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์ž, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.-- ์œ ์•„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ•™์—… ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ , ์„ฑ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ์น˜์› ์ด์ „ ๋ณด์œก์›์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ์œ ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์ถœ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์œ ์•„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค 1๋ถˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋‹น ์†Œ๋“์ด 2๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ 78์„ผํŠธ์”ฉ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€,
Okay. If you look at the research evidence -- that's extensive -- on how much early childhood programs affect the educational attainment, wages and skills of former participants in preschool as adults, you take those known effects, you take how many of those folks will be expected to stick around the state or local economy and not move out, and you take research on how much skills drive job creation, you will conclude, from these three separate lines of research, that for every dollar invested in early childhood programs, the per capita earnings of state residents go up by two dollars and 78 cents,
1 ๋Œ€ 3์˜ ํˆฌ์ž ํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
so that's a three-to-one return.
1 ๋Œ€ 16์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์œจ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ณด์œก์›์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด 3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ข‹์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ , ๋˜ ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋™ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Now you can get much higher returns, of up to 16-to-one, if you include anti-crime benefits, if you include benefits to former preschool participants who move to some other state, but there's a good reason for focusing on these three dollars because this is salient and important to state legislators and state policy makers, and it's the states that are going to have to act.
์ฆ‰ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด๋“์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
So there is this key benefit that is relevant to state policy makers in terms of economic development.
ํ•œํŽธ ์ข…์ข… ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋•Œ๋ก  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ •์ค‘ํ•ด์„œ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์‹œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์€ ์™œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋” ๋‚ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
Now, one objection you often hear, or maybe you don't hear it because people are too polite to say it, is, why should I pay more taxes to invest in other people's children?
๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์ ์€ ๋ญ์ฃ ? ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
What's in it for me?
์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์˜์กด์ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And the trouble with that objection, it reflects a total misunderstanding of how much local economies involve everyone being interdependent.
ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ์ ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํ™•์‚ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
Specifically, the interdependency here is, is that there are huge spillovers of skills -- that when other people's children get more skills, that actually increases the prosperity of everyone, including people whose skills don't change.
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ˆ˜์—†์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ด‘์—ญ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์œจ์„ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„์šฉ, ์ž„๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ขŒ์šฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—…์œจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So for example, numerous research studies have shown if you look at what really drives the growth rate of metropolitan areas, it's not so much low taxes, low cost, low wages; it's the skills of the area. Particularly, the proxy for skills that people use is percentage of college graduates in the area.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ด‘์—ญ ์ง€์—ญ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์Šคํ†ค ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋„ค์•„ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค- ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ํด ์ง€์—ญ, ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ €๋น„์šฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So when you look, for example, at metropolitan areas such as the Boston area, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Silicon Valley, these areas are not doing well economically because they're low-cost.
์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ง‘์„ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณด์…จ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
I don't know if you ever tried to buy a house in Silicon Valley.
์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ €๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ธ ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
It's not exactly a low-cost proposition.
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They are growing because they have high levels of skills.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ์ค„ ๋•Œ, ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So when we invest in other people's children, and build up those skills, we increase the overall job growth of a metro area.
๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š”, ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณ„ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณ„ ์ž„๊ธˆ์€ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณ„ ๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
As another example, if we look at what determines an individual's wages, and we do statistical exploration of that, what determines wages, we know that the individual's wages will depend, in part, on that individual's education, for example whether or not they have a college degree.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ด‘์—ญ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ž„๊ธˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
One of the very interesting facts is that, in addition, we find that even once we hold constant, statistically, the effect of your own education, the education of everyone else in your metropolitan area also affects your wages.
๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด, ๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žก๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—…์œจ์„ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ž„๊ธˆ์— ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So specifically, if you hold constant your education, you stick in percentage of college graduates in your metro area, you will find that has a significant positive effect on your wages without changing your education at all.
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋” ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In fact, this effect is so strong that when someone gets a college degree, the spillover effects of this on the wages of others in the metropolitan area are actually greater than the direct effects.
