korean
stringlengths
1
502
english
stringlengths
3
693
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌํ•œ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์ฃ .
I was burned very badly.
๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And if you spend a lot of time in hospital, you'll see a lot of types of irrationalities.
ํ™”์ƒ์™ธ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ดด๋กœ์› ๋˜ ๊ฑด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ œ ๋ชธ์˜ ๋ถ•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋–ผ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
And the one that particularly bothered me in the burn department was the process by which the nurses took the bandage off me.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ฏค์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋–ผ์–ด๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ์œผ์‹คํ…๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Now, you must have all taken a Band-Aid off at some point, and you must have wondered what's the right approach.
๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋œฏ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆด๊นŒ - ์งง์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ๊ฒŒ - ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋œฏ์„๊นŒ - ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ๋œ ์•„ํ”„์ฃ . ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
Do you rip it off quickly -- short duration but high intensity -- or do you take your Band-Aid off slowly -- you take a long time, but each second is not as painful -- which one of those is the right approach?
์ œ ๋‹ด๋‹น ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋œฏ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐ˜์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋œฏ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋˜ ์žก์•„์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋œฏ์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The nurses in my department thought that the right approach was the ripping one, so they would grab hold and they would rip, and they would grab hold and they would rip.
๋‹น์‹œ ์ œ ๋ชธ์˜ 70%๊ฐ€ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—ฌ์„œ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋–ผ๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And because I had 70 percent of my body burned, it would take about an hour.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์งง๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋œฏ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ๋”์ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And as you can imagine, I hated that moment of ripping with incredible intensity.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ป˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–˜๊ธธํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
And I would try to reason with them and say, "Why don't we try something else?
์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ - ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„ - ๋” ์‚ด์‚ด ๋–ผ๋‚ด์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?"
Why don't we take it a little longer -- maybe two hours instead of an hour -- and have less of this intensity?"
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And the nurses told me two things.
๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ € ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ฆ‰, ์ œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ณ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹จ ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ํ™˜์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์—๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They told me that they had the right model of the patient -- that they knew what was the right thing to do to minimize my pain -- and they also told me that the word patient doesn't mean to make suggestions or to interfere or ...
๋ฌผ๋ก  ์œ ๋Œ€์–ด์˜ ๋œป๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ . (์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์ด์—ˆ์Œ)
This is not just in Hebrew, by the way.
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It's in every language I've had experience with so far.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ . ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์›๋ž˜ ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And, you know, there's not much -- there wasn't much I could do, and they kept on doing what they were doing.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3๋…„ ์ •๋„ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ํ‡ด์›์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
And about three years later, when I left the hospital, I started studying at the university.
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ด์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
And one of the most interesting lessons I learned was that there is an experimental method that if you have a question you can create a replica of this question in some abstract way, and you can try to examine this question, maybe learn something about the world.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So that's what I did.
์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ™”์ƒํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋–ผ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
I was still interested in this question of how do you take bandages off burn patients.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์–ด์„œ ๊ณต๊ตฌ์ ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ชฉ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค(๊ณต์ž‘์šฉ ๊ณ ์ •์žฅ์น˜)๋ฅผ ์ƒ€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So originally I didn't have much money, so I went to a hardware store and I bought a carpenter's vice.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค์— ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋„ฃ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์กฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
And I would bring people to the lab and I would put their finger in it, and I would crunch it a little bit.
(์›ƒ์Œ) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์กฐ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž ๊น ์กฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์•„ํ”„๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์•„ํ”„๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์‰ฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ ์‰ฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(Laughter) And I would crunch it for long periods and short periods, and pain that went up and pain that went down, and with breaks and without breaks -- all kinds of versions of pain.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์”ฉ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์ด๊ฑด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์•„ํŒ ์–ด์š”? ๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์•„ํŒ ์–ด์š”?
And when I finished hurting people a little bit, I would ask them, so, how painful was this? Or, how painful was this?
๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•„ํ”„์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Or, if you had to choose between the last two, which one would you choose?
(์›ƒ์Œ) ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(Laughter) I kept on doing this for a while.
(์›ƒ์Œ) ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์ €๋„ ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์„ ๋” ๋ฐ›์•˜์ฃ .
(Laughter) And then, like all good academic projects, I got more funding.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Œํ–ฅ, ์ „๊ธฐ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋” ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์‹คํ—˜๋ณต๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
I moved to sounds, electrical shocks -- I even had a pain suit that I could get people to feel much more pain.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But at the end of this process, what I learned was that the nurses were wrong.
ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋„ ํ’๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ผ์„ ์ž˜๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
Here were wonderful people with good intentions and plenty of experience, and nevertheless they were getting things wrong predictably all the time.
๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ๋•Œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งŒ์ผ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋” ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์•„ํŒ ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It turns out that because we don't encode duration in the way that we encode intensity, I would have had less pain if the duration would have been longer and the intensity was lower.
