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๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋๋์ด ์์ฃผ ๋ค๋ฆ
๋๋ค. | These things feel very differently. |
ํ๊ธ์์ ํ ๋จ๊ณ ์ ์๋ผ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒํ๊ณ ํ ํฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ ์ง๊ธํ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๊น์? | Would being a step removed from cash for a few seconds by being paid by token make a difference? |
์ ์คํ๋์๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ถ์ ํ์๊ฐ ๋ ๋ฐฐ๋ก ๋๋๊ตฐ์. | Our subjects doubled their cheating. |
์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ ์ต๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ํ์์ ๋ํด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฃผ์์์ฅ์ ๋ํด ์ ์ ํ ๋ง์๋๋ฆฌ์ฃ . | I'll tell you what I think about this and the stock market in a minute. |
ํ์ง๋ง ์ด ์คํ์ผ๋ก๋ ์๋ก ์ฌํ์ ๋ํ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ํด๊ฒฐ๋์ง ์์์ต๋๋ค. ์๋ํ๋ฉด ์๋ก ์๋ ์ฌํ์ ์์๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋์ด ์๊ฑฐ๋ ์. | But this did not solve the big problem I had with Enron yet, because in Enron, there's also a social element. |
์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์๋ก์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒ ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๋๋ค. | People see each other behaving. |
์ค์ ๋ก ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋งค์ผ ์ ํ๋ ๋ด์ค์์ ๋ถ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ด
๋๋ค. | In fact, every day when we open the news we see examples of people cheating. |
์ด๊ฒ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์ด๋ค ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ๊น์? | What does this cause us? |
๊ทธ๋์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์คํ์ ํด๋ดค์ต๋๋ค. | So, we did another experiment. |
๋ง์ ํ์๋ค์ ์คํ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ํค๊ณ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋์ ์ง๊ธํ์ต๋๋ค. | We got a big group of students to be in the experiment, and we prepaid them. |
๋ชจ๋์๊ฒ ์คํ์ ์ฐธ์ํ๋ ๋๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ก ๋ดํฌ์ ๋ด์ ์ง๊ธํ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์์ฒญํ์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๋ฒ์ง ์์ ๊ธ์ก์ ๋๋ ค๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . | So everybody got an envelope with all the money for the experiment, and we told them that at the end, we asked them to pay us back the money they didn't make. OK? |
๊ฐ์ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฉ๋๋ค. | The same thing happens. |
์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ์์ผ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉด ์ด๋ค์ ์์
๋๋ค. | When we give people the opportunity to cheat, they cheat. |
์์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธ์ฉ์ด์ง๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง์ฃ . | They cheat just by a little bit, all the same. |
ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ฒ ์คํ์์๋ ์ฐ๊ธฐ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๊ณ ์ฉํด์ | But in this experiment we also hired an acting student. |
์ด ํ์์ด 30์ด ํ์ ์ผ์ด์์ ๋ง์ ํ๋๋ก ์์ผฐ์ต๋๋ค. "๋ฌธ์ ๋ค ํ์๋๋ฐ์. ์ด์ ๋ญํ์ฃ ?"๋ผ๊ตฌ์. | This acting student stood up after 30 seconds, and said, "I solved everything. What do I do now?" |
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฉด ์คํ์๊ฐ "๋ค ํ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฉ๋๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํฉ๋๋ค. | And the experimenter said, "If you've finished everything, go home. |
๋ง๋ง ํ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋ก ๋์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . | That's it. The task is finished." |
๊ทธ๋์ ์ด๋ฒ์๋ ์ฐ๊ธฐํ๋ ํ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ํฌํจ์์ผฐ์ต๋๋ค. | So, now we had a student -- an acting student -- that was a part of the group. |
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ด ํ์์ด ์ฐ๊ธฐ์์ธ ์ค ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ . | Nobody knew it was an actor. |
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฐ๊ธฐ์๋ค์ ์์ฃผ ์ฌ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ถ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ง๋ฆ
๋๋ค. | And they clearly cheated in a very, very serious way. |
๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์๋ค์ ์ด๋จ๊น์? | What would happen to the other people in the group? |
๋ ๋ง์ด ์์ผ๊น์ ์๋๋ฉด ๋ ์์ผ๊น์? | Will they cheat more, or will they cheat less? |
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ด๋ฌ์ต๋๋ค. | Here is what happens. |
์ด๋ค ์ด๋๋ณต์
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์
๋๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๋๋ค. | It turns out it depends on what kind of sweatshirt they're wearing. |
์ค๋ช
์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ฃ . | Here is the thing. |
์ด ์คํ์ ์นด๋ค๊ธฐ๋ฉ๋ก ๊ณผ ํผ์ธ ๋ฒ๊ทธ ๋ํ์์ ํ์ต๋๋ค. | We ran this at Carnegie Mellon and Pittsburgh. |
ํผ์ธ ๋ฒ๊ทธ์๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ํฐ ๋ํ์ด ์์ฃ . ๋ฐ๋ก ์นด๋ค๊ธฐ๋ฉ๋ก ๊ณผ ํผ์ธ ๋ฒ๊ทธ ๋ํ๊ต์
๋๋ค. | And at Pittsburgh there are two big universities, Carnegie Mellon and University of Pittsburgh. |
์คํ์ ์ฐธ์ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์์ ์นด๋ค๊ธฐ๋ฉ๋ก ํ์์ด์์ฃ . | All of the subjects sitting in the experiment were Carnegie Mellon students. |
5์ด ํ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์ฐ๊ธฐ์๊ฐ ์นด๋ค๊ธฐ๋ฉ๋ก ํ์์ด๋ฉด -์ค์ ๋ก ์นด๋ค๊ธฐ๋ฉ๋ก ํ์์ด์๋๋ฐ์- ์ฆ, ๊ทธ๋ค ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์ผ์์ด๋ฉด ๋ถ์ ํ์๊ฐ ๋ง์์ก์ต๋๋ค. | When the actor who was getting up was a Carnegie Mellon student -- he was actually a Carnegie Mellon student -- but he was a part of their group, cheating went up. |
๊ทธ๋ ์ง๋ง ์ด ํ์์ด ํผ์ธ ๋ฒ๊ทธ๋ํ ์
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์
๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉด ๋ถ์ ํ์๊ฐ ์ค์ด๋ค์์ฃ . | But when he actually had a University of Pittsburgh sweatshirt, cheating went down. |
(์์) ์ด๊ฑด ์ค์ํ ์ฌ์ค์
๋๋ค. ์๊ฐํด๋ณด์ธ์. ๊ทธ ์ฐ๊ธฐ์๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ์ ๋ ๋ชจ๋์๊ฒ ์์ฌ๋ ๋คํค์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ๊ฑธ ํ์ธ์์ผ ์ค ๊ฒ๋๋ค. ์๋๋ฉด ์คํ๋ด๋น์๊ฐ "๋ค ๋๋์ผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ธ์"๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ณ ์ด๋ค์ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฅ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ์ผ๋๊น์. | (Laughter) Now, this is important, because remember, when the moment the student stood up, it made it clear to everybody that they could get away with cheating, because the experimenter said, "You've finished everything. Go home," and they went with the money. |
์ญ์ ์ด๋ฒ์๋ ๋คํฌ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํฐ ๋ณ์๊ฐ ์๋์์ต๋๋ค. | So it wasn't so much about the probability of being caught again. |
๋ถ์ ํ์์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ์ค์ํ๋๊ฑฐ์ฃ . | It was about the norms for cheating. |
๋ง์ผ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณธ๋ค๋ฉด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ์ฒด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ผ๋ก์ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ํ๋ํ๋๊ฒ ๋ ์ ํฉํ๋ค๊ณ ๋๋๋๋ค. | If somebody from our in-group cheats and we see them cheating, we feel it's more appropriate, as a group, to behave this way. |
ํ์ง๋ง ๋ง์ผ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด ๋์ ์ฌ๋๋ค -์ด ์ผ์ ๋์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ ์๋๋ผ- ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฎ์ด๊ณ ์ถ์ง ์์ ๋์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ํ๊ต, ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ ์ง์ฑ์ด ๋์์ง๋ ๊ฒ๋๋ค. ์ญ๊ณ๋ช
์คํ๊ณผ ์ฝ๊ฐ ๋น์ทํ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ํ์๋ ๋ ํฉ๋๋ค. | But if it's somebody from another group, these terrible people -- I mean, not terrible in this -- but somebody we don't want to associate ourselves with, from another university, another group, all of a sudden people's awareness of honesty goes up -- a little bit like The Ten Commandments experiment -- and people cheat even less. |
์ด ์คํ์ ํตํด ๋ถ์ ํ์์ ๋ํด ๋ญ ์๊ฒ๋๋์? | So, what have we learned from this about cheating? |
๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋ถ์ ์ ์ ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๋๋ค. | We've learned that a lot of people can cheat. |
๋ค๋ค ์์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธ๋ง ์์ด๋ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . | They cheat just by a little bit. |