์ฆ‰ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ‰์ƒ ์ž„๊ธˆ์ด 70๋งŒ ๋ถˆ์„ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ก์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So if someone gets a college degree, their lifetime earnings go up by a huge amount, over 700,000 dollars.
์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—…์ƒ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด -- ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด์ง€๋งŒ-- ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰์ƒ ์ž„๊ธˆ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ถˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œก๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ƒ์Šน ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
There's an effect on everyone else in the metro area of driving up the percentage of college graduates in the metro area, and if you add that up -- it's a small effect for each person, but if you add that up across all the people in the metro area, you actually get that the increase in wages for everyone else in the metropolitan area adds up to almost a million dollars.
์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
That's actually greater than the direct benefits of the person choosing to get education.
์ž, ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
Now, what's going on here?
๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์‚ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
What can explain these huge spillover effects of education?
์ž, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
Well, let's think about it this way.
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ณ  ์ง์žฅ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์žฅ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต์ •์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I can be the most skilled person in the world, but if everyone else at my firm lacks skills, my employer is going to find it more difficult to introduce new technology, new production techniques.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์€ ๋” ์ ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
So as a result, my employer is going to be less productive.
์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They will not be able to afford to pay me as good wages.
๋งŒ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋‚ฉํ’ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง์›๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ญ์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋‚˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Even if everyone at my firm has good skills, if the workers at the suppliers to my firm do not have good skills, my firm is going to be less competitive competing in national and international markets.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋„‰๋„‰ํžˆ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ํ…Œ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํŠนํžˆ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋นผ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And again, the firm that's less competitive will not be able to pay as good wages, and then, particularly in high-tech businesses, they're constantly stealing ideas and workers from other businesses.
์ฆ‰ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด ์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So clearly the productivity of firms in Silicon Valley has a lot to do with the skills not only of the workers at their firm, but the workers at all the other firms in the metro area.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์น˜์› ๋ฐ ๋ณด์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํˆฌ์žํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋งŒ์„ ๋•๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋” ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๋ฟ๋”๋Ÿฌ, ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So as a result, if we can invest in other people's children through preschool and other early childhood programs that are high-quality, we not only help those children, we help everyone in the metropolitan area gain in wages and we'll have the metropolitan area gain in job growth.
์œ ์•„ ๋ณด์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…์ข… ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์€ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Another objection used sometimes here to invest in early childhood programs is concern about people moving out.
์ž, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋ฒ„์Šค ์‹œ์˜ ์•„๋™๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ๊ต์œก์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ด ์•„๋™๋“ค์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฃผ ์•ค์•„๋ฒ„๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So, you know, maybe Ohio's thinking about investing in more preschool education for children in Columbus, Ohio, but they're worried that these little Buckeyes will, for some strange reason, decide to move to Ann Arbor, Michigan, and become Wolverines.
์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๋„ ์•ค์•„๋ฒ„์˜ ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ์•„๋™์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ ์•„๋™๋“ค์ด ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๋˜ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And maybe Michigan will be thinking about investing in preschool in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and be worried these little Wolverines will end up moving to Ohio and becoming Buckeyes.
๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„œ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฒŒํ• ํ…Œ์ฃ .
And so they'll both underinvest because everyone's going to move out.
์ž, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋งŒํผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Well, the reality is, if you look at the data, Americans aren't as hyper-mobile as people sometimes assume.
์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 60%์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง์—… ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์Œ“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 60%๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์š”.
The data is that over 60 percent of Americans spend most of their working careers in the state they were born in, over 60 percent.
์ด ๋น„์œจ์€ ์ฃผ ๋ณ„๋กœ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
That percentage does not vary much from state to state.
์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๋„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นจ์ฒด๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It doesn't vary much with the state's economy, whether it's depressed or booming, it doesn't vary much over time.
์ฆ‰ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š”, ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So the reality is, if you invest in kids, they will stay.