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ œ ์–ผ๊ตด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์–ผ๊ตด์ชฝ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์•„ํ”„๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์ ์  ๊ณ ํ†ต์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋œ ์•„ํŒ ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It turns out it would have been better to start with my face, which was much more painful, and move toward my legs, giving me a trend of improvement over time -- that would have been also less painful.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์ข€ ์‰ฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์—์„œ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And it also turns out that it would have been good to give me breaks in the middle to kind of recuperate from the pain.
์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
All of these would have been great things to do, and my nurses had no idea.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค๋งŒ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ๊ฑธ๊นŒ ์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ•œํ•ด์„œ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
And from that point on I started thinking, are the nurses the only people in the world who get things wrong in this particular decision, or is it a more general case?
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
And it turns out it's a more general case -- there's a lot of mistakes we do.
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‚จ์„ ์†์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
And I want to give you one example of one of these irrationalities, and I want to talk to you about cheating.
๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
And the reason I picked cheating is because it's interesting, but also it tells us something, I think, about the stock market situation we're in.
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑด ์—”๋ก  ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ํ„ฐ์ง„ ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๊ฑด์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
So, my interest in cheating started when Enron came on the scene, exploded all of a sudden, and I started thinking about what is happening here.
์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‚˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๊ฑด์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ข€ ๋” ๋ถ€์ •์ด ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Is it the case that there was kind of a few apples who are capable of doing these things, or are we talking a more endemic situation, that many people are actually capable of behaving this way?
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Š˜ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So, like we usually do, I decided to do a simple experiment.
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
And here's how it went.
๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ข…์ด ํ•œ ์žฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์ œ 20๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ ํ˜€์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ฃผ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ .
If you were in the experiment, I would pass you a sheet of paper with 20 simple math problems that everybody could solve, but I wouldn't give you enough time.
5๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‹ต์•ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ต๋ณ€๋‹น 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
When the five minutes were over, I would say, "Pass me the sheets of paper, and I'll pay you a dollar per question."
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ž๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” 4๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์”ฉ์„ ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ค ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ’€์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
People did this. I would pay people four dollars for their task -- on average people would solve four problems.
๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Other people I would tempt to cheat.
์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‹œํ—˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ 
I would pass their sheet of paper.
5๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ . "์‹œํ—˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”.
When the five minutes were over, I would say, "Please shred the piece of paper.
์ฐข์€ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ ๋‚ญ์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋งž์ท„๋Š”์ง€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”"๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
Put the little pieces in your pocket or in your backpack, and tell me how many questions you got correctly."
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ํ‰๊ท  ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ท„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
People now solved seven questions on average.
์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‚˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์ฃผ ์†์ด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Now, it wasn't as if there was a few bad apples -- a few people cheated a lot.
๋Œ€์‹  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ์†์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
Instead, what we saw is a lot of people who cheat a little bit.
๊ฒฝ์ œ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ-ํŽธ์ต ๋ถ„์„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Now, in economic theory, cheating is a very simple cost-benefit analysis.
๋“คํ‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ์ธ๊ฐ€?
You say, what's the probability of being caught?
์†์—ฌ์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ต์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ์ธ๊ฐ€?
How much do I stand to gain from cheating?
๋งŒ์ผ ๋“คํ‚ค๋ฉด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
And how much punishment would I get if I get caught?
์ด ์˜ต์…˜๋“ค์„ ๋”ฐ์ ธ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ-ํŽธ์ต ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅผ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And you weigh these options out -- you do the simple cost-benefit analysis, and you decide whether it's worthwhile to commit the crime or not.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฑธ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So, we try to test this.
๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ„๋กœ ๋“คํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ํ›”์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
For some people, we varied how much money they could get away with -- how much money they could steal.
์ •๋‹ต ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹น 10์„ผํŠธ, 50์„ผํŠธ, 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, 5๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, 10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์”ฉ ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We paid them 10 cents per correct question, 50 cents, a dollar, five dollars, 10 dollars per correct question.
์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์†์ผ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You would expect that as the amount of money on the table increases, people would cheat more, but in fact it wasn't the case.
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ํ›”์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
We got a lot of people cheating by stealing by a little bit.
๋“คํ‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
What about the probability of being caught?
์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ด์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋งŒ ์ฐข์–ด์„œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Some people shredded half the sheet of paper, so there was some evidence left.
์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์ „๋ถ€ ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Some people shredded the whole sheet of paper.
์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฐฑ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ ๋‹ด๊ธด ํ†ต์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ˆ์„ ์ง‘์–ด๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Some people shredded everything, went out of the room, and paid themselves from the bowl of money that had over 100 dollars.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๋“คํ‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์†์ผ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You would expect that as the probability of being caught goes down, people would cheat more, but again, this was not the case.
์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์”ฉ๋งŒ ์†์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์—๋Š” ๋‘”๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Again, a lot of people cheated by just by a little bit, and they were insensitive to these economic incentives.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ . "๋งŒ์ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋‘”๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด๊ฐ€?"
So we said, "If people are not sensitive to the economic rational theory explanations, to these forces, what could be going on?"
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํž˜์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And we thought maybe what is happening is that there are two forces.
ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์†์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์€๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
At one hand, we all want to look at ourselves in the mirror and feel good about ourselves, so we don't want to cheat.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์€ ์†์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ณธ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
On the other hand, we can cheat a little bit, and still feel good about ourselves.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์„ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์†์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
So, maybe what is happening is that there's a level of cheating we can't go over, but we can still benefit from cheating at a low degree, as long as it doesn't change our impressions about ourselves.
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We call this like a personal fudge factor.
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
Now, how would you test a personal fudge factor?
๋จผ์ € ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Initially we said, what can we do to shrink the fudge factor?
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค๋กœ ์˜ค๊ฒŒํ•ด์„œ "์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So, we got people to the lab, and we said, "We have two tasks for you today."
๋จผ์ € ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ธ์›์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋•Œ ์ฝ์€ ์ฑ… ์—ด ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ์™ธ์›Œ๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
First, we asked half the people to recall either 10 books they read in high school, or to recall The Ten Commandments, and then we tempted them with cheating.
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ์™ธ์›Œ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ -์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋‹ค ์™ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ- ์–ด์จŒ๋˜ ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ์™ธ์šฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ์ „ํ˜€ ์†์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Turns out the people who tried to recall The Ten Commandments -- and in our sample nobody could recall all of The Ten Commandments -- but those people who tried to recall The Ten Commandments, given the opportunity to cheat, did not cheat at all.
๋ณด๋‹ค ๋…์‹คํ•œ ์‹ ์ž์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋œ ์†์ด๊ณ  ๋œ ๋…์‹คํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋” ์†์ธ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It wasn't that the more religious people -- the people who remembered more of the Commandments -- cheated less, and the less religious people -- the people who couldn't remember almost any Commandments -- cheated more.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
The moment people thought about trying to recall The Ten Commandments, they stopped cheating.
์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฌด์‹ ๋ก ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€๊ณ  ๋งน์„ธํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์†์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In fact, even when we gave self-declared atheists the task of swearing on the Bible and we give them a chance to cheat, they don't cheat at all.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ๊ต์œก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์„œ ๋Œ€์‹  "์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช…์˜ˆ ์„œ์•ฝ์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ?" ์–˜๊ธธํ–ˆ์ฃ .
Now, Ten Commandments is something that is hard to bring into the education system, so we said, "Why don't we get people to sign the honor code?"
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์ด ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์—์„œ MIT ๋ช…์˜ˆ์„œ์•ฝ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ•จ"
So, we got people to sign, "I understand that this short survey falls under the MIT Honor Code."
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„œ์•ฝ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Then they shredded it. No cheating whatsoever.
์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ด์œ ๋Š” MIT์—๋Š” ๋ช…์˜ˆ์„œ์•ฝ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒŒ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
And this is particularly interesting, because MIT doesn't have an honor code.
(์›ƒ์Œ) ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(Laughter) So, all this was about decreasing the fudge factor.
์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
What about increasing the fudge factor?
์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์€ MIT ์บ ํผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ 6๊ฐœ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ฝœ๋ผํŒฉ์„ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์— ์ฑ„์›Œ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์˜€์–ด์š”.
The first experiment -- I walked around MIT and I distributed six-packs of Cokes in the refrigerators -- these were common refrigerators for the undergrads.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฌธ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ฝœ๋ผ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์ฆ‰, ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ?
And I came back to measure what we technically call the half-lifetime of Coke -- how long does it last in the refrigerators?
์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
As you can expect it doesn't last very long; people take it.
๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€ํ 6์žฅ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์ ‘์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In contrast, I took a plate with six one-dollar bills, and I left those plates in the same refrigerators.
์ง€ํ๋Š” ํ•œ ์žฅ๋„ ์—†์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
No bill ever disappeared.
์ด๊ฑด ์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Now, this is not a good social science experiment, so to do it better I did the same experiment as I described to you before.
์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ 1/3์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ 
A third of the people we passed the sheet, they gave it back to us.
๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 1/3์€ ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์™€์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์ „ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ X๊ฐœ ํ’€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. X๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”"๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
A third of the people we passed it to, they shredded it, they came to us and said, "Mr. Experimenter, I solved X problems. Give me X dollars."
๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 1/3์€ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ํ›„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์™€์„œ "์ „ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ X๊ฐœ ํ’€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ํฐ X๊ฐœ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A third of the people, when they finished shredding the piece of paper, they came to us and said, "Mr Experimenter, I solved X problems. Give me X tokens."
์ง์ ‘ ๋ˆ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑธ ์ค€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
We did not pay them with dollars; we paid them with something else.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด 12ํ”ผํŠธ ์ •๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์— ํ† ํฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And then they took the something else, they walked 12 feet to the side, and exchanged it for dollars.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ง๊ด€๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
Think about the following intuition.
์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ฐํ•„์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ๋” ์ฃ„์˜์‹์ด ๋“ค๊นŒ์š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ž”๋ˆ ๋ฐ•์Šค์—์„œ 10์„ผํŠธ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ๋” ์ฃ„์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ๊นŒ์š”?
How bad would you feel about taking a pencil from work home, compared to how bad would you feel about taking 10 cents from a petty cash box?