์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ๋๋์ฑ์ ๋ํด ์ธ์ง์ํค๋ฉด ๋ถ์ ํ์๊ฐ ์ค์ด๋ญ๋๋ค. | When we remind people about their morality, they cheat less. |
๋ถ์ ํ์๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ๋๋์๋ก ๊ฐ๋ น ๋๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋์๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฉ์๋ก ๋ถ์ ํ์๊ฐ ๋์ด๋ฉ๋๋ค. | When we get bigger distance from cheating, from the object of money, for example, people cheat more. |
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ์์ ๋ถ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ดค์ ๋ ํนํ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ด์์ ๋ดค์ ๋ ๋ถ์ ํ์๋ ๋ง์์ง๋๋ค. | And when we see cheating around us, particularly if it's a part of our in-group, cheating goes up. |
์ด ํ์์ ์ฃผ์์์ฅ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ์๊ฐํด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฌด์จ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์ด๋๋์ง ๋ณด์์ฃ . | Now, if we think about this in terms of the stock market, think about what happens. |
๋ง์ผ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ด ๋ฌด์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ง์ ๋์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ํ์ค์ ์ฝ๊ฐ ์๊ณกํด์ ๋ณด๋๋ก ํ๋ฉด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ ๊น์? | What happens in a situation when you create something where you pay people a lot of money to see reality in a slightly distorted way? |
์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์๊ณกํด์ ๋ณด์ง ์์๊น์? | Would they not be able to see it this way? |
๋น์ฐํ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ๋ด
๋๋ค. | Of course they would. |
๋ง์ผ ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ด๋ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ๋ น ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ถํฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ค๋ฉด์? | What happens when you do other things, like you remove things from money? |
์ฃผ์, ์คํก์ต์
, ํ์์ํ, ์ฃผํ์ ๋น์ฆ๊ถ(MBS) ๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ถ์ธ๋ค๋ฉด | You call them stock, or stock options, derivatives, mortgage-backed securities. |
์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๋๊ณผ ์ข ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฉด ์ด๊ฑด ์ผ์ด ํ์ ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ ํ ํฐ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋จ๊ณ ๋์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋จ์ด์ ธ ์๋ ๊ฒ๋๋ค. ์๊ฐ๋ ํจ์ฌ ๊ธธ์ฃ - ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋ ๋ง์ด ์์ผ๊น์? | Could it be that with those more distant things, it's not a token for one second, it's something that is many steps removed from money for a much longer time -- could it be that people will cheat even more? |
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ ์ฌํ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ ๊น์? | And what happens to the social environment when people see other people behave around them? |
์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์์ฃผ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์์์ฅ์์ ์์ฉํ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ์ ์๊ฐํฉ๋๋ค. | I think all of those forces worked in a very bad way in the stock market. |
์ข ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ ๋ก ํ๋๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ๋ํด ๋ง์๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ถ์ต๋๋ค. | More generally, I want to tell you something about behavioral economics. |
์ด๋ฉด์ ๋ง์ ์ง๊ด์ ๋๋ผ๊ฒ ๋๋๋ฐ ์ค์ํ ๊ฑด ์ด๋ค ์ค ์๋น์๊ฐ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๋๋ค. | We have many intuitions in our life, and the point is that many of these intuitions are wrong. |
๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ด ์ง๊ด๋ค์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ
์คํธํด ๋ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ํ๋๊ฑฐ์ฃ . | The question is, are we going to test those intuitions? |
์ด ์ง๊ด์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํ
์คํธํ ์ง ์๊ฐํด๋ณด์ฃ . ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ํ์ด๋ ์ง์
์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํนํ ์ ์ฑ
๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํด์๋ ํ์๋์ค๋ฐฉ์ง(NCLB) ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ด๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ฃผ์์์ฅ์ด ์๊ธธ ๋, ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ง๋ค ๋ ๊ณผ์ธ, ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ฑ์ ์๊ฐํด๋ณผ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. | We can think about how we're going to test this intuition in our private life, in our business life, and most particularly when it goes to policy, when we think about things like No Child Left Behind, when you create new stock markets, when you create other policies -- taxation, health care and so on. |
์ด๋ฐ ์ํฉ์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ง๊ด์ ํ
์คํธํ๊ธฐ ํ๋ค๋ค๋ ๊ฒ ์ ๊ฐ ๊นจ๋ฌ์ ์ค์ํ ๊ตํ์ด์์ต๋๋ค. ์ ๊ฐํธ์ฌ๋ค์ ๋ง๋๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ ๋์์ฃ . | And the difficulty of testing our intuition was the big lesson I learned when I went back to the nurses to talk to them. |
์ ๋ ์ ๊ฐ ์
์ํ๋ ๋ณ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐํธ์ฌ๋ถ๋ค๊ป ๋ถ๋ ๋ผ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๊ดํ ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์๋ ค์คฌ์ฃ . | So I went back to talk to them and tell them what I found out about removing bandages. |
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ก์ด ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋ฌ์์ต๋๋ค. | And I learned two interesting things. |
ํ๋๋ ์ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ข์ํ๋ ์ํฐ ๊ฐํธ์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ค์ค ๊ฑด๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ณ ํต์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ง ์์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๋๋ค. | One was that my favorite nurse, Ettie, told me that I did not take her pain into consideration. |
๊ทธ๋
๋ "๋ฌผ๋ก ๋๋ ์ ๋ง ์ํ ๊ฒ ์ง๋ง | She said, "Of course, you know, it was very painful for you. |
๊ฐํธ์ฌ๋ก์์ ๋ด ์
์ฅ๋ ์๊ฐํด๋ด๋ผ. ๋ด๊ฐ ์ข์ํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ถ๋๋ฅผ ๋ผ๋ด๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฃผ ์ค๋ฌ๋์ ํด์ผ๋๋ ์ํฉ์ ๋ง์ผ. | But think about me as a nurse, taking, removing the bandages of somebody I liked, and had to do it repeatedly over a long period of time. |
๊ทธ๋ฐ ํฐ ๊ณ ํต์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ ๊ฑด ๋๋ก์๋ ๊ดด๋ก์ด ์ผ์ด์๋ค"๊ณ ํ์ต๋๋ค. | Creating so much torture was not something that was good for me, too." |
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ถ์ด ํ ๋ง์ด, ๊ทธ๋
๋ก์ ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ์ด๋ ค์ ๋ ์ด์ ์ผ์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋๋ฐ | And she said maybe part of the reason was it was difficult for her. |
์ ๋ก์๋ ์์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ก์ด ๋ง์ด์์ด์. ๊ทธ ๋ถ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ "๋๋ ๋ค ์ง๊ด์ด ์ณ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ์ง ์์๋ค. | But it was actually more interesting than that, because she said, "I did not think that your intuition was right. |
๋ด ์ง๊ด์ด ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค"๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ๋๋ค. | I felt my intuition was correct." |
์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ง๊ด์ ์๊ฐํด๋ณด์๋ฉด ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์ง๊ด์ด ํ๋ ธ๋ค๊ณ ๋ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ฐ์ค ๊ฒ๋๋ค. | So, if you think about all of your intuitions, it's very hard to believe that your intuition is wrong. |
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ํ ๋ง์, ์๊ธฐ์ ์ง๊ด์ด ๋ง์๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ ํ ๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์ง๊ด์ด ์ณ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋์ ์ด๋ ค์ด ์คํ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ฝ์ง ์์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๋๋ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ํ๋ ธ๋์ง ํ์ธํด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ ๋ค๋ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . | And she said, "Given the fact that I thought my intuition was right ..." -- she thought her intuition was right -- it was very difficult for her to accept doing a difficult experiment to try and check whether she was wrong. |
ํ์ง๋ง ์ค์ ๋ก ์ด๋ฐ ์ํฉ์ด์ผ๋ง๋ก ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํญ์ ์ฒํ๋ ์ํฉ์