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•  ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์ธ์›์€ ๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Or at least, enough of them will stay that it will pay off for your state economy.
์ž, ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด ์œ ์•„ ๋ณด์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด ์„ฑ์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Okay, so to sum up, there is a lot of research evidence that early childhood programs, if run in a high-quality way, pay off in higher adult skills.
๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ๋ฟ๋”๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๊ณ  ํˆฌ์ž ํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—๋Š” 3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์ด ๋Œ์•„์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
There's a lot of research evidence that those folks will stick around the state economy, and there's a lot of evidence that having more workers with higher skills in your local economy pays off in higher wages and job growth for your local economy, and if you calculate the numbers for each dollar, we get about three dollars back in benefits for the state economy.
์ฆ‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„, ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So in my opinion, the research evidence is compelling and the logic of this is compelling.
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
So what are the barriers to getting it done?
๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Well, one obvious barrier is cost.
๋น„์šฉ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋“ค์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ 4์„ธ ์•„๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ด ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ 3๋ฐฑ์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So if you look at what it would cost if every state government invested in universal preschool at age four, full-day preschool at age four, the total annual national cost would be roughly 30 billion dollars.
์ž, 3๋ฐฑ์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด์ฃ .
So, 30 billion dollars is a lot of money.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 3์–ต๋ช…์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ๊ตฌ๋‹น 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
On the other hand, if you reflect on that the U.S.'s population is over 300 million, we're talking about an amount of money that amounts to 100 dollars per capita.
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋‹น 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด์—์š”.
Okay? A hundred dollars per capita, per person, is something that any state government can afford to do.
๋‹จ์ง€ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It's just a simple matter of political will to do it.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์ด ๋น„์šฉ์€ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And, of course, as I mentioned, this cost has corresponding benefits.
์•ฝ ์„ธ ๋ฐฐ, ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ๋Š” 2.78๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํˆฌ์ž ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์ง€์š”. 8์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I mentioned there's a multiplier of about three, 2.78, for the state economy, in terms of over 80 billion in extra earnings.
์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์—์„œ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ผ์˜๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ดˆ์ค‘๊ณ ๋“ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‚˜, ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™๋น„๋‚˜ ์ž…ํ•™ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  ์—†์ด๋„ ํ‰์ƒ 10%์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ƒ์Šน ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ๊ต์œก์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ์•„๋™๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ 5%์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ƒ์Šน ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And if we want to translate that from just billions of dollars to something that might mean something, what we're talking about is that, for the average low-income kid, that would increase earnings by about 10 percent over their whole career, just doing the preschool, not improving K-12 or anything else after that, not doing anything with college tuition or access, just directly improving preschool, and we would get five percent higher earnings for middle-class kids.
์ฆ‰ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ณ„์ธต์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So this is an investment that pays off in very concrete terms and produces large and tangible benefits.
์ž, ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
Now, that's one barrier.
์œ ์•„ ๋ณด์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ํ˜œํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋” ํฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
I actually think the more profound barrier is the long-term nature of the benefits from early childhood programs.
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”, ์ง€์—ญ ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋†’์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So the argument I'm making is, is that we're increasing the quality of our local workforce, and thereby increasing economic development.
๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ 4์„ธ ์•„๋™๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณผ์ž ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€์š”. ๋งž์ฃ ? ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Obviously if we have a preschool with four-year-olds, we're not sending these kids out at age five to work in the sweatshops, right? At least I hope not.
์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 15๋…„์ด๋‚˜ 20๋…„ ํ›„์— ๊ฒฐ์‹ค์„ ๋งบ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์น˜์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ด์ง€์š”.
So we're talking about an investment that in terms of impacts on the state economy is not going to really pay off for 15 or 20 years, and of course America is notorious for being a short term-oriented society.
