. In general, the climate is extremely hot and arid, although there are exceptions. Higher elevations are made temperate by their altitude, and the Arabian Sea coastline can receive surprisingly cool, humid breezes in summer due to cold upwelling offshore. The peninsula has no thick forests. Desert-adapted wildlife is present throughout the region.", "Arabian Plate. The Arabian Plate consists mostly of the Arabian peninsula; it extends eastward at the Sinai and the Red Sea and northward to the Levant. The plate borders are:", "Arabian Peninsula. Most of the Arabian Peninsula is unsuited to agriculture, making irrigation and land reclamation projects essential. The narrow coastal plain and isolated oases, amounting to less than 1% of the land area, are used to cultivate grains, coffee and tropical fruits. Goat, sheep, and camel husbandry is widespread elsewhere throughout the rest of the Peninsula. Some areas have a summer humid tropical monsoon climate, in particular the Dhofar and Al Mahrah areas of Oman and Yemen. These areas allow for large scale coconut plantations. Much of Yemen has a tropical monsoon rain influenced mountain climate. The plains usually have either a tropical or subtropical arid desert climate or arid steppe climate. The sea surrounding the Arabian Peninsula is generally tropical sea with a very rich tropical sea life and some of the world's largest, undestroyed and most pristine coral reefs. In addition, the organisms living in symbiosis with the Red Sea coral, the protozoa and zooxanthellae, have a unique hot weather adaptation to sudden rise (and fall) in sea water temperature. Hence, these coral reefs are not affected by coral bleaching caused by rise in temperature as elsewhere in the indopacific coral sea. The reefs are also unaffected by mass tourism and diving or other large scale human interference. However, some reefs were destroyed in the Persian Gulf, mostly caused by phosphate water pollution and resultant increase in algae growth as well as oil pollution from ships and pipeline leakage[citation needed].", "Arab world. The West Asian Arab region comprises the Arabian Peninsula, most of the Levant (excluding Cyprus and Israel), most of Mesopotamia (excluding parts of Turkey and Iran) and the Persian Gulf region. The peninsula is roughly a tilted rectangle that leans back against the slope of northeast Africa, the long axis pointing toward Turkey and Europe.", "Arabian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia covers the greater part of the peninsula. The majority of the population of the peninsula live in Saudi Arabia and in Yemen. The peninsula contains the world's largest reserves of oil. Saudi Arabia and the UAE are economically the wealthiest in the region. Qatar, a small peninsula in the Persian Gulf on the larger peninsula, is home of the Arabic-language television station Al Jazeera and its English-language subsidiary Al Jazeera English. Kuwait, on the border with Iraq, is an important country strategically, forming one of the main staging grounds for coalition forces mounting the invasion of Iraq in 2003.", "Geography of Saudi Arabia. In the south, a coastal plain, the Tihamah, rises gradually from the sea to the mountains. Hejaz extends southward to the borders of mountainous Yemen. The central plateau, Najd, extends east to the Jabal Tuwayq and slightly beyond. A long, narrow strip of desert known as Ad Dahna separates Najd from eastern Arabia, which slopes eastward to the sandy coast along the Persian Gulf. North of Najd a larger desert, An Nafud, isolates the heart of the peninsula from the steppes of northern Arabia. South of Najd lies one of the largest sand deserts in the world, the Rub al Khali.", "Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia occupies about 80% of the Arabian Peninsula (the world's largest peninsula),[267] lying between latitudes 16° and 33° N, and longitudes 34° and 56° E. Because the country's southern borders with the United Arab Emirates and Oman are not precisely marked, the exact size of the country is undefined.[267] The CIA World Factbook estimates 2,149,690 km2 (830,000 sq mi) and lists Saudi Arabia as the world's 13th largest state.[268] It is geographically the largest country in the Arabian Plate.