๋๋ค. | But in fact, this is the situation we're all in all the time. |
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ์์ฃผ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์ง๊ด์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ, ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์, ๊ต์ฌ ๊ธ์ฌ ๋ฑ์ ๋ํด์์. | We have very strong intuitions about all kinds of things -- our own ability, how the economy works, how we should pay school teachers. |
ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ฐ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ง๊ด์ ํ
์คํธํด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ ๊น์ง ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ ๋์์ง ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. | But unless we start testing those intuitions, we're not going to do better. |
์ ์ถ์ด ์ผ๋ง๋ ์ข์์ก์์ง ํ ๋ฒ ์๊ฐํด ๋ณด์ธ์. ๋ง์ผ ๊ฐํธ์ฌ๋ค์ด ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์ง๊ด์ ํ
์คํธํด๋ณด๋ ค ํ๋ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ ๋์์ง ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ง๊ด์ ๋ํด ๋ณด๋ค ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ธ ์คํ์ ์์ํ๋ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ . | And just think about how better my life would have been if these nurses would have been willing to check their intuition, and how everything would have been better if we just start doing more systematic experimentation of our intuitions. |
๋๋จํ ๊ฐ์ฌํฉ๋๋ค. | Thank you very much. |
์ค๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ๋ค๊ป ์ ๊ฐ ์ข์ํ๋ ๋์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์๋ ค๋๋ฆด๊ฒ์. ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋์์ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ ์๋ ์์ง์๊ฐ๋ฝ ์จ๋ฆ์ธ๋ฐ์. | Today I am going to teach you how to play my favorite game: massively multiplayer thumb-wrestling. |
์ด ๋์ด๋ ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ํ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ด ์ด ๊ฐ์ง ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ 60 ์ด ์ด๋ด์ ๊ฒฝํํ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์ ์ผํ ๊ฒ์์
๋๋ค. | It's the only game in the world that I know of that allows you, the player, the opportunity to experience 10 positive emotions in 60 seconds or less. |
์ง์ง๋ก์. ์ค๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ด ์ ์ ํจ๊ป 1 ๋ถ๋ง์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด ๋์ด๋ฅผ ํด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ์จ, ํธ์ํจ, ์ฌ๋, ๋๋, ์๋ถ์ฌ, ํธ๊ธฐ์ฌ, ํฅ๋ถ, ๋ฉ์ง, ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ก์, ๋ง์กฑ, ์ฐฝ์์ฑ, ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋จ 1๋ถ ๋ง์ ๋๋ ์ ์์ ๊ฑฐ์์. | This is true, so if you play this game with me today for just one single minute, you will get to feel joy, relief, love, surprise, pride, curiosity, excitement, awe and wonder, contentment, and creativity, all in the span of one minute. |
๊ฝค ๊ด์ฐฎ์ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ ? ์ด์ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ๋ ์ด ๋์ด๊ฐ ํ๊ณ ์ถ์ผ์ค๊ฑฐ์์. | So this sounds pretty good, right? Now you're willing to play. |
์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ๋ค๊ป ์ด ๋์ด๋ฅผ ์๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์์์๊ฐ ๋ช ๋ถ ํ์ํ๋ฐ ๋ฌด๋ ์๋ก ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ฌ๋ผ์์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒํ๋ ๋์ด์ธ์ง ํจ๊ป ๋ณด์ฌ๋๋ฆฌ์ฃ . | In order to teach you this game, I'm going to need some volunteers to come up onstage really quickly, and we're going to do a little hands-on demo. |
์ฌ๋ผ์์ค๋ ๋์ ์๋ ค๋๋ฆด๊ฒ ์์ด์. ์ด ๋์ด๋ 10๋
์ ์ ๋ชจ๋
ธํฌ๋กฌ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์ ์์ ์ง๋จ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ๊ฑฐ๊ฒ์. | While they're coming up, I should let you know, this game was invented 10 years ago by an artists' collective in Austria named Monochrom. |
๊ฐ์ฌํด์. ๋ชจ๋
ธํฌ๋กฌ. | So thank you, Monochrom. |
์, ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ ํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ํ๋ ์์ง์๊ฐ๋ฝ ์จ๋ฆ์ ์ต์ํ์์์. | Okay, so most people are familiar with traditional, two-person thumb-wrestling. |
์จ๋, ๊ทธ๋ฅ ์๊ธฐ์์ผ์ฃผ์๊ตฌ์. | Sunni, let's just remind them. |
ํ๋, ๋, ์