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์—์„œ ์ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข…์ข… ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜œํƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ๊ต์ • ๊ต์œก์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ์ทจํ•™ ์ „ ๋ณด์œก ์‹œ์„ค์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์€ ๋ณด์œก ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋งž๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋†“์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
Now one response you can make to this, and I sometimes have done this in talks, is people can talk about, there are benefits for these programs in reducing special ed and remedial education costs, there are benefits, parents care about preschool, maybe we'll get some migration effects from parents seeking good preschool, and I think those are true, but in some sense they're missing the point.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Ultimately, this is something we're investing in now for the future.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And so what I want to leave you with is what I think is the ultimate question.
๋ง์ธ ์ฆ‰์Šจ, ์ €๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ด์›ƒ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋” ์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์„ ํƒ์„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
I mean, I'm an economist, but this is ultimately not an economic question, it's a moral question: Are we willing, as Americans, are we as a society still capable of making the political choice to sacrifice now by paying more taxes in order to improve the long-term future of not only our kids, but our community?
์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”?
Are we still capable of that as a country?
์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And that's something that each and every citizen and voter needs to ask themselves.
์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํˆฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํˆฌ์žํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
Is that something that you are still invested in, that you still believe in the notion of investment?
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํˆฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
That is the notion of investment.
๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You sacrifice now for a return later.
์ฆ‰ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์œ ์•„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So I think the research evidence on the benefits of early childhood programs for the local economy is extremely strong.
์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ๋„๋•์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด์ž ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋กœ์จ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
However, the moral and political choice is still up to us, as citizens and as voters.
๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜) ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Œ์•…์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ 
Thank you very much. (Applause) The first idea I'd like to suggest is that we all love music a great deal. It means a lot to us.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹จ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋” ํฐ ํž˜์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
But music is even more powerful if you don't just listen to it, but you make it yourself.
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„  ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ๋ง์”€์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชจ์ฐจ๋ฅดํŠธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•„์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ตœ๊ทผ 5-10๋…„ ์ •๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์œ„์—์„œ ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์ฃ . ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ณต์ค‘ ํƒœ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•„์ด์˜ IQ๊ฐ€ 10-30% ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ด์ฃ 
So, that's my first idea. And we all know about the Mozart effect -- the idea that's been around for the last five to 10 years -- that just by listening to music or by playing music to your baby [in utero], that it'll raise our IQ points 10, 20, 30 percent.
ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์‹ค์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
Great idea, but it doesn't work at all.
์Œ์•…์„ ๊ทธ์ € ๋“ฃ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
So, you can't just listen to music, you have to make it somehow.
๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ๊ทธ์ € ์Œ์•…์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜, ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ญ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
And I'd add to that, that it's not just making it, but everybody, each of us, everybody in the world has the power to create and be part of music in a very dynamic way, and that's one of the main parts of my work.
์š”์ฆ˜ MIT ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋žฉ์—์„œ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ์Œ์•…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
So, with the MIT Media Lab, for quite a while now, we've been engaged in a field called active music.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์Œ์•…์— ํ ๋ป‘ ๋น ์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์Œ์•… ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
to get everybody in the middle of a musical experience, not just listening, but making music?
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์šฉ ์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์†Œ์œ„ "์ „์ž ์•…๊ธฐ"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์š”๋งˆ, ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์—˜, ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šค ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ. ๋ก๋ฐด๋“œ ๋“ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ฃ . ์•…๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ผ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์•…๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฒ•์„ ์ž๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ 
And we started by making instruments for some of the world's greatest performers -- we call these hyperinstruments -- for Yo-Yo Ma, Peter Gabriel, Prince, orchestras, rock bands. Instruments where they're all kinds of sensors built right into the instrument, so the instrument knows how it's being played.
๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ๋Š๋‚Œ๋งŒ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ด๋„ ์ฒผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜น์€ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ ์—ฐ์ฃผ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
And just by changing the interpretation and the feeling, I can turn my cello into a voice, or into a whole orchestra, or into something that nobody has ever heard before.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ด ์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋“  ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์™œ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์š”์š”๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•…๊ธฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
When we started making these, I started thinking, why can't we make wonderful instruments like that for everybody, people who aren't fantastic Yo-Yo Mas or Princes?