[269]", "Arabian Plate. Countries within the plate include parts of the Levant (Iraq, eastern Lebanon[dubious – discuss], Syria and Jordan), the entire Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Yemen), and Djibouti on the Horn of Africa. Regions include parts of the Southern Denkalya Subregion, the Southeastern Anatolia Region, Awdal and the Khuzestan Province.", "Arabian Peninsula. Geologically, this region is perhaps more appropriately called the Arabian subcontinent because it lies on a tectonic plate of its own, the Arabian Plate, which has been moving incrementally away from the rest of Africa (forming the Red Sea) and north, toward Asia, into the Eurasian Plate (forming the Zagros Mountains). The rocks exposed vary systematically across Arabia, with the oldest rocks exposed in the Arabian-Nubian Shield near the Red Sea, overlain by earlier sediments that become younger towards the Persian Gulf. Perhaps the best-preserved ophiolite on Earth, the Semail Ophiolite, lies exposed in the mountains of the UAE and northern Oman.", "Geography of Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.", "Arabian Peninsula. The Arab inhabitants used a north-south division of Arabia: Al Sham-Al Yaman, or Arabia Deserta-Arabia Felix. Arabia Felix had originally been used for the whole peninsula, and at other times only for the southern region. Because its use became limited to the south, the whole peninsula was simply called Arabia. Arabia Deserta was the entire desert region extending north from Arabia Felix to Palmyra and the Euphrates, including all the area between Pelusium on the Nile and Babylon. This area was also called Arabia and not sharply distinguished from the peninsula.[31]", "Arabian Peninsula. The provinces of Arabia were: Al Tih, the Sinai peninsula, Hedjaz, Asir, Yemen, Hadramaut, Mahra and Shilu, Oman, Hasa, Bahrain, Dahna, Nufud, the Hammad, which included the deserts of Syria, Mesopotamia and Babylonia.[34][35]", "Arabian Peninsula. In the modern era, the term bilad al-Yaman came to refer specifically to the southwestern parts of the peninsula. Arab geographers started to refer to the whole peninsula as 'jazirat al-Arab', or the peninsula of the Arabs.[55]", "Arabian Peninsula. The extraction and refining of oil and gas are the major industrial activities in the Arabian Peninsula. The region also has an active construction sector, with many cities reflecting the wealth generated by the oil industry. The service sector is dominated by financial and technical institutions, which, like the construction sector, mainly serve the oil industry. Traditional handicrafts such as carpet-weaving are found in rural areas of Arabia.", "Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia's geography is dominated by the Arabian Desert, associated semi-desert and shrubland (see satellite image) and several mountain ranges and highlands. It is, in fact, a number of linked deserts and includes the 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi) Rub' al Khali (\"Empty Quarter\") in the southeastern part of the country, the world's largest contiguous sand desert.[113][270] There are a few lakes in the country but no permanent rivers, however wadis are very numerous. The fertile areas are to be found in the alluvial deposits in wadis, basins, and oases.[113] The main topographical feature is the central plateau which rises abruptly from the Red Sea and gradually descends into the Nejd and toward the Persian Gulf. On the Red Sea coast, there is a narrow coastal plain, known as the Tihamah parallel to which runs an imposing escarpment. The southwest province of Asir is mountainous, and contains the 3,133 m (10,279 ft) Mount Sawda, which is the highest point in the country.[113]", "Arabian Peninsula. Haplogroup J is the most abundant component in the Arabian peninsula, embracing more than 50% of its Y-chromosomes. Its two main subclades (J1-M267 and J2-M172), show opposite latitudinal gradients in the Middle East. J1-M267 is more abundant in the southern areas, reaching a frequency around 73% in Yemen, whereas J2-M172 is more common in the Levant.", "Arabian Peninsula. During the Hellenistic period, the area was known as Arabia or Aravia (Greek: Αραβία). The Romans named three regions with the prefix \"Arabia\", encompassing a larger area than the current term \"Arabian Peninsula\":", "Geography of Saudi Arabia. Across the peninsula as a whole, the plateau slopes toward the east from an elevation of 1,360 meters in the west to 750 meters at its easternmost limit. A number of wadis cross the region in an eastward direction from the Red Sea escarpment toward the Persian Gulf. There is little pattern to these remains of ancient riverbeds; the most important of them are Wadi Hanifa, Wadi ar Rummah, Wadi as Surr, and Wadi ad-Dawasir.", "Arabian Peninsula. The peninsula consists of:", "Geography of Saudi Arabia. The Arabian Peninsula is an ancient massif composed of stable crystalline rock whose geologic structure developed concurrently with the Alps. Geologic movements caused the entire mass to tilt eastward and the western and southern edges to tilt upward. In the valley created by the fault, called the Great Rift, the Red Sea was formed. The Great Rift runs from the Mediterranean along both sides of the Red Sea south through Ethiopia and the lake country of East Africa, gradually disappearing in the area of Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Scientists analyzing photographs taken by United States astronauts on the joint United States-Soviet space mission in July 1975 detected a vast fan-shaped complex of cracks and fault lines extending north and east from the Golan Heights. These fault lines are believed to be the northern and final portion of the Great Rift and are presumed to be the result of the slow rotation of the Arabian Peninsula counterclockwise in a way that will, in approximately 10 million years, close off the Persian Gulf and make it a lake.", "Arabian Desert. The Arabian Desert is a vast desert wilderness in Western Asia. It stretches from Yemen to the Persian Gulf and Oman to Jordan and Iraq. It occupies most of the Arabian Peninsula, with an area of 2,330,000 square kilometers (900,000 sq mi). It is the fourth largest desert in the world, and the largest in Asia. At its center is the Rub'al-Khali, one of the largest continuous bodies of sand in the world. Gazelles, oryx, sand cats, and spiny-tailed lizards are just some of the desert-adapted species that survive in this extreme environment, which features everything from red dunes to deadly quicksand. The climate is mostly dry (the major part receives around 100 mm of rain per year but some very rare places receives down to 50 mm), and temperatures oscillate between very high heat and seasonal night time freezes. It is part of the Deserts and xeric shrublands biome and the Palearctic ecozone.", "Geography of Saudi Arabia. The area north of the An Nafud is geographically part of the Syrian Desert. It is an upland plateau scored by numerous wadis, most tending northeastward toward Iraq. This area, known as Badiyat ash Sham, and covered with grass and scrub vegetation, is extensively used for pasture by nomadic and seminomadic herders. The most significant feature of the area is the Wadi as Sirhan, a large basin as much as 300 meters below the surrounding plateau, which is the vestige of an ancient inland sea. For thousands of years, some of the heavily traveled caravan routes between the Mediterranean and the central and southern peninsula have passed through the Wadi as Sirhan. The most important oases in the area are Al Jawf and Sakakah, just north of the An Nafud.", "Arabian Peninsula. The Arabian peninsula is known for its rich oil, i.e. petroleum production due to its geographical location.", "Arabian Peninsula. The peninsula's constituent countries are (clockwise north to south) Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on the east, Oman on the southeast, Yemen on the south and Saudi Arabia at the center.[11] The island nation of Bahrain lies off the east coast of the peninsula.", "Geography of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia's eastern boundary follows the Persian Gulf from Ras 'al Khafji to the peninsula of Qatar, whose border with Saudi Arabia was determined in 1965. The Saudi border with the state of Oman, on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, runs through the Empty Quarter (Rub 'al-Khali). The border demarcation was defined by a 1990 agreement between Saudi Arabia and Oman that included provisions for shared grazing rights and water rights. The border through 'Al Buraymi Oasis, located near the conjunction of the frontiers of Oman, Abu Dhabi (one of the emirates of the UAE) and Saudi Arabia, has triggered extensive dispute among the three states since the Treaty of Jeddah in 1927. In a 1975 agreement with Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi accepted sovereignty over six villages in the 'Al Buraymi Oasis and the sharing of the rich Zararah oil field. In return, Saudi Arabia obtained an outlet to the Persian Gulf through Abu Dhabi.", "Geography of Kuwait. Kuwait's most prominent geographic feature is Kuwait Bay (Jun al Kuwayt), which indents the shoreline for about forty kilometers, providing natural protection for the port of Kuwait, and accounts for nearly one half the country's shoreline." ]

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[ "Legally Blonde. Elle Woods, a pretty, rich and popular fashion merchandising student and president of her Delta Nu sorority, is crushed when her boyfriend Warner Huntington III breaks up with her over a romantic dinner rather than proposing to her, as she was expecting. He argues that he needs a more serious woman in order to fulfill his political aspirations, which include attending Harvard Law. Encouraged by her sorority sisters, Elle decides to also enroll in Harvard Law in order to win Warner back. After much effort, Elle manages to gain admission but soon discovers that the personalities and atmosphere in Harvard are very different from hers and she is thrown out of class during her first day by the strict Professor Stromwell and a classmate named Vivian for not having prepared for the lecture. Elle is later horrified to discover that Vivian is Warner's fiancee.", "Legally Blonde. Producer Marc Platt was intrigued by the character of Elle Woods when an unpublished novel manuscript was delivered to him.