, ๋ท, ์ ๊ฐ ์์ง ์ ์์ ์ ํฌํ๋ฉด ๋ ์ฌ๋ง์ ์์ํ๊ณ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์จ๋๊ฐ ์ต๊ณ ๋๊น ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ฒ ์ง๋ง์. | One, two, three, four, I declare a thumb war, and we wrestle, and of course Sunni beats me because she's the best. |
์, ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ํ๋ ์์ง ์๊ฐ๋ฝ ์จ๋ฆ์ ๊ดํ ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ฒ์์ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ ์ธ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . | Now the first thing about massively multiplayer thumb-wrestling, we're the gamer generation. |
ํ์ฌ ์ง๊ตฌ์์ 10์ต ๋ช
์ ๊ฒ์์ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์๊ณ ๊ทธ๋์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ ๋์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ํด์. | There are a billion gamers on the planet now, so we need more of a challenge. |
๊ทธ๋์ ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง์ '์์ง ์๊ฐ๋ฝ'์
๋๋ค. | So the first thing we need is more thumbs. |
์, ์๋ฆญ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ค์ธ์. | So Eric, come on over. |
์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์์ง ์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ํ ์ ์์ด์. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํผํฐ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๊ฒ ์ฃ . | So we could get three thumbs together, and Peter could join us. |
4๊ฐ์ ์์ง ์๊ฐ๋ฝ๋ ํ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ ์๊ฐ ์๋๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ด ์ด๊ธธ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์ ์์ง์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ๋์ด๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋๋ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . | We could even have four thumbs together, and the way you win is you're the first person to pin someone else's thumb. |
์ด๊ฒ ์ ๋ง ์ค์ํด์. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ธ์ธ ๋๊น์ง ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ ธ๋ค๊ฐ ๋งํ์ ๋ผ์ด๋ค๋ฉด ์ ๋์. | This is really important. You can't, like, wait while they fight it out and then swoop in at the last minute. |
๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ์ด๊ฒจ์๋ ์ ๋์ฃ . | That is not how you win. |
์, ๋๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋๊ตฌ์? ์๋ฆญ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฌ์ฃ . | Ah, who did that? Eric you did that. |
๊ทธ๋์ ์๋ฆญ์ด ์ด๊ฒผ์ด์. ์๋ฆญ์ด ์ ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์ด์์ฃ . | So Eric would have won. He was the first person to pin my thumb. |
์ข์์, ๊ทธ๊ฒ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ท์น์ด๊ณ ๋ณดํต ์ธ ๊ฐ์์ ๋ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ ๋ง๋์ ๋ชจ์ธ ์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ์๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์์ด์. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ด ์ผ์ฌ๋ง๋งํ๋ค๋ฉด ๊ตณ์ด ๋ง์ค์ผ ํ์๊ฐ ์์ด์. | Okay, so that's the first rule, and we can see that three or four is kind of the typical number of thumbs in a node, but if you feel ambitious, you don't have to hold back. |
์ผ๋ง๋ ์ง ํ ์ ์์ด์. | We can really go for it. |
์ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด์์ฃ . | So you can see up here. |
์, ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ด ๊ธฐ์ตํด์ผ ํ ๋จ ํ๋์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ท์น์ ๊ฒ์ ์ธ๋์ธ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋์ ์ ์ข์ํ๋ค๋๊ฑฐ์์. | Now the only other rule you need to remember is, gamer generation, we like a challenge. |
์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง ์๋ ์์ง์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ด ์๋ค์. | I happen to notice you all have some thumbs you're not using. |
์ข ๋ ๋ง์ ์๊ฐ๋ฝ๋ค์ ํฌํจ์ํฌ ์ ์๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์. | So I think we should kind of get some more involved. |
๋ง์ฝ ๋ค ์ฌ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฅ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ํ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ๋๊ฐ์ ์์ง ์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ๋์์ ๋์ด๋จ๋ฆฌ๋๊ฒ์ ์๋ํ๋๊ฑฐ์ฃ . | And if we had just four people, we would do it just like this, and we would try and wrestle both thumbs at the same time. |
์๋ฒฝํด์. | Perfect. |