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
So, we've made a whole series of instruments.
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์•…๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ "๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
One of the largest collections is called the Brain Opera.
100๊ฐœ ์•…๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
It's a whole orchestra of about 100 instruments, all designed for anybody to play using natural skill.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์Œ์•…์— ํ ๋ป‘ ๋น ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ชธ๋™์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ํŠน์ • ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ํ„ฐ์น˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ์•„์šฐ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์–ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
So, you can play a video game, drive through a piece of music, use your body gesture to control huge masses of sound, touch a special surface to make melodies, use your voice to make a whole aura.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋•Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•ด์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด ์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•ด์„œ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
And when we make the Brain Opera, we invite the public to come in, to try these instruments and then collaborate with us to help make each performance of the Brain Opera.
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆœํšŒ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๋‹ค๋…”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์—”๋‚˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์„ค ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ  ๋น„์—”๋‚˜ ๊ทผ๊ต์— ๊ณต์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
We toured that for a long time. It is now permanently in Vienna, where we built a museum around it.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ 
And that led to something which you probably do know.
๊ธฐํƒ€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ(๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„)์ด ์ €ํฌ ๋žฉ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ œ ๋‘ 10๋Œ€ ๋”ธ๊ณผ MIT ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋žฉ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฐ ์ฆ์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ธธ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
Guitar Hero came out of our lab, and my two teenage daughters and most of the students at the MIT Media Lab are proof that if you make the right kind of interface, people are really interested in being in the middle of a piece of music, and playing it over and over and over again.
์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋น™์‚ฐ์˜ ์ผ๊ฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ ๊ฐ™์ด ์Œ์•… ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ์ณ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
So, the model works, but it's only the tip of the iceberg, because my second idea is that it's not enough just to want to make music in something like Guitar Hero.
์Œ์•…์€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
And music is very fun, but it's also transformative.
์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
It's very, very important.
์Œ์•…์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
Music can change your life, more than almost anything.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ฌ์‹ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘์šฉ ์Œ์•… ์ž‘์—…๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
It can change the way you communicate with others, it can change your body, it can change your mind. So, we're trying to go to the next step of how you build on top of something like Guitar Hero.
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ต์œก๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋กœ ํ† ์ด ์‹ฌํฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ธ๋ฐ ์ค‘๋…์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์Œ์•…์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ ,์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•œ ์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์Œ์•… ์…ฐ์ดํผ๋กœ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๋น„ํŠธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์ฃ  ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ฐ์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
We are very involved in education. We have a long-term project called Toy Symphony, where we make all kinds of instruments that are also addictive, but for little kids, so the kids will fall in love with making music, want to spend their time doing it, and then will demand to know how it works, how to make more, how to create. So, we make squeezy instruments, like these Music Shapers that measure the electricity in your fingers, Beatbugs that let you tap in rhythms -- they gather your rhythm, and like hot potato, you send your rhythm to your friends,
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ž‘๊ณกํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์„ ๊ณผ ์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์จ๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋กœ๋„ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ์Œ์•… ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณก์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
who then have to imitate or respond to what your doing -- and a software package called Hyperscore, which lets anybody use lines and color to make quite sophisticated music. Extremely easy to use, but once you use it, you can go quite deep -- music in any style. And then, by pressing a button, it turns into music notation so that live musicians can play your pieces.
์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋…€๋…ธ์†Œ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ž‘๊ณกํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
We've had good enough, really, very powerful effects with kids around the world, and now people of all ages, using Hyperscore.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ํญ๋„“์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋…€๋…ธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ . ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
So, we've gotten more and more interested in using these kinds of creative activities in a much broader context, for all kinds of people who don't usually have the opportunity to make music.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์š”์ฆ˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋žฉ์ด ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์Œ์•…, ๋งˆ์ธ๋“œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
So, one of the growing fields that we're working on at the Media Lab right now is music, mind and health.