[8] \"What I loved about this story is that it's hilarious, it's sexy and, at the same time, it's empowering,\" says Platt. \"The world looks at Elle and sees someone who is blonde and beautiful but nothing more. Elle, on the other hand, doesn't judge herself or anybody else. She thinks the world's great, she's great, everyone's great and nothing can change that. She's truly an irrepressible modern heroine.\"[8]", "Jessica Jung. As an actress, Jung portrayed Elle Woods in the Korean-language version of Legally Blonde in 2010, and played a role in the drama Wild Romance in 2012. In early 2014, she established a fashion brand, Blanc & Eclare. Later that year, she was dismissed from the group Girls' Generation due to conflicts between the group's schedule and her own business activities. Following the dismissal, Jessica ended her contract with S.M. Entertainment and signed with Coridel Entertainment in 2016, prior to the release of her debut solo album, With Love, J.", "Reese Witherspoon. The 2001 film Legally Blonde marked a turning point in Witherspoon's career; she starred as Elle Woods, a fashion-merchandising major who decides to become a law student in order to follow her ex-boyfriend to Harvard Law School. Witherspoon said about the role, \"When I read Legally Blonde, I was like, 'She's from Beverly Hills, she's rich, she's in a sorority. She has a great boyfriend. Oh yeah, she gets dumped. Who cares? I still hate her.' So we had to make sure she was the kind of person you just can't hate.\"[16] Legally Blonde was a box-office hit, grossing US$96 million domestically.[41] Witherspoon's performance earned her praise from critics as the press began referring to her as \"the new Meg Ryan\".[42] Roger Ebert commented, \"Witherspoon effortlessly animated this material with sunshine and quick wit\",[43] and Salon.com noted that \"she [Witherspoon] delineates Elle's character beautifully\".[44] Meanwhile, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer concluded, \"Witherspoon is a talented comedian who can perk up a scene just by marching in full of pep and drive and she powers this modest little comedy almost single-handedly.\"[45] For her work, Witherspoon garnered her second Golden Globe Best Actress nomination and an MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance.", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods is an MTV program created in order to cast an actress to replace Laura Bell Bundy in the role of Elle Woods in the Broadway production of Legally Blonde: The Musical. The show debuted on June 2, 2008.", "The Kissing Booth. During the next few weeks, Elle and Noah spend every day together before he has to leave for college. When it is time to go Elle goes with him to the airport and he leaves. After watching him leave, she drives off on Noah's motorcycle saying that she does not know if they will be together forever but she knows that a part of her heart will always belong to Noah Flynn. The story ends with Elle stating that everything happened just because of the Kissing Booth.", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Episode Number 1 – \"You're Cut\" (Originally aired June 2, 2008)", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Autumn and Bailey performed three Legally Blonde numbers live at the Palace Theatre on Broadway, and Bailey was declared the winner. The three songs were \"Omigod You Guys\", \"Positive\" and \"So Much Better\". In addition to winning a contract to perform the role of Elle Woods on Broadway for at least three months, Hanks was given the opportunity to record her own single of the musical's first-act closer, \"So Much Better\".[2][4][5] Hurlbert, as the runner up, will act as Hanks' understudy and perform in the ensemble of the show. Zakrin, the third runner up, will understudy the tour's Elle Woods, Becky Gulsvig, and will also be a member of the ensemble. And, Hansen, the second runner up, will play the role of Margot, Elle's best friend, on tour, as well as understudying Elle.[2]", "Reese Witherspoon. Witherspoon's breakthrough role was playing Elle Woods in the 2001 film Legally Blonde, for which she received her second Golden Globe nomination. The following year, she starred in the romantic comedy Sweet Home Alabama, which emerged as her biggest live-action commercial success. In 2005, she portrayed June Carter in Walk the Line, which earned her the Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, BAFTA Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, and Critics Choice Award for Best Actress. Her other films include Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde (2003), Monsters vs. Aliens (2009), Water for Elephants (2011), and Sing (2016). In 2014, Witherspoon produced the thriller Gone Girl and received critical acclaim for portraying Cheryl Strayed in Wild, for which she earned her second Academy Award nomination for Best Actress and a fourth Golden Globe nomination. In 2017, she co-produced and starred in the HBO drama series Big Little Lies, for which she received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie and Outstanding Limited Series, winning the latter as a producer.", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Episode Number 8 – \"A Star is Born!\" (Originally aired July 21, 2008)", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Hanks was chosen as the winner by Jerry Mitchell during her final audition at the Palace Theatre.[2]", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Episode Number 4 – \"It's Time to Get Serious\" (Originally aired June 23, 2008)", "The Kissing Booth. The next day at their costume themed birthday party, Elle begins missing Noah and decides to leave. Lee stops her and Elle tells him that she loves him but she also loves Noah and if he can't accept that then maybe they shouldn't be friends. Lee, finally accepts that Noah makes her happy and agrees to help Elle find him. Elle and Lee get in the car and leave for the airport. She starts sharing her true feelings for Noah to Lee and then it is revealed that all this time in the car it was Noah in Lee's costume. Elle is surprised to see Noah and admits to him that she loves him. They embrace and kiss.", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. 50 contestants traveled to New York hoping to star as Elle Woods in Legally Blonde. An initial dance audition ensued, and the field was narrowed down to 15 girls. After learning the song \"So Much Better\" and a dance, the girls auditioned for the judges. Five were eliminated, leaving 10 remaining contestants.", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Episode Number 6 – \"Blonde to the Bone\" (Originally aired July 7, 2008)", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Episode Number 7 – \"Triple Threat Test\" (Originally aired July 14, 2008)", "Elle King. Tanner Elle Schneider (born July 3, 1989), known professionally as Elle King, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Her musical style encompasses country, soul, rock and blues.[6] In 2012, King released her debut EP, The Elle King EP, on RCA. The EP track \"Playing for Keeps\" is the theme song for VH1's Mob Wives Chicago series.[6] She released her debut album, Love Stuff on February 17, 2015.[6] The album produced the US top 10 single \"Ex's & Oh's,\" which earned her two Grammy Award nominations. King has also toured with acts such as Of Monsters and Men, Train and Michael Kiwanuka. She is the daughter of comedian Rob Schneider and former model London King. She currently resides in Los Angeles.", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. In each episode, the girls meet a cast member from Legally Blonde: The Musical. Usually, these opportunities were awarded as prizes.", "Elle King. In March 2017, she premiered a new single \"Wild Love\" featuring a sparse electronic production, marking a slight departure from her previous style in music.[21]", "Legally Blonde (musical). The overjoyed girls of UCLA's sorority Delta Nu, led by Margot, Serena, and Pilar, celebrate the engagement that is expected to happen that night of Warner Huntington III to their perky, sweet, and strikingly blonde sorority president, Elle Woods, who is fretting over finding the perfect dress for the occasion (\"Omigod You Guys\"). Once she acquires her dream dress, Elle goes to dinner with Warner, where he tells her that he needs someone more serious and breaks up with her (\"Serious\"). Elle is devastated and sulks for twelve days (\"Daughter Of Delta Nu\") but decides to chase Warner to Harvard Law School to show him that she can be serious. With help from Delta Nu sister Kate, Elle studies for the LSAT. Instead of writing a personal essay, Elle bursts into the Harvard admission offices backed by a squad of cheerleaders. She is accepted after revealing she is motivated by love (\"What You Want\").", "Legally Blonde (musical). Legally Blonde is a musical with music and lyrics by Laurence O'Keefe and Nell Benjamin and book by Heather Hach. The story is based on the novel Legally Blonde by Amanda Brown and the 2001 film of the same name. It tells the story of Elle Woods, a sorority girl who enrolls at Harvard Law School to win back her ex-boyfriend Warner. She discovers how her knowledge of the law can help others, and successfully defends exercise queen Brooke Wyndham in a murder trial. Throughout the show, no one has faith in Elle Woods, but she manages to surprise them when she defies expectations while staying true to herself.", "Elle King. In September 2014, King released \"Ex's & Oh's,\" which serves as the lead single off her debut album. She released the album, Love Stuff on February 17, 2015.[6] She performed \"Ex's & Oh's\" the next day on The Today Show to promote it.[14] The song has reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming King's first top 10 single in the United States.[15] \"Ex's & Oh's\" received two nominations at the 58th Grammy Awards: Best Rock Performance and Best Rock Song.[16] In July 2015, King supported Modest Mouse on their UK tour. Afterwards, \"Under the Influence\" and \"America's Sweetheart\" were released as singles for rock radio[17] and mainstream radio,[18] respectively. In 2016, her single \"Good Girls\" featured on the Ghostbusters soundtrack and played over the movie's credits.[19] In 2016, she teamed up with country singer Dierks Bentley for the song \"Different for Girls\". They performed this song at the 50th CMA Awards on November 2, 2016 where she and Bentley won the award for Musical Event of the Year.[20]", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Episode Number 3 – \"Omigod, She Threw Us Under the Bus!\" (Originally aired June 16, 2008)", "Legally Blonde (musical). Walking into the party as a Playboy Bunny, Elle soon realizes that she was tricked by Vivienne: the party wasn't a costume party. Despite this, she still seeks out Warner in an effort to win him back, but he remains unimpressed (\"Serious (Reprise)\"). Elle runs from the party, only to meet Emmett, who struggles to understand Elle's love problems. He has Elle assess her priorities until she realizes it is her obsession with Warner that keeps her from earning his respect (\"Chip On My Shoulder\"). Freed from her need to please Warner, she defeats him in a classroom debate. Elle then helps Paulette get her dog back from Paulette's ex-boyfriend, using legal jargon and demonstrating she is beginning to understand law. Along with Enid Hoopes, Warner and Vivienne win two of Callahan's coveted internship positions, and Warner proposes to Vivienne on the spot right in front of Elle. Vivienne accepts with a kiss. Elle is devastated, but Emmett shows her the internship list, revealing Elle got an internship position as well. Elle, overjoyed, celebrates, disses Warner, calls her mother to tell her the news, and eagerly anticipates the trial (\"So Much Better\").", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Episode Number 5 – \"These Pink Boots Are Made For Dancing\" (Originally aired June 30, 2008)", "Tiger Woods. On March 18, 2013, Woods announced that he and Olympic gold medal skier Lindsey Vonn were dating.[269] They split up in May 2015.[270]", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Episode 2 focused on acting auditions. Scene partner Nikki Snelson (who played Brooke Wyndham in the musical) purposely drops a line during the contestants' auditions to see how the contestants react. The girls learned the song \"Delta Nu Nu Nu\". The challenge winner, Hanks, won personal time with Nikki Snelson. She shared the prize with Ridgway.", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Episode Number 2 – \"And Then There Were 10\" (Originally aired June 9, 2008)", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Natalie Lander has since moved on to video game voice acting and film roles.", "Elle King. King was spotlighted as an \"Artist to Watch in 2012\" by Esquire Magazine[11] and made television appearances on VH1 Big Morning Buzz Live and the Late Show with David Letterman.[12] King has played Austin, Texas, at the South by Southwest Festival, as well as the Hammersmith Apollo.[6] She has also taped her own PBS Arts In Context special for KLRU Austin at the Austin City Limits recording studio.[13] She toured with Of Monsters and Men, Train and Michael Kiwanuka and has opened for Dashboard Confessional, Dropkick Murphys, Dry the River, James Bay and Ed Sheeran.[citation needed]", "The Kissing Booth. Elle goes to prom with Lee and his girlfriend Rachel and has a good time until a replica of their kissing booth is revealed. Noah comes out from behind the curtains to tell Elle that he loves her but she responds by saying that she cannot keep on hurting the people she loves because of him and that no one wants them to be together. Noah agrees to this but then asks her what does she want. To this Elle does not seem to have an answer and she runs away sobbing. Rachel chases after her but she gets away before they can say anything.", "Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods. Autumn Hurlbert was declared the runner-up and served as Hanks' understudy while also performing in the ensemble.[2]" ]

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